INDEX Footnote 34 : (return) Ibid ., p. 756. Footnote 35 : (return) Ostrogorski, vol. i. p. xliv. Footnote 36 : (return) Herman Merivale, Colonisation , 1861, 2nd edition. The book is a re-issue, largely re-written, of lectures given at Oxford in 1837. The passage quoted forms part of the 1861 additions, p. 675. Footnote 37 : (return) Loc. cit. , p. xliii. Footnote 38 : (return) A Modern Utopia , p. 381. Footnote 39 : (return) System of Logic , Book vi. vol. ii. (1875), p. 462. Footnote 40 : (return) This figure is adapted (by the kind permission of the publishers) from one given in Professor K. Pearson's Chances of Death , vol. i. p. 277. For the relation between such records of actual observation and the curves resulting from mathematical calculation of known causes of variation, see ibid. , chap, viii., the paper by the same author on 'Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution,' in vol. 186 (A) of the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions (1896), and the chapters on evolution in his Grammar of Science , 2nd edition. Footnote 41 : (return) Economic Studies (Longmans, 1895), p. 97. Footnote 42 : (return) Ibid. , p. 98. Footnote 43 : (return) Journal of Economics , March 1907, pp. 7 and 8. 'What by chemical analogy may be called qualitative analysis has done the greater part of its work.... Much less progress has indeed been made towards the quantitative determination of the relative strength of different economic forces. That higher and more difficult task must wait upon the slow growth of thorough realistic statistics.' Footnote 44 : (return) Shelley, Poetical Works (H.B. Forman), vol. iv. p. 8. Footnote 45 : (return) The Prelude , Bk. XIII., ll. 81-84. Footnote 46 : (return) First Report of the Poor Law Commission , 1834 (reprinted 1894), p. 187. Footnote 47 : (return) See p. 132. Footnote 48 : (return) Times , March 27, 1908. Footnote 49 : (return) Ethics , Bk. I. ch. iii. (6). ἐπειδὴ τὸ τέλοσ [τη̑σ πολιτικη̑σ] ἐστὶν οὐ γνω̑σις ἀλλὰ πρα̑ξις. Footnote 50 : (return) Plato, Republic , p. 493. Footnote 51 : (return) Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism , etc. (ed. of 1785), p. 70. Footnote 52 : (return) Ibid. , p. 2. Footnote 53 : (return) Ibid. , p. 165. Footnote 54 : (return) Coningsby , ch. xiii. Footnote 55 : (return) Maximes de Guerre et Penseés de Napoleon Ier (Chapelot), p. 230. Footnote 56 : (return) Hansard (Trades Disputes Bill, House of Lords, Dec. 4, 1906), p. 703. Footnote 57 : (return) Mrs. Pankhurst is reported, in the Observer of July 26, 1908, to have said, 'Whatever the women who were called Suffragists might be, they at least understood how to bring themselves in touch with the public. They had caught the spirit of the age, learnt the art of advertising.' Footnote 58 : (return) Quoted in Times , June 3, 1907. Footnote 59 : (return) Heretics , 1905, p. 136. Footnote 60 : (return) A. T. Hadley in Munsey's Magazine , 1907. Footnote 61 : (return) Cf. Plato's Republic , Book IV. Footnote 62 : (return) British Medical Journal , Oct. 8, 1904. Footnote 63 : (return) The future in America , chapter ix. Footnote 64 : (return) See Okakura, The Japanese Spirit (1905). Footnote 65 : (return) δουλεύσαντι τη κτήσει αὐτου̑ ( Republic, p. 494). Footnote 66 : (return) Wells, A Modern Utopia , p. 263. 