Addressing Domestic Abuse Among Couples Experiencing Breast or Gynecologic Cancer in Africa.

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Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice Clin J Oncol Nurs . 2025 Jun 1;29(3):257–263. doi: 10.1188/25.CJON.257-263 Addressing Domestic Abuse Among Couples Experiencing Breast or Gynecologic Cancer in Africa Chinomso Nwozichi 1, ✉ , Omolabake Salako 1 , Olamide Taiwo 1 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Chinomso Nwozichi, PhD, RN, CMSRN ® , OCN ® , FAAN , is an assistant professor of nursing in the Wellstar School of Nursing at Kennesaw State University in Georgia; and Omolabake Salako, BNSc, RN, RM , is a senior nurse researcher, and Olamide Taiwo, BNSc, RN, RM , is a clinical nursing research associate, both at Nursology Academy in Ogun, Nigeria ✉ Nwozichi can be reached at cnwozich@kennesaw.edu , with copy to CJONEditor@ons.org . ASSOCIATE EDITOR MAGGIE A. SMITH, DNP, MSN-ED, RN, OCN ® ✉ Corresponding author. Collection date 2025 Jun. Copyright 2025 by the Oncology Nursing Society Single-user license only. ONS reserves all rights. For permission to post online, reprint, adapt, or reuse, please email pubpermissions@ons.org . PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC12124880  PMID: 40401838 Abstract This article discusses the intersection of domestic abuse and cancer, particularly in couples experiencing breast and gynecologic cancers, and its impact on patients in Africa. It aims to uncover the challenges faced in this population and offers insights into culturally competent care strategies. African women with breast or gynecologic cancer often experience increased domestic abuse, which can lead to delays in treatment and worsened health outcomes. Oncology nurses are key to combating this trend. Nurses are encouraged to be aware of local resources for patients experiencing abuse and to provide empathetic support and guidance. AT A GLANCE ■ Domestic abuse is a hidden challenge for African women with breast or gynecologic cancer. ■ Cultural beliefs, lack of spousal support, and financial strain can worsen abuse and lead to delayed treatment. ■ Oncology nurses can help address domestic abuse through strategies like raising awareness, screening patients, offering tailored interventions, providing support systems and resources, and advocating for policy changes. Keywords: breast cancer, gynecologic cancer, Africa, domestic abuse, violence, oncology nursing Globally, breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women ( Kavousi et al., 2024 ). The incidence and mortality rates of breast and cervical cancers vary worldwide, with gynecologic cancers being a leading cause of cancer-related fatalities ( Hailu et al., 2020 ). Low- and middle-income African nations, particularly those in the sub-Saharan region, have reported a global increase in the burden of breast cancer ( Anyigba et al., 2021 ). Breast cancer has a significant impact on women’s health during treatment and into survivorship, affecting not only their physical state but also their overall quality of life. Challenges that can affect quality of life include negative self-image, emotional distress, difficulties adjusting to lifestyle changes, and the ongoing stress of managing health ( Durosini et al., 2022 ; Nwozichi et al., 2021 ). These factors can affect a woman’s mental health and overall sense of self, highlighting the importance of comprehensive support and care throughout the entire breast cancer experience. Research indicates that sociocultural beliefs in Africa contribute to delays in breast cancer treatment, with perceptions of the disease as supernatural, fears of lost femininity after mastectomy, and stigmatization leading to reluctance to seek medical care ( Agyemang et al., 2021 ; Nwozichi et al., 2021 , 2024 ). In addition, African women with breast and gynecologic cancer face psychosocial challenges, including adapting to postmastectomy life, body image changes, and societal stigma, which are influenced by the level of support received from a spouse and the community ( Chidebe et al., 2024 ; Nwozichi et al., 2021 ). There is a growing prevalence in Africa of husbands neglecting their spouses following a breast or gynecologic cancer diagnosis ( Nwozichi et al., 2024 ; Okyere Asante et al., 2023 ; Omotoso et al., 2023 ). This neglect is often because of the financial, social, and sexual impacts of breast and gynecologic cancer on patients and their spouses. Consequently, some women choose to hide their breast cancer diagnosis from their husbands to avoid neglect and abandonment ( Nwozichi et al., 2021 ). Among all gynecologic cancers, cervical cancer was found to be the most common, followed by breast, ovarian, uterine or endometrial, vaginal, and vulvar cancers, with tubal cancers being the least common ( Zoure et al., 2020 ). Understanding the unique challenges faced by patients with breast cancer is crucial for providing effective support and care throughout the entire journey. Many women in the region lack access to adequate health care, including early diagnosis, treatment, and supportive care. As a result, the disease often progresses to advanced stages, leading to higher mortality rates ( Nwozichi et al., 2024 ). In addition, cancer treatment may impose a significant financial toll on