The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela

INDEX From this mountain it is a journey of twenty days to Hamadan, which is the great city of Media, where there are 30,000 Israelites. In front of a certain synagogue, there are buried Mordecai an Esther [160] . From thence (Hamadan [161] ) it takes four days to Tabaristan, which is situated on the river Gozan. Some [four] thousand Jews live there [162] . Thence it is seven days to Ispahan the great city and the royal residence. It is twelve miles in circumference, and about 15,000 Israelites reside there [163] . The Chief Rabbi is Sar Shalom, who has been appointed by the Head of the Captivity to have jurisdiction over all the Rabbis that are in the kingdom of Persia. Four days onward is Shiraz, which is the city of Fars, and 10,000 Jews live there [164] . Thence it is seven days to Ghaznah the great city on the river Gozan, where there are about 80,000 Israelites [165] . It is a city of commercial importance; people of all countries and tongues come thither with their wares. The land is extensive. Thence it is five days to Samarkand, which is the great city on the confines of Persia. In it live some 50,000 Israelites, and R. Obadiah the Nasi is their appointed head. Among them are wise and very rich men. Thence it is four days' journey to Tibet, the country in whose forests the musk is found. Thence it takes twenty-eight days to the mountains of Naisabur by the river Gozan. And there are men of Israel in the land of Persia who say that in the mountains of Naisabur four of the tribes of Israel dwell, namely, the tribe of Dan, the tribe of Zebulun, the tribe of Asher, and the tribe of Naphtali, who were included in the first captivity of Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, as it is written (2 Kings xviii. 11): "And he put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan and in the cities of the Medes [166] ." The extent of their land is twenty days' journey, and they have cities and large villages in the mountains; the river Gozan forms the boundary on the one side. They are not under the rule of the Gentiles, but they have a prince of their own, whose name is R. Joseph Amarkala the Levite. There are scholars among them. And they sow and reap and go forth to war as far as the land of Cush by way of the desert [167] . They are in league with the Kofar-al-Turak, who worship the wind and live in the wilderness, and who do not eat bread, nor drink wine, but live on raw uncooked meat. They have no noses, and in lieu thereof they have two small holes, through which they breathe. They eat animals both clean and unclean, and they are very friendly towards the Israelites. Fifteen years ago they overran the country of Persia with a large army and took the city of Rayy [168] ; they smote it with the edge of the sword, took all the spoil thereof, and returned by way of the wilderness. Such an invasion had not been known in the land of Persia for many years. When the king of Persia heard thereof his anger was kindled against them, and he said, "Not in my days nor in the days of my fathers did an army sally forth from this wilderness. Now I will go and cut off their name from the earth." A proclamation was made throughout his Empire, and he assembled all his armies; and he sought a guide who might show him the way to their encampment. And a certain man said that he would show him the way, as he was one of them. And the king promised that he would enrich him if he did so. And the king asked him as to what provisions they would require for the march through the wilderness. And he replied, "Take with you bread and wine for fifteen days, for you will find no sustenance by the way, till you have reached their land." And they did so, and marched through the wilderness for fifteen days, but they found nothing at all. And their food began to give out, so that man and beast were dying of hunger and thirst. Then the king called the guide, and said to him, "Where is your promise to us that you would find our adversaries?" To which the other replied, "I have mistaken the way." And the king was wroth, and commanded that his head should be struck off. And the king further gave orders throughout the camp that every man who had any food should divide it with his neighbour. And they consumed everything they had including their beasts. And after a further thirteen days' march they reached the mountains of Naisabur, where Jews lived. They came there on the Sabbath, and encamped in the gardens and plantations and by the springs of water which are by the side of the river Gozan. Now it was the time of the ripening of the fruit, and they ate and consumed everything. No man came forth to them, but on the mountains they saw cities and many towers. Then the king commanded two of his servants to go and inquire of the people who lived in the mountains, and to cross the river either in boats or by swimming. So they searched and found a large bridge, on which there were three towers, but the gate of the bridge was locked. And on the other side of the bridge was a great city. Then they shouted in front of the bridge till a man came forth and asked them what they wanted and who they were. But they did not understand him till an interpreter came who understood their language. And when he asked them, they said, "We are the servants of the king of Persia, and we have come to ask who you are, and whom you serve." To which the other replied: "We are Jews; we have no king and no Gentile prince, but a Jewish prince rules over us." They then questioned him with regard to the infidels, the sons of Ghuz of the Kofar-al-Turak, and he answered: "Truly they are in league with us, and he who seeks to do them harm seeks our harm." Then they went their way, and told the king of Persia, who was much alarmed. And on a certain day the Jews asked him to join combat with them, but he answered: "I am not come to fight you, but the Kofar-al-Turak, my enemy, and if you fight against me I will be avenged on you by killing all the Jews in my Empire; I know that you are stronger than I am in this place, and my army has come out of this great wilderness starving and athirst. Deal kindly with me and do not fight against me, but leave me to engage with the Kofar-al-Turak, my enemy, and sell me also the provisions which I require for myself and my army." The Jews then took counsel together, and resolved to propitiate the king on account of the Jews who were in exile in his Empire. Then the king entered their land with his army, and stayed there fifteen days. And they showed him much honour, and also sent a dispatch to the Kofar-al-Turak their allies, reporting the matter to them. Thereupon the latter occupied the mountain passes in force with a large army composed of all those who dwelt in that desert, and when the king of Persia went forth to fight with them, they placed themselves in battle array against him. The Kofar-al-Turak army was victorious and slew many of the Persian host, and the king of Persia fled with only a few followers to his own country [169] . Now a horseman, one of the servants of the king of Persia, enticed a Jew, whose name was R. Moses, to come with him, and when he came to the land of Persia this horseman made the Jew his slave. One day the archers came before the king to give a display of their skill and no one among them could be found to draw the bow like this R. Moses. Then the king inquired of him by means of an interpreter who knew his language, and he related all that the horseman had done to him. Thereupon the king at once granted him his liberty, had him clad in robes of silk, gave him gifts, and said to him, "If thou wilt embrace our religion, I will make thee a rich man and steward of my house," but he answered, My lord, I cannot do this thing." Then the king took him and placed him in the house of the Chief Rabbi of the Ispahan community, Sar Shalom, who gave him his daughter to wife. This same R. Moses told me all these things. Thence one returns to the land of Khuzistan which is by the river Tigris, and one goes down the river which falls into the Indian Ocean unto an island called Kish [170] . It is a six days' journey to reach this island. The inhabitants neither sow nor reap. They possess only one well, and there is no stream in the whole island, but they drink rain-water. The merchants who come from India and the islands encamp there with their wares. Moreover, men from Shinar, El-Yemen and Persia bring thither all sorts of silk, purple and flax, cotton, hemp, worked wool, wheat, barley, millet, rye, and all sorts of food, and lentils of every description, and they trade with one another, whilst the men from India bring great quantities of spices thither. The islanders act as middlemen, and earn their livelihood thereby. There are about 500 Jews there. Thence it is ten days' journey by sea to Katifa, where there are about 5,000 