'I know of no case for the elective Democratic government of modern States that cannot be knocked to pieces in five minutes. It is manifest that upon countless important public issues there is no collective will, and nothing in the mind of the average man except blank indifference; that an electional system simply places power in the hands of the most skilful electioneers....' Wells, Anticipations , p. 147. Footnote 67 : (return) The Nation , December 21, 1907. Footnote 68 : (return) Hume's Essays , chap. iv. Footnote 69 : (return) γενναι̑όν τι ἒν ψενδομένοθς ( Republic , p. 414). Footnote 70 : (return) Times , January 6, 1908. Footnote 71 : (return) Mr. Morley in the House of Commons. Hansard, June 6, 1907, p. 885. Footnote 72 : (return) See, e.g. , Stephen, History of the Criminal Law , vol. i. pp. 260-72. Footnote 73 : (return) On the jury system see Mr. Wells's Mankind in the Making , chapter vii. He suggests the use of juries in many administrative cases where it is desirable that government should be supported by popular consent. Footnote 74 : (return) Times , June 26, 1907. Footnote 75 : (return) Letter to the Reader , Ap. 29, 1865, signed J.S.M., quoted as Mill's by Henry Romilly in pamphlet, Public Responsibility and Vote by Ballot , pp. 89, 90. Footnote 76 : (return) Address delivered by Lord Courtney at the Mechanics' Institute, Stockport, March 22, 1907, p. 6. Footnote 77 : (return) Proportional Representation Pamphlet, No. 4, p. 6. Footnote 78 : (return) April 30, 1907. Footnote 79 : (return) Address at Stockport, p. 11. Footnote 80 : (return) Times , June 25, 1907. Footnote 81 : (return) E.g. James Mill, Essay on Government (1825), 'We have seen in what manner it is possible to prevent in the Representatives the rise of an interest different from that of the parties who choose them, namely, by giving them little time not dependent upon the will of those parties' (p. 27). Footnote 82 : (return) Star , November 28th, 1906. Footnote 83 : (return) I arrive at this figure by dividing the United Kingdom into single member parliamentary constituencies, averaging 100,000 in population, which gives a House of Commons of 440—a more convenient number than the existing 670. I take the same unit of 100,000 for the average municipal area. Large towns would contain several parliamentary constituencies, and small towns would, as at present, be separate municipal areas, although only part of a parliamentary constituency. I allow one local council of 50 on the average to each municipal area. Footnote 84 : (return) Bonar's Malthus , chap. vii. Footnote 85 : (return) Hansard , Feb. 4th, 5th, 6th, 1830. Footnote 86 : (return) It would be interesting if Lord Morley, now that he has access to the records of the East India House, would tell us the true intellectual history of this far-reaching suggestion. For the facts as now known, cf. A.L. Lowell, Colonial Civil Service , pp. 243-256. Footnote 87 : (return) Reports and Papers on the Civil Service , 1854-5. Footnote 88 : (return) Reports and Papers on the Civil Service , pp. 104, 105. Footnote 89 : (return) Ibid. , p. 78 Footnote 90 : (return) Life of Queen Victoria , vol. iii. p. 377 (July 29, 1858). Footnote 91 : (return) Latter Day Pamphlets, No. I, The Present Time . (Chapman and Hall, 1894, pp. 12 and 14.) Footnote 92 : (return) Lay Sermont , p. 31, 'A Liberal Education' (1868). Footnote 93 : (return) The figures in the census of 1901 were—National, 90,000; Local, 71,000. But the local officials since then have, I believe, increased much more rapidly than the national. Footnote 94 : (return) For a long time the Library of the Board