families, particularly in low-income countries where healthcare costs are high ( Carrera et al., 2024 ; Nwozichi et al., 2025 ). Research shows that cancer affects not only the patient but also their spouse’s physical, mental, and emotional health ( Thompson et al., 2022 ). Social support is vital for promoting resilience during stressful events like cancer, with spouses having a pivotal role in patient coping and treatment outcomes ( Yin et al., 2022 ). A breast cancer diagnosis can alter marital dynamics and challenge spouses in providing support ( Valente et al., 2021 ). In Africa, the well-being and health outcomes of married women facing breast or gynecologic cancer are often dependent on the degree of spousal support they receive ( Fatiregun et al., 2019 ). Within the patriarchal structures prevalent in African societies, the absence of a supportive partner can exacerbate the health risks and compromise the overall welfare of women diagnosed with breast cancer ( Nwozichi et al., 2021 , 2024 ). Patients often report unpleasant body changes, such as negative body image, menopausal symptoms, and sexual function problems, which may affect their marital relationships and lead to intimate partner violence (IPV) ( Brennan et al., 2021 ; Meng et al., 2023 ). Numerous health issues, such as chronic genitourinary disorders, sleep disturbances, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide attempts are linked to IPV, a form of domestic abuse that includes physical violence, sexual violence, and psychological aggression by a current or former intimate partner ( Meng et al., 2023 ). A study by Meng et al. (2023) found that patients with gynecologic cancers often experienced an increase in their partner’s domestic abuse–related behaviors during cancer treatment, which had the potential to delay their treatment and increase their risk of experiencing domestic violence. Negative body image and menopausal symptoms may affect a woman’s self-esteem and confidence, causing her to feel less attractive and desirable, which may lead to insecurity and vulnerability and make her more susceptible to abuse ( Vincent et al., 2023 ). Jetelina et al. (2020) conducted a study in Dallas, Texas, within an urban safety-net healthcare system to characterize the prevalence of IPV among breast and cervical cancer survivors. They found that 54% of survivors reported experiencing IPV in their lifetime, with the majority of those experiencing abuse identifying their spouse or intimate partner as the perpetrator. Domestic violence can have adverse effects on the victim and puts them at risk for health deterioration. For example, among patients with breast cancer, participants with a history of IPV develop estrogen receptor–negative and progesterone receptor–negative tumor receptors at twice the rate of those without such a history. This suggests a potential link between IPV and more aggressive or harder-to-treat forms of cancer because estrogen receptor–negative and progesterone receptor–negative tumors generally have fewer treatment options and a poorer prognosis ( Jetelina et al., 2020 ). In addition, a cancer diagnosis already causes emotional stress, and IPV exacerbates it, leading to increased anxiety and depression. Partners may exert control or instill fear, delaying the victim’s ability to seek medical care and leading to more advanced cancer stages at diagnosis ( Nwozichi et al., 2021 , 2024 ). Some other IPV-related complications in women with gynecologic cancers include poor treatment adherence, lower quality of life, social isolation, and increased mortality risk ( Coker et al., 2017 ). Domestic abuse and cancer diagnosis, particularly for breast and gynecologic cancers, intersect to present a complex challenge for oncology nursing. This article seeks to unravel the often-underdiscussed layers of partner abuse among African couples experiencing breast or gynecologic cancer. Evidence of domestic abuse among African women with these cancers has been reported in Ghana ( Nartey et al., 2017 ; Okyere Asante et al., 2023 ), Kenya ( Rosser et al., 2016 ), Nigeria ( Amoo et al., 2022 ; Fatiregun et al., 2019 ; Nwozichi et al., 2021 , 2024 ; Omotoso et al., 2023 ), South Africa ( Dlamini et al., 2024 ), and Uganda ( Bouskill et al., 2024 ; Isabirye, 2022 ; Scheel et al., 2019 ). In the context of breast and gynecologic cancers, the implications of domestic abuse extend beyond the physical to the psychological and social spheres and are deeply influenced by cultural beliefs and practices. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the psychosocial challenges faced by African women and offer insights into culturally competent care strategies that address the medical and emotional needs of this vulnerable population. Roles of Oncology Nurses Addressing domestic violence among couples where one partner is experiencing breast or gynecologic cancer in Africa requires a multifaceted approach. This approach can involve healthcare professionals, community leaders, policymakers, and support organizations. By addressing the following areas, it is possible to create a supportive environment for African women with cancer who may be experiencing domestic violence, thereby improving their overall health outcomes and quality of life. Raising Awareness and Education Nurses may develop public health