Jews. Here the bdellium is to be found [171] . On the twenty-fourth of Nisan rain falls upon the water, upon the surface of which certain small sea-animals float which drink in the rain and then shut themselves up, and sink to the bottom. And about the middle of Tishri men descend to the bed of the sea by ropes, and collect these shell-fish, then split them open and extract the pearls. This pearl-fishery belongs to the King of the country, but is controlled by a Jewish official. Thence it is seven days' journey to Khulam which is the beginning of the country of the Sun-worshippers [172] . These are the sons of Cush, who read the stars, and are all black in colour. They are honest in commerce. When merchants come to them from distant lands and enter the harbour, three of the King's secretaries go down to them and record their names, and then bring them before the King, whereupon the King makes himself responsible even for their property which they leave in the open, unprotected. There is an official who sits in his office, and the owner of any lost property has only to describe it to him when he hands it back. This custom prevails in all that country. From Passover to New Year, that is all during the summer, no man can go out of his house because of the sun, for the heat in that country is intense, and from the third hour of the day onward, everybody remains in his house till the evening. Then they go forth and kindle lights in all the market places and all the streets, and then do their work and business at night-time. For they have to turn night into day in consequence of the great heat of the sun. Pepper is found there. They plant the trees thereof in the fields, and each man of the city knows his own plantation. The trees are small, and the pepper is as white as snow. And when they have collected it, they place it in saucepans and pour boiling water over it, so that it may become strong. They then take it out of the water and dry it in the sun, and it turns black. Calamus and ginger and many other kinds of spice are found in this land. The people of this country do not bury their dead, but embalm them by means of various spices, after which they place them on chairs and cover them with fine linen. And each family has a house where it preserves the embalmed remains of its ancestors and relations. The flesh hardens on the bones, and the embalmed bodies look like living beings, so that every man can recognize his parents, and the members of his family for many years. They worship the sun, and they have high places everywhere outside the city at a distance of about half a mile. And every morning they run forth to greet the sun, for on every high place a solar disc is made of cunning workmanship and as the sun rises the disc rotates with thundering noise, and all, both men and women, offer incense to the sun with censers in their hands. Such are their superstitious practices. And throughout the island, including all the towns there, live several thousand Israelites. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the Talmud and Halacha. Thence it is twenty-three days by sea to Ibrig [173] , and the inhabitants are fire-worshippers, and are called Duchbin. Among them are about 3,000 Jews, and these Duchbin have priests in their several temples who are great wizards in all manner of witchcraft, and there are none like them in all the earth. In front of the high place of their temple there is a deep trench, where they keep a great fire alight all the year, and they call it Elahutha. And they cause their sons and daughters to pass through the fire, and even their dead they throw into it. Some of the great men of the country make a vow to die by fire. In such cases the man communicates his intention to the members of his household and his relations, and says:—"I have vowed to throw myself in the fire whilst I am yet alive," then they answer, saying: "Happy art thou." And when the day of the performance of his vow arrives, they prepare for him a grand banquet, and if he is rich he rides on horseback, if poor he goes on foot to the border of the trench and throws himself into the fire. And all the members of his family shout to the accompaniment of timbrels and dancing until the body is entirely consumed. At the end of three days two of their high priests come to his house and to his children and say unto them: "Arrange the house, for this day your father will come to give his last directions as to what ye shall do." And they bring witnesses from the city. Then Satan is made to appear in the likeness of the deceased, and when his widow and children ask him how he fares in the other world he answers: "I went to my companions, but they would not receive me until I had discharged my obligations to the members of my house and to my neighbours." Then he makes his will and divides his property among his children, and gives directions that all his creditors should be paid and that his debts should be collected. Then the witnesses write out the will, and he goes his way and is seen no more. And by means of this trickery and witchcraft which these priests practise, the people are confirmed in their errors and assert that there is none in all the land like their priests. Thence to cross over to the land of Zin (China) is a voyage of forty days. Zin is in the uttermost East, and some say that there is the Sea of Nikpa (Ning-po?), where the star Orion predominates and stormy winds prevail [174] . At times the helmsman cannot govern his ship, as a fierce wind drives her into this Sea of Nikpa, where she cannot move from her place; and the crew have to remain where they are till their stores of food are exhausted and then they die. In this way many a ship has been lost, but men eventually discovered a device by which to escape from this evil place. The crew provide themselves with hides of oxen. And when this evil wind blows which drives them into the Sea of Nikpa, they wrap themselves up in the skins, which they make waterproof, and, armed with knives, plunge into the sea. A great bird called the griffin spies them out, and in the belief that the sailor is an animal, the griffin seizes hold of him, brings him to dry land, and puts him down on a mountain or in a hollow in order to devour him. The man then quickly thrusts at the bird with a knife and slays him. Then the man issues forth from the skin and walks till he comes to an inhabited place. And in this manner many a man escapes [175] . Thence to Al-Gingaleh is a voyage of fifteen days, and about 1,000 Israelites dwell there. Thence by sea to Chulan is seven days; but no Jews live there. From there it is twelve days to Zebid, where there are a few Jews. From there it is eight days' journey to India which is on the mainland, called the land of Aden, and this is the Eden which is in Thelasar [176] . The country is mountainous. There are many Israelites here, and they are not under the yoke of the Gentiles, but possess cities and castles on the summits of the mountains, from which they make descents into the plain-country called Lybia, which is a Christian Empire. These are the Lybians of the land of Lybia, with whom the Jews are at war. The Jews take spoil and booty and retreat to the mountains, and no man can prevail against them. Many of these Jews of the land of Aden come to Persia and Egypt [177] . Thence to the land of Assuan is a journey of twenty days through the desert. This is Seba on the river Pishon (Nile) which descends from the land of Cush [178] . And some of these sons of Cush have a king whom they call the Sultan Al-Habash. There is a people among them who, like animals, eat of the herbs that grow on the banks of the Nile and in the fields. They go about naked and have not the intelligence of ordinary men. They cohabit with their sisters and any one they find. The climate is very hot. When the men of Assuan make a raid into their land, they take with them bread and wheat, dry grapes and figs, and throw the food to these people, who run after it. Thus they bring many of them back prisoners, and sell them in the l and of Egypt and in the surrounding countries. And these are the black slaves, the sons of Ham. From Assuan it is a distance of twelve days to Heluan where there are about 300 Jews. Thence people travel in caravans a journey of fifty days through the great desert called Sahara, to the land of Zawilah, which is Havilah in the land of Gana [179] . In this desert there are mountains of sand, and when the wind rises, it covers the caravans with the sand, and many die from suffocation. Those that escape bring back with them copper, wheat, fruit, all manner of lentils, and salt. And from thence they bring gold, and all kinds of jewels. This is in the land of Cush which is called Al-Habash on the western confines [180] . From Heluan it is thirteen days' journey to Kutz which is Kūs, and this is the commencement of the land of