A Short History of Russia

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE The war was over. The march of armies had ceased; but the march of events, accelerated by the great upheaval, moved irresistibly on. Realizing that something must be done to pacify the people, a new and more liberal policy was announced, with de Witte, now Prime Minister, in charge. Russia was to have a National Assembly , a law-making body in which every class would have representation. This Russian Parliament was to be composed of two bodies: an Upper and a Lower House. The one to be called the " Council of the Empire ," the other the " Duma ." These were to be convoked and prorogued annually by Imperial Ukase. The President, Vice-President, and one-half the members of the Council of the Empire (consisting of 178 members) were to be appointed by the Tsar; twenty-four more to be elected by the nobility and clergy, a very small number by some designated universities and commercial bodies; each Zemstvo (of which there are fifty-one) being entitled to one representative. The members composing the Duma , or Lower House, were to be elected by the Electoral Colleges, which had in turn been created by the votes of the people in the various provinces of the Empire for that purpose. The two bodies were to have equal rights in initiating legislation. But a bill must pass both Houses and then receive Imperial Sanction in order to become a law; and failing in this, cannot come up again during the same session. Thus hedged about and thus constituted, it is obvious that a conservative majority was permanently secured and ways provided to block any anti-imperial or revolutionary legislation in the Duma. And when it is added that matters concerning finance and treasonable offences were almost entirely in the hands of the Council, we realize how this gift of political representation to the Russian people had been shorn of its dangers! The first National Assembly was opened by the Tsar May 10, 1906, with the form and splendor of a court ceremonial. It was a strange spectacle, that solid body of 100 peasants seated on the left of the throne, intently listening to the brief and guarded speech of welcome to the "representatives of the nation, who had come to aid him in making laws for their welfare!" And the first jarring note came when not one of these men joined in the applause which followed. The first Duma was composed of 450 members. The world was watching this experiment, curious to find out what sort of beings have been dumbly supporting the weight of the Russian Empire. Almost the first act was a surprise. Instead of explosive utterances and intemperate demands, the Duma formally declared Russia to be a Constitutional Monarchy . No anarchistic extravagance could have been so disturbing to autocratic Russia as was this wise moderation, which at the very outset converted Constitutional Bureaucrats into Constitutional Democrats, thus immensely strengthening the people's party at the expense of the Conservatives. The leaders in the Duma knew precisely what they wanted, and how to present their demands with a clearness, a power, and a calm determination for which Russia,—and indeed that greater audience, the world at large,—was quite unprepared. That this seriously alarmed the Imperial party was proved by an immediate strengthening of the defences about the throne by means of a change in what is called the Fundamental Laws . These Fundamental Laws afford a rigid framework, an immovable foundation for the authority of the Emperor and his Cabinet Ministers. Repairs in the Constitution of the United States have been usually in the direction of increased liberties for the people. The Tsar, on the contrary, aided by his Cabinet and high Government officials, drafted a new edition of the Fundamental Laws suited to a new danger. The changes made were all designed to