Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA Module 1.1 W3C Recommendation 12 June 2025 More details about this document This version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-dpub-aria-1.1-20250612/ Latest published version: https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aria-1.1/ Latest editor's draft: https://w3c.github.io/dpub-aria/ History: https://www.w3.org/standards/history/dpub-aria-1.1/ Commit history Implementation report: https://www.w3.org/2021/04/wpt-fyi-snapshot.html?filter=dpub-aam Editors: Matt Garrish ( DAISY Consortium ) Tzviya Siegman ( W3C ) Former editors: Shane McCarron ( Spec-Ops ) Markus Gylling ( DAISY Consortium ) Feedback: GitHub w3c/dpub-aria ( pull requests , new issue , open issues ) Errata: Errata exists . See also translations . Copyright © 2015-2025 World Wide Web Consortium . W3C ® liability , trademark and permissive document license rules apply. Abstract Enabling users of assistive technologies to find their way through web content requires embedding semantic metadata about web document structural divisions. This is particularly important for structural divisions of long-form documents and goes along with embedding semantic metadata about web-application widgets and behaviors for assistive technologies. This specification defines a set of WAI-ARIA roles that are specific to helping users of assistive technologies navigate through such long-form documents. This document is part of the WAI-ARIA suite that is described in the WAI-ARIA Overview . Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C standards and drafts index at https://www.w3.org/TR/. We encourage feedback on all aspects of the specification, including on the newest additions of the doc-pageheader and doc-pagefooter roles. Future updates to this specification may incorporate new features . This document was published by the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group as a Recommendation using the Recommendation track . W3C recommends the wide deployment of this specification as a standard for the Web. A W3C Recommendation is a specification that, after extensive consensus-building, is endorsed by W3C and its Members, and has commitments from Working Group members to royalty-free licensing for implementations. This document was produced by a group operating under the W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy . This document is governed by the 03 November 2023 W3C Process Document . Table of Contents Abstract Status of This Document 1. Introduction 1.1 Target Audience 1.2 User Agent Support 1.3 Co-evolution of WAI-ARIA and Host Languages 1.4 Authoring Practices 1.4.1 Authoring Tools 1.4.2 Testing Practices and Tools 1.5 Assistive Technologies 2. Conformance 3. Digital Publishing Roles 3.1 Definition of Roles 4. Security Considerations 5. Privacy Considerations A. Change Log A.1 Substantive changes since the last Candidate Recommendation Snapshot A.2 Substantive changes since the DPUB-ARIA 1.0 Recommendation B. Acknowledgments B.1 ARIA WG participants at the time of publication B.2 Enabling funders C. References C.1 Normative references C.2 Informative references 1. Introduction This section is non-normative. WAI-ARIA is a technical specification that defines a common host language semantic accessibility API and framework that enables web browsers to map the accessibility semantics in web content to platform-specific accessibility APIs. This enables web content to be interoperable with platform assistive technologies that are similar to native platform applications without platform dependencies. This specification is a modular extension of WAI-ARIA that is designed for the digital publishing industry. This specification includes the following goals: Expand [ WAI-ARIA ] to produce structural semantic extensions to accommodate the digital publishing industry, Align with a new governance model for modularization and extensions to WAI-ARIA , and Provide structural semantics extensions that will both support assistive technologies and enable semantic navigation, styling and interactive features used by readers. The roles defined in this specification are derived from the EPUB Structural Semantics Vocabulary . For a more detailed explanation of WAI-ARIA , see the WAI-ARIA Overview and how it applies to Rich Internet Application Accessibility. 1.1 Target Audience This specification defines a module of WAI-ARIA for digital publishing, including the values used to define roles , states , and properties of elements. It impacts several audiences: User agents that process content containing WAI-ARIA and Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA features Assistive technologies that provide specialized reading experiences to users with disabilities Authors of digital publications Authoring tools that help authors create conforming digital publications Conformance checkers, that verify appropriate use of WAI-ARIA and this Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA module Each conformance requirement indicates the audience to which it applies. Although this specification applies to the above audiences, it is not specifically targeted — nor is it intended to be the sole source of information for — any of these audiences. In the future, additional documents will be created to assist authors to apply these WAI-ARIA semantics for use in the publishing industry, and to define how the information in this document is mapped to platform accessibility APIs. 1.2 User Agent Support This module builds on the general User Agent support principles defined in [ WAI-ARIA ] by also providing the ability for user agents to enhance the general user interface presented to readers. 