Egypt. At Kutz there are 300 Jews [181] . Thence it is 300 miles to Fayum, which is Pithom, where there are 200 Jews; and unto this very day one can see ruins of the buildings which our forefathers erected there [182] . Thence to Mizraim is a journey of four days. This Mizraim is the great city situated on the banks of the Nile, which is Pison or Al-Nil [183] . The number of Jewish inhabitants is about 7,000. Two large synagogues are there, one belonging to the men of the land of Israel and one belonging to the men of the land of Babylon. The synagogue of the men of the land of Israel is called Kenisat-al-Schamiyyin, and the synagogue of the men of Babylon is called Kenisat-al-Irakiyyin. Their usage with regard to the portions and sections of the Law is not alike; for the men of Babylon are accustomed to read a portion every week, as is done in Spain, and is our custom, and to finish the Law each year; whilst the men of Palestine do not do so, but divide each portion into three sections and finish the Law at the end of three years. The two communities, however, have an established custom to unite and pray together on the day of the Rejoicing of the Law, and on the day of the Giving of the Law [184] . Among the Jews is Nethanel the Prince of Princes and the head of the Academy, who is the head of all the congregations in Egypt [185] ; he appoints Rabbis and officials, and is attached to the court of the great King, who lives in his palace of Zoan el-Medina, which is the royal city for the Arabs. Here resides the Emir al Muminin, a descendant of Abu Talib. All his subjects are called "Alawiyyim [186] ," because they rose up against the Emir al Muminin al Abbasi (the Abbaside Caliph) who resides at Bagdad. And between the two parties there is a lasting feud, for the former have set up a rival throne in Zoan (Egypt). Twice in the year the Egyptian monarch goes forth, once on the occasion of the great festival, and again when the river Nile rises. Zoan is surrounded by a wall, but Mizraim has no wall, for the river encompasses it on one side. It is a great city, and it has market-places as well as inns in great number. The Jews that dwell there are very rich. No rain falls, neither is ice or snow ever seen. The climate is very hot. The river Nile rises once a year in the month of Elul; it covers all the land, and irrigates it to a distance of fifteen days' journey. The waters remain upon the surface of the land during the months of Elul and Tishri, and irrigate and fertilize it. The inhabitants have a pillar of marble, erected with much skill, in order to ascertain the extent of the rise of the Nile. It stands in the front of an island in the midst of the water, and is twelve cubits high [187] . When the Nile rises and covers the column, they know that the river has risen and has covered the land for a distance of fifteen days' journey to its full extent. If only half the column is covered, the water only covers half the extent of the land. And day by day an officer takes a measurement on the column and makes proclamation thereof in Zoan and in the city of Mizraim, proclaiming: "Give praise unto the Creator, for the river this day has risen to such and such a height"; each day he takes the measurement and makes his proclamation. If the water covers the entire column, there will be abundance throughout Egypt. The river continues to rise gradually till it covers the land to the extent of fifteen days' journey. He who owns a field hires workmen, who dig deep trenches in his field, and fish come with the rise of the water and enter the trenches. Then, when the waters have receded, the fish remain behind in the trenches, and the owners of the fields take them and either eat them or sell them to the fishmongers, who salt them and deal in them in every place. These fish are exceedingly fat and large, and the oil obtained from them is used in this land for lamp-oil. Though a man eat a great quantity of these fish, if he but drink Nile water afterwards they will not hurt him, for the waters have medicinal properties. People ask, what causes the Nile to rise? The Egyptians say that up the river, in the land of Al-Habash (Abyssinia), which is the land of Havilah, much rain descends at the time of the rising of the river, and that this abundance of rain causes the river to rise and to cover the surface of the land [188] . If the river does not rise, there is no sowing, and famine is sore in the land. Sowing is done in the month of Marheshwan, after the river has gone back to its ordinary channel. In the month of Adar is the barley-harvest, and in the month of Nisan the wheat-harvest. In the month of Nisan they have cherries, pears, cucumbers, and gourds in plenty, also beans, peas, chickpeas, and many kinds of vegetables, such as purslane, asparagus, pulse, lettuce, coriander, endive, cabbage, leek, and cardoon. The land is full of all good things, and the gardens and plantations are watered from the various reservoirs and by the river-water. The river Nile, after flowing past (the city of) Mizraim, divides into four heads: one channel proceeds in the direction of Damietta, which is Caphtor [189] , where it falls into the sea. The second channel flows to the city of Reshid (Rosetta), which is near Alexandria, and there falls into the sea; the third channel goes by way of Ashmun, where it falls into the sea; and the fourth channel goes as far as the frontier of Egypt [190] . Along both banks of these four river-heads are cities, towns and villages, and people visit these places either by ship or by land. There is no such thickly-populated land as this elsewhere. It is extensive too and abundant in all good things. From New Mizraim unto Old Mizraim is a distance of two parasangs. The latter is in ruins, and the place where walls and houses stood can be seen to the present day. The store-houses also of Joseph of blessed memory are to be found in great numbers in many places. They are built of lime and stone, and are exceedingly strong [191] . A pillar is there of marvellous workmanship, the like of which cannot be seen throughout the world. Outside the city is the ancient synagogue of Moses our master, of blessed memory, and the overseer and clerk of this place of worship is a venerable old man; he is a man of learning, and they call him Al Sheik Abu al-Nazr [192] . The extent of Mizraim, which is in ruins, is three miles. Thence to the land of Goshen is eight parasangs; here is Bilbais [193] . There are about 300 Jews in the city, which is a large one. Thence it is half a day's journey to Ain-al-Shams or Ramses, which is in ruins. Traces are there to be seen of the buildings which our fore-fathers raised, namely, towers built of bricks. From here it is a day's journey to Al Bubizig, where there are about 200 Jews. Thence it is half a day to Benha, where there are about 60 Jews. Thence it takes half a day to Muneh Sifte, where there are 500 Jews [194] . From there it is half a day's journey to Samnu, where there are about 200 Jews. Thence it is four parasangs to Damira, where there are about 700 Jews. From there it is five days to Lammanah, where there are about 500 Jews [195] . Two days' journey takes one to Alexandria of Egypt, which is Ammon of No; but when Alexander of Macedon built the city, he called it after his own name, and made it exceedingly strong and beautiful [196] . The houses, the palaces, and the walls are of excellent architecture. Outside the town is the academy of Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander. This is a large building, standing between other academies to the number of twenty, with a column of marble between each. People from the whole world were wont to come hither in order to study the wisdom of Aristotle the philosopher. The city is built over a hollow by means of arches. Alexander built it with great understanding. The streets are wide and straight, so that a man can look along them for a mile from gate to gate, from the gate of Reshid to the gate by the sea. Alexander also built for the harbour of Alexandria a pier, a king's highway running into the midst of the sea. And there he erected a large tower, a lighthouse, called Manar al Iskandriyyah in Arabic. On the top of the tower there is a glass mirror. Any ships that attempted to attack or molest the city, coming from Greece or from the Western lands, could be seen by means of this mirror of glass at a distance of twenty days' journey, and the inhabitants could thereupon put themselves on their guard. It happened once, many years after the death of Alexander, that a ship came from the land of Greece, and the name of the captain was Theodoros, a Greek of great cleverness. The Greeks at that time were under the yoke of Egypt. The captain brought great gifts in silver and gold and garments of silk to the King of Egypt, and he moored his ship in front of the lighthouse, as was the custom of all