BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE A complete bibliography concerned with the first century of Anglo-American affairs (1496-1596) would more than fill the present volume. But really informatory books about the sea-dogs proper are very few indeed, while good books of any kind are none too common. Taking this first century as a whole, the general reader cannot do better than look up the third volume of Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America (1884) and the first volume of Avery's History of the United States and its People (1904). Both give elaborate references to documents and books, but neither professes to be at all expert in naval or nautical matters, and a good deal has been written since. THE CABOTS. Cabot literature is full of conjecture and controversy. G.P. Winship's Cabot Bibliography (1900) is a good guide to all but recent works. Nicholls' Remarkable Life of Sebastian Cabot (1869) shows more zeal than discretion. Harrisse's John Cabot and his son Sebastian (1896) arranges the documents in scholarly order but draws conclusions betraying a wonderful ignorance of the coast. On the whole, Dr. S.E. Dawson's very careful monographs in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1894, 1896, 1897) are the happiest blend of scholarship and local knowledge. Neither the Cabots nor their crews appear to have written a word about their adventures and discoveries. Consequently the shifting threads of hearsay evidence soon became inextricably tangled. Biggar's Precursors of Cartier is an able and accurate work. ELIZABETH. Turning to the patriot queen who had to steer England through so many storms and tortuous channels, we could find no better short guide to her political career than Beesley's volume about her in 'Twelve English Statesmen.' But the best all-round biography is Queen Elizabeth by Mandell Creighton, who also wrote an excellent epitome, called The Age of Elizabeth , for the 'Epochs of Modern History.' Shakespeare's England , published in 1916 by the Oxford University Press, is quite encyclopaedic in its range. LIFE AFLOAT. The general evolution of wooden sailing craft may be traced out in Part I of Sir George Holmes's convenient little treatise on Ancient and Modern Ships . There is no nautical dictionary devoted to Elizabethan times. But a good deal can be picked up from the two handy modern glossaries of Dana and Admiral Smyth, the first being an American author, the second a British one. Smyth's Sailor's Word Book has no alternative title. But Dana's Seaman's Friend is known in England under the name of The Seaman's Manual . Technicalities change so much more slowly afloat than ashore that even the ultra-modern editions of Paasch's magnificent polyglot dictionary, From Keel to Truck , still contain many nautical terms which will help the reader out of some of his difficulties. The life of the sea-dogs, gentlemen-adventurers, and merchant-adventurers should be studied in Hakluyt's collection of Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries ; though many of his original authors were landsmen while a few were civilians as well. This Elizabethan Odyssey, the great prose epic of the English race, was first published in a single solemn folio the year after the Armada—1589. In the nineteenth century the Hakluyt Society reprinted and edited these Navigations and many similar works, though not without employing some editors who had no knowledge of the Navy or the sea. In 1893 E.J. Payne brought out a much handier edition of the Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America which gives the very parts of Hakluyt we want for our present purpose, and gives them with a running