1.3 Co-evolution of WAI-ARIA and Host Languages The Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA module follows the model for co-evolution of WAI-ARIA and host languages that are defined in [ WAI-ARIA ]. It is intended to augment semantics in supporting languages like [ HTML ], [ SVG2 ] and [ EPUB ], or to be used as an accessibility enhancement technology in other markup-based languages that do not explicitly include support for ARIA. It clarifies semantics to assistive technologies when authors create new types of objects via style and script that are not yet directly supported by the language of the page, because the invention of new types of objects is faster than standardized support for them appears in web languages. It is not appropriate to create objects with style and script when the host language provides a semantic element for those types of objects. While WAI-ARIA can improve the accessibility of these objects, accessibility is best provided by allowing the user agent to handle the object natively. For example, it is better to use a native heading element, such as an h1 , than it is to use a heading role on a div element. over time, it is expected that host languages will evolve to provide semantics for objects that currently can only be declared with this specification. This is natural and desirable, as one goal of WAI-ARIA is to help stimulate the emergence of more semantic and accessible markup. When native semantics for a given feature become available, it is appropriate for authors to use the native feature and stop using this module for that feature. However, legacy content can continue to use the Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA module, so the need for user agents to support it remains. While specific features of this module could lose importance over time, the general possibility of the Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA module to add semantics to web pages or open web-based standards, such as EPUB, is expected to be a persistent need. Host languages might not implement all the semantics this module provides, and various host languages might implement different subsets of the features. New types of objects are continually being developed, and one goal of this specification is to provide a way to make such objects accessible, because authoring practices often advance faster than host language standards. In this way, this module and host languages both evolve together but at different rates. Some host languages exist to create semantics for features other than the user interface. For example, SVG expresses the semantics behind the production of graphical objects, not of the user interface components that those objects might represent. Host languages such as these might, by design, not provide native semantics that map to this specification's features. In these cases, the Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA module could be adopted as a long-term approach to add semantic information to these host languages. 1.4 Authoring Practices 1.4.1 Authoring Tools Many of the requirements in the definitions of the WAI-ARIA and Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA roles , states and properties can be checked automatically during the development process, similar to other quality control processes that are used for validating code. To assist authors who are creating digital publications, such as EPUB, such processes can compare the semantic structure of Digital Publishing WAI-ARIA roles from the DOM to that defined in this specification and notify the author of errors or simply create templates that enforce that structure. 1.4.2 Testing Practices and Tools The accessibility of interactive content cannot be confirmed by static checks alone. Developers of interactive content need to test for device-independent access to widgets and applications, and verify accessibility API access to all content and changes during user interaction. 1.5 Assistive Technologies Programmatic access to accessibility semantics is essential for assistive technologies. For more information, see the Assistive Technologies section in [ WAI-ARIA ]. 2. Conformance As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative. The key words MAY , MUST , MUST NOT , and SHOULD in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [ RFC2119 ] [ RFC8174 ] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. Normative sections provide requirements that authors, user agents and assistive technologies MUST follow for an implementation to conform to this specification. Non-normative sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections might contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such recommendations to conform to this specification. 3. Digital Publishing Roles This section defines additions to the WAI-ARIA roles model and describes the characteristics and properties of all roles . See ARIA Roles for descriptions of the fields provided by this module. 3.1 Definition of Roles Below is an alphabetical list of WAI-ARIA roles to be used by rich internet application authors. doc-abstract A short summary of the principal ideas, concepts, and conclusions of the work, or of a section or excerpt within it. doc-acknowledgments A section or statement that acknowledges significant contributions by persons, organizations, governments, and other entities to the realization of the work. doc-afterword A closing statement from the author or a person of importance, typically providing insight into how the content came to be written, its significance, or related events that have transpired since its timeline. doc-appendix A section of supplemental information located after the primary content that informs the content but is not central to it. doc-backlink A link that allows the user to return to a related location in the content (e.g., from a footnote to its reference or from a glossary definition to where a term is used). doc-biblioentry [Deprecated in DPUB-ARIA 1.1] A single reference to an external source in a bibliography. A biblioentry typically provides more detailed information than its reference(s) in the content (e.g., full title, author(s), publisher, publication date, etc.). doc-bibliography A list of external references cited in the work, which could be to print or digital sources. doc-biblioref A reference to a bibliography entry. doc-chapter A major thematic section of content in a work. doc-colophon A short section of production notes particular to the edition (e.g., describing the typeface used), often located at the end of a work. doc-conclusion A concluding section or statement that summarizes the work or wraps up the narrative. doc-cover An image that sets