XXVII. XXVII. THE LIGHT GOES OUT IN DARKNESS. Nectanebo's successors had neither his foresight nor his energy. Te-her, the Tachos or Teos of the Greeks, who followed him on the throne in B.C. 366, went out of his way to provoke the Persians by fomenting the war of the satraps against Artaxerxes Mnemon, and, having obtained the services of Agesilaüs and Chabrias, even ventured to invade Phœnicia and attempt its reduction. His own hold upon Egypt was, however, far too weak to justify so bold a proceeding. Scarcely had he reached Syria, when revolt broke out behind him. The Regent, to whom he had entrusted the direction of affairs during his absence, proved unfaithful, and incited his son, Nekht-nebf, to become a candidate for the crown, and to take up arms against his father. The young prince was seduced by the offers made him, and Egypt became plunged in a civil war. But for the courage and conduct of Agesilaüs, which were conspicuously displayed, Tacho would have yielded to despair and have given up the contest. In two decisive battles the Spartan general completely defeated the army of the rebels, which far outnumbered that of Tacho, and replaced the king on his tottering throne. However, it was not long before the party of the rebels recovered from their defeats. Agesilaüs either joined them, or withdrew from the struggle, and removing to Cyrene died there at an advanced age. Tacho, deserted by his followers, quitted Egypt and fled to Sidon, whence he made his way across the desert to the court of the Great King. Ochus, who had by this time succeeded Mnemon, received him favourably, and professed an intention of embracing his cause; but nothing came of this expression of good-will. Tacho lived a considerable time at the court of Ochus, without any steps being taken to restore him to his former position. At last a dysentery carried him off, and legitimated the position of the usurper who had driven him into exile. The end now drew nigh. Nekht-nebf, whom the Greeks called Nectanebo II., having after a time established himself firmly upon the throne, and got rid of pretenders, resumed the ambitious policy of his predecessor, and entered into an alliance with the people of Sidon and their neighbours, who were in revolt against Persia. He had the excuse that Ochus, some time previously, had sent an expedition against Egypt, which he had repulsed by the assistance of two Greek generals, Diophantus of Athens and Lamius of Sparta. But this expedition was a thing of the past; it had inflicted no injury on Egypt, and it demanded no revenge. Nekht-nebf was in no way called upon to join the rebel confederacy, which (in B.C. 346) raised the flag of revolt from Persia, and sought to enrol in its ranks as many allies as possible. But he rashly gave in his name, and sent to Sidon as his contingent towards the army that was being raised, four thousand of his Greek mercenaries, under the command of Mentor of Rhodes. With their aid, Tennes, the Sidonian king, completely defeated the troops which Ochus had sent against him, and drove the Persians out of Phœnicia. The success, however, which was thus gained by the rebels only exasperated the Persian king, and made him resolve all the more on a desperate effort. The time had gone by, he felt, for committing wars to satraps, or sending out generals, with a few thousand troops, to put down this or that troublesome chieftain. The conjuncture called for measures of no ordinary character. The Great King must conduct an expedition in person. Every sort of preparation must be made; arms and provisions and stores of all kinds must be accumulated; the best troops must be collected from all parts of the empire; a sufficient fleet must be manned; and such an armament must go forth under the royal banner as would crush all opposition. Ochus succeeded in gathering together from the nations under his