accompaniment of pithy introductions and apposite footnotes. Nearly all historians are both landsmen and civilians whose sins of omission and commission are generally at their worst in naval and nautical affairs. But James Anthony Froude, whatever his other faults may be, did know something of life afloat, and his English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century , despite its ultra-Protestant tone, is well worth reading. HAWKINS. The Hawkins Voyages , published by the Hakluyt Society, give the best collection of original accounts. They deal with three generations of this famous family and are prefaced by a good introduction. A Sea-Dog of Devon , by R.A.J. Walling (1907) is the best recent biography of Sir John Hawkins. DRAKE. Politics, policy, trade, and colonization were all dependent on sea power; and just as the English Navy was by far the most important factor in solving the momentous New-World problems of that awakening age, so Drake was by far the most important factor in the English Navy. The Worlde Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Francis Drake his Voyage , 1595, are two of the volumes edited by the Hakluyt Society. But these contemporary accounts of his famous fights and voyages do not bring out the supreme significance of his influence as an admiral, more especially in connection with the Spanish Armada. It must always be a matter of keen, though unavailing, regret that Admiral Mahan, the great American expositor of sea power, began with the seventeenth, not the sixteenth, century. But what Mahan left undone was afterwards done to admiration by Julian Corbett, Lecturer in History to the (British) Naval War College, whose Drake and the Tudor Navy (1912) is absolutely indispensable to any one who wishes to understand how England won her footing in America despite all that Spain could do to stop her. Corbett's Drake (1890) in the 'English Men of Action' series is an excellent epitome. But the larger book is very much the better. Many illuminative documents on The Defeat of the Spanish Armada were edited in 1894 by Corbett's predecessor, Sir John Laughton. The only other work that need be consulted is the first volume of The Royal Navy: a History , edited by Sir William Laird Clowes (1897). This is not so good an authority as Corbett; but it contains many details which help to round the story out, besides a wealth of illustration. RALEIGH. Gilbert, Cavendish, Raleigh, and the other gentlemen-adventurers, were soldiers, not sailors; and if they had gone afloat two centuries later they would have fought at the head of marines, not of blue-jackets; so their lives belong to a different kind of biography from that concerned with Hawkins, Frobisher. and Drake. Edwards's Life of Sir Walter Raleigh (1868) contains all the most interesting letters and is a competent work of its own kind. Oldys' edition of Raleigh's Works still holds the field though its eight volumes were published so long ago as 1829. Raleigh's Discovery of Guiana is the favorite for reprinting. The Hakluyt Society has produced an elaborate edition (1847) while a very cheap and handy one has been published in Cassell's National Library. W.G. Gosling's Life of Sir Humphry Gilbert (1911) is the best recent work of its kind. The likeliest of all the Hakluyt Society's volumes, so far as its title is concerned, is one which has hardly any direct bearing on the subject of our book. Yet the reader who is disappointed by the text of Divers Voyages to America because it is not devoted to Elizabethan sea-dogs will be richly rewarded by the notes on pages 116-141. These quaint bits of information and advice were intended for quite another purpose, But their transcriber's