merchants. Every day the guardian of the lighthouse and his servants had their meals with him, until the captain came to be on such friendly terms with the keeper that he could go in and out at all times. And one day he gave a banquet, and caused the keeper and all his servants to drink a great deal of wine. When they were all asleep, the captain and his servants arose and broke the mirror and departed that very night. From that day onward the Christians began to come thither with boats and large ships, and eventually captured the large island called Crete and also Cyprus, which are under the dominion of the Greeks. [The other MSS. add here: Ever since then, the men of the King of Egypt have been unable to prevail over the Greeks.] To this day the lighthouse is a landmark to all seafarers who come to Alexandria; for one can see it at a distance of 100 miles by day, and at night the keeper lights a torch which the mariners can see from a distance, and thus sail towards it [197] . Alexandria is a commercial market for all nations. Merchants come thither from all the Christian kingdoms: on the one side, from the land of Venetia and Lombardy, Tuscany, Apulia, Amalfi, Sicilia, Calabria, Romagna, Khazaria, Patzinakia, Hungaria, Bulgaria, Rakuvia (Ragusa?), Croatia, Slavonia, Russia, Alamannia (Germany), Saxony, Danemark, Kurland? Ireland? Norway (Norge?), Frisia, Scotia, Angleterre, Wales, Flanders, Hainault? Normandy, France, Poitiers, Anjou, Burgundy, Maurienne, Provence, Genoa, Pisa, Gascony, Aragon, and Navarra [198] , and towards the west under the sway of the Mohammedans, Andalusia, Algarve, Africa and the land of the Arabs: and on the other side India, Zawilah, Abyssinia, Lybia, El-Yemen, Shinar, Esh-Sham (Syria); also Javan, whose people are called the Greeks, and the Turks. And merchants of India bring thither all kinds of spices, and the merchants of Edom buy of them. And the city is a busy one and full of traffic. Each nation has an inn of its own. By the sea-coast there is a sepulchre of marble on which are engraved all manner of beasts and birds; an effigy is in the midst thereof, and all the writing is in ancient characters, which no one knows now. Men suppose that it is the sepulchre of a king who lived in early times before the Deluge. The length of the sepulchre is fifteen spans, and its breadth is six spans. There are about 3,000 Jews in Alexandria. Thence it is two days' journey to Damietta which is Caphtor, where there are about 200 Jews, and it lies upon the sea. Thence it is one day's journey to Simasim; it contains about 100 Jews. From there it is half a day to Sunbat; the inhabitants sow flax and weave linen, which they export to all parts of the world [199] . Thence it is four days to Ailam, which is Elim [200] . It belongs to the Arabs who dwell in the wilderness. Thence it is two days' journey to Rephidim where the Arabs dwell, but there are no Jews there [201] . A day's journey from thence takes one to Mount Sinai. On the top of the mountain is a large convent belonging to the great monks called Syrians [202] . At the foot of the mountain is a large town called Tur Sinai; the inhabitants speak the language of the Targum (Syriac). It is close to a small mountain, five days distant from Egypt. The inhabitants are under Egyptian rule. At a day's journey from Mount Sinai is [ [203] the Red Sea, which is an arm of the Indian Ocean. We return to Damietta. From there it is a day's journey to] Tanis, which is Hanes, where there are about 40 Jews. It is an island in the midst of the sea [204] . Thus far extends the empire of Egypt. Thence it takes twenty days by sea to Messina, which is the commencement of Sicily and is situated on the arm of the sea that is called Lipar [205] , which divides it from Calabria. Here about 200 Jews dwell. It is a land full of everything good, with gardens and plantations. Here most of the pilgrims assemble to cross over to Jerusalem, as this is the best crossing. Thence it is about two days' journey to Palermo, which is a large city. Here is the palace of King William. Palermo contains about 1,500 Jews and a large number of Christians and Mohammedans [206] . It is in a district abounding in springs and brooks of water, a land of wheat and barley, likewise of gardens and plantations, and there is not the like thereof in the whole island of Sicily. Here is the domain and garden of the king, which is called Al Harbina (Al Hacina) [207] , containing all sorts of fruit-trees. And in it is a large fountain. The garden is encompassed by a wall. And a reservoir has been made there which is called Al Buheira [208] , and in it are many sorts of fish. Ships overlaid with silver and gold are there, belonging to the king, who takes pleasure-trips in them with his women [209] . In the park there is also a great palace, the walls of which are painted, and overlaid with gold and silver; the paving of the floors is of marble, picked out in gold and silver in all manner of designs. There is no building like this anywhere. And this island, the commencement of which is Messina, contains all the pleasant things of this world. It embraces Syracuse, Marsala, Catania, Petralia, and Trapani, the circumference of the island being six days' journey. In Trapani coral is found, which is called Al Murgan [210] . Thence people pass to the city of Rome in ten days. And from Rome they proceed by land to Lucca, which is a five days' journey. Thence they cross the mountain of Jean de Maurienne, and the passes of Italy. It is twenty days' journey to Verdun, which is the commencement of Alamannia, a land of mountains and hills. All the congregations of Alamannia are situated on the great river Rhine, from the city of Cologne, which is the principal town of the Empire, to the city of Regensburg, a distance of fifteen days' journey at the other extremity of Alamannia, otherwise called Ashkenaz. And the following are the cities in the land of Alamannia, which have Hebrew congregations: Metz, Treves on the river Moselle, Coblenz, Andernach, Bonn, Cologne, Bingen, Münster, Worms, [211] [All Israel is dispersed in every land, and he who does not further the gathering of Israel will not meet with happiness nor live with Israel. When the Lord will remember us in our exile, and raise the horn of his anointed, then every one will say, "I will lead the Jews and I will gather them." As for the towns which have been mentioned, they contain scholars and communities that love their brethren, and speak peace to those that are near and afar, and when a wayfarer comes they rejoice, and make a feast for him, and say, "Rejoice, brethren, for the help of the Lord comes in the twinkling of an eye." If we were not afraid that the appointed time has not yet arrived nor been reached, we would have gathered together, but we dare not do so until the time for song has arrived, and the voice of the turtle-dove (is heard in the land), when the messengers will come and say continually, "The Lord be exalted." Meanwhile they send missives one to the other, saying, "Be ye strong in the law of Moses, and do ye mourners for Zion and ye mourners for Jerusalem entreat the Lord, and may the supplication of those that wear the garments of mourning be received through their merits." In addition to the several cities which we have mentioned there are besides] Strassburg, Würzburg, Mantern, Bamberg, Freising, and Regensburg at the extremity of the Empire [212] . In these cities there are many Israelites, wise men and rich. Thence extends the land of Bohemia, called Prague [213] . This is the commencement of the land of Slavonia, and the Jews who dwell there call it Canaan, because the men of that land (the Slavs) sell their sons and their daughters to the other nations. These are the men of Russia, which is a great empire stretching from the gate of Prague to the gates of Kieff, the large city which is at the extremity of that empire [214] . It is a land of mountains and forests, where there are to be found the animals called vair [215] , ermine, and sable. No one issues forth from his house in winter-time on account of the cold. People are to be found there who have lost the tips of their noses by reason of the frost. Thus far reaches the empire of Russia. The kingdom of France, which is Zarfath, extends from the town of Auxerre [216] unto Paris, the great city—a journey of six days. The city belongs to King Louis. It is situated on the river Seine. Scholars are there, unequalled in the whole world, who study the Law day and night. They are charitable and hospitable to all travellers, and are as brothers and friends unto all their brethren the Jews. May God, the Blessed One, have mercy upon us and upon them! Finished and completed. INDEX The references in this Index are made to the pages of Asher's Edition , which are marked in the margin of the foregoing English translation. Aaronim, 33 . Ab, Fast of, 10 , 52 . Abaji, sepulchre of, 68 . Abba Mari, R., bailiff of Count Raymond, 5 . Abraham, gate of, 36 . --house of, at Harran, 51 ; near Hebron, 42 . --sepulchre of, 41 . --well of, 44 . Abraham, R., the astronomer, 45 . --head of the Academy at Narbonne, 2 . --head of the Academy at Posquières, 4 . Abraham el Constantini, R., 39 , 40 . Abramaz, king of the Giants, 47 . Absalom, statue of, at Rome, 11 . Absalom's Hand, pillar called, 37 . Abu al-Nazr, sheik, 102 . Abu Talib, 99 . Abydos, 19 . Abyssinia, merchants from, 106 . --people of, 96 , 97 . --source of Nile in, 96 , 101 . Academies: in Alexandria, 103 ; Bagdad, 60 ; Ibelin, 43 ; Mizraim, 98 ; Narbonne, 2 ; Nehardea, 69 ; Posquières, 4 . --Heads of the, installed by Exilarch, 63 ; visit Synagogue of Ezekiel, 67 ; dwelt originally at Sura, 69 ; sepulchres of the, 69 . Academy Gaon Jacob, 60 , 80 . --of the land of Israel, 48 . Acco, see Acre. Achelous (Aphilon), 15 . Acre (Acco), 31 . Aden, 95 , 96 . Africa, merchants from, 2 , 106 . Agur bricks, 65 . Ahab, son of Omri, palace of, 32 . Ahasuerus, king, 73 . Ailam (Elim), 107 . Ain Siptha, 68 . Ain-al-Shams (Ramses), 103 . Ajalon, valley of, 34 . Al Abbasi, caliph, 54 , 99 ; see also Caliph of Bagdad. Al-Bubizig, 103 . Al Buheira, 108 . Al-Gingaleh, 95 . Al-Habash (Abyssinia), 97 , 101 , 106 . --sultan, 96 . Al Harbina, 108 . Al-Karkh, 64 . Al-Sham (Esh-Sham), see Syria. Alamannia, see Germany. Alani, the, 62 . Alawiyyim, 99 . Aleph, letter, used by Samaritans in place of , and , 33 . Aleppo (Haleb, Aram Zoba), 50 . Alexander the Great, 15 , 18 ; built Alexandria, 103 , 104 ; iron gates made by, 62 . Alexander III, pope, 8 . Alexandria, 102-6 ; merchants from, 2 . Algarve, merchants from, 3 , 106 . Ali ben Abu Talib, 69 . Almah, 45 . Alphabet, Samaritan, lacks , and , 33 . Alroy, David, see David Alroy. Altar, of the children of Ammon at Jebeil, 28 ; of the children of Dan at Banias, 46 ; of Jeroboam at Banias, 46 ; on Mount Carmel, 31 ; on Mount Gerizim, 33 . Amadia, 76-9 . Amalfi, 13 ; merchants from, 106 . Amana, river, 46 . Ammon, children of, 28 . Ammon of No, 103 . Anatolica, 15 . Andalusia, merchants from, 106 . Andernach, 110 . Angleterre, see England. Anjou, merchants from, 106 . Antioch, 26 . Antiochus, king of Syria, 26 . Antipater, king of the Greeks, 15 . Aphilon, see Achelous. Apulia, 13 ; merchants from, 106 . Aqueducts in Damascus, 46 . Arabia, merchants from, 67 , 106 . Arabs: Kalat Jabar left by the Turks to the, 50 ; pray at the Synagogue of Ezekiel, 68 ; join the Jews of Teima in pillaging, 70 . Aragon, merchants from, 106 . Aram Naharaim, 62 . Aram Zoba, see Aleppo. Ararat, mountains of, 52 , 62 . Archers, display of skill by, 88 . Aristotle, academy of, at Alexandria, 103 . Ark, in Synagogue of Exilarch, 64 ; in Synagogue of Ezekiel, 66 . Arles, 5 . Armenia, 26 . Armylo, 18 . Arnon, river, 46 . Arta (Larta), 15 . Artaxerxes, king of Persia, 73 . Artificers in silk at Constantinople, 23 ; at Salonica, 19 ; in silk and purple at Thebes, 16 . Ascoli, 14 . Ashdod, 43 . Ashdoth Hapisgah, 44 . Asher, 31 . --tribe of, in mountains of Naisabur, 83 . Asher, R., the recluse, 3 . Ashkelonah, see Askelon. Ashkenaz, see Germany. Ashmedai, 49 . Ashmun, 102 . Asia, merchants from, 3 . Askelon, 43 . Assassins (Hashishim), 27 , 76 . Assuan, 96 , 97 . Assur the Great, see Mosul. Astronomers: R. Abraham, 45 ; R. Joseph, Burhan-al-mulk, 52 , 80 . Asveh, mountains of, 62 . Auxerre, 112 . Azariah, furnace into which he was thrown, 65 ; sepulchre of, 68 . Azariah, R., head of the Academy of the land of Israel, 48 . Baalbec (Baaloth), 48 , 49 . Baal-Gad, see Gebal (Gebele). Babel, see Babylon. Babel, Tower of, 65 . Babylon, 44 , 51 , 63 , 65 , 76 , 98 ; merchants from, 20 . Bagdad, 20 , 54-64 , 67 , 71 , 77-9 , 99 . Balaam, Turret of, 50 . Balis (Pethor), 50 . Bamberg, 111 . Banias (Dan), 46 . Bar Melicha, see Dar Melicha. Barak ben Abinoam, sepulchre of, 46 . Barbarians, hired by Greeks to fight with Sultan Masud, 23 . Barcelona, 1 . Bari, Colo di, 14 . Basra, 73 . Basra gate, Bagdad, 57 . Bassorah, see Basra. Bath, gigantic head used as a, 47 . Batlanim, at Bagdad, 61 . Battles, in the Colosseum, 9 . Bdellium, found at Katifa, 89 . Beirut (Beeroth), 28 . Beit Jibrin, 42 . Beit Nuba (Nob), 42 . Bekr, see Diar Kalach. Ben Hadad, palace of, 47 . Bene Berak, 43 . Benevento, 13 . Benha, 103 . Benjamin ben Japheth, R., sepulchre of, 45 . Beth Din, Sar Shalom, head of the, 48 . Bethlehem (Beth-Leon), 40 . Beziers, 2 . Bilbais, 102 , 103 . Bingen, 110 . Bir Abraham, 44 . Blachernae, palace of king Emanuel, 21 . Boemond Poitevin, prince (le Baube), 26 . Bohemia, 111 . Bones of the Israelites, at Hebron, 41 . Bonn, 110 . Bostanai the Nasi, exilarch, 53 . Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 . Bozez, 43 . Brindisi, 14 . Bronze columns from the Temple, 10 . Bulgaria, merchants from, 106 . Burgundy, merchants from, 106 . Caesar, Julius, palace of, at Rome, 8 . Caesarea, 32 . Calabria, 14 , 108 ; merchants from, 106 . Caleb ben Jephunneh, synagogue of, 45 . Caliph of Bagdad: al Abbasi--Emir al Muminin--Hafiz, 54 ; his attendants, 57 ; his benevolence, 59 ; his dress, 56 ; his excursions, 56-8 ; his industry, 55 ; his learning, 55 , 58 ; his palace, 54 ; his position, 54 ; his recreation, 54 ; his riches, 56 ; is revered by pilgrims, 55 ; places guards over the members of his family, 56 ; invests Exilarch with authority, 63 ; is warned against David Alroy, 79 ; revolt of the Alawiyyim against the, 99 . Callipolis, see Gallipoli. Camel slain as Passover-sacrifice by Caliph of Bagdad, 58 . Canaan, merchants from, 20 . Capernaum, 32 . Caphtor, 101 , 107 . Captivity, Head of the, see Exilarch, Bostanai the Nasi, and Daniel the son of Hisdai. Capua, 11 . Capys, king, 11 . Caravans, in the Sahara, 97 . Carchemish, see Karkisiya. Carmel, Mount, 31 . Castile, Introduction. Catacombs, at Rome, 10 . Catania, 109 . Cemeteries, Jewish, at Almah, 45 ; near Ramleh, 43 ; of the Israelites, near Jerusalem, 37 . Ceuta, 6 . Chafton, mountains of, 77 . Charlemagne, 9 . Chebar, river, 66 . China (Zin), 94 . Chinnereth, lake of, 44 . Chios, 25 . Chisdai, Rab, sepulchre of, 68 . Chiya, R., grave of, 44 . Christianity, followed by Girgashites, 62 . Christians, large number of, at Palermo, 108 ; Medical School of, at Salerno, 12 . Christopoli, 19 . Chulan, 95 . Chuni Hamaagal, sepulchre of, 45 . Churches, in Constantinople, 20 . Cloth, purple, artificers in, at Thebes, 16 . Coblenz, 110 . Colo di Bari, 14 . Cologne, 109 , 110 . Colosseum, in Rome, 9 . Columns, of silver and gold in palace of Caliph, 56 ; in mosque at Damascus, 47 ; of bronze, from the Temple, 10 ; of marble, in Synagogue of Exilarch, 64 . Constantinople, 11 , 17 , 19-24 . Constantinus the Great, equestrian statue of, 11 . Coral (Al Murgan), found at Trapani, 109 . Corfu, 15 . Corinth, 16 . Coverlets, made by the Caliph of Bagdad, 55 . Crete, 105 . Crissa, 16 . Croatia, merchants from, 106 . Curicus (Kurch), 25 . Cush, land of, 83 , 96 , 97 ; sons of, 90 , 96 . Cuthim, in Caesarea, 32 ; Damascus, 48 ; Nablous, 32 , 33 ; New Askelon, 44 . Cyclopean buildings at Tarragona, 1 . Cyprus, 25 , 105 . Damascus, 46-8 , 52 . Damietta, 101 , 107 . Damira, 103 . Dan, see Banias. --tribe of, 83 . Danemark, merchants from, 106 . Daniel, sepulchre of, 74 , 75 ; Synagogue of the Pavilion of, 65 . Daniel, the son of Hisdai, exilarch, his authority, 61 , and its extent, 62 ; his dress, 62 ; his possessions, 63 ; his visits to the Caliph of Bagdad, 62 . Dar-al-Maristan, 59 . Dar Melicha (the Dwelling of Beauty), 68 . David, king, 12 , 61 ; sepulchre of, 39 . --gate of, in Jerusalem, 36 . --house of, 64 , 69 ; sepulchres of the, 38 , 39 , 69 . --seed of, Daniel the Exilarch, 61 , 62 ; Salmon the Nasi of Teima, 71 ; R. Todros, 2 ; R. Zakkai, 52 . --Tower of, 35 . David Alroy, his learning, 77 ; his rebellion, 78 ; his pretended miracles, 78 ; his imprisonment and escape, 78 ; his departure from Amadia, 79 ; his murder, 81 . Dayanim, at the river Virae, 73 . Daylam (Gilān), princes of, 57 . Demented people, provided for by Caliph of Bagdad, 59 . Demetrizi, 19 . Dimin (Latmin), 50 . Disciples, twenty sepulchres of, 45 . "Dominus," one of the twelve ministers of Greece, 19 . Diyār Kalach (Bekr), 62 . Drama, 19 . Druses, the, 29 . Duchbin, 92 . Dyers, at Beit Nubi, 43 ; Bethlehem, 40 ; Brindisi, 15 ; among the Druses, 29 ; at Jaffa, 43 ; Jerusalem, 34 , 35 ; Jezreel, 44 ; KarjatĪn, 49 ; Ludd, 32 . Earthquake, at Hama (Hamath), 49 ; at Tripoli, 27 , 28 . Ebal, Mount, 32 , 34 . Ebro, river, 1 . Eden (Aden), 95 . Edom, merchants from, 3 , 106 . Edom, sons of, see Franks. Egripo, 17 . Egypt, 96-198 ; merchants from, 3 , 20 ; frontier of, 44 . El-Anbar, 53 , 69 . El-Khabur (Habor), river, 51 , 83 . El-Mosul (Assur), 52 , 53 , 80 . Elahutha, fire named, 92 . Elam, see Khuzistan. Elazar, R., son of Zemach, 60 . Eleazar ben Arak, R., sepulchre of, 45 . Eleazar ben Azariah, R., sepulchre