A School History of the United States

APPENDIX Cuba, however, had not been ceded to the United States. It had passed under our control only for the restoration of peace and the establishment of a stable government there; for Congress, in its resolution of April 19, 1898, asserted its determination, after the pacification of Cuba, "to leave the government and control of the island to its people." In June, 1900, the local city governments were turned over to municipal officers that had been elected by the people. In the following winter a constitution was framed by a convention of delegates elected by the Cubans. Then, after certain provisions had been added to this, to govern the future relations between Cuba and the United States, and after the first officers of the Cuban Republic had been elected, the United States troops were withdrawn and the new government took charge of the island, May 20, 1902. %576. Disorders in China.%—Early in 1900 a patriotic society of Chinese, called the Boxers, began to massacre native Christians in the north of China, and to drive out or kill all missionaries and other foreigners. The disorder soon spread to Pekin, where the foreign ministers and their countrymen (including some Americans) were besieged in their quarter of the city by Boxers and regular Chinese troops; for the Chinese government, instead of suppressing the Boxers, acted in sympathy with them. President McKinley sent warships and soldiers to China, where they coöperated with the forces of Japan and the European powers in rescuing the imperiled foreigners in Pekin. War was not declared against China, though she resisted the invading troops, making it necessary for them to capture several towns and to fight several battles before Pekin was taken. A treaty was then negotiated with the United States, Japan, and the European powers, providing for the restoration of order and a settlement of the various claims against China. %577%. At home during 1900 our population was counted; a President was elected; and a currency law of much importance was enacted. In the United States and the territories there were found to be about 76,000,000 people, and in the one state of New York more inhabitants than there were in all the United States in 1810. By the currency law, known as the Gold Standard Act, it is provided:— 1. That the gold dollar shall be the standard unit of value. 2. That all forms of money issued or coined shall be kept "at a parity of value" with this gold standard. 3. That United States notes and Treasury notes shall be redeemed in gold coin. For this purpose $150,000,000 of gold coin or bullion is set apart in the Treasury. %578%. When the time came to prepare for the election of a President and Vice President, eleven conventions were held, as many platforms were framed, and eight pairs of candidates were nominated. There were the Democratic and Republican parties; the People's Party (Fusionists) and the People's Party (Middle of the Road Anti-Fusionists); the Prohibition, United Christian, Silver Republican, Socialist Labor, Social Democratic, and National parties; and the Anti-Imperialist League. The things opposed, approved of, or demanded by these parties were many and various; but a few should be stated as showing what the people were thinking about: Trusts, the gold standard, the free coinage of silver, a canal across Nicaragua or the isthmus of Panama, election of United States senators by the people, repeal of the war taxes, statehood for the territories, independence for the Filipinos, aid to American shipping, irrigation of the arid lands in the West, public ownership of railways and telegraphs, desecration of the Sabbath, equality of men and women, exclusion of the Asiatics, the Monroe Doctrine. %579. McKinley Reëlected.%—The Populist (Fusionist) convention nominated William J. Bryan and Charles A. Towne. But the Democrats named Bryan and Adlai E. Stevenson. Thereupon Towne withdrew, and Bryan and Stevenson were made the candidates of the Populists and the Silver party as well as of the Democrats. The Democratic platform denounced imperialism and trusts, and reiterated the demand for the free coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. The Republicans renominated President McKinley, and nominated Theodore Roosevelt for Vice President, on a platform indorsing McKinley's administration and favoring the gold standard of money. McKinley and Roosevelt were elected. %580. McKinley Assassinated.% On March 4, 1901, the President began his second term, which six months later came to a dreadful end. In May a great fair—the Pan-American Exposition—was opened at Buffalo, and to this exposition the President came as a guest early in September, and was holding a public reception on the afternoon of the 6th, when an anarchist who approached as if to shake hands, suddenly shot him twice. For several days it was thought that the wounds would not prove fatal; but early on the morning of the 14th, the President died, and that afternoon Mr. Roosevelt took the oath of office required by the Constitution and became President. [Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt] %581. Public Measures adopted in 1901-1904.%—The events connected with our large island possessions had directed much attention to our military and naval forces. As a result, Congress passed several measures to increase the efficiency of the army, and appropriated large sums for additions to the navy. For the reclamation of the arid parts of the Far West an important law was enacted (1902), setting aside the money received from the sales of public land in that part of the country and appropriating it for the planning and construction of irrigation works. In 1903 a ninth member was added to the President's cabinet in the person of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. The new department was made to include the Department of Labor established fifteen years before, and a number of other bureaus already existing; at the same time the Bureau of Corporations was newly established, and was given the power to investigate the organization and workings of any trust or corporation (except railroads) engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, and, with the President's approval, to publish the information so obtained. A long-standing dispute as to the eastern boundary of southern Alaska was referred to a British-American tribunal, which decided chiefly in favor of the United States (1903). By a reciprocity treaty with Cuba which went into effect in 1904, the duties on Cuban trade were somewhat lowered. %582. The Isthmian Canal.%—A French company many years ago began to dig a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but it failed through bad management before the work was half done. A United States commission made a survey of this route and also of the Nicaragua route across Central America, estimated the cost of building each canal, and gave careful consideration to the advantages of each route. The owners of the French canal having offered to sell for $40,000,000, Congress in 1902 authorized the President to buy and complete it, provided satisfactory title and permanent control of the route could be secured. In all, about $200,000,000 was provided for this work. In 1903 a treaty was negotiated with Colombia, giving the United States a permanent lease of a six-mile strip across the isthmus, for an annual rental of $250,000 and the payment of $10,000,000, but Colombia rejected the treaty. The Colombian province of Panama thereupon seceded (November 3), and its independence was recognized by the United States and other nations. A treaty was soon made whereby the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama, and Panama ceded to the United States a ten-mile strip across the isthmus for the sums rejected by Colombia. The rights of the French company were then bought, and a United States commission began the work of completing the canal (1904). %583. Election of Roosevelt.