faith in their wider applicability is fully justified. Here is the exact original heading under which they first appeared: Notes in Writing besides More Privie by Mouth that were given by a Gentleman, Anno 1580, to M. Arthure Pette and to M. Charles Jackman, sent by the Marchants of the Muscovie Companie for the discouerie of the northeast strayte, not all together vnfit for some other enterprises of discouerie hereafter to bee taken in hande. See also in The Encyclopaedia Britannica , 11th Ed. the articles on Henry VIII , Elizabeth , Drake , Raleigh , etc. Index Alva, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 98 et seq. Amadas, in America (1584), 151, 210 America; an obstacle to the circumnavigation of the world, 11; —as a reputed source of gold and silver, 65 Angel , The, ship, 86 Anton, Señor Juan de, 133 Antonio, Don, pretender to the throne of Portugal, 164; and the English at Lisbon, 194 Antwerp, 98, 99, 100 Armada, 145, 150, 153, 156, 164, 165, 172, 191, 214 Aviles, Don Pedro Menendez de, 86 Azores, 150, 169, 194 Baber, Sultan in the Moluccas, 141 Bacon, Francis, Lord, 62, 210 Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama (1513), 19 Barlow, in America (1584), 151, 210 Baskerville, Sir Thomas, 224, 227 et seq. Bazan, Don Alonzo de, 197, 200 Bible, authorized version of, 49, 216 'Bond of Association,' 152 Brazil, voyage of Hawkins to, 33-4 Bristol, Cabot settles in, 3 Burleigh, Lord, 87, 119, 144, 156, 162, 167, 206 Cabot, John, transfers allegiance from Genoa to Venice (1476), 1; —Cabottággio, 2; —reaches Cape Breton (1497), 7; —returns to Bristol, 7; —receives a present of £10 from Henry VII, 8; —disappears at sea (1498),8-9, 14; —believes America the eastern limit of the Old World, 11; —bibliography, 241 Cabot, Sebastian, second son of John, 9; —takes command of expedition to America, 9; —leaves men to explore Newfoundland, 9; —coasts Greenland, 12; —explores Atlantic Coast, 12; —enters service of Ferdinand of Spain as Captain of the Sea,' 15; —Charles V makes him 'Chief Pilot and Examiner of Pilots,' 15; —determines longitude of Moluccas, 15; —voyage to South America, 15; —makes a map of the world, 15; —leaves Spain for England(1548), 16; —receives pension from Edward VI, 16; —feasts at Gravesend with the Serchthrift , 16-17; —Governor of Muscovy Company, 16, 31; —sailing of the Serchthrift , 32; —bibliography, 241 Cadiz, 165 et seq. California, 137, 138, 212 Canaries, 157, 226 Cape Breton, Cabot reaches (1497), 7 Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama sails around, 18 Cape St. Vincent, Drake plans to capture, 167 Caribs, 80, 158 Carleill, 154, 156, 157, 160 Cartagena, 88, 108 et seq., 156, 159 Cartier, Jacques, second voyage (1535), 12; —discovers St. Lawrence, 71 Cathay, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11; —Sir Hugh Willoughby tries to find Northeast passage to, 30 Cavendish, Thomas, 212 Cecil, Sir Robert, 206 Charles V of Spain, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22-25; —his dominions, 23; —feud with France, 23-24; —hostile to England, 29; —Spanish dominion, 71; —father of Don John of Austria, 117 Chesapeake Bay, 220 Cockeram, Martin, 34 Coligny, Admiral, 207 Columbus, Christopher, citizen of Genoa, 1-2; —visit to Iceland, 3; —fame eclipses that of the Cabots, 13; —reasons for his significance, 13; —400th anniversary of his discovery, 14; —replica of the Santa Maria , 235 Complaynt of Scotland , The, 42 Cordial Advice , 40 Corunna, 178, 192 Cosa, Juan de la, makes first dated (1500) map of America, 14 Croatoan Island, 213 et seq. Crowndale, Drake's birthplace, 95 Cumberland, Earl of, 197 Cuttyhunk Island, 216 Dare, Virginia, 215 Delight , The, ship, 209 De Soto, 