build up new defences around the throne, and to intrench more firmly every threatened prerogative. The Tsar was deliberately ranging himself with the bureaucratic party instead of the party of his people; and the hot indignation which followed found expression in bitter and powerful arraignment of the Government, even to the extent of demanding the resignation of the Ministry. What was at first a rift, was becoming an impassable chasm. If Count Witte had disappointed the Liberals by his lukewarmness and by what they considered an espousal of the conservative cause, he was even less acceptable to the Bureaucrats, to whom he had from the first been an object of aversion—an aversion not abated by his masterly diplomacy at Portsmouth, for which he received only a grudging acknowledgment. Whatever may be the verdict of the future, with its better historic perspective, whether justly or unjustly, Count Witte had lost his hold upon the situation; and the statesman who had been the one heroic figure in Russia was no longer the man of the hour. At all events, his resignation of the head of the Ministry during this obnoxious attempt to nullify the gift of popular representation was significant; and the name of de Witte is not associated with this grave mistake made by the master he has tried to serve. The reforms insistently demanded by the Duma were as follows:—The responsibility of the Ministry to that body, as the representative of the people; the distribution to the working peasants of the lands held by the Crown and the clergy; a General Amnesty, with the release of all political prisoners; and the abolition of the death penalty. This was virtually a sweeping demand for the surrender of the autocratic principle, the very principle the Fundamental Laws had just been revised to render more inviolable. The issue was now narrowed down within definite limits. It was a conflict for power, for administrative control, and it was a life-and-death struggle between the Tsar and his people. Printed reports of the debates were sent broadcast, and for the first time since Russia came into being the peasantry saw things as they really were. They had always attributed their wrongs to the nobility, who, they believed, had cheated them out of their land and their rights under the Emancipation Act. But now it was not the nobility, not the hated Boyars who were cruelly refusing to give them land and liberty, but it was the Little Father, he whom they had always trusted and adored! It is a critical moment when the last illusion drops from the eyes of a confiding people. The Duma at this moment was engaged in a task of supreme difficulty and responsibility. Millions of people hung upon its words and acts. A group of inexperienced but terribly determined men were facing an equally determined group of well-seasoned officials, veterans in the art of governing. Never was there greater need of calmness and wisdom, and at this very time a wild revolutionary faction was doing its utmost to inflame the passions of a peasantry already maddened with a sense of wrong and betrayal, who in gusts of destructive rage were burning, pillaging, and carrying terror into the remotest parts of the Empire. Even while the Duma was demanding this larger measure of liberty and of authority over the Ministry, that body had already initiated and put in force new and more vigorous methods of suppression. Under M. Durnovo, Minister of the Interior, a law had been promulgated known as the Law of Reinforced Defense. Under the provisions of this law, high officials, or subordinates designated by them, were clothed with authority to arrest, imprison, and punish with exile or death, without warrant, without accusation, or any judicial procedure whatever. On July 16, 1906, M. Makaroff, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, appeared personally before the Duma ; and in answer