campaigns to educate communities about the intersection of domestic violence and cancer. These campaigns can emphasize how violence can worsen health outcomes and highlight the availability of support. In addition, nurses and other healthcare providers need training to recognize signs of domestic violence, particularly in oncology settings. They may also need tools to address and report it safely. Empowering women with cancer through education and social resources can help reduce their risk of experiencing violence ( Ni et al., 2024 ). Access to social resources, such as safe shelters and legal assistance, can provide women with the tools they need to report violence safely and seek refuge. Empowering women through education and social support can help break the cycle of domestic violence and ensure safety and well-being. Screening and Intervention in Healthcare Settings Oncology nurses are in a unique position to identify signs of domestic violence through their regular interactions with patients experiencing breast or gynecologic cancer. They can implement routine screening protocols to ask about domestic violence sensitively and confidentially. Women with breast or gynecologic cancer may already feel vulnerable because of the stigma associated with cancer, particularly in cultures where reproductive health issues are highly sensitive ( Nwozichi et al., 2024 ). The fear of additional stigmatization associated with IPV can deter women from speaking out. However, more research and guidance on how to effectively screen for IPV in healthcare settings in Africa is needed, including developing shorter screening tools, establishing clear institutional policies, and conducting comprehensive literature reviews ( Fang & Donley, 2021 ). The dearth of research and guidance on IPV screening in African healthcare settings presents a barrier to addressing this pervasive issue. Developing shorter screening tools can streamline the process and make it more feasible for healthcare providers to incorporate IPV screening into their routine practice. See Figure 1 for a list of common tools used to screen for IPV. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab COMMON INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE SCREENING TOOLS Support Systems and Resources Psychological support may be provided for the patient and their partner. This can help to address underlying issues and reduce stress that may lead to violence. Healthcare providers can foster a safe and trusting environment in which patients feel comfortable disclosing abuse. This involves ensuring privacy during consultations and clearly communicating that disclosures will be handled with confidentiality and sensitivity. A collaborative approach involving surgeons, oncologists, and mental health professionals can provide comprehensive support and resources to patients, helping them better understand and cope with their emotional and behavioral challenges ( Dionigi et al., 2020 ). Mental health professionals can provide essential support in managing emotional distress, anxiety, and depression, helping patients develop coping mechanisms and maintain a positive outlook. This collaborative approach can empower patients to better understand and navigate their healing journey, ultimately improving their overall quality of life. Oncology nurses and health organizations can develop and identify support groups for patients with cancer and their families as places where people share experiences and receive emotional support. Support for the Abusive Partner In some cases, oncology nurses may also need to address the needs of the abusive partner, particularly if they are part of the caregiving team. This can involve referring them to appropriate resources for help with anger management or counseling services. In particular, support and resources for male perpetrators of IPV against patients with breast or gynecologic cancer through increased awareness, recognition, funding, and gender-specific services are needed to address their unique needs and help break the cycle of violence ( Hine et al., 2022 ). By providing these resources and services, clinicians can help male perpetrators understand the harmful nature of their behavior and seek the support they need to break the cycle of violence. This approach may not only prevent future acts of violence but also create a more supportive environment for victims and perpetrators, promoting healthier relationships and reducing the prevalence of IPV. Community Engagement and Advocacy Community and religious leaders can be engaged in conversations about domestic violence to reduce stigma and promote healthy relationships. Community organizing and activism are being explored as effective strategies to challenge patriarchal gender norms and reduce IPV ( Chatterji et al., 2020 ). Nurses can organize individuals and communities to raise awareness, advocate for change, and build social support networks; these strategies can create a more equitable and just society. Through grassroots efforts, communities can challenge harmful stereotypes, promote gender equality, and empower individuals to leave abusive relationships. Clinicians can advocate for stronger laws and policies to protect victims of domestic violence and ensure their access to justice and medical care. Research and Data