direct rule 300,000 foot, 30,000 horse, 300 triremes, and 500 transports or provision-ships. He then directed his efforts towards obtaining efficient assistance from the Greeks. Though refused aid by Athens and Sparta, he succeeded in obtaining a thousand Theban heavy-armed under Lacrates, three thousand Argives under Nicostratus, and six thousand Æolians, Ionians, and Dorians from the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The assistance thus secured was numerically small, amounting to no more than ten thousand men—not a thirtieth part of his native force; but it formed, together with the Greek mercenaries from Egypt—who went over to him afterwards—the force on which he placed his chief reliance, and to which the ultimate success of his expedition was mainly due. The overwhelming strength of the armament which Ochus had brought with him into Syria alarmed the chiefs of the rebel confederacy. Tennes, especially, the Sidonian monarch, despaired of a successful resistance, and made up his mind that his only chance of safety lay in his appeasing the anger of Ochus by the betrayal of his confederates and followers. He opened his designs to Mentor of Rhodes, the commander of the Greek mercenaries furnished by Egypt, and found him quite ready to come into his plans. The two in conjunction betrayed Sidon into the hands of Persia, by the admission of a detachment within the walls; after which the defence became impracticable. The Sidonians, having experienced the unrelenting temper and sanguinary spirit of the Persian king, who had transfixed with javelins six hundred of their principal citizens, came to the desperate resolution of setting fire to their houses, and so destroying themselves with their town. One is glad to learn that the cowardly traitor, Tennes, who had brought about these terrible calamities, did not derive any profit from them, but was executed by the command of Ochus, as soon as Sidon had fallen. The reduction of Sidon was followed closely by the invasion of Egypt. Ochus, besides his 330,000 Asiatics, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks, the mercenaries under Mentor having joined him. Marshalling his army in four divisions, he proceeded to the attack. The first, second, and third divisions contained, each of them, a contingent of Greeks and a contingent of Asiatics, commanded respectively by a Greek and a Persian leader. The Greeks of the first division, consisting mainly of Bœotians, were under the orders of Lacrates, a Theban of enormous strength, who regarded himself as a second Hercules, and adopted the traditional costume of that hero, a lion's skin and a club. His Persian colleague was Rhosaces, satrap of Ionia and Lydia, who claimed descent from one of "the Seven" that put down the conspiracy of the Magi. In the second division, where the Argive mercenaries served, the Greek leader was Nicostratus, the Persian Aristazanes, a court usher, and one of the most trusted friends of the king. Mentor and the eunuch Bagoas, Ochus's chief minister in his later years, were at the head of the third division, Mentor commanding his own mercenaries, and Bagoas the Greeks whom Ochus had levied in his own dominions, together with a large body of Asiatics. The king himself was sole commander of the fourth division, as well as commander-in-chief of the entire host. Nekht-nebf, on his side, was only able to oppose to this vast array an army less than one-third of the size. He had enrolled as many as sixty thousand of the Egyptian warrior class, and had the services of twenty thousand Greek mercenaries, and of about the same number of Libyan troops. Pelusium, as usual, was the first point of attack. Nekht-nebf had taken advantage of the long delay of Ochus in Syria to see that the defences of Egypt were in good order; he had made preparations for resistance at all the seven mouths of the