the mood or tone for the work and typically includes the title and author. doc-credit An acknowledgment of the source of integrated content from third-party sources, such as photos. Typically identifies the creator, copyright, and any restrictions on reuse. doc-credits A collection of credits. doc-dedication An inscription at the front of the work, typically addressed in tribute to one or more persons close to the author. doc-endnote [Deprecated in DPUB-ARIA 1.1] One of a collection of notes that occur at the end of a work, or a section within it, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text. doc-endnotes A collection of notes at the end of a work or a section within it. doc-epigraph A quotation set at the start of the work or a section that establishes the theme or sets the mood. doc-epilogue A concluding section of narrative that wraps up or comments on the actions and events of the work, typically from a future perspective. doc-errata A set of corrections discovered after initial publication of the work, sometimes referred to as corrigenda. doc-example An illustration of a key concept of the work, such as a code listing, case study or problem. doc-footnote Ancillary information, such as a citation or commentary, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text. doc-foreword An introductory section that precedes the work, typically not written by the author of the work. doc-glossary A brief dictionary of new, uncommon, or specialized terms used in the content. doc-glossref A reference to a glossary definition. doc-index A navigational aid that provides a detailed list of links to key subjects, names and other important topics covered in the work. doc-introduction A preliminary section that typically introduces the scope or nature of the work. doc-noteref A reference to a footnote or endnote, typically appearing as a superscripted number or symbol in the main body of text. doc-notice Notifies the user of consequences that might arise from an action or event. Examples include warnings, cautions and dangers. doc-pagebreak A separator denoting the position before which a break occurs between two contiguous pages in a statically paginated version of the content. doc-pagefooter A section of text appearing at the bottom of a page that provides context about the current work and location within it. The page footer is distinct from the body text and normally follows a repeating template that contains (possibly truncated) items such as the document title, current section, author name(s), and page number. doc-pageheader A section of text appearing at the top of a page that provides context about the current work and location within it. The page header is distinct from the body text and normally follows a repeating template that contains (possibly truncated) items such as the document title, current section, author name(s), and page number. doc-pagelist A navigational aid that provides a list of links to the page breaks in the content. doc-part A major structural division in a work that contains a set of related sections dealing with a particular subject, narrative arc, or similar encapsulated theme. doc-preface An introductory section that precedes the work, typically written by the author of the work. doc-prologue An introductory section that sets the background to a work, typically part of the narrative. doc-pullquote A distinctively placed or highlighted quotation from the current content designed to draw attention to a topic or highlight a key point. doc-qna A section of content structured as a series of questions and answers, such as an interview or list of frequently asked questions. doc-subtitle An explanatory or alternate title for the work, or a section or component within it. doc-tip Helpful information that clarifies some aspect of the content or assists in its comprehension. doc-toc A navigational aid that provides an ordered list of links to the major sectional headings in the content. A table of contents could cover an entire work or only a smaller section of it. doc-abstract (role) A short summary of the principal ideas, concepts, and conclusions of the work, or of a section or excerpt within it. Example 1 < section role = "doc-abstract" aria-label = "Abstract" > < p > Accessibility of web content requires semantic information about widgets, structures, and behaviors … </ p > </ section > Characteristics of doc-abstract : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB abstract [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-acknowledgments (role) A section or statement that acknowledges significant contributions by persons, organizations, governments, and other entities to the realization of the work. Example 2 < section role = "doc-acknowledgments" > < p > I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to … </ p > </ section > Characteristics of doc-acknowledgments : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB acknowledgments [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-afterword (role) A closing statement from the author or a person of importance, typically providing insight into how the content came to be written, its significance, or related events that have transpired since its timeline. Example 3 < section role = "doc-afterword" > < h2 > Afterword: Why I Wrote This Book </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-afterword : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB afterword [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-appendix (role) A section of supplemental information located after the primary content that informs the content but is not central to it. Example 4 < section role = "doc-appendix" > < h2 > Appendix A. Historical Timeline </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-appendix : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB appendix [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-backlink (role) A link that allows the user to return to a related location in the content (e.g., from a footnote to its reference or from a glossary definition to where a term is used). Example 5 <aside id = "fn01" role = "doc-footnote" > <a role = "doc-backlink" href = "#fnref01" > 1 .