Collection Despite progress made in addressing IPV at various levels of care, research is needed on interventions aimed at women with breast or gynecologic cancer who may be victims of IPV ( Trabold et al., 2020 ). Understanding the specific needs and experiences of this population can help in developing effective interventions that can provide timely support and resources. Data collection by oncology nurses on the prevalence and impact of domestic violence among patients with breast or gynecologic cancer can help to inform policies and guide interventions. Academic and nongovernmental organizations can also research this issue to understand its scope and develop evidence-based solutions. Policy and Legal Framework Groups can strengthen legal frameworks to protect patients with cancer who are also victims of domestic violence, ensuring that they have access to health care without fear of reprisal. Healthcare providers can learn about existing domestic violence policies, particularly regarding the application of and adherence to these policies. Incorporating diverse theoretical frameworks, including intersectionality theory, historic trauma and decolonization, human rights, constructivist self-development theory, post-traumatic growth paradigm, and adverse childhood experiences, into policy development can help address IPV ( Mcleod et al., 2020 ). Intersectionality theory provides insights into how multiple social identities, such as race, gender, and class, intersect to shape experiences of IPV. Historic trauma and decolonization frameworks highlight the enduring impact of past and present oppression on marginalized communities. Integrated Care Models Oncologists, social workers, mental health professionals, and professionals who specialize in domestic violence should be included in integrated care policies. Care models focusing on problem-solving, decision-making, and cognitive restructuring can help women with breast or gynecologic cancer who experience IPV improve their physical and mental health outcomes ( Trabold et al., 2020 ). By equipping these women with the tools to identify and address challenges, make informed decisions, and reframe negative thought patterns, these care models can empower them to take control of their situation and improve their overall well-being. Nurses can develop care plans to address the medical and social needs of patients, incorporating safety planning and support for those experiencing domestic violence. International Collaboration and Funding Collaboration with international organizations is needed to gain insights, resources, and support in addressing domestic violence in cancer care. Collaborative efforts across different sectors are needed to address IPV among people with breast or gynecologic cancer, including training programs, policy development, and partnerships with experts in IPV response ( Lalande et al., 2024 ). Partnerships with experts in IPV response, including advocates, researchers, and survivors, can provide insights and guidance to support women and families. Government agencies and international donors may provide funding to support initiatives toward ensuring that women with breast or gynecologic cancer receive the support and resources they need to thrive. Discussion and Implications for Oncology Nursing The engagement of oncology nurses in addressing domestic violence is helpful for not only the immediate safety and well-being of patients but also their overall health outcomes. Oncology nurses working with women who have experienced IPV should focus on survivors’ potential for healing and tailor their interventions accordingly ( D’Amore et al., 2021 ). When working with women who have experienced IPV, oncology nurses can adopt a survivor-centered approach that acknowledges and respects their unique experiences and strengths. By focusing on survivors’ potential for healing, nurses can create a supportive environment that fosters resilience and empowers them to take control of their lives. Stress and trauma resulting from abuse can substantially affect cancer treatment and recovery, underscoring the pivotal role of oncology nurses in addressing these complexities ( Marshall et al., 2023 ). This holds particular significance in the context of breast and gynecologic cancers. Nurses can exercise vigilance in identifying signs of domestic abuse, encompassing physical, emotional, or psychological manifestations. Signs of IPV that nurses can identify among patients with breast or gynecologic cancers include physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, controlling behaviors, stalking, and financial abuse ( Stewart et al., 2021 ) (see Table 1 ). By being aware of these signs and asking sensitive questions, nurses can help identify patients at risk for IPV and provide appropriate support or resources. The exacerbation of domestic tensions by the stress of a cancer diagnosis requires nurses to be adept at discerning nuanced indicators of abuse, such as unexplained injuries and heightened emotional distress. In addition, investigating situations in which patients undergoing treatment assume excessive domestic responsibilities or contemplate a premature return to work without complete recuperation is imperative ( de Boer et al., 2020 ). TABLE 1. SIGNS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG PATIENTS