Nile, and had guarded Pelusium with especial care. Ochus, as he had expected, advanced along the coast route which led to this place. Part of his army traversed the narrow spit of land which separated the Lake Serbonis from the Mediterranean, and in doing so met with a disaster. A strong wind setting in from the north, as the troops were passing, brought the waters of the Mediterranean over the low strip of sand which is ordinarily dry, and confounding sea and shore and lake together, caused the destruction of a large detachment; but the main army, which had probably kept Lake Serbonis on the right, reached its destination intact. A skirmish followed between the Theban troops of the first division under Lacrates and the garrison of Pelusium under Philophron; but this first engagement was without definite result. The two armies lay now for a while on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which was well protected by forts, fortified towns, and a network of canals on either side of it. There was every reason to expect that Nekht-nebf, by warily guarding his frontier, and making full use of his resources, might baffle for a considerable time, if not wholly frustrate, the Persian attack. But his combined self-conceit and timidity ruined his cause. Taking the direction of affairs wholly upon himself and asking no advice from his Greek captains, he failed to show any of the qualities of a great commander, and was speedily involved in difficulties with which he was quite incapable of dealing. Having had his first line of defence partially forced by a bold movement on the part of the Argives under Nicos tratus, instead of trying to redeem the misfortune by a counter-movement, or a concentration of troops, he hastily abandoned to his generals the task of continuing the resistance on this outer line, and retiring to Memphis, concentrated all his efforts on making preparations to resist a siege. Meantime, the Persians were advancing. Lacrates the Theban set himself to reduce Pelusium, and, having drained dry one of the ditches, brought his military engines up to the walls of the place. In vain, however, did he batter down a portion of the wall—the garrison had erected another wall behind it; in vain did he advance his towers—they had movable towers ready prepared to resist him. No progress had been made by the besiegers, when on a sudden the resistance of the besieged slackened. Intelligence had reached them of Nekht-nebf's hasty retreat. If the king gave up hope, why should they pour out their blood to no purpose? Accordingly they made overtures to Lacrates for a surrender upon terms, and it was agreed that they should be allowed to evacuate the place and return to Greece, with all the goods and chattels that they could carry with them. Bagoas demurred to the terms; but Ochus confirmed them, and Pelusium passed into the possession of the Persians without further fighting. About the same time Mentor had proceeded southwards and laid siege to Bubastis. Having invested the town, he caused intelligence to reach the besieged that Ochus had determined to spare all who should surrender their cities to him without resistance, and to treat with the utmost severity all who should fight strenuously in their defence. By these means he introduced dissension within the walls of the towns, since the native Egyptians and their Greek allies naturally distrusted and suspected each other. At Bubastis the Egyptians were the first to move. The siege had only just begun when they sent an envoy to Mentor's colleague, Bagoas, to offer to surrender the town to him. But this proceeding did not suit the Greeks, who caught the messenger, extracted from him his message, and then attacked the Egyptian portion of the garrison and slew great numbers of them. The Egyptians, however, though beaten, persisted, established communication with Bagoas, and