</a> Additional results of this study and similar studies can be found at … </aside> Characteristics of doc-backlink : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: link Related Concepts: EPUB referrer [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-disabled (state) aria-expanded (state) aria-haspopup aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True doc-biblioentry (role) [Deprecated in DPUB-ARIA 1.1] A single reference to an external source in a bibliography. A biblioentry typically provides more detailed information than its reference(s) in the content (e.g., full title, author(s), publisher, publication date, etc.). Note The doc-biblioentry role was designed for use as a list item, but due to clarifications in the WAI-ARIA specification, it is not valid as a child of the list role. As the doc-bibliography role already identifies a section of bibliography entries, authors are instead advised to use the list and listitem roles when native HTML elements cannot be used to structure the entries. Characteristics of doc-biblioentry : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: listitem Related Concepts: EPUB biblioentry [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-posinset aria-setsize aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True doc-bibliography (role) A list of external references cited in the work, which could be to print or digital sources. The element carrying the doc-bibliography role MUST contain at least one descendant list containing the bibliography entries (if the entries are subdivided, for example alphabetically, the element would contain more than one list). Authors MUST NOT apply the doc-bibliography role directly to the list containing the entries. Example 6 < section role = "doc-bibliography" > < h2 > Select Bibliography </ h2 > < ul > … </ ul > </ section > Characteristics of doc-bibliography : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB bibliography [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-biblioref (role) A reference to a bibliography entry. Example 7 < p > As < a role = "doc-biblioref" href = "#b8cab5dd-bc24-459c-9858-7afa9da69b64" > Steinbeck </ a > says in his great novel … </ p > Characteristics of doc-biblioref : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: link Related Concepts: EPUB biblioref [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-disabled (state) aria-expanded (state) aria-haspopup aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True doc-chapter (role) A major thematic section of content in a work. Example 8 < section role = "doc-chapter" > < h2 > Chapter 1. Loomings. </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-chapter : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB chapter [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-colophon (role) A short section of production notes particular to the edition (e.g., describing the typeface used), often located at the end of a work. Example 9 < section role = "doc-colophon" aria-label = "About the type" > < p > This publication was set using … </ p > </ section > Characteristics of doc-colophon : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB colophon [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-conclusion (role) A concluding section or statement that summarizes the work or wraps up the narrative. Example 10 < section role = "doc-conclusion" > < h2 > Summary </ h2 > < p > A central task in feminist scholarship is to expose and dismantle the stereotypes … </ p > </ section > Characteristics of doc-conclusion : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB conclusion [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-cover (role) An image that sets the mood or tone for the work and typically includes the title and author. Example 11 <img role = "doc-cover" src = "coverimage.jpg" alt = "A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf" /> Characteristics of doc-cover : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: img Related Concepts: EPUB cover [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-credit (role) An acknowledgment of the source of integrated content from third-party sources, such as photos. Typically identifies the creator, copyright, and any restrictions on reuse. Example 12 < p role = "doc-credit" > Page 62, Table 3.1 from < cite > “Economic Foundations of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis” </ cite > by A. M. Garber and C. E. Phelps … </ p > Characteristics of doc-credit : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB credit [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-credits (role) A collection of credits. Example 13 < section role = "doc-credits" > < h2 > Photo Credits </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-credits : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB credits [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-dedication (role) An inscription at the front of the work, typically addressed in tribute to one or more persons close to the author. Example 14 < p role = "doc-dedication" > To my family, without whom this would have never been possible. </ p > Characteristics of doc-dedication : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB dedication [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-endnote (role) [Deprecated in DPUB-ARIA 1.1] One of a collection of notes that occur at the end of a work, or a section within it, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text. Note The doc-endnote role was designed for use as a list item, but due to clarifications in the WAI-ARIA specification, it is not valid as a child of the list role. As the doc-endnotes role already identifies a section of endnotes, authors are instead advised to use the list and listitem roles when native HTML elements cannot be used to structure the entries. Characteristics of doc-endnote : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: listitem Related Concepts: EPUB rearnote [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-posinset aria-setsize aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author doc-endnotes (role) A collection of notes at the end of a work or a section within it. The element