of Trade was kept at the Foreign Office. Footnote 95 : (return) Ethics , IX., X. 3. οὔτε γὰρ ἐκ δέκα ἀνθρώπων γένοιτ' ἂν πόλις, οὔτ' ἐκ δέκα μυριάδων ἔτι πόλις ἐστίν. Footnote 96 : (return) Aristotle, Polit. , Bk. VII. ch. iv. Footnote 97 : (return) Mankind in the Making , p. 406. Footnote 98 : (return) Aristotle, Polit. , Bk. VII. ch. iv. Footnote 99 : (return) Part I. ch. ii. pp. 72, 73, and 77-81. Footnote 100 : (return) Bismarck (J.W. Headlam), p. 269. Footnote 101 : (return) Life, and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. iv. (written 1858), p. 275. Footnote 102 : (return) Canning, Life by Stapleton, p. 341 (speech at Liverpool, 1818). Footnote 103 : (return) Mazzini, Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. iii. p. 8. Footnote 104 : (return) Ibid. , vol. iv. p. 274. Footnote 105 : (return) Ibid. , vol. iv. p. 276 (written 1858). Footnote 106 : (return) Ibid. , vol. v. p. 273. Footnote 107 : (return) Mazzini, Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. v. p. 274 (written 1849). Footnote 108 : (return) Ibid ., vol. iii. p. 15 (written 1836). Footnote 109 : (return) Ibid. , vol. v. p. 275. Footnote 110 : (return) Life and Writings (Smith, Elder, 1891), vol. vi. p. 258. Footnote 111 : (return) Speech, 1850, quoted by J.W. Headlam, Bismarck , p. 83. Footnote 112 : (return) Times , Dec. 19, 1907. Footnote 113 : (return) Sir Sydney Olivier, e.g. in his courageous and penetrating book White Capital and Coloured Labour considers (in chap. ii.) the racial distinctions between black and white from the point of view of evolution. This consideration brings him at once to 'the infinite, inexhaustible distinctness of personality between individuals, so much a fundamental fact of life that one almost would say that the amalgamating race-characteristics are merely incrustations concealing this sparkling variety' (pp. 12, 13). Footnote 114 : (return) Times , Jan. 22, 1908. INDEX Abyssinia, Italian invasion of, 280 Acland, Mr., 191 Adams, John Quincy, 117 Airedale, 271 America, appointment of non-elected officials in, 243 Civil Service, 256 science and politics in, 187 tendency to electoral concentration in, 227 Amos, 74 Ampthill, Lord, 289 Antigone, 74 Aristotle, comparison of State to a ship, 273 criticism of Plato's communism, 49 definition of 'polity', 76 maximum size of a State, 270 on action as the end of politics, 168 on political affection, 30 Athens, glassmakers of, 115 Sophocles' love of, 192 Austin, John, 160 Bacon, Francis, 139 , 185 Atlantis of, 178 Bagehot, Walter, 140 Balfour, Mr. A.J., 26 ,108 Mr. Jabez, 244 Balliol College, 145 Ballot, 214 et seq. Barrie, Mr. J. M., 103 Bebel, 164 Beccaria, 16 Bentham, Jeremy, 8 , 174 Macaulay's attack on, 22 on criminology, 16 on 'natural right,' 119 et seq. Principles of Morals and Legislation , 12 Benthamism, as a science of politics, 121 , 178 Berlin, Congress of, (1885), 160 Bernstein, 95 Bismarck, 77 and artificial homogeneity of national type, 274 , 278 on political egoism, 280 Bolingbroke, Lord, 174 Botha, General, 282 Breeding, selective, 179 Brighton Parade, 102 British Empire, difficulty of conceiving as a political entity, 80 national homogeneity in, 281 political status of non-European races in, 9 Brontë, Charlotte, 271 Bryan, Mr. W. J., 248 Bryce, Mr. James, 126 et seq. Buckle, H. T., 135 Bülow, Prince, on dominance of Prussia, 279 on private and national morality, 290 on universal suffrage, 164 Burke, Edmund, 35 , 150 on