to thirty-three interpellations concerning as many specific cases of imprisonment without resort to the courts, frankly replied: "Yes. We have held the persons named in prison for the time mentioned without warrant or accusation; and some of these, and many others, have been exiled to Siberia. But it is a precaution demanded by the situation and the circumstances; a precaution we are authorized to take by the Law of Reinforced Defense." In October of last year (1905) the world was made glad by a manifesto issued by the Tsar containing these words: "In obedience to our inflexible will, we hereby make it the duty of our Government to give to our beloved people freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, freedom of public assembly, freedom of association, and real inviolability of personal rights ." The Tsar had also, with the same solemnity, declared: "No law shall take effect without the sanction of the Duma , which is also to have participation in the control of the officials ." Yet, Ministers and Governors General, or subordinates appointed by them, may at their own discretion imprison, exile, or kill in defiance of Imperial command, and find ample protection in the Law of Reinforced Defense! The free handling of these governmental methods in the Duma , and the immediate world-wide publicity given to these revelations, if allowed to continue, must inevitably destroy the cause of Russian Bureaucracy. There were but two courses open to the Tsar. He must either surrender the autocratic principle, and in good faith carry out his pledges and share his authority with his people, or he must disperse a representative body which flagrantly defied his Imperial will. He chose the latter course. Five days after the examination of M. Makaroff, on July 21, 1906, the first Russian Parliament was dissolved by Imperial ukase. The reason assigned for this was that, "instead of applying themselves to the work of productive legislation, they have strayed into a sphere beyond their competence, and have been making comments on the imperfections of the Fundamental Laws, which can only be modified by our Imperial will." The Tsar at the same time declared his immutable purpose to maintain the institution of Parliament, and named March 5, 1907, as the date of the convening of a new Duma . A body of 186 Representatives, including the Constitutional and Conservative members of the Duma , immediately reassembled at Viborg in Finland, where, in the few hours before their forcible dispersion by a body of military, they prepared an address to "The Citizens of All Russia." This manifesto was a final word of warning, in which the people were reminded that for seven months, while on the brink of ruin, they are to stand without representation; also reminding them of all that may be done in that time to undermine their hopes, and to obtain a pliable and subservient Parliament, if, indeed, any Parliament at all be convoked at the time promised by the Tsar. In view of all this they were solemnly abjured not to give "one kopek to the throne, or one soldier to the army," until there exists a popular representative Parliament. The hand of autocracy is making a final and desperate grasp upon the prerogatives of the Crown. When the end will come, and how it will come, cannot be foretold. But it needs no prophetic power to see what that end will be. The days of autocracy in Russia are numbered. A century may be all too short for the gigantic task of habilitating a Russian people—making the heterogeneous homogeneous, and converting an undeveloped peasantry into a capable citizenship. The problem is unique, and one for which history affords no parallel. In no other modern nation have the life forces been so abnormal in their adjustment. And it is only because of the extraordinary quality of the Russian mind, because of its instinct for political power, and