19, 81 Doughty, Thomas, 116, 120, 123 et seq., 127 Dragon , The, ship, 101 Drake, Sir Francis, born the same year as modern sea-power (1545), 28; —on the Minion , 92; —Son of Edmund Drake, 95; —boyhood, 96 et seq.; —as lieutenant, on escort to wool-fleet, 100; —marries Mary Newman, 100; —sails on Nombre de Dios expedition, 101 et seq.; —Drake and Nombre de Dios, 104; —sees the Pacific, 110; —attacks a Spanish treasure train, 111 et seq.; —returns to England (1573), 114; —goes to Ireland, 115; —recalled for consultation, 118; —audience with the Queen, 119; —plans to raid the Pacific, 119; —sails ostensibly for Egypt, 120; —his Famous Voyage (1577), 121; —has trouble with Doughty, 124; —whom he puts to death, 125; —winters in Patagonia, 125; —overcomes disaffection of his men, 126; —sails through Straits of Magellan, 128; —enters Pacific, 128; —takes the Grand Captain of the South , 129; —scours the Pacific taking prizes, 130; —at Lima, 130; —pursues Spanish treasure ship, 131; —captures Don Juan de Anton, 133; —sails north, 137; —considered a god by the Indians, 138 et seq.; —arrives at Moluccas, 141; —lays foundation of English diplomacy in Eastern seas, 142; — Golden Hind aground, 142; —uncertainty at home as to his fate, 144; —arrives at Plymouth, 145; —knighted by Elizabeth, 148; —plans a raid on New Spain, 151; —prepares for Indies voyage of 1585, 153; —calls at Vigo, 155; —plans a —raid on New Spain, 156; —captures Santiago and San Domingo, 157; —takes Cartagena, 159; —calls at Roanoke, 162; —arrives at Plymouth, (1580), 162; —expedition to Cadiz, 165; —arrests Borough, 167; —conquers Sagres Castle, 167; —takes Spanish treasure ship, 169; —defeats the Armada, 172-191; —undertakes Lisbon expedition (1589), 192; —his achievement, 201; —in disfavor, 223; —in unhappy combination with Hawkins, 224; —West Indies voyage, 225; —seizes La Hacha, Santa Marta, and Nombre de Dios, 227; —his last days, 228; —his death, 229; —bibliography, 243-4 Drake, Edmund, 95 Drake, Jack, 121, 132 Drake's Bay, 138 East India Company, 63, 171, 215 Edward VI, 29, 50 Elizabeth, the England of, 48 et seq.; —early life, 50; —and Mary, 51; —and Anne of Cleves, 51; —ascends the throne, 52; —difficulty of her position, 53; —and finance, 55; —her court, 68; —her love of luxury, 68-69; —commandeers Spanish gold, 99; —deposed by Pope, 100; —tortuous Spanish policy, 117; —consults Drake, 119; —receives Drake on his return, 146; —banquets on the Golden Hind , 148; —knights Drake, 148; —Babington Plot again, 163; —beheads Mary Queen of Scots, 165; —the Armada, 176 et seq.; —the Lisbon expedition, 192; —dies, 216; —bibliography, 242 Elizabeth , The, ship, 121 Essex, Earl of, 116, 118 Field of the Cloth of Gold, 234 Fleming, Captain, 179, 190 Fletcher, Chaplain, 125, 128, 143 Fletcher of Rye, discovers the art of tacking, 26; —as a shipwright, 233 Florida, 81, 82, 162 Francis I, of France, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22, 24, 71 Frobisher, Martin, 120, 154, 160, 220 Fuller, Thomas, author of The Worthies of England , 101, 237 Gamboa, Don Pedro Sarmiento de, 135 Genoa, the home of Cabot and Columbus, 2 George Noble , The, ship, 198 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 208-210 Gilbert, Raleigh, 219 God Save the King! 95 Golden Hind , The, ship, 121, 127, 129, 132 et seq., 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154, 179 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 217 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 216 Grand Captain of the South , The, ship, 129 Gravelines, battle at, 32, 190 Great Harry , The, ship, 234 Grenville, Sir Richard, 195 et seq., 220 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 60 Hakluyt's