of, 45 . El-id-bed Ramazan, feast, 57 . Elijah, altar on Mount Carmel repaired by, 31 . --cave of, 31 . Elim, see Ailam. Emanuel, sovereign of the Greeks, 15 ; resides at Constantinople, 19 ; built Blachernae, 21 . Embalming, by natives of Malabar, 92 . Embriacus, Guillelmus, governor of Gubail, 28 . Emesa, 49 . Emir al Muminin, the Fatimite Caliph, resides in Mizraim, 98 . --al Abbasi, 54-63 , 79 , 99 ; see also Caliph of Bagdad. England, merchants from, 3 , 106 . Epacto, see Lepanto. Ephraim, Mount, 32 . --tribe of, 33 . Epikursin, in Cyprus, 25 . Ermine, found in Russia, 111 . Esther, grave of, 81 . Euphrates, river, 50 , 53 , 59 , 66 , 69 . Evil-merodach, 66 . Exilarch, the, his authority, 61 and its extent, 62 , 76 ; his functions, 63 ; his honour, 61 ; his installation, 63 ; his revenues, 63 ; his Synagogue, 64 ; visits Synagogue of Ezekiel, 67 ; dwelt originally at Sura, 69 ; consulted by independent Jews of Arabia, 71 ; warned against David Alroy, 80 . Ezekiel, sepulchre of, 66-8 ; Synagogue of, 66 , 67 . Ezra the priest, 43 ; sepulchre of, 73 ; Synagogue of, 52 ; Synagogue of, at Harrān, 51 ; at Rakka, 51 . Farming, by Jews at Crissa, 16 ; on banks of the Nile, 101 ; by Jews in Arabia, 70 ; by Jews of the mountains of Naisabur, 83 . Fars, or Shiraz, 82 . Fayum, 97 . Fer, river, see Orontes. Fera, a fair at Synagogue of Ezekiel, 67 . Fighting-men, Jews of Aden, 96 ; Jews of Kheibar, 72 ; among Jews of the mountains of Naisabur, 83 ; in Pisa, 7 ; Jews of Tadmor, 49 ; Jews of Teima, 70 . Fire-worshippers, of Ibrig, 92-4 . Fish, caught when Nile recedes, 100 . Fishing, forbidden near Synagogue of Daniel, 76 . Flanders, merchants from, 106 . Flax, grown at Sunbat, 107 . Fortifications, near Naples, 12 ; at Salerno, 13 . France (Zarfath), 112 ; merchants from, 3 , 106 . Franks, the, 27 ; in Jerusalem, 34 . Freising, 111 . Frisia, merchants from, 106 . Fur, river, see Orontes. Gad, tribe of, 72 . Galid, 48 . Galilee, lower, 45 . Gallipoli, 24 . Gamaliel, Rabban, grave of, 44 . Gana, 97 . Gardens and plantations: at Amalfi, 13 ; Baalbec, 49 ; Babylon, 63 ; Bagdad, 64 ; Damascus, 46 ; Galid, 48 ; Messina, 108 ; on banks of Nile, 101 ; at Palermo, 108 ; Rahbah, 53 ; Sebastiya, 32 ; Shushan, 74 ; Teima, 71 . Gardiki, 18 . Gascony, merchants from, 106 . Gate of Mercy, at Jerusalem, 36 . Gates, iron, made by Alexander, 62 . Gath, 32 . Gazigan (Resen), 64 . Gebal (Gebela, Baal-Gad), 27 . Gebal (Gubail), 28 . Genoa, 6 ; merchants from, 2 , 106 . Genoese, at Montpellier, 3 ; at Armylo, 18 ; rule over Gubail, 28 ; military and naval exploits of the, 7 . Gentiles, in Jerusalem, 36 ; pilgrims to Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 . Georgians, in Jerusalem, 34 . Gerizim, Mount, 32-4 . Germany, 109 ; merchants from, 106 . Gerona, 2 . Geziret Ibn Omar, 51 . Ghaznah, 82 . Ghetto, the, at Constantinople, defiled by tanners, 24 ; at Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 . Ghuz, the sons of, 86 . Ghuzz, 57 . Gibeah of Saul, 42 . Gibeon the Great, 34 . Gihon, river, 62 . Gilān, see also Daylam. Gilboa, Mount, 34 . Gilead, see Galid. Girgashites, 62 . Glass-making, at Antioch, 26 ; at Tyre, 30 . Golden calf, at Dan, 46 . Goshen, 102 . Gozan, river, 51 , 75 , 78 , 82 , 83 , 85 . Graves, see Sepulchres. Great Sea, the, 31 . Greece (Byzantine Empire), attacked by Genoese, 7 ; administered by twelve ministers, 19 ; extent of, 26 ; merchants from, 2 , 3 , 106 . Greek buildings at Tarragona, 1 . Greeks, in Constantinople, 22 ; Gardiki, 18 ; Jerusalem, 34 ; Taranto, 14 ; despoiled by the Wallachians, 17 ; Naples founded by the, 12 . Griffin, sailors rescued by, 95 . Gubail (Gebal), 28 . Gurgan, land of, 62 . Habor, river, see El-Khabur. Hadadezer, 11 . Hadara, 54 . Hafiz, see Caliph of Bagdad. Hahepher, see Haifa. Hai, R., sepulchre of, 69 . Haifa (Hahepher), 31 . Hainault, merchants from, 106 . Hakkadosh, Rabbenu, grave of, 44 . Halah, 83 . Haleb, see Aleppo. Ham, sons of, 97 . Hamah (Hamath), 26 , 49 . Hamadan, 81 . Hanan, R., the Nasi, 70 . Hananel, R., the physician, 13 . Hananiah, furnace into which he was thrown, 65 ; sepulchre of, 68 . Hanes, see Tanis. Har Gaash, see Montpellier. Harrān, 51 . Hashishim (al-), see Assassins. Havilah, 97 , 101 . Hazor, 50 . Head of a giant used as a bath, 47 . Head of the Captivity, see Exilarch, Bostanai the Nasi, and Daniel the son of Hisdai. Hebron, 40 . Heluan (Helwan), 97 . Heretical Jews in Cyprus, 25 . Hermon, Mount, 29 , 46 . Hiddekel (Tigris) river, 52-4 , 58 , 64 , 73 , 74 , 88 . Hillah, 65 , 69 . Hillel, sepulchre of, 45 . "Hipparchus," king, 19 . Hippodrome, at Constantinople, 21 . "Holy of Holies," 36 . Hospices, owned by Exilarch, 63 ; of the Jews, 63 . Hospital, built by Caliph of Bagdad, 59 ; in Jerusalem, 35 . Hot-water springs, at Pozzuoli, 12 ; Tiberias, 45 . Huna, Rab, sepulchre of, 68 . Hungaria, merchants from, 20 , 106 . Ibelin, 43 . Ibrig, 92 . Idol of the children of Ammon, 28 . India, 62 , 72 ; merchants from, 89 , 106 . Indian Ocean, 88 , 107 . Inns, in Alexandria, 106 ; Mizraim, 99 . Inscriptions, Alexandria, 106 ; Ramleh, 43 ; dates on sepulchres, 37 . Intermarriage among Druses, 29 . Irbil, 52 . Ireland, merchants from, 106 . Isaac, sepulchre of, 41 . Isaac Napcha, R., Synagogue of, 66 . Ishmael, merchants from, 3 . Ishmaelites, 49 . Islam, men of, 55 , 57 , 58 . --great mosque of, 57 . Ispahan, 82 . Israel, land of, earthquake in the, 28 . Israelites, bones of the, at Hebron, 41 . Jabbok, river, 26 , 49 . Jabneh, 43 . Jabustrisa, 17 . Jacob, sepulchre of, 41 . Jacobites, in Jerusalem, 34 . Jaffa, 43 . Javan, land of, see Greece. Jean de Maurienne, mountain of, 109 . Jeconiah, king of Judah, built Hadara, 54 ; built Synagogue of Ezekiel, 66 ; property belonging to, 67 ; sepulchre of, 69 . Jehoshaphat, gate of, 36 . --valley of, 37 . Jehuda, Rab, grave of, 53 . Jehuda ben Bethera, R., sepulchre of, 45 . Jehudah Halevi, R., sepulchre of, 45 . Jerusalem, 9 , 34-7 ; earth of, 79 . --mourners of, 39 , 70 , 111 . Jesus the Nazarene, 9 ; burial-place of, 35 . Jewish names adopted by the Wallachians, 17 . Jews: in Achelous, 15 ; Acre, 31 ; Aden, 95-6 ; Al-Bubizig, 103 ; Al-Gingaleh, 95 ; Aleppo, 50 ; Alexandria, 107 ; Almah, 45 ; Amadia, 77 ; Amalfi, 13 ; Antioch, 26 ; Arles, 5 ; Armylo, 18 ; Arta, 15 ; near Babylon, 65 ; in Bagdad, 59-64 ; Balis, 50 ; Barcelona, 1 ; Basra, 73 ; Beirut, 28 ; Benevento, 13 ; Benha, 103 ; Beziers, 2 ; Bilbais, 103 ; Bohemia, 111 ; Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 ; Brindisi, 14 ; Caesarea, 32 ; Capua, 11 ; Chios, 25 ; Christopoli, 19 ; Corfu, 15 ; Corinth, 16 ; Crissa, 16 ; Cyprus, 25 ; Damascus, 47 ; Damietta, 107 ; Damira, 103 ; Demetrizi, 19 ; Drama, 19 ; Egripo, 17 ; El-Anbar, 53 ; El-Mosul, 52 ; Emesa, 49 ; Fayum, 97 ; Galid, 48 ; Gallipoli, 24 ; Gardiki, 18 ; Gazigan, 64 ; Genoa, 6-7 ; Germany, 110 ; Gerona, 2 ; Geziret Ibn Omar, 52 ; Ghaznah, 82 ; Gubail, 28 ; Hadara, 54 ; Hamadan, 81 ; Harrān, 51 ; Heluan, 97 ; Hillah, 65 ; Ibrig, 92 ; Ispahan, 82 ; Jabustrisa, 17 ; Kalat Jabar, 51 ; Kales, 24 ; Kaphri, 66 ; Karkisiya, 53 ; Katifa, 89 ; Kheibar, 70 , 72 ; Kish, 89 ; Kotsonath, 68 ; Kufa, 69 ; Kutz, 97 ; Ladikiya, 27 ; Lammanah, 103 ; Lepanto, 16 ; Lucca, 7 ; Lunel, 3 ; Mareshah, 42 ; Marseilles, 6 ; Melfi, 13-14 ; Messina, 108 ; Mytilene, 25 ; Mizraim, 98 ; Muneh Sifte, 103 ; Naples, 12 ; Narbonne, 2 ; Nehardea, 69 ; Otranto, 15 ; Palermo, 108 ; Patras, 15 ; Pera, 24 ; Pisa, 7 ; Posquières, 4 ; Rabonica, 17 ; Rahbah, 53 ; Rakka, 51 ; Rams, 43 ; Ras-el-Ain, 51 ; Rhaedestus, 24 ; Rhodes, 25 ; Rome, 8 ; Rudbar, 76 ; Salerno, 12-13 ; Salonica, 18 ; Samarkand, 82 ; Samnu, 103 ; Samos, 25 ; near Sepulchre of Ezra, 73 ; in Shiraz, 82 ; Shushan, 73 ; Sidon, 29 ; Simasim, 107 ; Sinon Potamo, 17 ; Slavonia, 111 ; Tabaristan, 82 ; Tanai and district, 71 ; Tanis, 107 ; Taranto, 14 ; Tarmod, 49 ; Thebes, 16 ; Tiberias, 44 ; Tilmas, 71-2 ; Trani, 14 ; Tyre, 30 ; near river Virae, 72 ; in Vissena, 18 ; Zebid, 95 . --excluded from city of Constantinople, 23 ; oppression of, 24 . --Black, of Malabar, 92 . --heretical (Epikursin), in Cyprus, 25 . --independent, of Abyssinia, 95 ; Kheibar and Teima, 70 ; land of Mulahid, 76 ; mountains of Naisabur, 83-7 ; Tadmor, 49 . --Karaïtes, in Constantinople, 23 ; Cyprus, 25 ; New Askelon, 44 ; Damascus, 48 . --Rabbanite, 23 , 25 , 44 . --Samaritans (Cuthim), in Caesarea, 32 ; Nablous, 33 ; New Askelon, 44 ; Damascus, 48 . --Occupations of the: archers, 88 ; artificers in silk, 16 , 19 , 23 ; astronomers, 45 , 52 , 80 ; dyers, 15 , 29 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 49 ; fighting men, 49 , 70 , 72 , 83 , 96 ; glass-makers, 26 , 30 ; handi-craftsmen, 29 ; merchants, 23 , 29 ; officials of the Pope, 8 ; owners of cattle, 70 ; physicians, 4 , 13 , 24 , 48 ; shipowners, 30 ; tillers of the soil, 16 , 17 , 83 . Jezreel, 44 . Joab, 12 . Johanan ben Zakkai, R., sepulchre of, 45 . Jonah, Synagogue of Obadiah built