its genius for that instrument of power hitherto known as diplomacy—it is only because of these brilliant mental endowments that this chaotic mass of ethnic barbarism has been made to appear a fitting companion for her sister nations in the family of the Great Powers. It is vain to expect the young Tsar to set about the task of demolishing the autocratic system created by his predecessors and ancestors. That work is in charge of more august agents. It is perishing by natural process because it is vicious, because it is out of harmony with its environment, and because the maladjusted life forces are moving by eternal laws from the surface to their natural home in the centre. And we may well believe that the fates are preparing a destiny commensurate with the endowments of a great—perhaps the greatest—of the nations of the earth. Let it not be supposed that it is the moujik, the Russian peasant in sheepskin, with toil-worn hands, who has conducted that brilliant parliamentary battle in the Duma . Certain educational and property qualifications are required for eligibility to membership in that body, which would of necessity exclude that humble class. It is not the emancipated serf, but it is rural Russia which the Duma represented, and the vastness of the area covered by that term is realized when one learns that of the 450 members constituting that body only eighteen were from cities. It is the leaders of this vast rural population, members of ancient princely families or owners of great landed estates, these are the men who are coming out of long oblivion to help rule the destinies of a new Russia. Men like Prince Dolgorouki, some of them from families older than the Romanoffs—such men it is who were the leaders in the Duma . They have been for years studying these problems, and working among the Zemstvos . They are country gentlemen of the old style,—sturdy, practical, imaginative, idealistic, and explosive; powerful in debate, bringing just at the right moment a new element, a new force. Happy is Russia in possessing such a reserve of splendid energy at this time. And if the moujik is not in the forefront of the conflict, he, too, affords a boundless ocean of elementary force—he is the simple barbarian, who will perhaps be needed to replenish with his fresh, uncorrupted blood the Russia of a new generation. LIST OF PRINCES. GRAND PRINCES OF KIEF. Rurik, 862-879 Oleg (Brother of Rurik, Regent), 879-912 Igor (Son of Rurik), 912-945 Olga (Wife of Igor, Regent), 945-964 Sviatoslaf, 964-972 Vladimir (Christianized Russia, 992), 972-1015 Yaroslaf (The Legislator), 1015-1054 (Close of Heroic Period.) Isiaslaf, 1054-1078 Vsevolod, 1078-1093 Sviatopolk, 1093-1113 Vladimir Monomakh, 1113-1125 (Throne Disputed by Prince of Suzdal.) Isiaslaf, 1146-1155 George Dolgoruki (Last Grand Prince of Kief) 1155-1169 (Fall of Kief, 1169.) Andrew Bogoliubski (First Grand Prince of Suzdal), 1169-1174 George II. (Dolgoruki), 1212-1238 Yaroslaf II. (Father of Alexander Nevski and Grandfather of Daniel, First Prince of Moscow), 1238-1246 PRINCES OF MOSCOW. Daniel (Son of Alexander Nevski), 1260-1303 Iri (George) Danielovich, 1303-1325 Ivan I., 1328-1341 Simeon (The Proud), 1341-1353 Ivan II. (The Debonair), 1353-1359 PRINCES OF MOSCOW AND GRAND PRINCES OF SUZDAL. Dmitri Donskoi, 1363-1389 Vasili Dmitrievich, 1389-1425 Vasili I. (The Blind, Prince of Moscow, Novgorod, and Suzdal), 1425-1462 GRAND PRINCES OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. Ivan III. (The Great), 1462-1505 Vasili II., 1505-1533 TSARS OF RUSSIA. Ivan IV. (the Terrible), 1533-1584 Feodor Ivanovich, 1584-1598 Boris Godunof (Usurper), 1598-1605 The False Dmitri, 1605-1606 Vasili Shuiski, 1606-1609 Mikhail Romanoff, 1613-1645 Alexis (Son of former and Father of Peter the Great), 1645-1676 Feodor Alexievich, 1676-1682 Ivan V. and Peter I.     ) Sophia Regent,            ) Ivan died 1696 1682-1696 Peter I. (The Great), 1696-1725 Catherine I., 1725-1727 Peter II. (Son of Alexis and Grandson of Peter the Great and Eudoxia), 1727-1730 Anna Ivanovna (Daughter of Ivan V., Niece of Peter I.), 1730-1740 Ivan VI. (Infant Nephew of former Sovereign), 1740-1741 Elizabeth Petrovna (Daughter of Peter I. and Catherine), 1741-1761 Peter III. (Nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna; reigned five months, assassinated), 1762 Catherine II. (Wife of Peter III.), 1762-1796 Paul I. (Son of former), 1796-1801 Alexander I., 1801-1825 Nicholas I., 1825-1855 Alexander II., 1855-1881 Alexander III., 1881-1894 Nicholas II., 1894- INDEX. Absolutism, 244 Act of Union, 71 Adashef, 87, 88 Akhmet (Khan), 76 Alexander I, 164, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 186 Alexander II, 213, 217, 223, 228, 234, 236 Alexander III, 239 Alexieff, Admiral, 275, 276 Alexis, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 141, 142 Alexis Orlof, 154, 166, 168 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, 224 Alice (Princess), 242 Alma (the), 210 Anarchism, 232 Anastasia, 86, 88, 95, 103 Andrassy, 227 Angles, 25 Anna, 28, 29 Anna Ivanovna, 142, 146, 148 Anthony, 75 Appanages, 26, 34 Apraxin, 144, 150 Arable Steppes, 4 Araktcheef, 185 Aryan, 8, 14 Asia Minor, 70 Asiatic Mongols, 46 Askold, 19 Austerlitz, 177 Austria, 170, 180 Azof, Sea of, 115 Bacon, Francis, 91 Baikal, Lake, 253 Balthazi, 133 Baltic (the), 13, 43, 59, 124 Baltic Fleet, 286 Barren Steppes, 4 Bashi-Bazuks, 225 Basil, 28 Batui, 48 Beaconsfield, 224, 227 Berlin, Treaty of, 227 Bessarabia, 227 Biron, 146, 148 Bismarck, 227 Black Lands, 4, 39 Black Sea, 6, 12, 115, 214 Bogoliubski (Andrew), 40, 62, 83 Bohemians, 13, 27 Book of Instruction, 161 Book of Pedigrees, 110 Boris Godunof, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101 Bosnia, 224, 226, 227 Bosphorus (the), 20, 71 Boxer War, 267 Boyars, 27, 38, 43, 48, 51 Bremen, 45 Britain, 25 Buddhism, 257 Bulgaria, 24, 74, 226, 227 Bulgarians, 11, 27 Burnett, Bishop, 120 Byzantine, 36, 49, 66 Byzantine Empire, 11, 13, 72 Byzantium, 19, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 72, 74 Calendar (new), 138 Candia, 204 Carpathians, 3 Caspian Sea, 12 Cathay, 47 Catherine I, 130, 132, 143 Catherine II, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 166, 169, 175 Catholics, 27 Caucasus, 3 Centaurs, 14 Charlemagne, 13 Charles Martel, 72 Charles I, 108 Charles II, 108 Charles X, 192 Charles XI, 124 Charles XII, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 140 Charlotte (Princess), 213 Charlotte of Brunswick, 142 Chemulpho (Battle of), 276 Chersonesos, 7 China, 47, 253 China-Japan War, 254, 259, 263 Chopin, 164 Christian IX, 224 Church of Bethlehem, 206 Cincinnati, Order of, 163 Circassia, 176 Code Napoleon, 180 Commune (the), 15 Confucianism, 257 Constantine, Grand Duke, 164, 172, 187, 188, 189, 193 Constantinople, 18, 20, 23, 28, 30, 39, 46, 64, 70 Constitution, 292 Cossacks, 101, 105, 106 Council of the Empire, 290, 291 Court of Arbitration, 281 Cracow, 50, 102 Crimea, 7, 77, 115, 164 Crimean War, 210 Cyprus, 227 Dagmar, 224 Daimios, 257 Dalny, 275, 278, 279 Daniel, 270 Danube (the), 23 Dir, 19 Dmitri, 95, 96, 101, 102 Dmitri Donskoi, 69 Dnieper (the), 4, 12, 19, 39, 42 Dolgorukis, 83 Dolgoruki (Yuri), 40, 61, 62, 63 Dolgoruki (Prince), 177, 301 Don (the), 69, 101 Drevlins (the), 21, 26 Drujina, 37, 38, 52 Drujiniki (the), 46 Duma, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301 Durnovo, M., 296 Eastern Empire (the), 38 Eastern Question, 198, 203 Ecclesiastical States, 30 Egypt, 170, 171 Electoral College, 291 Elizabeth Petrovna, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149, 152 Emancipation Law, 220, 295 Etrogruhl, 70 Eudoxia, 130, 141 Feodor, 95, 96, 97, 105, 110, 111 Ferdinand, 82, 201 Finland, 184, 222 Finns, 8, 11, 12, 17, 43, 44 Florence, 