fixed a day on which they would receive his forces into the town. Mentor, who wished to secure to himself the credit of the surrender, hereupon exhorted his Greek friends to be on the watch, and, when the time came, to resist the movement. This they did with such success that they not only frustrated the attempt, but captured Bagoas himself, who had ventured within the walls. Bagoas had to implore the interference of his colleague on his behalf, and was obliged to promise that henceforth he would attempt nothing without Mentor's knowledge and consent. Mentor gained his ends, had the credit of being the person to whom the town surrendered itself, and at the same time established his ascendancy over Bagoas. It is clear that had the Egyptians possessed an active and able commander, advantage might have been taken of the jealousies which divided the Persian generals from their Greek colleagues, to bring the expedition into difficulties. Unfortunately, the Egyptian monarch, alike pusillanimous and incapable, was so far from making any offensive effort, that he was not prepared even to defend his capital against the invaders. When he found that Pelusium and Bubastis had both fallen, and that the way lay open for the Persians to march upon Memphis and invest it, he left the city with all the wealth on which he could lay his hands, and fled away into Ethiopia. Ochus did not pursue him. He was content to have regained a valuable province, which for above fifty years had been lost to the Persian crown, without even having had to fight a single pitched battle, or to engage in one difficult siege. According to the Greek writers, he showed his contempt of the Egyptian religion after his conquest by stabbing an Apis-Bull, and violating the sanctity of a number of the most holy shrines; but the story of the Apis-Bull is probably a fiction, and it was to obtain the plunder of the temples, not to insult the Egyptian gods, that he violated the shrines. There is no trace of his having treated the conquered people with cruelty, or even with severity. Prudence induced him to destroy the walls and other fortifications of the chief Egyptian towns; and cupidity led him to carry off into Persia all the treasures that Nekht-nebf had left behind. Even the sacred books, of which he is said to have robbed the temples, may have been taken on account of their value. We do not hear of his having dragged off any prisoners, or inflicted any punishment on the country for its rebellion. Even the tribute is not said to have been increased. There is nothing surprising in the fact that, when once Persia took resolutely in hand the subjugation of the revolted province, a few months sufficed for its accomplishment. The resources of Persia were out of all comparison with those of Egypt; alike in respect of men and of money, there was an extreme disparity. What had protected Egypt so long was the multiplicity of Persia's enemies, the large number of wars that were continually being waged and the want of a bold, energetic, and warlike monarch. As soon as the full power of the vast empire of the Achæmenidæ was directed against the little country which had detached itself, and pretended to a separate existence, the result was certain. Egypt could no more maintain a struggle against Persia in full force than a lynx could contend with a lion. But while all this is indubitably true, the end of Egypt might have been more dignified and more honourable than it was. Nekht-nebf, the last king, was a poor specimen of the Pharaonic type of monarch. He had none of the qualities of a great king. He did not even know how to fall with dignity. Had he gathered together all the troops that he could anyhow muster, and met Ochus in the open field, and fallen fighting for his crown, or had he even defended Memphis to the last, and only yielded himself when he could resist no