carrying the doc-endnotes role MUST contain at least one descendant list containing the endnotes (if the notes are subdivided, for example by chapter, the element would contain more than one list). Authors MUST NOT declare elements with the role doc-footnote within the endnotes as it is redundant with the implied role. Authors MUST NOT apply the doc-endnotes role directly to the list containing the endnotes. Example 15 < section role = "doc-endnotes" > < h2 > Notes </ h2 > < ol > < li id = "6baa07af" > < p > Additional results of this study can be found at … </ p > </ li > < li id = "7b2c0555" > < p > … </ p > </ li > … </ ol > </ section > Example 16 < section role = "doc-endnotes" > < h2 > Notes </ h2 > < section > < h3 > Canto I </ h3 > < div role = "list> <div role=" listitem "> < p > 1. The use of alliteration here … </ p > </ div > … </ div > </ section > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-endnotes : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB rearnotes [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-epigraph (role) A quotation set at the start of the work or a section that establishes the theme or sets the mood. Example 17 < blockquote role = "doc-epigraph" > < p > “Would you tell me please, which way I ought to go from here?” </ p > < p > “That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said the cat. </ p > </ blockquote > Characteristics of doc-epigraph : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB epigraph [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-epilogue (role) A concluding section of narrative that wraps up or comments on the actions and events of the work, typically from a future perspective. Example 18 < section role = "doc-epilogue" > < header > < h2 > Epilogue </ h2 > < p > SPOKEN BY PROSPERO </ p > </ header > < p > Now my charms are all o'erthrown, … </ p > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-epilogue : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB epilogue [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-errata (role) A set of corrections discovered after initial publication of the work, sometimes referred to as corrigenda. Example 19 < section role = "doc-errata" > < h2 > Corrections </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-errata : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB errata [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-example (role) An illustration of a key concept of the work, such as a code listing, case study or problem. Example 20 < figure role = "doc-example" > < figcaption > Example 1 — Hello World! </ figcaption > … </ figure > Characteristics of doc-example : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: figure Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-footnote (role) Ancillary information, such as a citation or commentary, that provides additional context to a referenced passage of text. The doc-footnote role is only for representing individual notes that occur within the body of a work. For collections of notes that occur at the end of a section, see doc-endnotes . Example 21 <aside id = "6baa07af" role = "doc-footnote" > * Additional results of this study and similar studies can be found at … </aside> Characteristics of doc-footnote : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB footnote [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author doc-foreword (role) An introductory section that precedes the work, typically not written by the author of the work. Example 22 < section role = "doc-foreword" > < h2 > Foreword </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-foreword : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB foreword [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-glossary (role) A brief dictionary of new, uncommon, or specialized terms used in the content. The structure of a glossary SHOULD make it possible for end users to identify each term and associated definition (e.g., using the [ HTML ] dfn element). Example 23 < section role = "doc-glossary" aria-label = "glossary" > < dl > … < dt id = "bcc0f155" > < dfn > Credit default swap </ dfn > </ dt > < dd > A credit default swap effectively insures against default by a borrower. </ dd > … </ dl > </ section > Example 24 < section role = "doc-glossary" aria-labelledby = "glosshd" > < h2 id = "glosshd" > Glossay of Technical Terms </ h2 > < ul > < li id = "gtt00110001" > < dfn > algorithm </ dfn > A set of rules … </ li > … </ ul > </ section > Characteristics of doc-glossary : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB glossary [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-glossref (role) A reference to a glossary definition. Example 25 < p > This is indicated in the cost of a < a href = "#bcc0f155" role = "doc-glossref" > credit default swap </ a > … </ p > Characteristics of doc-glossref : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: link Related Concepts: EPUB glossref [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-disabled (state) aria-expanded (state) aria-haspopup aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True doc-index (role) A navigational aid that provides a detailed list of links to key subjects, names and other important topics covered in the work. Example 26 < section role = "doc-index" > < h2 > Index </ h2 > < section > < h2 > A </ h2 > < ul > < li > A/B testing, < a href = "chapter03.xhtml#page230" > 230 </ a > </ li > … </ ul > </ section > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-index : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: navigation Related Concepts: EPUB index [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-introduction (role) A preliminary section that typically introduces the scope or nature of the work. Example 27 < section role = "doc-introduction" > < p > Everyone has some experience with marketing … </ p > </ section > Characteristics of doc-introduction : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB introduction [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-noteref (role) A reference to a footnote or endnote, typically appearing as a superscripted number or symbol in the main body of text. Example 28 < p > … as