%—There were almost as many parties as ever in the campaign of 1904. The Republicans indorsed the existing administration, demanded the continuance of the protective tariff and the gold standard, and nominated Roosevelt for President and Charles W. Fairbanks for Vice President. The Democrats nominated Alton B. Parker and Henry G. Davis, and declared for a reduction of the tariff and against militarism and trusts, but were silent on the money question. Roosevelt and Fairbanks were elected by a large majority. %584. Interstate Commerce.%—In spite of the act of 1887 and some later laws, favored shippers were still given various unfair advantages in the service and charges of railroads. In 1906 Congress greatly enlarged the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to supervise railroads, express companies, and other common carriers operating in more than one state, and even authorized it to fix new freight and passenger rates in place of any it deemed to be unjust or unreasonable. Besides this law to regulate interstate transportation, Congress passed several acts to regulate the quality of goods entering into interstate commerce. Efficient inspection of meat-packing establishments was provided, at a cost of $3,000,000 a year. Adulteration or misbranding of any foods, drugs, medicines, or liquors manufactured anywhere for sale in another state, was forbidden under heavy penalties. %585. Intervention in Cuba.%—One of the provisions added to the Cuban constitution gave the United States the right to intervene "for the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty." This right was first exercised in the autumn of 1906, when the Cuban government failed to suppress an insurrection in the island. Efforts were first made, in vain, to bring about peace in Cuba without armed intervention; then the Cuban president resigned, our envoy Secretary Taft proclaimed himself provisional governor of Cuba, United States troops were stationed at various points, and the insurgents peacefully disbanded. The work of completing the restoration of order and confidence, preparatory to the holding of a new election under the Cuban constitution, was intrusted by the President to Charles E. Magoon, who became provisional governor in October. %586. The Panic of 1907.%—For several years our country had enjoyed unusual prosperity. Never had the business of the country been better. A distrust of banks and banking institutions, however, was suddenly developed. Belief that the money of depositors was being used in a reckless way became widespread, and when a run on some banks in New York city forced them to suspend, a panic swept over the country. People everywhere made haste to withdraw their deposits, and the banks for a time were forced to refuse to cash checks for large sums. Business depression and hard times followed. %587. The Currency Law.%—In the midst of the panic the Sixtieth Congress met and in the course of its session enacted (for six years) a currency law. This is an emergency measure by which the national banks, when currency is scarce, may issue more under certain conditions. The total amount put out by all the national banks must not be greater than $500,000,000. Those using this currency must pay a heavy tax, which it is believed will lead to its prompt recall as soon as the emergency has passed. %588. Election of Taft.%—For the thirty-first time in our history electors of President and Vice President were chosen in 1908. Seven parties placed candidates in the field. The Republicans nominated William H. Taft and James S. Sherman; the Democrats named William J. Bryan and John W. Kern. Candidates were also presented by the Prohibition, Populist, Socialist Labor, Socialist, and Independence parties. In many respects the Republican and Democratic platforms were alike. Both declared for revision of the tariff, postal savings banks, a bureau of mines and mining, protection of our citizens abroad, a better civil service, improvement of our inland waterways, preservation of our forests, and the admission of Arizona and New Mexico as separate states. The Democratic platform called for an income tax, the publication of the names of contributors to national campaign funds, legislation against private monopolies, and full control of interstate railways. Taft and Sherman were elected. One of Taft's first acts as President was to call a special session of Congress, which met March 15 to frame a new tariff act. [Illustration: William H. Taft] SUMMARY 1. The political issues before the country since 1880 have been of two general classes—industrial and financial. 2. The industrial issues led to the formation of certain great organizations, as the Farmers' Alliance, Knights of Labor, Patrons of Industry, etc.; and to the enactment of certain important laws, as the Interstate Commerce Acts, the Anti-Chinese laws, the Anti-Contract Labor law, and the establishment of the Labor Bureau. 3. The financial issues were in general connected in some way with the agitation for free coinage of silver. 4. These issues seriously affected both the old parties and produced others, as the Anti-monopoly party, the People's party, the Silver party, the National, the Socialist. 5. In 1893 financial questions became so serious that a panic occurred, which forced the repeal of the purchase clause of the Sherman Act. In 1907 there was another panic. 6. Among our foreign complications during this period were the question of the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, the Venezuela boundary dispute, the Cuban question, which finally involved us in a war with Spain, and the trouble with China arising from the Boxer outbreak. 7. The chief events of the war with Spain were Dewey's naval victory in Manila Bay, May 1; the battles of El Caney and San Juan, near Santiago, July 1; the naval battle of July 3 off Santiago; the surrender of Santiago, July 14; the invasion of Porto Rico, near the end of July; and the capture of Manila, August 13. 8. The war resulted in the cession of Porto Rico and the Philippines to our country, and in Spain's withdrawal from Cuba. 9. The withdrawal of Spain from the Philippines was followed by an uprising of natives led by Aguinaldo; but the insurrection was soon suppressed and a system of civil government established. 10. By peaceful negotiation a treaty was perfected giving the United States control of the route for the Panama Canal. APPENDIX THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—1776 * * * * * IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: [Transcriber's note: This is an excerpt. Please see Project Gutenberg's complete text.] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES—1787[1] [Footnote 1: This reprint of the Constitution exactly follows the text of that in the Department of State in Washington, save in the spelling of a few words.] We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION 2. 1 The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 2 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons[2]. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. [Footnote 2: The last half of this sentence was superseded by the 13th and 14th Amendments. (See p.16 following.)] 