longer, a certain halo of glory would have surrounded him. As it was, Egypt sank ingloriously at the last—her art, her literature, her national spirit decayed and almost extinct—paying, by her early disappearance from among the nations of the earth, the penalty of her extraordinarily precocious greatness. MAP OF THE FAYOUM SHOWING THE BIRKET-EL-KEROUN AND THE ARTIFICIAL LAKE 'MŒRIS'. INDEX. A Aahmes I., 152 "Aa-khepr-ka-ra, Abode of," 168 "Abode of Aa-khepr-ka-ra," 168 Abraham, deceit of, 127 , 129 Abraham in Egypt, 125 Abyssinia, rainfall in, 113 Alliance with Babylon and Lydia, 371 Amasis, prosperity under, 367 Amenemhat I., 101 Amenemhat I., hunting prowess of, 103 Amenemhat III., 109 "Amenemhat the Good," 116 Amenemhat's Labyrinth, 121 Amenemhat's Reservoir, 118 Amenhotep II., conquests of, 206 Amenhotep II., cruelty of, 207 Amenhotep III., colossi of, 208 Amenhotep III., lion-hunting of, 220 Amenhotep III., personal appearance of, 222 Amenhotep III., wars of, 219 Amenhotep IV., accession of, 223 Ammon, High Priest of, 289 Ammon, restoration of temple of, 290 Ammon, temple of, 105 , 167 , 173 , 186 Amon-mes, or Amomneses, pretender to crown, 265 Animal worship, 31 Animals, sacred, 31 Antef I., 97 Antef II.'s dogs, 98 Antiquities of Egypt, 45 Apé, or Apiu, city of, 56 Apepi and Joseph, 145 Apepi, rule of, 144 Apis, sacred bull, 32 Apries offends Nebuchadnezzar, 363 Architecture, 21 , 245 , 267 Art and literature, decline of, 285 , 311 Art and literature, revival of, 350 Asa, Judæa revolts under, 307 Asa, victory of, 309 Asia, invasion of, 167 , 195 Asshur-bani-pal, accession of, 336 Asshur-bani-pal, death of, 338 Asshur-bani-pal, defeat of Tehrak by, 336 Assyria, 11 Assyrian gifts to Thothmes III., 194 Athor cow, 33 Auaris, siege of, 152 B Babylon, revolt of, 345 Bacis, sacred bull, 32 Bahr Yousouf, 1 Bastinado, 45 Bek-en-ranf, burning of, 323 Builders, the Pyramid, 82 Buildings of Thothmes III., 199 , 201 Bulls, sacred, 32 C Cairo., Modern, 52 , 95 Cambyses, indignities by, 378 Campaigns of Thothmes III., 191 Chaldean Monarchy, end of, 371 Character, Egyptian, 24 Character, types of, 27 Colossi of Amenhotep III., 208 Condition, social, 60 Corrupting influences, 353 Costume, early, 60 Costume of Women, 62 Crocodile, mode of hunting, 104 Crœsus, 370 Cushites, the, 154 Cyprus, 197 Cyrene, death of, 394 Cyrus, death of, 372 D Darius, death of, 382 Darius, revolt against, 381 David and Solomon, empire of, 295 Decline, 244 , 269 , 283 Decline of art and literature, 285 , 311 Decline of morals, 286 Defeat, double, of invaders, 277 Defeat of Neco by Nebuchadnezzar, 358 Deities, Egyptian, 30 Deities, evil, 36 , 37 Delta, the, 1 , 95 , 102 Disaster of the Red Sea, 264 Disintegration, 311 , 317 Disk worship, 223 , 225 , 230 , 231 Drollery, Egyptian, 29 Dynasties, rival, established, 311 E Egypt, monotony of, 19 Egypt, seasons of, 14 Egypt, shape of, 1 Egypt, situation of, 11 Egypt, size of, 9 Egypt, soil of, 10 Egyptian history, happiest age of, 100 Egyptian independence re-established, 389 Egyptian myths, 47 Egyptian physique, 25 Egyptians, nature of, 28 Elephant hunting, 194 El-Uksur, temple of, 217 Empire of David and Solomon, 295 Esarhaddon, accession of, 331 Esarhaddon's defeat of Tehrak, 333 Ethiopia and Syria, struggles between, 337 Ethiopia, Egyptian influence in, 315 Ethiopia, last efforts of, 339 Ethiopian rule firmly established, 323 Ethiopians, cruelty of, 338 Evil deities, 36 , 37 Expeditions into Asia, 167 , 195 F Famines through deficient inundation, 115 Fayoum, obelisk at, 106 Fayoum, the, 4 , 7 Fellahin, explanation of, 45 First sea-fight, 277 Fleet of Hatasu, 178 Flora of Egypt, 15 Foreigners, encouragement of, 351 Forests, incense, 183 Free Trade in Punt, 183 G Geology of Egypt, 15 Great Pyramid, 72 Greece, trade with, 352 Ghizeh, three Pyramids at, 67 Ghizeh, tombs at, 56 , 137 Gyges and Psamatik, 345 H