studies have shown. < a href = "#fn01" id = "fnref01" role = "doc-noteref" > [1] </ a > </ p > Characteristics of doc-noteref : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: link Related Concepts: EPUB noteref [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-disabled (state) aria-expanded (state) aria-haspopup aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True doc-notice (role) Notifies the user of consequences that might arise from an action or event. Examples include warnings, cautions and dangers. Example 29 < section role = "doc-notice" > < img src = "warning.png" alt = "warning icon" /> < p > Just because you can include a font doesn’t mean you should. Think carefully about readability. Also, be respectful of intellectual property. There are many excellent free open-source fonts available. </ p > </ section > Authors SHOULD include a label when the notice needs to be navigable to. Example 30 < div role = "doc-notice" aria-label = "Explosion Risk" > < p > < em > Danger! </ em > Mixing reactive materials may cause an explosion. </ p > </ div > Characteristics of doc-notice : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: note Related Concepts: EPUB notice [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-pagebreak (role) A separator denoting the position before which a break occurs between two contiguous pages in a statically paginated version of the content. Page break locators are also commonly used to provide static markers in purely digital publications (i.e., where no statically paginated equivalent exists). These markers provide consistent navigation regardless of differences in font and screen size that can otherwise affect the dynamic pagination of the content. Authors MUST ensure the name of the page break is an end user-consumable page number that identifies the page that is beginning so that assistive technologies can announce the page as needed (e.g., in a command to identify the current page). The page break locator MUST precede the content of the page it identifies. If a page includes a header ( doc-pageheader ), the page break locator SHOULD be located before it, even if the header includes a visible page number. The page break locator MAY be used with the page number in a page header if the number precedes all other content in the header. When reproducing page break locators from a static page equivalent, it is sometimes the case that words are hyphenated across pages. When this happens, the page break locator SHOULD be placed either before or after the word to ensure it does not interfere with text-to-speech playback. Example 31 The following example shows three equivalent patterns for marking up page breaks in digital publications. Either the aria-label or title attributes can be used to assign the accessible name when an explicit page number is not provided. <hr id = "pg04" role = "doc-pagebreak" aria-label = "4" />
<span id = "pg04" role = "doc-pagebreak" title = "4" />
<div id = "pg04" role = "doc-pagebreak" > 4 </div> Characteristics of doc-pagebreak : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: separator Related Concepts: EPUB pagebreak [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-valuenow (required) aria-disabled (state) aria-orientation aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuetext aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True doc-pagefooter (role) A section of text appearing at the bottom of a page that provides context about the current work and location within it. The page footer is distinct from the body text and normally follows a repeating template that contains (possibly truncated) items such as the document title, current section, author name(s), and page number. The doc-pagefooter role MUST be used on every instance of the page footer. The doc-pagefooter MUST NOT contain the doc-pagebreak . The doc-pagefooter MUST NOT contain footnotes ( doc-footnote ). Assistive technologies MAY allow the user to read the document content continuously without interruption from the page footer. Example 32 < section role = "doc-pagefooter" > < div > Leo Tolstoy </ div > < div > 321 </ div > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-pagefooter : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: prohibited Accessible Name Required: False doc-pageheader (role) A section of text appearing at the top of a page that provides context about the current work and location within it. The page header is distinct from the body text and normally follows a repeating template that contains (possibly truncated) items such as the document title, current section, author name(s), and page number. The doc-pageheader role MUST be used on every instance of the page header. Assistive technologies MAY allow the user to read the document content continuously without interruption from the page header. Example 33 < section role = "doc-pageheader" > < div > War and Peace </ div > < div > 321 </ div > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-pageheader : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: prohibited Accessible Name Required: False doc-pagelist (role) A navigational aid that provides a list of links to the page breaks in the content. Example 34 < nav role = "doc-pagelist" > < h2 > Pages </ h2 > < ol > < li > < a href = "chapter.xhtml#Page_1" > 1 </ a > </ li > < li > < a href = "chapter.xhtml#Page_2" > 2 </ a > </ li > … </ ol > </ nav > Characteristics of doc-pagelist : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: navigation Related Concepts: EPUB page-list [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-part (role) A major structural division in a work that contains a set of related sections dealing with a particular subject, narrative arc, or similar encapsulated theme. Example 35 < section role = "doc-part" > < h2 > Part One </ h2 > < section role = "doc-chapter" > < h2 > Chapter 1 </ h2 > … </ section > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-part : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB part [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-preface (role) An introductory section that precedes the work, typically written by the author of the work. Example 36 < section role = "doc-preface" > < h2 > Introduction:A Guide to the Galaxy </ h2 > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-preface : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB preface [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-prologue (role) An introductory section that sets the background to a work, typically part of the narrative. Example 37 < section role = "doc-prologue" > < header > < h2 > Prologue </ h2 > < p > Chorus </ p > </ header > < p > Two households, both alike in dignity, … </ p > … </ section > Characteristics of doc-prologue : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: EPUB prologue [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-pullquote (role) A distinctively placed or highlighted quotation from the current content designed to draw attention to a topic or highlight a key point. Unlike a passage quoted from another source, a pullquote is a direct repetition of text in the current document. As a result, authors MUST ensure that the presentational occurrence is hidden from users of assistive technologies (e.g., using the aria-hidden attribute). The following example shows the identification of a pullquote that will be presented elsewhere (e.g., via a script). In this case, the pullquote is not hidden as the marked text is not presentational. Example 38 < p > … I may die, but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. < span id = "pq01" role = "doc-pullquote" > Beware, for I am fearless and therefore powerful. </ span > I will watch with the wiliness of a snake, that I may sting with its venom. … </ p > The next example shows a pullquote that duplicates the text. This quote is hidden because it is for presentational purposes only. Example 39 < p > … Better habits pave the way to growth, and growth leads to greater happiness. </ p > < aside role = "doc-pullquote" aria-hidden = "true" > Better habits pave the way to growth, and growth leads to greater happiness. </ aside > Characteristics of doc-pullquote : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB pullquote [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-qna (role) A section of content structured as a series of questions and answers, such as an interview or list of frequently asked questions. Example 40 < section role = "doc-qna" > < h2 > Interview with the Author </ h2 > < dl > < dt > Q: When did you begin writing this book? </ dt > < dd > A: I first got the idea … </ dd > … </ dl > </ section > Characteristics of doc-qna : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: EPUB qna [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-subtitle (role) An explanatory or alternate title for the work, or a section or component within it. Example 41 < header > < h2 > Chapter 2 The Battle </ h2 > < p role = "doc-subtitle" > Once more unto the breach </ p > </ header > Characteristics of doc-subtitle : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: sectionhead Related Concepts: EPUB subtitle [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: False doc-tip (role) Helpful information that clarifies some aspect of the content or assists in its comprehension. Example 42 < aside role = "doc-tip" > < h3 > Tip </ h3 > < p > You can assign a variable a new value that is the result of an expression involving its previous value. </ p > </ aside > Characteristics of doc-tip : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: note Related Concepts: EPUB help [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False doc-toc (role) A navigational aid that provides an ordered list of links to the major sectional headings in the content. A table of contents could cover an entire work or only a smaller section of it. Example 43 < nav role = "doc-toc" > < h2 > Contents </ h2 > < ol role = "directory" > < li > < a href = "preface_001.xhtml" > Original Transcriber’s Notes: </ a > </ li > < li > < a href = "introduction_001.xhtml" > ETYMOLOGY. </ a > </ li > < li > < a href = "epigraph_001.xhtml" > EXTRACTS (Supplied by a Sub-Sub-Librarian). </ a > </ li > < li > < a href = "chapter_001.xhtml" > Chapter 1. Loomings. </ a > </ li > … </ ol > </ nav > Characteristics of doc-toc : Characteristic Value Superclass Role: navigation Related Concepts: EPUB toc [ EPUB-SSV-11 ] Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-braillelabel aria-brailleroledescription aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-description aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False 4. Security Considerations This section is non-normative. This specification introduces no new security considerations. 5. Privacy Considerations This section is non-normative. In accordance with Web Platform Design Principles , this specification provides no programatic interface to determine if information is being used by assistive technologies. However, this specificaton does allow an author to present different information to users of assistive technologies from the information available to users who do not use assistive technologies. This is possible using many features of the DPUB-ARIA specification, just as this is possible using many other parts of the web technology stack. This content disparity could be abused to perform active fingerprinting of users of assistive technologies. A. Change Log This section is non-normative. A.1 Substantive changes since the last Candidate Recommendation Snapshot 04-March-2025: Add back the superclass role for doc-biblioentry A.2 Substantive changes since the DPUB-ARIA 1.0 Recommendation 01-Dec-2023: Removed the requirements to imply list items descendants of doc-bibliography and doc-endnotes are doc-biblioentry and doc-endnote 20-Sep-2021: Clarified ambiguities in the formatting and processing of endnote and bibliography lists and require that the doc-footnote role not be used within endnotes. See issue 38 . 24-Feb-2021: Changed required accessible name for doc-part to false to match the other landmark roles. See issue 34 . 02-Oct-2020: Added new doc-pageheader and doc-pagefooter roles. See issue 28 . 31-July-2020: Clarified that the name of doc-pagebreak is the page number of the page that is beginning. See issue 27 . 