4 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5 The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION 3. 1 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. 2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. SECTION 4. 1 The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION 5. 1 Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 3 Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4 Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. [Transcriber's note: This is an excerpt. Please see Project Gutenberg's complete text.] STATE CONSTITUTIONS We have seen (page 155), that in 1776 the Continental Congress advised the people of the colonies to form governments for themselves, and that the people of the colonies accordingly adopted constitutions and became sovereign and independent states. Of the thirteen original state constitutions, none save that of Massachusetts is now in force, and even that has been amended. Changes in political ideas, changes in the conditions of life due to the wonderful progress of our country, have forced the people to alter, amend, and often remake their state constitutions. All our state constitutions now in force divide the powers of government among three departments,—legislative, executive, and judicial. The Legislative Department —called in some states the Legislature, in others the General Assembly, and in still others the General Court— consists in every state of two branches or houses, usually known as the Senate and House of Representatives. In six states the legislature meets annually, and in all the rest biennially; the members of both branches are everywhere elected by the people, and serve from one to four years. In most states a session of the legislature is limited to a period of from forty to ninety days. The legislature enacts the laws (which must not conflict with the Constitution of the United States, the treaties, the acts of Congress, or the constitution of the state); but the powers of the two houses are not equal in all the states. In some the House of Representatives has the sole right to originate bills for the raising and the expenditure of money, and in some the Senate confirms or rejects appointments to office made by the Governor. The Governor is the executive; is elected for a term of years varying from one to four; and is in duty bound to see that the laws are enforced. To him, in nearly all the states, are sent the acts of the legislature to be signed if he approves, or vetoed if he disapproves. In some states the Governor may veto parts or items of an act and approve the rest. He is commander in chief of the militia; commissions all officers whom he appoints; and in most of the states may pardon criminals. The Judicial Branch of government is composed of the state courts, whose judges are appointed, or elected for a long term of years. These three branches of government—the executive, the legislative, and the judicial—are distinct and separate, and none can exercise the powers of the others. No judge can enact a law; no legislature can try a suit; no executive can perform the duties of a judge or a legislature. When the thirteen colonies threw off their allegiance to the British Crown, the government set up by each was supreme within the limits of the state. Each could coin money, impose duties on goods imported from abroad or from other states, fix the legal rate of interest, make laws regulating marriage and divorce and the descent of property, and do anything else that any supreme government could do. But when the states united in forming a strong general government by adopting the Constitution, they did not give up all their powers of government. They intrusted part of them to the Federal government, and retained the rest as before. In other words, the people of each state, instead of continuing to have one government, adopted a double government, state and Federal, according to the plan laid down in the Constitution. It is the Federal Constitution that makes the division of powers between the nation and the separate states. The Constitution, for instance, gives the Federal government the powers of coining money and laying import duties, and forbids these powers to the states; but the rate of interest, marriage and divorce, and the descent of property are matters not mentioned in the Constitution, and concerning which the states retain the power to make laws. In many cases it is hard to decide whether a state has power to do a certain thing. Whenever the question turns on the interpretation of the Federal Constitution, it is decided by the United States courts. The Federal Constitution and the laws and treaties made in accordance with it are supreme in case of any conflict with a state constitution or law. The powers of government exercised by the states are more numerous, and affect the individual citizen in more ways, than those of the nation. The force of contracts; the relations of employer and employed, husband and wife, parent and child; the administration of schools; and the punishment of most crimes, are matters controlled by the state. A much larger amount of taxes is imposed by the states than by the nation. Local Governments. —Moreover, the local government of counties, towns, and cities is entirely under the control of the state. State constitutions contain many provisions in regard to this local government, but the legislature can make laws affecting it more or less greatly in the various states. In the local government of a city, town, or county there is to some extent a distribution of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial officers. The legislative function is exercised by the city council or board of aldermen, the town trustees (or by the whole body of voters), and the county board of supervisors or commissioners; the executive, by the city mayor, the county sheriff, and other officers; and the judicial, by various city courts, justices of the peace, and county courts. Political Rights and Duties. —The political rights and duties of citizens depend chiefly on the state constitutions and laws. Elections, both state and national, are conducted by state officers. The state prescribes who shall have the right to vote, and the various states differ greatly in this respect. Congress grants citizenship by a uniform rule of naturalization; but some states allow aliens to vote (on certain conditions), and some provide that a naturalized citizen can not vote until a certain period has elapsed after his naturalization. In some states women may vote; in some only those men who have certain property or educational qualifications. The right to vote is the qualification for holding most offices; additional qualifications are prescribed for very important offices, in the Federal and state constitutions. Thus, none but a native may be a President or Vice President of the United States, nor may a citizen under thirty years of age be a member of the United States Senate. Besides voting and office holding, the most important political rights and duties of citizens are to sit on juries and to serve in the army. The qualifications of jurors in state courts are prescribed by state authority, and in national courts by national authority. Congress has the exclusive power to raise armies, and in the Civil War hundreds of thousands of citizens came under national authority in connection with the duty to bear arms. The militia, however, is commanded by state officers, and in time of