man's power of political reasoning, 182 on 'party,' 83 Burney, Fanny, 33 Burns, Robert, 103 Butler, Bishop, 197 Canning, George, 228 , 275 Carlyle, Thomas, 13 , 254 essay on Burns of, 190 Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 221 Cavour, 77 Cecil, Lord Robert, 213 , 228 Chadwick, Sir E., 121 Chamberlain, Mr. Joseph, 85 Charity Schools, 49 Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 82 , 106 , 183 China, 8 Chinese Labour, agitation against, 107 Christianity and race question, 289 Harnack on expansion of, 71 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 175 Civil Service, creation of English, 249 et seq. of India, 201 et seq. importance of an independent, 245 et seq. Sir C. Trevelyan's Report on, 251 et seq. Comenius, 17 Competition, system of, in municipal appointments, 256 in railway appointments, 258 variety in methods of, 259 Comte, Auguste, 69 , 200 Corrupt Practices Act, 5 , 212 practical failure of, 213 Corruption, prevented by competitive Civil Service, 257 Courtney, Lord, 217 et seq. Crimean War, 253 Croydon, 244 Dante, 296 Darwin, Charles, 174 , 254 correspondence with Lyell, 189 effect of his work, 181 on persistence of racial variation, 287 et seq. Origin of Species of, 13 Demosthenes, 208 Derby, Lord, Reform Act of, 253 De Wet, 39 Diderot, 50 Disraeli, Benjamin, 174 Dolling, Father, 193 Education Act, (1870), 233 Egypt, 206 Esher Committee, 264 Fénelon, 205 Fitzpatrick, Sir Percy, 86 Fourier, 49 Fox, Charles James, 250 Gambetta, 196 Galen, 123 Gardiner, Professor S.R., 152 Garfield, President, 111 George III. and American Revolution, 119 and Fox's India Bill, 250 popularity of, 33 German Emperor, 267 Gladstone, W. E., and English Civil Service, 253 and Queen Victoria, 175 on change of opinion, 86 on Ireland, 149 et seq. parliamentary oratory of, 165 Government Departments, organisation of, 261 et seq. Graham's Law, 178 Grote, George, 121 Hadley, A.T., 187 Hague, The, 294 Hall, Professor Stanley, 17 Harnack, T., 71 Helvetius, 205 Herbart, J.F., 16 Hicks-Beach, Miss, 80 Hippocrates, 123 Hobbes, Thomas, 17 Homoiousians, 284 Homoousians, 284 Hume, Joseph, 204 Huxley, T.H., 187 Lay Sermons of, 255 Hyndman, Mr., 93 India, 291 > and representative democracy, 201 , 206 applicability of democratic principles in, 9 appointment of East India Company officials, 249 Civil Service, 201 English dislike of natives in, 57 Individualism, curve of, 148 Ireland, Home Rule for, 150 Jackson, Andrew, 243 James, Professor William, 17 , 64 ( note ) on sense of effective reality, 42 Principles of Psychology of, 189 Jameson, Dr., 197 Japan, 291 Japanese, mental environment of, 196 State Papers, 198 Jevons, Professor, 141 Jury. See Trial by Jury. Justice, conception of, as political term, 73 Justinian, 77 Kossuth, Louis, 278 Labour Party and intellectual conditions of representative government, 235 Lansdowne, Lord, 176 , 177 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, 282 LeBon, G., 53 Lingen, Lord, 252 Local Government Acts of 1888 and 1894, 226 Locke, John, and basis of government, 178 and pedagogy, 16 on relation of man to God's law, 118 Lombroso, C., 16 London, Borough Council elections, 223 creation of love for, 192 lack of citizenship in, 82 proportion of active registered voters in, 232 provision of schools in, 146 et seq. School Board elections in, 221 County Council, Debating Hall, 146 election posters, 108 Lyell, Sir Charles, 189 Lyndhurst, Lord, 113 MacCulloch, J. R., 13 Macedonia, 