Voyages , 33 Hakluyt Society, 242 et seq. Harriot, Thomas, 212 Harrison's description of England, 69-70 Hatton, Sir Christopher, 127, 146 Hawkins, Sir John, son of William Hawkins, 34; —enters slave trade with New Spain (1562), 74; —takes 300 slaves at Sierra —Leona, 75; —second expedition (1564), 75; —issues sailing orders, 76; —John Sparke's account, 77; —at Teneriffe, 77; —meets Peter de Ponte, 78; —Arbol Santo tree, 78; —takes many Sapies, 79; —at Sambula, 79; —island of the Cannibals, 80; —makes for Florida, 80; —finds French settlement, 82 et seq.; —sells the Tiger , 85; —sails north to Newfoundland, 85; —arrives at Padstow, Cornwall (1565), 85; —a favorite at court, 85; —watched by Spain, 86; —sets out on third voyage (1567), 86; —begins the sea-dog fighting with Spain, 86; —Drake joins the expedition, 86; —disasters, 87; —crosses from Africa to West Indies, 88; —clashes with Spaniards at Rio de la Hacha, 88; —at Cartagena, 89; —at St. John de Ulua, 89; —fight with the Spaniards, 90 et seq.; —parted from Drake in a storm, 93; —leaves part of his men ashore, 93; —voyage ends in disaster, 94; —strikes another blow at Spain (1595), 223; —unhappily combined with Drake, 224; —sails for New Spain 226; —dies, 226; —bibliography, 243 Hawkins, Sir Richard, grandson of William Hawkins, 35 Hawkins, William, story of, in Hakluyt Voyages , 33 et seq.; —father of Sir John Hawkins, 34; —grandfather of Sir Richard Hawkins, 35, —and of the second William Hawkins, 35 Hawkins, William, the Second, grandson of William Hawkins, 35 Henry IV of France, 223 Henry VII, Cabot enters service of, 3; —refuses to patronize Columbus, 4; —gives patent to the Cabots, 4-6 Henry VIII, the monarch of the sea, 20; —establishes a modern fleet and the office of the Admiralty, 21; —a patron of sailors, 22; —menaced by Scotland, France, and Spain, 25; —defies the Pope, 25; —defies Francis I, 26; —birth of modern sea-power (1545), 28; —and the voyage of Hawkins, 33-34; —as a patron of the Navy, 232 et seq. Henry Grace à Dieu , The, ship, 234 Honduras, 156, 228 Hore, his voyage to America, 33 et seq. Hortop, Job, 94 Howard of Effingham, Lord, 31, 176, 189, 197 Hudson Strait, Sebastian Cabot misses, 12 India, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11 Ingram, David, 94 Inquisition, Spanish, 29, 73 Ireland, 147, 191 Jackman, 122 James I of England, 216, 218 Jefferys, Thomas, 66 Jesus , The, ship, see Jesus of Lubeck Jesus of Lubeck , The, ship, 75, 76, 86, 89, 91 et seq. Judith , The, ship, 86, 92 et seq., 98 Knollys, 154 La Dragontea , by Lope de Vega, 157 La Hacha, 156, 227 Lane, Ralph, 162, 196, 212 La Rochelle, 100 Laudonnière, René de, 82 et seq. Leicester, Earl, of, 146, 164, 176 Lepanto, 117, 185 Lima, 130, 135, 144 Lines of Torres Vedras, 194 Lisbon, 144, 168, 192, 223 et seq. Lloyd's, 59-61 London merchants, 144, 140, 171, 218 Lope de Vega, 157 Madrid, 86, 172 Magellan, Strait of, 120, 127, 128 Manoa, 221, 222 Map, Juan de la Cosa's earliest —dated (1500) map of America, —14; of world by Sebastian —Cabot (1544), 15; of America —by Thomas Jefferys, 66 Marigold, The, ship, 121, 126, 128, 129 Martin, Don, 134, 153 Mary, Queen of Scots, 31, 50 —et seq., 117, 121, 149, 152, —163, 164, 216 Matthew , The, ship, 7 Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 175 Mendoza, 119 Menendez, 115, 150 Middleton, Captain, 197 Minion , The, ship, 86, 91 et seq. Monopoly, 58, 66 Moone, Tom, 129, 154, 161 Mosquito, Lopez de, 141 Mountains of Bright Stones, 86, 221, 222 Muscovy Company, 16, 31 Navigation, encouraged by Henry —VIII, 21, 25, 27; art of tacking —discovered, 26; birth of modern —sea-power, 28; sea-songs, 37 —et seq.; nautical terms, 42 et seq.; —Pette and Jackman's —advice