peace is under the control of the separate states. INDEX %A% Abolition, laws; societies; opposition to; Compromise Bill; issue of Civil War. Acadia, extent of; struggle for. Act, of 1870; of 1873; of 1875. Adams . Adams, Alvin. Adams, Charles F. Adams, John, defends soldiers; Declaration of Independence; negotiates treaty; vice president; president. Adams, John Quincy, opposes European colonization; presidential nominee; president; opposed to slavery. Adams, John Q., vice-pres. nominee. Adams, Samuel. Adams Express Company. "Adams men". "Administration men". Alabama . Alabama, admitted; secedes; readmitted. Alabama claims. Alaska, boundaries; purchased. Albany, Dutch at; colonial congress at. Alexandria. Algonquins. Alien and Sedition laws. Allegheny River, French on. Allen, Ethan. Allison amendment. Amendments to Constitution, ten; twelfth; proposed thirteenth; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth. America, discovery of; naming of. American Antislavery Society. American Fur Trading Company. American party. American Republican party; disappears. Amherst. Amnesty, proclamation issued; political issue. Anaesthesia discovered. Anderson, Robert. André, Major John. Annapolis, Md., founded; riot at; trade convention at. Annapolis, Port Royal called. Annual message. Anti-Chinese movement. Anti-Federalists. Anti-Nebraska men. Antietam, battle of. Antimasonic party. Antislavery movement. Appomattox Courthouse. Arbitration, policy; between England and Venezuela. Argall, Governor. Argus . Arizona, territory; silver interests. Arkansas, becomes territory; admitted; secedes; Confederates in; reconstruction; readmitted. Army of the Cumberland; disbanded. Army of the Potomac, peninsular campaign; at Gettysburg; in Wilderness campaign; disbanded. Army of Tennessee. Army of Virginia. Arnold, Benedict, attacks Quebec; at Saratoga; treason of; in British service. Articles of Confederation. Ashburton, Lord. Assumption of state debts. Astor, John Jacob. Astoria founded. Atchison settled. Atlanta burned. Atlantic cable. Auburn settled. Aurania settled. Austin, Moses. Austin, Stephen. %B% Bahama Islands. Balboa. Baltimore, founded; in colonial times; Congress at; attacked; route to the West; convention at; insurgents in; labor congress in. Baltimore, Lord, Banks, United States, see National Bank; state, see State Banks. Banks, N. P., presidential nominee, in Civil War, Bannock City founded, Barry, John, Barron, Commander, Baton Rouge, captured, Spaniards claim, "Battle above the Clouds," Bean, William, Bear State republic, Beauregard, General, Bell, John, Belmont, Belpre settled, Bemis Heights, battle of, Bennington, battle of, Benton, Thomas II., senator, Bents Fort, Berceau , Berkeley, Lord, Berlin Decree, Bidwell, John, Bienville, Céloron de, Big Bottom massacre, Bills of credit, Biloxi settled, Bimetallism, Birney, James Gillespie, presidential nominee, abolitionist, Black, James, Black Rock burned, Bladensburg, battle of, Blaine, James G., Blair, Francis P., Bland-Allison Silver Bill, Blockade, of 1814, Southern, Blockade runners, Blue Lodges, Bonded debt, of 1866, of 1894, Bonds, United States, Bonhomme Richard , Bonneville, Captain, Boom towns, Boone, Daniel, Boonesboro settled, Booth, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, Bordentown, Border states secede, Boscawen, Boston , Boston, founded, in colonial times, riot, massacre, tea party, Port Bill, occupied by British, evacuated, in 1790, fire, Boston Neck, Boston Sentinel , Boundary, of United States in 1783, in 1815, Canadian, Spanish, of Alaska, of Texas, map showing territorial growth of United States, Boxer , Braddock, Edward, Bradford, William, Bradstreet, Bragg, Brandywine, battle of, Brazil discovered, Breckinridge, John C., vice president, presidential candidate, Breeds Hill, battle of, Brewster, William, British, see English. British Columbia, boundary of, British Guiana, Brown, B. Gratz, Brown, Jacob, Brown, John, Brown, Robert, Brownists, Brush, Bryan, William J., Buchanan, James, president, attitude toward seceded states, Buckner, General Simon B., Buell, General, Buena Vista, battle of, Buffalo burned, Bull Run, battles of, Bunker Hill, battle of, Bunker Hill Monument, Burgoyne, John, Burke P. B., Burlingame, Anson, Burnside, General, Burr, Aaron, Business depression of '93, Butler, Butler, A. P., Butler, Benjamin F., Butler, William O., Butterfield overland stage. %C% Cabinet, first, Cable, Atlantic, Cabots, Cabral, Calhoun, John C., in War Congress, vice president, favors nullification, on slavery, on Compromise Bill, death of, California, Frémont in, independent, slavery in, gold discoveries, applies for admission, settled and admitted, Pacific Railroad to, Calverts, Cambridge settled, Camden, battle of, Canada, ceded to British, boundary of, fisheries, Canals, Canonchet, Canso attacked, Cape Ann colony, Cape Breton, Cape Cod named, Cape Fear River settlements, Captains of industry. Caribbean Islands. Carleton, Sir Guy. Carolinas, settled; see North and South Carolina. Carpetbaggers. Carson, Kit. Carteret, Sir George. Cartier, Jacques. Cass, Lewis. Castine massacre. Castle Pinckney. Catholics in Maryland. Cayuga Indians. Cedar Creek, battle of. Cedar Mountain, battle of. Céloron de Bienville. Census, first; of 1810; of 1870; of 1900. Central Pacific Railroad. Cerro Gordo, battle of. Certificates, national. Chadds Ford, battle of. Chambers, B. J. Chambersburg burned. Champlain. Chancellorsville, battle of. Chapultepec, battle of. Charles I., grants Maryland; persecutes Puritans; beheaded. Charles II., grants Connecticut; grants Carolina; grants Pennsylvania. Charleston, founded; attacked; in colonial times; opposes tea tax; captured; nominating convention. Charleston harbor. Charlestown, settled. Charlestown Neck. Charter colonies. Charters, of 1606; of 1609; of 1629. Chase, Salmon P. Chattanooga, battle of. Cherokee Indians. Cherry Creek. Cherry Valley massacre. Chesapeake . Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Chester. Chicago, Republican conventions; in 1832; in 1840; labor congress; convention of '69; fire; meat packing; Bimetallic League. Chickahominy River. Chickamauga, battle of. Chickasaw Indians. China, disorder in. Chinese Exclusion acts. Chinese immigration. Chippewa, battle of. Choctaw Indians. Church of New England. Churubusco, battle of. Cincinnati, in 1802; in 1810; convention of 1872; labor congress; convention of 1876. Circuit courts. Civil Rights Bill. Civil service reform. Civil War; cost of; results of. Clark, General George Rogers. Clark, William. Clay, Henry, speaker; presidential nominee; secretary of state; Compromise Tariff; Infant School; Compromise Bill; death of. Clermont . Cleveland, population in 1840. Cleveland, Stephen Grover, president. Clinton, George. Clinton, Governor De Witt. Clinton, Sir Henry, campaigns. Cobb, Howell. Cochrane, General John. Cockburn, Admiral. Cohoes founded. Coin at a premium. Coinage of gold and silver. Cold Harbor, battle of. Colfax, Schuyler. Collins steamship line. Colonial, life; forms of government. Colonies, Spanish; English; Dutch; Swedish. Colorado, acquired; a territory; admitted; silver interests. Colt. Columbia Centinel . Columbia River discovered. Columbus, Christopher. Columbus, Ky., evacuated. Columbus, O., population in 1840; conventions. Commerce, in colonial times; about 1810; destroyers; See also Trade. Committee of Safety. Compromise, Missouri; tariff; of 1850; of Crittenden. Compromises in Constitution. Comptroller of the Currency. Concord, battle of. Confederate cruisers. Confederate