278 Macewen, Sir William, 191 Macaulay, Lord, 28 and East India Company, 250 Essay in Edinburgh Review on Benthamism, 22 Marseillaise, 84 Marshall, Professor, 149 Marx, Karl, 13 Mazzini, Joseph, attack on cosmopolitanism, 275 on geographical division of humanity, 275 Mendel, Abbot, 197 Merivale, Mr. Herman, 127 Metternich, 77 Mill, James, 234 ( note ) J. S., 120 on mankind in the average, 131 , 159 opposition to the Ballot of, 214 et seq. Milner, Lord, 281 , 285 Molesworth, Sir W., 121 More, Sir Thomas, Republic of, 178 Morgan, Professor Lloyd, 17 Morley, Lord, 149 et seq. on W. E. Gladstone, 149 et seq. Morris, William, 48 , 93 Municipal Representation Bill, 223 Napoleon I. and psychology of war, 175 , 195 Louis, 25 Negro Suffrage in United States, 7 Nevinson, Mr. H. W., 203 Newman, J. H., 254 on sonification, 70 Nicholas II., 125 North, Lord, 250 Northcote, Sir Stafford, 251 Olivier, Sir Sydney, 286 ( note ) Ostrogorski, Professor, 124 et seq. Owen, Robert, 49 Paine, Thomas, 228 Pal, Mr. Chandra, 177 Palmerston, Lord, 34 Pankhurst, Mrs., 177 ( note ) Parnell, C.S., 176 Parramatta Tea, 88 et seq. Party as a political entity, 82 Patroclus, 63 Pearson, Professor Karl, 132 Peel, Sir Robert, 91 Pericles, 73 Persia, 8 Philadelphia, 227 Philippines, 7 Place, Francis, 121 Plato, 75 'cave of illusion' of, 114 his 'harmony of the Soul' in modern political life, 187 , 195 on basis of government, 12 on government by consent, 200 on idea of perfect man, 118 on the public, 172 religion in the Republic of, 204 Republic of, 178 Playfair Commission, 260 Poor Law Commission, of 1834, 156 et seq. of 1905, 157 et seq. Proportional Representation, and Lord Courtney, 217 et seq. Society, 219 Prospero, 100 Putney, 105 Race Problem, and representative democracy, 6 in international politics, 55 , 276 et seq. in India, 57 Reform Act of 1867, 211 , 253 Religion, of Comte, 69 in Plato's Republic, 204 Representative democracy, and India, 201 and race problem, 6 in Egypt, 206 in England, 3 in United States, 2 Rome, 77 Roosevelt, Theodore, 15 Rousseau, J.J., and pedagogy, 16 on human rights, 119 Rural Parish Councils, 226 Ruskin, John, 13 Samuel, Mr. Herbert, 228 Schnadhorst, Mr., 253 Science, as an entity, 185 et seq. Seeley, J.R., Expansion of England of, 281 Senior, Nassau, 13 Political Economy of, 12 Shelley, 154 Socialism, conception of as a working creed, 92 curve of, 148 Socrates, 73 , 192 Somerset House, 246 Sophocles, 193 Spencer, Mr. Herbert, 14 Stein, H. F., 77 Stephen, Sir James, 252 Suffrage, for women at 1906 election, 6 negro, 7 universal, Prince Bülow's attack on, 164 et seq. Swift, Dean, 174 Swinburne, A. C., 278 Tammany Hall, 109 Tarde, G., 53 Tennyson, Lord, 68 Thackeray, 49 Togo, Admiral, 58 Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 251 Trial by Jury, development of, 207 et seq. Tweefontein, 39 Tyrrell, Father, 95 United Kingdom, proportion of elected to electors in, 241 United States, and Negro Suffrage, 7 and representative democracy, 2 Vaux, Madame De, 70 Vereeniging, Peace of, 281 Victoria, Queen, 175 on competition for Indian Army commissions, 253 portrait of, on coins, 32 Virgin of Kevlaar, 72 War Office Council, 268 Wells, Mr. H. G., on delocalised population, 272 on representative democracy, 200 on 'sense of the State,' 192 on uniqueness of the individual, 130 Whately, Archbishop, 13 Women's Suffrage, at 1906 election, 6 methods of suffragists, 177 Wood, Mr. M'Kinnon, 86 Wordsworth, Prelude of, 155 , 190