by, 53 . Jonah, son of Amittai, grave of, 44 . Jonathan, crags of, 43 . Jordan, river, 33 , 44 , 46 . Jose Hagelili, R., sepulchre of, 46 . Joseph, grave of, 33 ; store-house of, in Old Mizraim, 102 . Joseph, R., Burhan al-mulk, the astronomer, 52 , 80 . Joseph Amarkala, R., 83 . Joseph ben Hama, Rab, sepulchre of, 68 . Joseph Sinai, sepulchre of, 68 . Judah, kings of, sepulchres of the, 39 . Judah, R., ben Tibbon, the physician, 4 . Jugglery, 21 . Kadmus, 27 . Kako, 32 . Kalat Jabar (Selah), 50 . Kales, 24 . Kalonymos, R., of Narbonne, 2 . Kaphri, 66 . Karaïtes, in Constantinople, 23 ; Cyprus, 25 ; Damascus, 48 ; New Askelon, 44 . KarjatĪn (Kirjathim), 49 . Karkisiya, 53 . Katifa, 89 . Kedemoth see Kadmus. Kedesh Naphtali, 46 . Kedumim, brook of, 31 . Kefar al-Keram, 68 . Keilah, 32 . Kenisat-al-Irakiyyin, 98 . Kenisat-al-Schamiyyin, 98 . Khazaria, merchants from, 20 , 106 . Kheibar, 70 , 72 . Khulam (Quilon), 90 . Khurasan, 62 . Khuzistan (Elam), 73 , 88 ; princes of, 57 . Kidron, brook of, 37 . Kieff, 111 . Kifto see Lepanto. Kirjathim, see KarjatĪn. Kish, 88-9 . Kishon, brook, 31 . Knights Templars and Hospitalers, 35 . Kofar-al-Turak, the, 83-7 . Kotsonath, 68 . Kufa, 69 . Kurch, see Curicus. Kurland, merchants from, 106 . Kus (Kutz), 97 . Ladikiya, 26 . Lammanah, 103 . Larta, see Arta. Latmin, see Dimin. Law, the, method of reading, in Cairo Synagogues, 98 . Leah, sepulchre of, 41 . Learning, centres of: Bagdad, 61 , 64 ; Basra, 73 ; Beziers, 2 ; Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 ; Capua, 11 ; Constantinople, 23 ; Damascus, 48 ; El-Anbar, 53 ; Kheibar, 72 ; Lunel, 3 ; Marseilles, 6 ; Montpellier, 3 ; Narbonne, 2 ; Paris, 112 ; Posquières, 4 ; Rome, 8 ; Rudbar, 76 ; Salerno, 12 , 13 ; Thebes, 16 . Lebanon, Mount, 26 , 27 , 49 . --plains of, 48 . Lega, see Ladikiya. Lepanto, 16 . Levites, 60 . Lighthouse at Alexandria, 104 , 105 . Lipar, straits of, 108 . Lombardy, merchants from, 3 , 20 , 106 ; sick people of, 12 . Lot's wife, 37 . Louis, king of France, 112 . Lucca, 7 , 109 . Ludd (Lydda), 32 , 44 . Lunel, 3 . Lybia, 95 , 96 ; merchants from, 106 Lydda, see Ludd. Machpelah, field of, 40 . Magicians at Bagdad, 64 . Mahomerie-le-Grand, 34 . Mahomerie-le-Petit, 43 . Malaria, in principality of Capua, 11 . Malmistras (Tarshish), 26 . Manar al Iskandriyyah, lighthouse built by Alexander, 104 . Manasseh, tribe of, 72 . Mantern, 111 . Maon, 32 . Mar Keshisha, Synagogue of, at Hillah, 65 . Maresha, 42 . Mari, R., Synagogue of, at Hillah, 65 . Market-places, in Mizraim, 99 . Marmora, sea of, 23 . Marsala, 109 . Marseilles, 6 . Martyrs, graves at Rome of the ten, 10 . Mastic, obtained at Chios, 25 . Masud, Sultan, 23 . Mata Mehasya, see Sura. Mazliach, R., the lecturer, 48 . Mecca, pilgrims to, 55 . Media, land of, 51 , 77 , 81 , 83 ; merchants from, 20 ; princes of, 57 . Medicinal properties, of Nile water, 101 ; of petroleum and hot-water springs at Pozzuoli, 12 . Medicine, school of, at Salerno, 12 . Medon, see Meron. "Megas Domesticus," 19 . "Megas Ducas," 20 . Meir, R., "crown of the scholars" at Damascus, 48 . --Synagogue of, at Hillah, 65 . Melfi, 13 . Merchants in Alexandria, 105 , 106 ; Amalfi, 13 ; Armylo, 18 ; Bagdad, 64 ; Constantinople, 20 , 23 ; among the Druses, 29 ; in Egripo, 17 ; Ghaznah, 82 ; Khulam, 90 ; Kish, 89 ; Montpellier, 3 ; New Askelon, 44 ; at Synagogue of Ezekiel, 67 ; in Tarragona, 1 ; Tyre, 31 . --Exilarch's revenue derived from, 63 . Meron (Medon), 45 . Mesopotamia, see Aram Naharaim. Messina, 108 . Metz, 110 . Micah, graven image of, 46 . Mills, at Baalbec, 49 . Ministers of religion, power to appoint, given to Exilarch, 63 . Mishael, 65 ; sepulchre of, 68 . Mizraim, New, 97 , 98 , 101 , 102 ; Old, 102 . Mohammed, 56 , 61 , 62 , 67 ; family of, 54 , 69 . Mohammedans, 51 , 52 , 67 , 69 , 73 , 108 . Montpellier (Har Gaash), 2 , 3 . Mordecai, grave of, 81 . Moselle, river, 110 . Moses, "our teacher," 60 ; law of, 92 , 111 ; Synagogue of, outside Mizraim, 102 . Moses, R., the archer, 88 . Mosque, at Damascus, 47 ; of Islam at Bagdad, 57 ; of Mohammedans at Kufa, 69 ; Noah's Ark made into a, 52 . Mourners of Zion and Jerusalem, 39 , 70 , 111 . Mulahid, 76 . Muneh Sifte, 103 . Münster, 110 . Musk, from Tibet, 75 , 82 . Mytilene, 25 . Nabal, the Carmelite, 32 . Nablous, 32 . Nahum, the Elkoshite, sepulchre of, 68 ; Synagogue of, 53 . --village of, see Capernaum. Naisabur, mountains of, 83 , 85 . Names, Jewish, adopted by Wallachians, 17 . Naphtali, tribe of, 83 . Naples, 12 . Narbonne, 2 . Nasi of the Seed of David, the, Daniel, 61 , 62 ; R. Hanan, 70 ; Salmon, 71 ; R. Todros, 2 ; R. Zakkai, 52 . Nathan, R., composer of the Aruch, 8 . Naupactus, see Lepanto. Navarra, merchants from, 106 . Nebo, Mount, 37 . Nebuchadnezzar, palace of, 65 . Nehardea, 53 , 69 . Nero, Emperor, palace of, at Rome, 9 . Nethanel, "the Prince of Princes," 98 . Nihawand, 76 . Nikpa, Sea of, 94 . Nile (Pison), river, 96 , 102 . Nilometer, 99-101 . Nineveh, 52 . Noah's Ark, 52 . Nob, see Beit Nuba. Normandy, merchants from, 106 . Norway, merchants from, 106 . Nur-ed-din, King of the Togarmim, 46 , 49 , 50 , 52 . Obadiah, Synagogue of, 53 . --R., the Nasi, 82 . "Oeconomus Megalus," the, 20 . Oil, obtained from fish of the Nile, 100 . Oil-spring at Pozzuoli, 12 . "Old Man of the Hashishim," 76 . Olives, Mount of, 37 . Omar ben al Khataab, 36 , 52 . Orion, star, 94 . Orontes, river, 26 . Otranto, 15 . Palace of: Ahab at Sebastiya, 32 ; Ahasuerus at Shushan, 73 ; Caliph of Bagdad, 54 ; eighty emperors at Rome, 9 ; Emir al Muminim at Mizraim, 98 ; Julius Caesar at Rome, 8 ; Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon, 65 ; Nur-ed-din at Aleppo, 50 ; Pharaoh's daughter at Baalbec, 48 ; Pope at Rome, 8 ; Salmon the Nasi at Tanai, 71 ; Solomon at Jerusalem, 35 ; Titus outside Rome, 9 ; Vespasianus at Rome, 9 ; King William at Palermo, 109 . Palermo, 108 . Palestine, merchants from, 2 , 3 . Palmid, 43 . Papa, Rab, sepulchre of, 68 . Paris, 112 . Passover, Feast of the, 33 . Patras, 15 . Patriarch of Jerusalem, 38 . Patriarchs, tombs of the, at Hebron, 41 . Patzinakia, merchants from, 20 , 106 . Pavilion of Daniel, Synagogue of the, 65 . Pearl-fishery, at Katifa, 89 . Pedigrees: of Daniel the son of Hisdai, 61 ; R. Elazar the son of Zemach, 60 ; Hanan the Nasi, 71 ; R. Kalonymos the son of R. Todros, 2 ; Salmon the Nasi, 71 ; R. Samuel the son of Eli, 60 . Pepin, king, 9 . Pepper, grown at Khulam, 91 . Pera, 24 . Persia, 62 ; merchants from, 20 , 89 ; princes of, 57 . --Shah of, exacts poll-tax from Jews of Amadia, 77 ; extent of his dominions, 75 ; his expedition against the Kofar-al-Turak, 84-7 ; imprisoned David Alroy, 78 , 79 . Pethor, see Balis. Petralia, 109 . Petroleum, spring of, at Pozzuoli, 12 . Pharpar, river, 46 , 47 . Physicians: R. Hananel, 13 ; R. Judah, 4 ; R. Solomon Hamitsri, 24 ; R. Zedekiah, 48 . Pilgrims, to Bourg de St. Gilles, 5 ; Jerusalem, 14 , 31 , 35 , 108 ; Mecca, 55 . "Pillar of Salt," 37 . Pisa, 7 ; merchants from, 2 , 106 . Pisans, at Montpellier, 3 ; at Armylo, 18 . Pishon, river, see Nile. Pithom, 97 . Plantations, see Gardens. Poitiers, merchants from, 106 . Pool in Jerusalem, used for sacrifices, 36 . Pope of the Greeks, 20 . Pope of Rome, 8 , 20 , 54 . Posquières, 4 . Pozzuoli, 11 . Prague, 111 . Priests, Samaritan, 32 . Provence, 5 ; merchants from, 106 . Psalms, inscribed in Synagogue of Exilarch, 64 . Pul, land of (Apulia), 13 . Pumbedita, see El-Anbar. Quilon, see Khulam. Rab and Samuel, Synagogue of, 69 . Rabbah, Synagogue of, 64 . Rabbanite Jews, in Constantinople, 23 ; Cyprus, 25 ; New Askelon, 44 . Rabbis, among Jews at river Virae, 73 ; appointed by Nethanel, Head of the Academy, 98 ; power to appoint, given by Exilarch, 63 . Rabonica, 17 . Rachel's grave, 40 . Raga, river, 68 . Ragusa, merchants from, 106 . Rahbah, 53 . Rakka (Salchah), 51 . Ramah (Ramlah), 42 . Rams (Ramleh), 43 . Ramses, see Ain-al-Shams. Ras-el-Ain, 51 . Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 5 . Rayy, 84 . Rebekah, sepulchre of, 41 . Red Sea, 107 . Regensburg, 109 , 111 . Rephidim, 107 . Resen, see Gazigan. Reshid (Rosetta), 101 . Reuben, tribe of, 72 . Rhaedestus, 24 . Rhine, river, 109 . Rhodes, 25 . Rhone, river, 5 . Rib of a giant, at Damascus, 47 . Riding on horseback forbidden to Jews of Constantinople, 23 . Romagna, merchants from, 106 . Roman road between Pozzuoli and Naples, 12 . Rome, 8-11 , 109 ; merchants from, 3 . Romulus, king, 12 . Rosetta, see Reshid. Rudbar, 76 . Ruins: at Ain-al-Shams, 103 ; Babylon, 65 ; Fayum, 97 ; Gardiki, 18 ; Nineveh, 52 ; Old Mizraim, 102 ; Palmid (Ashdod), 43 ; Pozzuoli, 11 ; Rams, 43 ; Shushan, 73 . Russia, extent of, 111 ; merchants from, 20 , 106 . Saadiah Al-Fiumi, R., sepulchre of, 69 . Saba, see Yemen, el. Sabbath, observance of, 25 . Sable, found in Russia, 111 . Sacrifices, on Mount Gerizim, on Passover and other festivals, 33 . Saffuriya, see Sepphoris. Sahara, 97 . Saida, see Sidon.