to traders, 122-123 —ftn.; Francisco de Zarate's —account of Drake's Golden —Hind , 136-137; appendix; note —on Tudor shipping, 231-239; —bibliography, 242 New Albion, 136, 140 Newfoundland fisheries, Bacon on, 62 New France, 72, 205 Nombre de Dios, 101 et seq., 12O, 135, 156, 227 Norreys, Sir John, 176, 193 Northwest Passage, 120, 137 Oxenham, John, 105, 109, 116, 144 Pacific Ocean, taken possession —of by Balboa (1513), 18; —Drake enters, 128 et seq. Panama, 19, 103, 108, 120, 132, 135, 156, 227 Parma, 172 et seq., 189 Pascha , The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 114 Pedro de Valdes, Don, 188 Pelican , The, ship, 121, 127 Philip of Spain, marries Queen —Mary, 31; protests against —Drake's actions, 87; plans to —seize Scilly Isles, 115; soldiers —sack Antwerp, 116; seizes —Portugal, 144; prepares a —fleet, 150; Paris plot with —Mary, 150; seizes English —merchant fleet, 152; duped —by Hawkins, 153; his credit —low, 163; resumes mobilization, —172; prepares the Armada, —174 et seq. Philippines, Vasco da Gama reaches, 19; —Drake sails to, 141 Pines, Isle of, 103 Plymouth, 96, 98, 114, 145, 162, 178-180, 217, 225 Plymouth Company, 218 Pole of Plimmouth , The, ship, 33 Ponte, Peter de, 78 Popham, George, 219 Porto Rico, 225, 226 Potosi, 28, 73, 95, 130 Primrose , The, ship, 152 Pring, Martin, 217 Puerto Bello. 229 Purchas, Samuel, 203 Ralegh, City of, in Virginia, 213 Raleigh , The, ship, 209 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 195, 205-222; —bibliography, 244-245 Ranse, 103, 108 Revenge , The, ship, 188, 192-204 Ribaut, Jean, 82 Roanoke Island, 162, 210 et seq. Sagres Castle, 167 St. Augustine, 86, 162 San Domingo, 156, 157, 161 San Felipe , The, ship, 197 et seq. San Francisco, 137, 138 San Juan de Ulua, 89, 98, 99, 153 Santa Anna , The, ship, 212 Santa Cruz, 150, 172 et seq. Santa Marta, 156, 227 Scilly Isles, 114, 115, 153 Serchthrift , The, ship, 16-17, 32 Shipping, note on Tudor, 231-239 Sidney, Sir Philip, 155, 164, 195 Slave Trade, 74 et seq. Solomon , The, ship, 76 Somerset, 29-30, 53, 96 Southampton, Earl of, 217 Spain, rights of discovery, 6; —Spanish Inquisition, 29, 73; —breach with England, 72; —Spanish gold in London, 73; —Spaniards in Florida, 81-82; —the 'Spanish Fury' of 1576, 116; —Drake clips the wings of Spain, 149-171; —Drake and the Spanish Armada, 172-191; —Lisbon expedition, 192 et seq.; —the last fight of the Revenge , 197 et seq. Sparke, John, his account of Sir John Hawkins's Voyage to Florida, 77 et seq. Spitfire , The, ship, 132 Squirrel , The, ship, 210 Swallow , The, ship, 86 Swan , The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 121, 129 Teneriffe, 77-78 Ternate, Island of, 141, 142 Têtu, Capt., 112 et seq. Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 220 Tiger , The, ship, 60, 85, 154 Torres Vedras, Lines of, 194 Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India (1498), 18 Venice, importance in trade, 2; —Cabot becomes a citizen of, 2 Venta Cruz, 111 Vera Cruz, 89 Verrazano, 71 Virginia, 62, 151. 196, 205, 210, 219 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 118, 146 West Indies, 84, 157, 201, 208, 219, 225 et seq. Westward Ho! Kingsley's, 105 Weymouth, George, 218 White, John, 212 et seq. William and John , The, ship, 86 William of Orange, 152, 207. Willoughby, Sir Hugh, tries to find Northwest Passage, 30; —dies in Lapland, 30 Woolwich, 153, 238 Worthies of England , The, by Thomas Fuller, 101, 237 Zarate, Don Francisco de, 136 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELIZABETHAN SEA-DOGS: A CHRONICLE OF DRAKE AND HIS COMPANIONS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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