Hall at Karnak, 266 Hall of Seti, 245 Handicrafts, Egyptian, 44 Hapi, 32 Hapi, merchant fleet of, 178 Hapi regarded as a male, 178 Hapi regent for Thothmes II., 173 Hapi, Thothmes III.'s animosity against, 187 Hatasu actual queen, 177 Hatasu's fleet, return of 184 Hebrew art, Egyptian influence in, 297 Heliopolis, temple at, 106 Her-hor, first high-priest king, 290 Herodotus, 384 Hittites, peace with, 242 Hittites, treaty with, 243 Hittites, war with, 233 Hosea, Shabak's dealings with, 325 Hostage, Thothmes III.'s system of, 195 Hyksôs conquered, 151 Hyksôs, religion of, 143 Hyksôs rule, 139 I Immigrants, Semitic, 109 , 130 Immortality of the soul, belief in, 39 Inarus, death of, 384 Inarus, revolt of, 383 Incense forests, 183 Industries, revival of, 350 Influences, corrupting, 353 Inundation, 13 Inundation, deficient, famines through, 115 Invasion, 396 Invasion by land and sea, 275 Invasion, Libyan, 235 Invasion, the great, 134 Israel's oppressor, 249 J Jeroboam at Shishak's court, 301 Jerusalem, destruction of, 362 Joseph and Apepi, 145 Josiah, defeat of, by Nico, 357 Judæa insecure, 361 Judæa's conquest, record of, 305 K Kadesh, battle of, 239 Karnak, hall at, 266 Karnak, temple at, 173 , 198 , 200 , 304 , 349 , 386 Khabash, accession of, 381 Khartoum, 8 Khu-en-Aten, 227 Khu-en-Aten, personal appearance of, 229 Khufu, King, 82 , 90 King, supposed first, 49 Kings in awe of priests, 288 L Labouring class, condition of, 45 Labyrinth, Amenemhat's, 121 Legend of Osiris, 34 Libyan desert, battle in, 346 Libyan invasion, 255 Libyans, defeat of, 274 Libyans, slaughter of, Literature and art, decline of, 311 Lower Egypt, 96 Lower orders, condition of, 45 Luxor, temple of, 217 M Medes, the, 369 Medinet-Abou, temple at, 272 Megiddo, capture of, 191 Memphis, 51 Memphis, blockade and fall of, 377 , 383 Memphis taken by Esarhaddon, 333 Menephthah I., accession of, 253 Menes, King, 50 , 52 Men-kau-ra, King, 68 , 82 , 90 Men-khepr-ra, King, accession, of, 294 Mentu-hotep I., 97 Mertitefs, wife of Sneferu, 64 Meydoum, pyramid of, 58 Mi-Ammon-Nut, accession of, 338 Mi-Ammon-Nut, death of, 340 Mi-Ammon-Nut, Submission to, 340 Mnevis, sacred bull, 32 Mœris, lake, 120 Monuments, objects on, 196 Moral standard, 42 Morality, Egyptian, 41 Morals, decline of, 286 Myth, chief Egyptian, 34 Myths, Egyptian, 47 N Naïri, war on the, 167 Napatra, Necropolis at, 316 Natural History of Egypt, 16 Naval power of Thothmes, 111 Navy of Nero, 354 Nebuchadnezzar and Neco, 358 Nebuchadnezzar overruns Egypt, 365 Neco, accession of, 354 Neco defeats Josiah, 357 Neco, navy of, 354 Neco, victories of, 358 Nectanebo I., accession of, 387 Nectanebo I., sarcophagus of, 391 Nefer-mat, son of Sneferu, 64 Nekht-nebf, accession of, 394 Nile, navigation on, 13 Nile, rising of the, 113 Nile valley, 1 , 95 , 102 , 117 Nineveh, 192 O Obelisk of Usurtasen I., 137 Objects on monuments, 196 Ochus, expedition of, 394 Osiris, legend of, 34 Osorkon I., accession of, 306 P Pacis, sacred bull, 32 Parihu, king of Punt, 182 Payment of tribute, 149 Pelusium, surrender of, 399 Persia, third rebellion against, 385 Persian conquest, 368 Persian power, rise of, 369 Persians, revolt against, 382 Pharnabazus, attack by, 388 Pharnabazus, repulse of, 390 Phœnicia, 11 Phthah, temple of, 51 , 349 Piankhi, king of Napatra, 317 Piankhi, rebellion against, 318 Piankhi, submission of petty princes to, 320 Pinetum I., accession of, 293 Plagues of Egypt, the, 262 Polytheism, 31 Priest, High, of Ammon, 289 Priest-kings, last of the, 297 Priests, kings in awe of, 288 Prosopis, battle of, 260 Prosperity under Amasis, 367 Psamatik I. and Gyges, 345 Psamatik I., origin of, 343 Psamatik I., sole king, 347 Psamatik I., marriage of, 348 Psamatik I., victory of, 346 Psamatik II., architectural activity of, 361 Psamatik III., accession of, 374 Psamatik III., death of, 377 Psamatik III., defeat of, 375 