States, formed; during civil war; capital of; end of; military supplies of; debts and losses of; congress dissolved. Congress . Congress, under Articles of Confederation, and see Continental Congress; reconstruction plan of; gives land grants; acts of 1862 and 1863. Congress, National Labor. Connecticut, settled; in colonial times; Reserve. Conscription, Confederate. Constellation . Constitution . Constitution of U.S., amendments to, see Amendments. Printed in Appendix, Constitutional Union party, Continental army, Continental Congress, Continental debt, Continental money, Contract labor, Contraction policy, Contreras, battle of, Conway cabal, Cooper, Peter, Corinth, battle of, Cornwallis, Lord, Coronado, Corporations, rise of, opposition to, Cortereal, Cortes, Cotton gin, Cotton industry, Cotton-seed oil, Council Bluffs, Mormons at, Council for New England, Coureurs de bois, Court of Admiralty, Courts of U.S. established, Cowpens, battle of, Cranfill, J.B., Crawford, William H., Credit Strengthening Act, Creek Indians, Crittenden's Compromise, Croghan, Major, Crown Point, founded, English at, Cuba, Culpeper Courthouse, Cumberland , Cumberland Road, Cunard steamship line, Currency, U.S., Curtis, Gen. S.R., Customs Commissioners. %D% Dakota Territory, formed, population of, Dallas, George Mifflin, Dalton, battle of, Daniel, William, Davenport, John, Davie, William K., Davis, David, Davis, Jefferson, president of Confederacy, capture of, Dayton, William L., De Soto, Deane, Silas, Dearborn's expedition, Debt, national, after the Revolutionary War, in 1790, in 1801, in 1835, new national, during Civil War, in 1866, in 1887, in 1894, Declaration of Independence, in Vermont, See Appendix, Declaration of Rights, DeKalb, Delaware, claims in, sold to Penn, in colonial times, slavery in, Delaware, Lord, 32. Delaware Indians, 68, 72. Delegates, territorial, 162, 351 n. 2. Democratic party, Democratic Republicans, Denver, settled, convention at, Department of Labor established, Detroit, settled surrender of, Dewey, Commodore, Dingley Tariff, Dinwiddie, Governor Robert, Direct tax, District courts, District of Columbia, slavery in, Dixon, Jeremiah, Dole, president of Hawaiian Republic, Donelson, Andrew Jackson, Donelson, John, Dorchester settled, Dorchester Heights captured, Douglas, Stephen A., Nebraska Bill, debates with Lincoln, elected senator, presidential nominee, Dover riot, Dow, Neal, Drake , Drake, Sir Francis, Draper, Dr. John W., Dred Scott decision, Duane, William J., Duluth founded, Duquesne, Marquis, Durham massacre, Dutch, possessions, settlements, Dutch West India Company. %E% Earle, Thomas, Early, Jubal, East India Company, East Indies, trade with, Eastern Colonies, occupations, etc., Eastport captured, Edmunds Law, Electoral college, Electoral commission, Electricity, Elizabeth, Queen, Elizabeth City captured, Ellmaker, Amos, Ellsworth, Oliver, Emancipation, agitation; Proclamation; cost of. Embargo laws. Emigration, western. Endicott, John. English, possessions; settlements; relations with France; relations with Indians; government of colonies; attitude to colonies; war with colonies; at war with French; disputed right of trade; favor South American republics; favor South; Venezuelan boundary question. English, William H. English fur companies. Enterprise . Era of Good Feeling. Ericsson, Captain John. Ericsson, Leif. Erie Canal. Erie Indians. Essex . Europe, claims in America; attitude during Civil War. Evans, Oliver. Everett, Edward. Exeter massacre. Explorations, European; French; Western; Northwestern. Express, pony. Express companies formed. %F% Fair Oaks, battle of. Fairbanks. Farewell Address of President Washington. Farmers' Alliance. Farragut, Admiral. Federal Hall. Federal money. Federalist party, Ferdinand, King, aids Columbus. Field, Cyrus W. Field, James G. Fifteenth Amendment. "Fifty-four forty or fight". Fillmore, Millard, vice president; president; presidential nominee. Financial, distress of '37; condition after Civil War; policy, Grant's; questions after '88. First Continental Congress. Fiscal Bank of United States. Fiscal Corporation. Fishery question. Fitch, John. Five Nations, or Iroquois Indians. Flag, national; American naval. Flamborough Head, 148. Florida . Florida, discovered; a British possession; East and West; a Spanish possession; purchased; a territory; admitted; secedes; readmitted. Foote, Flag Officer. Force Act, of; Jackson's; of 1871. Foreign labor. Foreigners, see Immigration. Fort Assumption built. Fort Boise. Fort Chartres built. Fort Crèvecoeur built. Fort Cumberland. Fort Donelson captured. Fort Duquesne built; captured. Fort Edward. Fort Erie captured. Fort Fisher captured. Fort Frontenac captured. Fort Hall founded. Fort Henry captured. Fort Le Boeuf built Fort Leavenworth. Fort Lee attacked. Fort Loyal massacre. Fort McAllister captured. Fort McHenry bombarded. Fort Macon captured. Fort Meigs, battle of. Fort Monroe. Fort Morgan. Fort Moultrie. Fort Nassau built. Fort Natchitoches. Fort Necessity built. Fort Orange built. Fort Pillow captured. Fort Pitt. Fort Rosalie founded. Fort St. Louis built. Fort Stanwix besieged. Fort Stephenson, battle of. Fort Sumter; battles of. Fort Ticonderoga. Fort Tombeckbee built. Fort Toulouse founded. Fort Venango built. Fort Washington captured. "Forty-niners". Fourteenth Amendment. Fractional currency. Franchise right; interference with. Franklin, Benjamin, during the French War; experiments; Declaration of Independence; ambassador to France. Franklin, state of. Fray Marcos. Fredericksburg, in colonial times; battle of. Free coinage, of gold and silver; of silver. Free-soil party; joins Republicans. Freedmen, treatment after war; vote. Freedmen's Bureau Bill. Frelinghuysen, Theodore. Frémont, John C., in California; presidential nominee; in Shenandoah valley. French, possessions; explorations; relations with Indians; relations with English; and Indian War; abandon America; acknowledge our independence; republic established; war with English; trouble with United States; during Civil War; in Mexico. French Directory. Frenchtown, battle of. Fries's Rebellion. Frobisher, Sir Martin. Frolic . Frontenac, Count. Frontier life. Frye, Joshua. Fugitive-slave laws. Fulton, Robert. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. Funding of national debt. Fusion tickets. %G% Gadsden, James. Gadsden Purchase. "Gag Rule". Gage, General Thomas. Gaines Mill, battle of. Gallatin, Albert. Gallipolis settled. Gallissonière, Marquis de la. Gama, Vasco da. Garfield, James, president; death of. Garrison, William Lloyd. Gates, General Horatio. Gates, Sir Thomas. Genet. Geneva awards. George II, grants charter. Georgia, settled; in colonial times; annexed territory; conquered; cedes land to Congress; secedes; Sherman's march through; again in the Union; Germantown, battle of. Gerry, Elbridge. Gerrymander. Gettysburg, battle of. Gettysburg Address, Lincoln's. Gila River. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. Goffe, William. Gold, discovered in California; at Pikes Peak; in Northwestern States; payments suspended; sole legal tender; standard. Gold Democrats. Gold reserve. Goldsboro. Goodyear. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando. Gosnold. Gourgues. Government, colonial; under Articles of Confederation; of territories; control of railroads, etc. Grant, General U. S., in Civil War; relations with Johnson; president; third term proposed. Gray, Captain. Great American Desert. Great Britain, see English. Great Lakes explored. Great Salt Lake. Great Western . Greeley, Horace. Green Mountain Boys. Greenback party. Greenbacks. Greene, Nathanael. Grenville, Prime Minister. Groesbeck, W. S. Groton massacre. Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of. Guerrière . Guilford founded. Guilford Courthouse, battle of. Guinther. Guthrie. %H% Hail, Columbia! written. Hale, John P. Hale, Nathan. Half-Moon . Halleck, General Henry. Hamet. Hamilton, Alexander. Hamlin, Hannibal. Hampton Roads, peace conference at; Confederate cruiser sunk in; Monitor and Merrimac . Hancock, General Winfield. Hand loom. Hand mill. Hand press. Hard cider campaign. Hard times of '73; of '93. Harnden, W. F. Harpers Ferry. Harrisburg convention. Harrison, Benjamin, president. Harrison, William Henry, in War of 1812; delegate in Congress; at Tippecanoe; presidential candidate; elected; death of. Harrisons Landing. Harrodsburg settled. Hartford settled. Hatteras Inlet. Haverhill massacre. Hawaiian annexation. Hayes, Rutherford B., president. Hayne, Governor. Helena founded. Hendricks, Thomas A. Hennepin. Henry, Patrick. Hessians. Highways of trade. Hispaniola colonized. Hobart, Garret A. Hoe octuple press,. Holly Springs. Holy Alliance. Home manufactures defended. Homestead Law. Hood, General J.B. Hooker, General. Hooker, Thomas. Hopkinson, Joseph. Hornet . House of Burgesses. House of Commons. House of Lords. House of Representatives, formed, elects president Houston. Samuel. Howe, Elias. Howe, General William. Hudson, Henry. Hudson Bay Company. Hull's surrender. Hunt, Walter. Huron Indians. Hutchinson, Anne. %I% Iberville. Idaho, a territory admitted silver interests. Idaho City founded. Illinois, a territory admitted. Immigration, Chinese, see Chinese; European Western, see Emigration. Impeachment of Johnson. Impressment of sailors. Income tax. Indented servants. Independence Chamber. Independence, Declaration of. Independence Hall. Independent National party. Independent Treasury law. Independents or Mugwumps. India rubber. Indian country. Indiana, a territory; admitted. Indiana Register . Indianapolis, population in 1840. Indians, alliance with French, traits of wars in French and Indian War during Revolution in 1790 in 1812, troubles with in Oregon territory sold. Industrial revolution Inflation Bill. Insurgente . Interest indents. Internal improvements, political issue. Internal revenue system. Interstate Commerce. Intolerable Acts. Inventions. "Invisible Empire,". Iowa, a territory admitted, 366. Ironclads. Iroquois Indians. Irwinsville. Isabella. Queen, aids Columbus. Island No. 10 captured. Isthmian Canal. Iuka, battle of. %J% Jackson, convention at battle of. Jackson, Dr. Jackson, General Andrew, at New Orleans, defeats Indians presidential nominee president, 301-811. Jackson, General T.J. "Jackson men," Jalapa, battle of. Jamaica discovered,. James I., creates Virginia Company; annuls charter. Jamestown settled. Java captured. Jay, John, treaty of Paris, ambassador to London. Jay Cooke and Co.'s failure. Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declaration of Independence secretary of state, Republican leader vice president, opposes Alien and Sedition laws president favors political proscription. Jerry. Jerseys, see New Jersey; retreat across. Johnson, Andrew, vice president president amnesty policy. Johnson, Herschel V. Johnson, R.M. Johnston, Gen. A.S. Johnston, Gen. Joseph E. Joliet. Louis. Jones, John Paul. Julian, George W. Jumonville. %K% Kanawha state. Kansas, struggle for slavery question in, admitted rapid growth Farmers' Alliance. Kansas City. Kansas-Nebraska Law. Kaskaskia settled. Kearny, Colonel Stephen. Kearsarge . Kendall, Amos. Kentucky, settled; resolutions; admitted; Confederates in; slavery in. Key, Francis S., writes Star-Spangled Banner . Kickapoo Indians. King George's War. King Philip's War. King William's War. King, Rufus. King, William R. Kings Mountain. Kirtland. Knights of Labor. Know-nothing party. Knox, General Henry. Ku Klux Klan. %L% La Salle, Robert de. Labor, in 1763; in 1790; questions in 1860; after Civil War; slave and free; foreign and convict; parties. Labor department established. Laconia. Lafayette, Marquis de. Lake Champlain, battle of. Lake Erie, battle of. Lancaster, Congress at. Land grants, free; to railroads; opposed. Land Mortgage scheme. Lane, Joseph. Lane, Ralph. Larimer, General. Laud, Archbishop. Laudonnière. Lawrence . Lawrence settled. Lawrence, Amos A. Lawrence, James. Leaven worth. Lecompton constitution. Lee, Charles. Lee, Richard Henry. Lee, Robert E., campaigns in Civil War; surrenders. Lenni Lenape Indians. Leopard . Letters of marque. Lewis, Meriwether. Lewiston founded. Lexington , 148. Lexington, battle of. Lexington, Ky. Liberal Republican party. Liberator . Liberty party. Limestone settled. Lincoln, Abraham, debates with Douglas, in Illinois senatorial contest; elected president; during Civil War; inauguration speech; Emancipation Proclamation; Gettysburg Address; peace conference with Stephens; reflected; assassinated. Lincoln, General. Line of Demarcation. Little Belt . Livingston, Robert R. Loan-office certificates. Log cabin campaign. Log cabins. Log of the Mayflower. Logan, John A. Logstown. London Company. Long, Dr. Long, Major; discovers Longs Peak. Long houses, Indian. Long Parliament. Lookout Mountain, battle of. Lords of Trade. Lottery, Congress. Louis XV. claims Ohio region. Louisburg, built; captured by English; restored to French. Louisiana, La Salle in; extent of; French in; struggle for; Spanish; purchased; admitted; boundary; secedes; reconstructs government; readmitted. Louisville, settled; labor congress at. Lovejoy, Elijah. Lowell founded. Lundy, Benjamin. Lundys Lane, battle of. Lyon, General. %M% McClellan, General George B., campaigns; presidential nominee. McCormick reaper. McDonough, Thomas. McDowell, General Irwin, campaigns. McKinley, William, president. McKinley Tariff Act. Macedonian . Macomb, General. Macon Bill. Madison, James, on the Constitution; Republican leader; favors Virginia Resolutions; president. Magellan. Mails, see Postal System. Maine, settled; part of Massachusetts Bay colony; admitted. Maine Law. Manassas Junction, battle of. Manhattan Island. Manila, battle of. Manufactures, in colonial times; about 1800; infant; in slave states; during Civil War; since Civil War. March to the Sea, Sherman's. Marcos, Fray. Marietta settled. Marion. Marquette. Marshall. Marshall, John. Martin, Luther. Mary, Queen, grants Massachusetts charter. Maryland, colonized; in colonial times. slavery in. Mason, Charles. Mason, James M. Mason, John. Mason and Dixon's Line. Massachusetts, Bay Company; religious intolerance in; Bay charter granted; in colonial times; opposes Stamp and Townshend Acts; Bill; cedes land to Congress. Matagorda Bay Matamoras, battle of Maximilian Mayflower Mayflower Compact Mayflower Log Maysville settled Meade, General Mechanical improvements Mechanicsville Memphis captured Mendoza Menendez Mercer Merrimac Mexico, becomes republic wars French in Miami Indians Michigan, a territory admitted Michilimackinac, trading post Middle Colonies, occupations, etc. Milan Decree Milford founded Military lands Mill Springs, battle of Mills, R. Q. Mills Tariff Bill Milwaukee, population in 1840 Minneapolis mills Minnesota Minnesota, slavery in a territory admitted Mint established Minute men Missionary Ridge, battle of Mississippi River, explored French forts built on right of navigation slavery west of campaign in Civil War Mississippi, a territory admitted secedes convention in opposed to Reconstruction Act again in the Union Missouri, admitted