41 Formosa, 264 Francis II, 178 Francis Joseph, 202 Franks, 25 Frederick II, 50 Frederick the Great, 150, 153 Fundamental Laws, 293, 295, 299 Galitsuin (Prince), 113, 144 Gaul, 25 Gautama, 257 Genghis Kahn, 47, 48 Georgia, 176 German Knights, 68 German Orders, 45, 60 Glinski (Anna), 87 Glinski (Helena), 85 Glück, 130 Godwin, 96 Golden Horde, 69, 71 Gortchakof, 213, 223, 227 Goths (the), 10 Grand Principality (the), 66 Great Desert of Gobi, 52 Great Patriarchs, 66 Great Tower of Ivan, 183 Greece, 72 Greek Church, 30, 31, 71, 72, 226 Greeks (the), 6, 24, 27 Gustavus Adolphus, 105 Hague (the), 119, 281 Hague, the Congress, 242 Hamburg, 45 Hanseatic League, 45 Harold, 96 Hastings, Lady Mary, 92 Haynau, 202 Hedwig, 60 Helen, 22 Helsingfors, 241 Henry VIII, 82 Herodotus, 7 Herzegovina, 224, 226, 227 Hindostan, 170 Hohenzollern, 45 Holy Alliance, 85 Holy Roman Empire, 13 Holy Shrines, 206 Holy Synod, 135 Horde (the), 67 Hungary, 50, 68 Huns, 47 Iagello, 59, 60 Icon, 285 Igor, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25 Imperator, 138 Indemnity, 289 India, 171 Inouye, Count, 272 Ionian Isles, 170 Isabella, 82 Islamism, 56 Ito, Marquis, 262 Ivan I, 66 Ivan III (the Great), 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 84 Ivan IV (the Terrible), 75, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 96, 101, 113, 249 Ivan (the Imbecile), 112, 130 Ivan Mazeppa, 127, 128, 130 Ivan V, 146 Ivan VI, 148, 154, 155 Ivan Shuvalof, 150 Japan, 256 Japan-Korea Treaty, 1876, 261 Japan Treaty with U. S., 1854, 258 Kaminski, Battle of, 163 Karz, 226 Kazan, 77 Khazarui, the, 17, 23 Kiel, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 49, 61 Kishineff, 279 Komura, Baron, 278, 288 Knout, 30 Königsberg, 45 Koreans, 259 Kosciusko, 163 Kossuth, 201, 202 Koulaks, 230 Kremlin (the), 62, 66, 101 Kublai-khan, 56 Kurland, Duke of, 153 Kuropatkin, 281 Kutchko, 62 Kutuzof, 181 Lacour (M. de), 206 Laharpe, 175 Latin Church, 31, 44, 45 Leipzig, 183 Leo VI, 20 Leo X, 80, 81 Liao-Tung, Gulf of, 253 Liberalism, 222 Li Hung Chang, 262 Li-Ito Treaty, 262 Lithuania, 59, 60, 63, 68, 84 Lithuanians (the), 13, 17, 59, 77 Little Russia, 106, 127 Livonia, 124 Livonian Knights, 44, 54 Livonian Orders, 74 Lombardy, 170 Louis IX, 50 Louis XI, 82, 83, 95 Louis XIV, 121, 126 Louis XV, 140 Louis Napoleon, 205 Louis Phillippe, 192, 201 Lubeck, 45 Magyar, 11 Makaroff, M., 297, 298 Makaroff, Admiral, 277 Malakof, 213 Manchuria, 253 Manchus (the), 255 Marco Polo, 47 Marfa, 90 Maria Theresa, 150 Marie, 224 Maximilian, 82 Menschikof, 131, 142, 144, 145, 206, 207, 210, 213 Merienburg, 130 Metropolitan (the), 66 Mickiewiz, 164 Mikhailof, Peter, 118 Mir, 15, 57, 98 Mir-eaters, 230 Mirski, Prince, 279, 280, 283 Mohammedanism, 208 Mongols, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 63 Monomakh, 40, 61, 63 Montenegro, 224, 226, 227 Moscow, 54, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 90, 181, 182 Moskwa (the), 62 Mukden, 256, 277 Muraviev, 250, 251, 283 Muscovite, 66, 67 Muscovy, 59, 65 Mussulman, 27 Napoleon Bonaparte, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 180, 183 Narva, Battle of, 125 Natalia, 108, 109, 111 National Assembly, 103, 290, 292 Nesselrode (Count), 207 Nestor, 22, 25 Neva (the), 4, 54 Nevski, Alexander, 54, 55, 63, 69, 103 Nevski, Daniel, 63, 66 Nicholas I, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 199, 201, 203, 208, 210 Nicholas II, 241 Nicholas III, 249 Nihilism, 232, 237, 238 Nikolaievsk, 250, 251 Nikon (Patriarch), 107, 109 Nikopolis, 226 Nogi, General, 281 Norse, 34 Norsemen, 18, 25 Novgorod, 14, 18, 26, 28, 35, 41, 42, 43, 54, 55, 57, 65, 67, 74, 79, 90 Odessa, 210 Oka (the), 76 Oleg, 19, 20, 21, 26, 71 Olga, 21, 23, 28 Osterman, 148 Othman, 70, 71 Ottoman, 70 Ottoman Empire, 158, 166, 226, 227 Oyama, 281 Paleologisk, John, 73 Pantheon, 14 Paris, Treaty of, 184 Patkul, 124, 126 Patriarchalism, 217 