WITH BREAST OR GYNECOLOGIC CANCER IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES TYPE SIGNS Behavioral Reluctance to attend treatment, partner controlling medical decisions, patient needing permission for health care Cultural/social Fear of societal stigma, cultural beliefs discouraging reporting abuse, partner or family attributing problems to supernatural causes Emotional/psychological Anxiety, depression, withdrawal from social life, fear of partner, sudden mood changes, fearfulness in partner’s presence Financial Financial dependence, partner withholding funds, delays in treatment because of lack of financial resources Physical Unexplained bruises or injuries, delayed medical care, frequent hospital visits for inconsistent injuries Sexual/reproductive Forced sexual activity, reluctance to discuss sexual health, partner’s refusal to accept body changes after treatment Open in a new tab Note . Based on information from Nwozichi et al., 2021 , 2024 ; Omotoso et al., 2023 ; Rosser et al., 2016 . Abuse can be part of the experiences of patients regardless of their relationship status, so nurses should integrate screening protocols and inquiries about domestic safety and support into the assessments of all individuals undergoing cancer treatment. Nurses should be equipped to screen for domestic abuse and record their findings sensitively and confidentially, ensuring the safety and privacy of the patient. Clinical teams should have a comprehensive awareness of local resources and support systems available to patients with cancer experiencing domestic abuse. Establishing a referral pathway to specialized services encompassing legal, psychological, and social support provides holistic patient care. Individuals disclosing experiences of partner abuse should be met with empathetic support and guidance in accessing requisite resources ( Hameed et al., 2020 ). Advocates against domestic violence may offer supplementary assistance, including support during legal proceedings. Nurses can educate patients about the ramifications of domestic abuse on their health and treatment outcomes and also champion patient safety and autonomy, particularly in instances when the patient’s capacity to seek assistance is compromised by their medical condition. This is in accordance with the American Nurses Association (2015) Code of Ethics for Nurses, which states that the nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient ( Haddad & Geiger, 2023 ). When a patient’s capacity to seek assistance is compromised by their medical condition, nurses have a duty to advocate for their rights and ensure their safety. Finally, oncology nursing leaders may formulate policies addressing domestic abuse within the oncology healthcare setting. These policies can encompass procedures for reporting abuse, supporting affected patients, and safeguarding the healthcare team. The involvement of oncology nurses in addressing domestic violence supports the safety, well-being, and overall health outcomes of affected patients. Conclusion Oncology nurses can support addressing domestic abuse among patients with breast or gynecologic cancer in Africa. Oncology nurses are often at the forefront of patient care and are uniquely positioned to identify signs of domestic abuse, provide support, and advocate for their patients’ overall well-being. In addressing domestic abuse among couples experiencing breast or gynecologic cancer in Africa, oncology nurses must be equipped with the knowledge and resources to offer holistic care. Nurses can be vigilant in recognizing signs of abuse and providing comprehensive care that considers the patient’s physical and emotional health. Trainings in domestic abuse awareness and formation of interprofessional support teams are needed for effective intervention. Ultimately, oncology nurses’ advocacy and compassionate care can improve the lives of African women facing the dual challenges of cancer and domestic abuse. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY. EARN 1 CONTACT HOUR Open in a new tab ONS members can earn free nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) for reading this article and completing an evaluation online. To do so, visit www.ons.org/publications-research/cjon/ncpd to link to this article and then access its evaluation link after logging in. ONS is accredited as a provider of nursing continuing professional development by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. Certified nurses can claim no more than 1 total ILNA point for this program. Up to 1 ILNA point may be applied to Care Continuum OR Psychosocial OR Quality of Life. See www.oncc.org for complete details on certification. Consider how you can apply findings from this article to your own practice using the following questions: ■ How can oncology nurses in your setting identify and address domestic abuse among patients with breast and gynecologic cancers? ■ How can healthcare professionals in your setting collaborate to provide comprehensive care for patients experiencing both cancer and domestic abuse? Footnotes The authors take full responsibility for this content and did not receive honoraria or disclose any relevant financial relationships. REFERENCES Agyemang LS, Foster C, McLean C, Fenlon D, Wagland R.

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