Public schools, 45 Punt, free trade in, 183 Punt's, Queen of, visit to Hatasu, 182 Pyramid builders, Egypt under the, 91 Pyramid builders, the, 82 Pyramid, great, 72 Pyramid of Meydoum, 58 Pyramid of Saccarah, 59 Pyramids, Egyptian idea of, 66 Pyramids, three, at Ghizeh, 67 R Ra-Sekenen III., Apepi's jealousy of, 150 Ra-Sekenen III., war forced upon, 151 Ramesses I., 232 Ramesses II., Hittite war of, 239 Ramesses II., Israel's oppressor, 249 Ramesses III., accession of, 271 Ramesses III., closing years of, 283 Ramesses III., plot to kill, 284 Ramesses III., temple of, 272 Red Sea, disaster of, 264 Rehoboam, submission of, 303 Religion, 35 - 41 Reservoir, Amenemhat's, 118 Revival of Arts and Industries, 350 Revolt against Darius, 381 Revolt against the Persians, 382 Rival dynasties, 311 Rut-Ammon, accession and death of, 338 S Saccarah, Great Pyramid of, 59 Sacred animals, 31 Sacred bulls, 32 St. John Lateran, monument of, 202 Sankh-ka-ra, King, 99 Saplal, Hittite king, 232 Sargon, death of, 327 Sargon, founder of last Assyrian dynasty, 326 Schools, public, 45 Sea-fight, first, 277 Second cataract, 106 , 111 Semetic immigrants, 130 Sennacherib, accession of, 327 Sennacherib, victories of, 328 Sennacherib's army, destruction of, 329 , 331 Set, Egyptian deity, 143 Set the victorious, 269 Seti the Great, victories of, 234 Seti the Great, wars of, 236 Seti the Great, long wall of, 237 Seti the Great, Pillared Hall, 245 Seti the Great, tomb of, 246 Seti I., head of, 250 Seti I., images of, 248 Seti I., mummy of, 251 Shabak bums Bek-en-ranf, 323 Shabak, death of, 327 Shabak's conquest of Lower Nile, 324 Shabak's dealings with Hosea, 325 Shabatok, accession of, 327 Shafra, King, 82 , 90 , 92 Shasu, campaign against the, 273 Shepherds, Egypt under, 139 Sheshonk dynasty, defeat of, 309 Shishak, accession of, 300 Shishak, dominion of, 304 Shishak, foreign origin of, 298 Shishak invades Judæa, 303 Shishak's reception of Jeroboam, 301 Sidon, capture of, 396 Siege of Memphis, 376 Signs on tombs, 57 Slave-hunting lucrative, 220 Sneferu, first certain king, 54 Social condition, 60 Social ranks, 43 Society, divisions of, 43 Song of Egyptians, 26 Song of victory, 198 Soul, belief in immortality of, 39 Sphinx, the, 92 Standard, moral, 42 Suez, Isthmus of, 11 Syria and Ethiopia, struggle between, 337 Syria evacuated by Neco, 359 T Tachos, accession of, 393 Taxation, heavy, 45 Tehrak, death of, 337 Tehrak defeated by Asshur-bani-pal, 336 Tehrak defeated by Esarhaddon, 333 Tel-el-Bahiri, 185 Tel-Mouf, 51 Temple of Ammon, 167 , 173 , 186 , 290 Temple of Karnak, 198 , 200 , 304 , 349 , 386 Temple of Medinet-Abou, 272 Temple of Phthah, 349 Temple of Tel-el-Bahiri, 185 Theban kings, 99 Thothmes I., accession of, 158 Thothmes I., greatness of, 168 Thothmes I., victories of, 159 Thothmes II., death of, 177 Thothmes III., animosity against Hatasu, 187 Thothmes III., buildings of, 199 , 201 Thothmes III., campaigns of, 191 Thothmes III., conquests of, 204 Thothmes III., lost obelisks of, 201 Thothmes III., naval power of, 197 Thothmes III., personal appearance of, 204 Thothmes III.'s system of tribute, 195 Thothmes III., tributes of, 196 Tinæus, King, 135 Tombs at Ghizeh, 56 , 137 Tombs, description of, 57 Tombs, signs on, 57 Trade with Greece, 352 Trade with the Jews, 295 Transport, difficulty of, 12 Treaty with the Hittites, 243 Tribute, payment of, 149 U Usurtasen I., obelisk of, 137 Usurtasen I., son of Amenemhat, 104 Usurtasen I., statue of, 105 Usurtasen II., 109 Usurtasen III., conquest of, 111 V Victoria, lake, 8 Victory, song of, 198 Vocal Memnon, the, 212 W Wady Haifa, 106 Wady Magharah, 54 , 106 Water, modes of storing, 117 Western Asia, history of, 162 Western Asia, topography of, 155 "Wilderness of the Wanderings," 164 Women, costume of, 62 Women held in high estimation, 170 Worship, animal, 31 Z Zabara, Mount, 15 Zerah, defeat of, 308