opposes Wilmot Proviso elects Kansas delegate slavery in Missouri Compromise Missouri River, gold discovered on Mobile, in colonial times captured Mobile Bay explored British in Mohawk Indians Mohegan Indians Molino del Rey, battle of Money, see Currency, Gold, and Silver. Monitor Monmouth, battle of Monroe, James, Republican leader treaty with England president Monroe Doctrine Montana, a territory admitted silver interests Montcalm, General Monterey, Cal., Frémont at Monterey, Mexico, battle of Montezuma Montgomery, Confederate capital Montgomery, Richard Montreal, attacked captured attacked in 1813 Moose Island captured Morgan, Daniel Morgan, William Mormons Morris, Robert Morris, Thomas Morristown, Washington at Morse, Samuel F.B. Morton, Dr. Morton, Levi P. Moultrie Mount Desert Island settled Mount Pleasant settled Mount Vernon. Washington's home Mugwumps Murfreesboro, battle of Murray, William Vans Muskhogee Indians Mutiny Act. %N% Nantucket Island captured Napoleon, consul of France issues decrees seizes American vessels loses power Napoleon, Louis, in Mexico Narragansett Indians Narvaez Nashville, settled evacuated battle of Nassau, blockade running Natchez, in colonial times captured claimed by Spaniards National Agricultural Wheel National Bank, First loses charter Second proposed Third National banks National Bimetallic League National debt, see Debt. National Democratic party National Labor Congress National Labor Reform party National notes, see Bonds National party National Pike National Prohibition Reform party National Republican party, see Republican. National Union party Native American party Naturalization law Naumkeag settled Nauvoo built Naval warfare, in Revolution in French War in War of 1812 in Civil War Navigation Acts Navy department Nebraska Bill Nebraska, struggle for admitted rapid growth Neutrality, Proclamation of policy Nevada, acquired territory and state silver interests New Albion New Amsterdam, founded becomes New York New England, early settlements occupations in colonies English victories in New England Emigrant Aid Society New France, extent of struggle for New Hampshire, settled in colonial times grants New Haven, colony in colonial times riot at New Jersey, settled in colonial times plan for Constitution New London, riot at burned New Mexico, Spanish explore conquered slavery in bought from Texas silver interests New Netherland, becomes New York New Orleans, founded in colonial times battle of captured "New Roof" New Sweden "New tenor" New York (state), New Netherland becomes in colonial times English in cedes land to Congress New York (city), convention in colonial times colonial congress at evacuated national capital the metropolis in 1830 labor congress at New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company Newark, founded riot at Newbern captured Newfoundland, granted to English fisheries Newport, Ky. settled Newport, R.I., settled riot at Newspapers, in colonial times in 1790 about 1810 Newtown settled Niagara Niagara, founded expedition against Niña Nipmuck Indians Nominating conventions Non-importation, agreements Act Non-intercourse Law Norfolk evacuated North, Lord North American party North Carolina, settled in colonial times cedes land to Congress secedes Sherman in readmitted North Castle North Dakota admitted Northern attitude toward slavery Northern Pacific Railroad Northwest, exploration of the new Northwest passage to India Northwest Territory, surrendered Indian troubles in slavery question in Notes, United States, see Bonds. Nova Scotia, part of Massachusetts Bay colony struggle for Nueces River Nullification doctrine. %O% Observer O'Conor, Charles Oglethorpe, James Ohio, Settled Admitted currency plan Ohio Land Company Ohio River, struggle for settlements on Oklahoma Old Demand notes Old Ironsides Olmsted, F. L. Omnibus Bill Omnibuses Oneida Indians Onondaga Indians Orders in Council of 1806 and 1807 Ordinance, how passed of 1785 of 1787 Oregon, settled joint occupation of boundaries of trail a territory slavery in Orleans Territory Ossawatomie settled Oswego burned Otis, James Overland stage Owen, Robert. %P% Pacific Fur Company Pacific Ocean, discovered named Pacific railroads, Pacific States settled, Pakenham, General, Palmer, John M., Palmyra, Mormons at, Palo Alto, battle of, Panic, of 1837, of 1873, of 1893, Paper currency, Parker, Joel, Party platforms, see Platforms. Patent office, Patroons, Patterson, General, Paulding, Pea Ridge, battle of, Peacock , Pelican , Pemberton, General, Pendleton, George H., Pendleton Civil Service Act, Peninsular campaign, Penn, William, settles New Jersey and Pennsylvania, relations with Indians, Pennsylvania, granted to Penn, in colonial times, opposes Townshend Acts, Declaration of Independence in, Confederates in, Pennsylvania Freeman , Pennsylvania Gazette , Pennsylvania Journal , Pennsylvania Packet , Pennsylvania route to West, Pensacola captured, Pensions, People's party, Pequot Indians, Perote, Perry, Oliver Hazard, Perryville, battle of, Personal Liberty laws, "Pet banks," Petersburg, in colonial times, Cornwallis at, besieged, evacuated, Petroleum, Philadelphia, founded, in colonial times, First Continental Congress, captured, Congress at, evacuated, constitutional convention at, in 1800, national capital, Philanthropist , Philippines, Phips, Sir William, Phoenix , Photographic discoveries, Pickens, Pickens, Governor, Pierce, Franklin, president, Pike, Zebulon, Pikes Peak, Pilgrims, Pinckney, C. C., minister to France, Federalist candidate, treaty with England, Pineda, Pinta , Pinzon, Pitt, William, Pittsburg, founded, in 1790, rebellion at, Pittsburg Landing, battle of, Plains of Abraham, Platforms, party, Platte country, Plattsburg, battle of, Plymouth, charter, Company, settled, part of Massachusetts Bay colony, Pocahontas, Poictiers , Political issues, see Platforms. Political parties, beginning of, see Federalists, Democrats, Republicans, etc. Polk, James K., presidential nominee, president, Polygamy, Ponce de Leon, Pony express, Pope, General John, campaigns, Popham, Sir John, Popular sovereignty, Population, in 1790, in 1815, in 1810, in 1820, increase in, of Oregon, western immigrant, between 1840 and 1860, in 1870, of northwestern states, of Oklahoma, Populists, see People's Party. Port Gibson, battle of, Port Hudson, battle of, Port Royal, settled, French stronghold, captured, called Annapolis, Port Royal, S. C., captured, Portage Railroad, Porter, at Vicksburg, Porto Rico, Portsmouth, settled, in colonial times, navy yard, Portuguese in Brazil, Postage stamps, Postal system, in colonial times, in 1790, in 1840, in 1860, Powhatan Indians, Prairie schooners, Prescott, Colonel, President , Presidential election, method of, proposed method of, Presidential succession, Presque Isle built, Price, General, Princeton, battle of, Printing press, Proclamation, line, of neutrality, Emancipation, Progress, from 1790 to 1815, from 1840 to 1860, since Civil War, Prohibition party, Proprietary colonies Proscription, political Proslavery movement Protection South opposes Clay favors political issue Providence founded in colonial times riot at Provincial colonies Public domain granted additions to grants, see Land grants Puebla Puerto Rico see Porto Rico. Pulaski Punishment forms of Puritans persecution of in New England become Separatists Putnam. %Q% Quaker settlements Quartering Act Quebec boundaries of Quebec settled French stronghold attacked surrendered Quebec Act Queen Anne's War Queenstown, battle of Quincy, Josiah. %R% Radical Republicans