' Saidna ben Daoud,' 61 , 62 . St. Abram, church of, 40 . St. Abram de Bron, 40 . St. Elias, structure erected on Mount Carmel, 31 . St. George of Ludd, 32 , 44 . St. Gilles, Bourg de, 5 . St. John in the Lateran, Church of, 10 . St. Peter's Church, Rome, 8 . St. Samuel of Shiloh, 42 . Salchah, see Rakka. -- see Salkat. Salerno, 12 . Salkat (Salchah), 48 . Salmon, the Nasi, 70 . Salonica, 18 . Salt Sea (Sea of Sodom), 37 , 44 . Samara, river, 73 . Samaritan alphabet, , and ,lacking in, 33 . Samaritans in Caesarea, 32 ; Nablous (Shechem) See Cuthim., 32 . Samarkand, 57 , 62 , 82 . Samnu, 103 . Samos, 25 . Samson, statue of, at Rome, 11 . Samuel, the prophet, grave of, 42 ; descendant of, 60 . --Synagogue with graves of Rab and, 53 , 69 . --ben Hofni, Rab, sepulchre of, 69 . --R., head of the Jews in Salonica, 19 . Samuel, the son of Eli, chief rabbi, 60 , 61 . Sand-storms, in the Sahara, 97 . Santa Sophia, Church of, at Constantinople, 20 . Sar Shalom, head of the Beth Din, 48 . Sar Shalom, chief rabbi of Ispahan, 82 , 88 . Sarafend, see Sarepta. Saragossa, 1 . Sarah, sepulchre of, 41 . Sarepta, 30 . Saxony, merchants from, 106 . Scorpions, at Babylon, 65 . Scotia, merchants from, 106 . Seba, 96 . Sebastiya, 32 . Seine, river, 112 . Selah, see Kalat Jabar. Seleucus, king, 18 . Seljuks, see Togarmim. Senators of Rome, 9 . Seneh, 43 . Sepharad, see Spain. Sephardi, the, see Judah, R., ben Tibbon. Sepphoris (Saffuriya), 44 . Sepulchre, Church at Jerusalem. Sepulchres: of Abaji and other sages, near Kefar al-Keram, 68 ; Barak ben Abinoam, at Kadesh Naphtali, 46 ; Bostanai the Nasi, at El Anbar, 53 ; Rab Chisdai at Kefar al-Keram, 68 ; Daniel at Shushan, 74-6 ; R. Eleazar ben Arak, &c., at Almah, 45 ; Ezekiel near Kaphri, 66 ; Ezra the priest, 73 ; Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah near Synagogue of Ezekiel, 68 ; House of David on Mount Zion, 38 ; Israelites near Jerusalem, 37 ; Hillel, &c., near Meron, 45 ; King Jeconiah at Kufa, 69 ; Rab (Jehuda) and Samuel at El-Anbar, 53 , 69 ; R. Jehudah Halevi, &c., near Tiberias, 45 ; Joseph at Shechem, 33 ; the ten Martyrs near river Tiber, 10 ; Mordecai and Esther at Hamadan, 81 ; Nahum at Ain Siptha, 68 ; the Patriarchs at St. Abram de Bron, 41 ; Rab Papa, &c., at Kotsonath, 68 ; Rahbah at Gazigan, 64 ; Rabbenu Hakkadosh, &c., at Sepphoris, 44 ; Samuel the Ramathite at Ramah, 42 ; R. Sherira, &c., at Sura, 69 ; Uzziah in valley of Jehoshaphat, 37 ; King Zedekiah, near river Raga, 69 ; at foot of Mount Carmel, 31 ; marble sepulchre at Alexandria, 106 . Serpents at Babylon, 65 . Shafjathib, 69 . Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 72 , 77 , 83 . Shammai, sepulchre of, 45 . Shechem, 32 . Sheik Al Hashishim, 27 . Sheizar, 50 . Sherira, R., sepulchre of, 69 . Shiloh, 42 . Shinar, land of, 51 , 62 , 64 , 70 , 72 ; merchants from, 20 , 89 , 106 . Shipping at Acre, 31 ; Genoa, 7 ; New Tyre, 30 ; Pisa, 7 . Shiraz, 82 . Shittim, valley of, 37 . Shomron, see Samaria. --Jews of, see Samaritans. Shushan (Susa), 73 . Siberia, 62 . Sicily, 7 , 108 ; merchants from, 2 , 106 . Sidon (Saida), 28 . Sihon, land of, 27 . Silk, artificers in, 16 , 23 ; silk-weaving at Salonica, 19 . Siloam, Waters of, 37 . Simasim, 107 . Simeon ben Gamaliel, Raban, sepulchre of, 45 . Simon the Just, sepulchre of, 45 . Sinai, Mount, 107 . Sin-ed-din, King of the Togarmim, 52 , 81 . Singers of the Temple, their melodies known by R. Elazar the son of Zemach, 60 . Sinjar, Shah of Persia, 74 ; extent of his dominions, 75 ; his defeat by Ghuzes, 84-8 . Sinon Potamo, 17 . Siponto, 13 . Slaves, taken by men of Assuan, 96 . Slavonia (Canaan), 111 ; merchants from, 1-6 . Sodom, Sea of, see Salt Sea. Solomon, King, 48 , 49 ; palace of, 36 ; sepulchre of, 39 ; Temple of, 10 , 35 . Solomon Hamitsri, R., the physician, 24 . Sorrento, 11 . Spain (Sepharad), 1 , 9 ; merchants from, 20 . Spices, from India, 89 , 91 , 106 . Stables, built by Solomon, 36 . Statues, at Rome, 10 , 11 . Strassburg, 111 . Sugar, grown near Tyre, 30 . Sunbat, 107 . Sun-dial, in mosque at Damascus, 47 . Sun-worshippers, 90-2 . Sūr, see Tyre. Sura (Mata Mehasya), 69 . Susa, see Shushan. Synagogues: of Caleb ben Jephunneh at Tiberias, 45 ; Exilarch at Bagdad, 64 ; Ezekiel, 66 , 67 ; Ezra, 52 ; Ezra, at Haran, 51 ; Ezra at Rakka, 51 ; R. Isaac Napcha at Kaphri, 66 ; Rab (Jehuda) and Samuel at El-Anbar, 53 , 69 ; R. Meir, &c., at Hillah, 65 ; Moses, outside Mizraim, 102 ; Nahum the Elkoshite at Mosul, 53 ; Obadiah at Mosul, 53 ; the Pavilion of Daniel near Babylon, 65 ; Rabbah at Gazigan, 64 ; Samuel at Ramah, 42 . --in Bagdad, 64 ; Kotsonath, 68 ; Kufa, 69 ; Mizraim, 98 ; near Sepulchre of Ezra, 73 ; in Shafjathib, 69 ; Shushan, 73 . Syracuse, 109 . Syria (Al-Sham), merchants from, 106 . Syrians, in Jerusalem, 34 ; convent of, on Mount Sinai, 107 . Tabaristan, 78 , 81 . Tadmor (Tarmod), 49 . Talmud, the, 3 , 4 , 63 . Tanai, 71 . Tanis (Hanes), 107 . Tanners, in Constantinople, 24 . Tarabulus el Sham, see Tripolis. Taranto, 14 . Tarmal Galsin, King, catacombs of, 10 . Tarmod, see Tadmor. Tarquinius, palace of, at Rome, 9 . Tarragona, 1 . Tarshish, 26 . Teima, 70 , 71 . Temple, of children of Ammon at Gubail, 28 ; of Solomon at Jerusalem, 10 , 35 , 36 . Terah, house of, at Harrān, 51 . Thebes, 16 . Thelasar, 95 . Theodoros, a Greek captain, 104 . Thoros, King of Armenia, 26 . Tiber, river, 8 . Tiberias, 44 . Tiberius, emperor, palace of, at Rome, 9 . Tibet, 62 , 82 ; princes of, 57 . Tigris, river, see Hiddekel. Tilmas, 71 , 72 . Timnathah, see Tymin. Titus, reputed palace of, outside Rome, 9 ; stored Temple vessels in cave, 10 . Todros, R., of the seed of David, 2 . Togarma, princes of, 57 . Togarmim (Seljuks), 23 , 46 , 50 ; land of the, 51 , 62 . Tombs, see Sepulchres. Torah, the, 2 . Tortosa, 1 . Trani, 14 . Transmigration of souls, belief of Druses in, 29 . Trapani, 109 . Trastevere, 8 . Treves, 110 . Tripolis, 27 . Trunia, 26 . Tur Sinai, 107 . Tuscany, merchants from, 106 . Tymin (Timnathah), 45 . Tyre (ancient) (Sūr), 30 . --New (Sūr), 30 , 31 . Tyrian glass-ware, 30 . Uzziah, king, sepulchre of, 37 . Vair, found in Russia, 111 . Val-de-Luna, 34 . Vegetables and fruit grown in Egypt, 101 . Venetia, merchants from, 106 . Venetians in Armylo, 18 . Verdun, 109 . Vespasianus, emperor, palace of, at Rome, 9 . Vessels from the Temple, 10 . Vessels, sea-going, of Jews of Tyre, 30 . Virae, river, 72 . Vissena, 18 . Wales, merchants from, 106 . Wallachia, 17 . Wallachians, adopt Jewish names, 17 ; warlike nature of the, 17 . Water, how supplied to Antioch, 26 ; bad, at Capua, 11 ; rain-water drunk at, Aleppo, 50 ; Jerusalem, 37 ; Kish, 89 . William, King of Sicily, 14 ; palace of, 108 . Witchcraft, of Duchbin priests, 92-4 . Worms, 110 . Würzburg, 111 . Yāfa (Jaffa), 43 . Yemen, el, 62 , 70 , 72 ; merchants from, 89 , 106 . Yeshiba Gaon (Jacob), 61 . Zakkai, R., the Nasi, 52 , 80 . Zarfath, see France. Zawilah (Havilah), 97 ; merchants from, 106 . Zebid, 95 . Zebulun, tribe of, 83 . Zedekiah, king, sepulchre of, 69 . Zedekiah, R., the physician, 48 . Zeiri, Rab, Synagogue of, at Hillah, 65 . Zelzah, 37 . Zemarites, 49 . Zephaniah, the prophet, sepulchre of, 69 . Zerin, see Jezreel. Zin, see China. Zion, gate of, 36 . --Mount, 37 . --mourners of, 70 , 111 . Zoan, 99 . Zoan el-Medina, 98 . Zur, son of Hadadezer, 11 .

Related documents

• John Ames, Native Commissioner: A Romance of the Matabele Rising#46518
• A Celebrated Journey#445332
• Native Races and the War#37718
• The Spirit of the Border: A Romance of the Early Settlers in the Ohio Valley#25361
• Lentala of the South Seas: The Romantic Tale of a Lost Colony#55090