31-July-2020: Removed term and definition as required children of doc-glossary to accommodate various ways glossaries can be constructed. See issue 9 . 25-July-2020: Recommend that doc-pagebreak name be end user-consumable. See issue 17 . 24-July-2020: Changed the superclass of doc-example to figure to make compatible with use on HTML figure. See issue 19 . 23-July-2020: Deprecated the doc-biblioentry and doc-endnote roles due to the inability of them to be recognized as children of list . See issue 15 . 23-July-2020: Updated doc-pagebreak to allow name from contents. See issue 12 . 15-Mar-2018: Fixed superclass of doc-pullquote to section to match the mapping in the [ dpub-aam-1.0 ]. See issue 7 . 15-Mar-2018: Updated doc-subtitle to allow name from contents. See issue 6 . B. Acknowledgments This section is non-normative. The following people contributed to the development of this document: Aaron Leventhal Amelia Bellamy-Royds bpmcneilly Carolyn MacLeod Daniel Montalvo Ivan Herman James Craig James Nurthen joanmarie Joseph Scheuhammer Matt King Peter Krautzberger Philippe Le Hegaret Prayag Verma R Brown Richard Schwerdtfeger Shane McCarron Steve Faulkner Tzviya Valerie Young B.1 ARIA WG participants at the time of publication Rahim Abdi (Apple Inc.) NAVYA AGARWAL (Adobe) Mario Batušić (Fabasoft) Benjamin Beaudry (Microsoft Corporation) Curt Bellew (Oracle Corporation) Zoë Bijl (W3C Invited Experts) Aleksandar Cindrikj (Netcetera) Keith Cirkel (Mozilla Foundation) Daniel Clark (Microsoft Corporation) James Craig (Apple Inc.) Chris Cuellar (Bocoup) Hidde de Vries (Logius) Joanmarie Diggs (Igalia) Howard Edwards (Bocoup) James Edwards (TPGi) Mayuri Faldu (Navy Federal Credit Union) Betsy Fanning (PDF Association) Steve Faulkner (TetraLogical Services Ltd) Jaunita Flessas (Navy Federal Credit Union) Jane Fulton (Cisco) Bryan Garaventa (W3C Invited Experts) Rashmi Garimella (Google LLC) Matt Garrish (DAISY Consortium) Doug Geoffray (Microsoft Corporation) Ariella Gilmore (IBM Corporation) Shirisha Gubba (Google LLC) Jon Gunderson (University of Illinois) Oliver Habersetzer (SAP SE) Theo Hale (Microsoft Corporation) Sunny Hardasani (Adobe) Matthew Hardy (Adobe) Chris Harrelson (Google LLC) Peter Heumader (Fabasoft) Sarah Higley (Microsoft Corporation) Hans Hillen (TPGi) Isabel Holdsworth (TPGi) Stanley Hon (Microsoft Corporation) Michael Jackson (Microsoft Corporation) Duff Johnson (PDF Association) Summer Jones (Thomson Reuters Corp.) William Kilian (TargetStream Technologies) Matthew King (Meta) Zachary Kinsey (TargetStream Technologies) Greta Krafsig (The Washington Post) Peter Krautzberger (krautzource UG) Nina Krauß (SAP SE) JaEun Jemma Ku (University of Illinois) Joe Lamyman (TetraLogical Services Ltd) Charles LaPierre (Benetech) Philip Lazarevic (Level Access) Leo Lee (Microsoft Corporation) Aaron Leventhal (Google LLC) Brett Lewis (TPGi) Andy Luhrs (Microsoft Corporation) Sazzad Mahamud (Google LLC) Alison Maher (Microsoft Corporation) Mark McCarthy (University of Illinois) Eduardo Meza Etienne (Navy Federal Credit Union) Clay Miller (Microsoft Corporation) Daniel Montalvo (W3C) Jacques Newman (Microsoft Corporation) James Nurthen (Adobe) Scott O'Hara (Microsoft Corporation) Lola Odelola (W3C Invited Experts) Adam Page (Hilton) Michael Pennisi (Bocoup) Roberto Perez (Microsoft Corporation) Giacomo Petri (UsableNet) Noah Praskins (TPGi) Daniel Pöll (Fabasoft) Paul Rayius (Allyant) Adrian Roselli (W3C Invited Experts) Marco Sabidussi (UsableNet) Trisha Salas (Level Access) Stefan Schnabel (SAP SE) Harris Schneiderman (Deque Systems, Inc.) Raymond Schwartz (Navy Federal Credit Union) Cynthia Shelly (W3C Invited Experts) Tzviya Siegman (W3C) Arturo Silva (The Washington Post) Avneesh Singh (DAISY Consortium) Michael[tm] Smith (sideshowbarker) (W3C) Francis Storr (Intel Corporation) Jennifer Strickland (MITRE Corporation) Melanie Sumner (IBM Corporation) Alexander Surkov (Igalia) James Teh (Mozilla Foundation) Jocelyn Tran (Google LLC) Léonie Watson (TetraLogical Services Ltd) Jan Williams (TPGi) Valerie Young (Igalia) Kate Zhao (Thomson Reuters Corp.) Xiao (Helen) Zhou (University of Illinois) Filippo Zorzi (UsableNet) B.2 Enabling funders This publication has been funded in part with U.S. Federal funds from the Department of Education, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), initially under contract number ED-OSE-10-C-0067, then under contract number HHSP23301500054C, and now under HHS75P00120P00168. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. C. References C.1 Normative references [EPUB-SSV-11] EPUB 3 Structural Semantics Vocabulary 1.1 . Ivan Herman; Matt Garrish. W3C. 13 March 2025. W3C Working Group Note. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-ssv-11/ [HTML] HTML Standard . Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Dominic Farolino; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/ [RFC2119] Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels . S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119 [RFC8174] Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words . B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174 C.2 Informative references [dpub-aam-1.0] Digital Publishing Accessibility API Mappings . Richard Schwerdtfeger; Joanmarie Diggs. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/dpub-aam-1.0/ [EPUB] EPUB 3.3 . Ivan Herman; Matt Garrish; Dave Cramer. W3C. 27 March 2025. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ [fingerprinting-guidance] Mitigating Browser Fingerprinting in Web Specifications . Nick Doty; Tom Ritter. W3C. 21 March 2025. W3C Working Group Note. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/fingerprinting-guidance/ [infra] Infra Standard . Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/ [SVG2] Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 2 . Amelia Bellamy-Royds; Bogdan Brinza; Chris Lilley; Dirk Schulze; David Storey; Eric Willigers. W3C. 4 October 2018. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG2/ [WAI-ARIA] Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1 . Joanmarie Diggs; Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Richard Schwerdtfeger; James Craig. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/ ↑