Patriarchate (the), 135 Patriarchs, 30 Paul I, 159, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173 Peace Conference, 287 Peace Congress, 242 Pechenegs, 20, 23, 24 Pechili, Gulf of, 253 Peloponnesus (the), 13, 24 Perry, Commodore, 258 Perun, 14, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 59 Pestel, 188, 189 Peter the Great, 95, 104, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 127, 132, 135, 139, 145, 174, 176 Peter III, 151, 168 Plague of Moscow, 158 Plevna, 226 Pobiedonosteeff, 278, 283 Poland, 13, 32, 50, 59, 60, 68, 105, 156, 162, 163, 164, 221 Poles, 77 Poliani (the), 13 Polovtsui (the), 46, 48 Poltova, 129 Pope, 44 Pope Leo VI, 38 Port Arthur, 253, 264, 278, 279 Portsmouth, Peace of, 290 Posadnik, 38, 42, 45 Potemkin, 166 Proteus, 14 Prussia, 45, 162 Pruth, Treaty of, 133 Pskof, 18, 74, 78, 79 Pugatschek, the Cossack, 158 Pushkin, 20 Pyrenees, 72 Raskolniks, 107, 109, 110, 137, 138 Reinforced Defense, Law of, 296, 298 Revolution of 1762, 155 Rojestvenski, 286 Rollo, 25 Roman Empire, 31, 32 Romanoff, 86, 301 Romanoff, Mikhail, 103, 104, 105, 107 Rome, 31, 32 Romish Church, 105 Rosen, Baron, 287 Roosevelt, President, 287, 289 Roumania, 226 Ruileef, 189 Rurik, 18, 21, 34, 46, 66, 71, 103, 249 Russian Academy, 160 Saardan, 118 Sagas, 38 Saghalien, 289, 290 Samurai, 257 San Stefano (Treaty of), 226 Saracen, 13, 50 Sarat, 55, 56, 65, 69, 271 Saxons, 25 Scandinavia, 37 Scandinavians, 17, 25, 26, 27, 29 Scythians, 6, 7, 14, 24 Sea of Azof, 12, 46, 48 Sebastopol, 7, 164, 210 Senate, 135 Sergius, Grand Duke, 284 Servia, 226, 227 Shantung, 266 Shintoism, 257 Shipka Pass, 226 Siberia, 93 Siberia, Maritime Provinces of, 252 Sienkiewicz, 164 Sigismund, 81, 102 Silvesta, 87 Sineus, 18 Sisalpine, 170 Slav, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 36, 37, 43, 44 Slavonia, 19, 58 Slavonic, 15, 24, 25, 36, 50 Sobor, 95, 97, 135 Socialism, 232 Sophia, 73, 81, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122 Sophia, Queen of Prussia, 118 Sophia Perovskaya, 238 Spain, 25 Speranski, 179, 185 St. Basil, Church of, 29 St. Bartholomew, Massacre, 92 Stoessel, General, 281 St. Paul, Cathedral of, 130 St. Petersburg, 125, 126 St. Vladimir, 101 Stratford de Redcliffe (Lord), 206, 207 Stribog, 14 Strultsui, 115, 116, 121, 123 Suez Canal, 224 Suleyman, the Magnificent, 197 Suvorov, 170 Suzdal, 40, 43, 46, 52, 61 Sviatoslaf, 22, 23, 24, 26 Sweden, 74, 124, 180 Swedes, 54 Sword-Bearers, 44 Tai-Tsiu, 255 Tartar, 8, 20, 21, 46, 49, 51, 63 Takahira, Kogaro, 287 Taxes, 229 Tchinovniks, 231 Teutonic Order, 44 Togo, Admiral, 286 Tokio, 287, 289 Tolstoi, 141, 144 Tong-Hak Rebellion, 263 Top Knot (the), 273 Topography, 1 Trans-Siberian Railway, 267, 270 Treaty of 1841, 203 Treaty with China, 1858, 251 Truvor, 18 Tsar, 23 Tsarkoe-Selo, Palace of, 286 Tsushima, 286 Turguenief, 200, 232 Turk (the), 8, 9, 17, 70, 71, 132, 153 Turkey,170 Turkish Empire, 204, 208 Tycoon, 258 United States, 202 Ural, 3, 93 Ussuri Region, 252 Usury, 229 Vampires, 14 Varangians, 18, 20 Vasili, 66, 67, 68 Vasili II, 71, 72, 78, 79 Vasili Shuiski, 102 Verestchagin, 245 Vernet, Horace, 128 Vetché, 15, 42, 55 Viborg, 299 Vich, 147 Victor Emmanuel, 213 Visigoths, 25 Vistula, 13 Vladimir, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 182 Vladivostok, 252, 254, 286 Vna, 147 Volga (the), 3, 12, 42 Volkof (the), 28 Volost, 15, 98, 220 Volus, 14 Von Plehve, 278, 279, 280 Warsaw, University of, 194 Wei-Hai-Wei, Battle of, 1895, 264 Western Empire (the), 38 White Seat (the), 91 Winter Palace, 283, 285, 287, 288, 294 William I, 223 William III, 120 Witte (M. de), 278 Yalu, the, 264 Yaroslaf I, 35, 38, 54 Yaroslaf II, 52 Yaropolk, 26 Yellow Sea (the), 253 Yermak, 94, 250 Zemstvo, 220, 239, 280, 291, 302 Zoë, Princess, 73 Zone of Forests, 4 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SHORT 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