Railroads early Western Northern Pacific in 1887 land grants to Ralegh, Sir Walter Randolph, John "Receivers general" created Reconstruction Act Reconstruction policy Redemptioners Refunding Act Reid, Whitelaw Reprisal Republicans old party new party Resaca de la Palma battle of Restoration English Resumption of Specie Payment Act Revenge Revolutionary War Rhode Island settled charter in colonial times Ribault, John Richmond Confederate capital campaign against captured Rio Grande Ripon convention at Rittenhouse, David Roads improvements Western Roanoke colonized captured Robertson, James Robinson, John Rochester settled Rogers, Captain Rolfe, John Roosevelt, Theodore Rosecrans, General campaigns Ross, General Roxbury settled Royal colonies Rule of 1756 Rumsey, James Russell, John Russia possessions claims on the Pacific complies with Monroe Doctrine attitude in Civil War Alaska purchased from Ryal, Captain. %S% Sacketts Harbor battle of Sacramento St. Augustine founded St. Clair's defeat St. Croix River settlements St. John, John P. St. Joseph captured St. Lawrence River explored St. Leger, Colonel St. Louis St. Marks captured St. Marys founded St. Paul Salem settled Salmon Falls massacre Saltillo Sampson, W.T. San Jacinto San Jacinto, battle of San Salvador Santa Anna Santa Fe captured trail Santa Maria Santiago, battles of Saratoga, battle of Savannah Savannah founded in colonial times captured Schenectady massacre Schley, W.S. Schools, free Schuyler, General Scientific discoveries Scioto Company Scott, General Winfield in 1814 in Mexican War presidential nominee in Civil War Sea to sea grants Secession, of Southern States states refuse troops reconstruction plans Sedition Law Seminole Indians Senate formed Seneca Indians Separatists Serapis Seven Cities of Cibola Seven days' battles Seven Pines, battle of Sevier, John Sewall, Arthur Seward, William H. Sewing machine invented Seymour, Horatio Shadrach Shannon Sharpsburg, battle of Indians Shays, Daniel Shenandoah Shenandoah valley, war in Sheridan, General Phil., campaigns Sherman, Roger Sherman, General W.T., campaigns Sherman Act silver-purchase clause repealed Shiloh, battle of Ship Island Shirley, Governor Silver, specie suspended mines discovered demonetized remonetized certificates free coinage of movement party "Silver Grays" Sioux Indians Sirius Six Nations Slave trade forbidden Slavery, established in colonial times, in territories at time of Constitution in 1790 affected by cotton industry in Kentucky in early states beyond Mississippi River issue between North and South area expanded in Texas in New Mexico and California in Kansas in 1857 in 1860 Civil War Emancipation Proclamation during Civil War abolished in Confederate States position of negroes after war Slidell, John Smith, Green Clay Smith, John, at Jamestown explores New England coast among the Indians Smith, Joseph Social conditions, in 1790 about 1890 Socialist Labor party Society for Encouragement of Domestic Manufactures Solis Somers, Sir George Sons of Liberty South American republics South Carolina, settled in colonial times cedes land to Congress Railroad Exposition favors nullification secedes Sherman in readmitted South Dakota, admitted silver interests South Pass Southern Colonies, occupations, etc. Southern States, English in attitude toward slavery form Confederacy at end of 1860 at beginning of war coast blockade cost of war in reconstruction of troubles in the New South Spanish, possessions settlements, etc. claims boundary line Florida bought from war with United States Spanish America Specie Circular Specie payments Speculation in 1836 Speedwell Spottsylvania Courthouse, battle of Springfield, settled Republican state convention at Lincoln's speech at Squatter sovereignty, see Popular Sovereignty Squatters Stagecoaches Stamford founded Stamp Act Stamp tax Standish, Miles Stanton Star of the West Star-Spangled Banner Stark, Colonel John State banks State debts State department Staten Island evacuated States, formed thirteen original trade laws powers of new constitutions in sovereignty of government in seceded, Steamboats Stephens, Alexander II. Steuben, Baron Stevens, John Stevenson, Adlai E. Stewart, G.T. Stillwater, battle of Stockton, Commodore "Stonewall" Jackson Stonington bombarded Stony Point captured Stowe, H.B. Stuart Stuyvesant, Peter Sub treasury plan Sugar Act Sullivan, General Sumner, Charles Sumter Sumter Sumter, Fort Supreme Court established gives Dred Scott decision on Wilson Bill Surplus revenue in 1837 in 1887 Surprise Sutter Sutter's Fort Swedish possessions settlements Symmes, John C. %T% Taft, William II. Taney, Roger B. Tariff of 1789 bills of 1824, etc. of 1861 for revenue only Mills Bill McKinley Act revision of 1896 Tarleton, Commander Taxation in colonies of 1861 of bonds demanded of Chinese a political issue Taylor, General Zachary in Mexican War president death of Tea tax Tecumseh Telegraph Temperance party Tender Acts Tennessee settled part of public domain admitted opposes Wilmot Proviso secedes reconstructs government readmitted Tenure of Office Act Territory formed Terry, Eli Texas becomes independent annexed to United States boundaries of New Mexico purchased from admitted secedes opposed to Reconstruction Act again in the Union Thames River battle of Thayer, Hon. Eli Third-term tradition Thirteenth Amendment proposed adopted Thomas, General George II. campaigns Thomas, General Lorenzo Thompson, Henry Adams Thurman, Allen G. Ticket money Ticonderoga Tilden, Samuel J. Tippecanoe, battle of Toledo population in 1840 Tompkins, Daniel D. Tonty, Henri de Topeka Topeka free-state constitution Tories Townshend Acts Trade in colonial times in original states convention at Annapolis regulated by Congress with West Indies regulations of English and French facilities for trades unions Transportation Bill Travel in 1790 in 1810 Treasury department established Treasury notes Treaty of Penn with Indians of Utrecht of Ryswick of Aix-la-Chapelle of Paris with France Jay's with Spain of Ghent of Greenville of 1818 of 1819 Webster-Ashburton with Mexico with Texas of 1846 with China of Washington with Hawaii between Great Britain and Venezuela Trent Trent, William Trent Affair Trenton battle of Tripoli war with Trusts see Corporations. Truxton, Captain Thomas Tuscarora Indians Twelfth Amendment Tyler, John vice-presidential nominee president %U% Uncle Tom's Cabin Underground Railroad Union Labor party Union Pacific Railroad United Colonies of New England United Labor party United States United States Bank see National Bank. United States bonds see Bonds. Usselinx, William Utah Mormons in acquired slavery question in admitted silver interests %V% Vaca, Cabeza de Vail, Alfred Valley Forge Van Buren, Martin birth vice-presidential nominee president presidential nominee favors 10 hours system Van Born, General Van Rensselaer's expedition Van Wart Venezuela boundary question Vengeance Vera Cruz battle of Vermont admitted passes Personal Liberty Law Vespucci, or Vespucius, Amerigo. Vevay settled. Vice-admiralty courts. Vice president, manner of electing. Vicksburg captured. Vincennes settled. Virginia . Virginia, named; settled; charters; a royal colony; defends Ohio valley; in colonial times; opposes Stamp Act; cedes land to Congress; Reserve; Plan of Constitution; resolutions of 1798; resolutions of 1849; Brown's raid in; secedes; coast blockade; opposes reconstruction policy; again in the Union. Virginia City, Mont., founded. Virginia City, Nov., founded. Virginia companies. Volunteers during Civil War. %W%