Line A, Manhattan. Material. Method. Station: Date: Number of days. Linear Feet. Rate of progress in feet per day. Remarks. From To From To Rock Bottom heading 68+50.6 69+77 June 2, '06 Oct. 24, '06 144 126.4 0.87 Earth and rock Bottom heading 69+77 71+22 Oct. 24, '06 Jan. 13, '06 81 145 1.79 All rock Bottom heading 71+23 72+00 Jan. 13, '07 Mar. 3, '07 49 78 1.59 All rock Center heading 72+00 75+73 Mar. 3, '07 July 10, '07 129 373 2.89 Earth and rock Going out of rock 75+73 77+63 July 10, '07 Sept 25, '07 77 190 2.47 All earth Soft ground 77+63 90+38.6 Sept 25, '07 Mar. 7. '08 164 1,275.6 7.78 Line A, Manhattan. Material. Method. Station: Date: Number of days. Linear Feet. Rate of progress in feet per day. Remarks. From To From To Rock ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Top heading Top lift of bench Bottom lift of bench 108+43 108+43 108+43 107+74 107+74 107+74 July 20, '05 Aug. 8, '05 Aug. 30, '05 Aug. 3, '05 Aug. 23, '05 Sept 27, '05 14 15 28 ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ 57 69 1.21 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Excavation in normal air, and before advance of shield. Rock ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Bottom heading Bottom heading 107+74 107+74 107+21 107+21 Sept 27, '05 Nov. 30, '05 Oct. 23, '05 Dec. 29, '05 26 29 ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ 55 53 0.96 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Bottom heading timbered to avoid the possibility of a break. Mixed Bottom heading 107+21 106+99 Oct. 26, '06 Nov. 20, '06 25 22 0.88 Bottom heading timbered. Mixed Rock bench 106+99 106+34 Nov. 20, '06 Jan. 13, '07 54 65 1.20 Earth Poling and breasting 106+34 99+11 Jan. 13, '07 Apr. 17, '07 94 723 7.69 Mixed Rock cut 99+11 93+96 Apr. 17, '07 Oct. 24, '07 190 515 2.71 Rock Bottom heading 93+96 93+58 Oct. 24, '07 Nov. 14, '07 21 38 1.81 Rock Center heading 93+58 92+42 Nov. 14, '07 Dec. 27, '07 46 116 2.52 Rock Bottom heading 92+42 91+05 Dec. 27, '07 Feb. 24, '08 59 137 2.32 Mixed Rock cut 91+05 90+57 Feb. 24, '08 Mar. 20, '08 25 48 1.92 Line B, Manhattan. Material. Method. Station: Date: Number of days. Linear Feet. Rate of progress in feet per day. Remarks. From To From To Rock ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Top heading Top lift of bench Bottom lift of bench Bottom lift of bench 108+35 108+35 108+35 108+15 107+87 107+87 108+15 107+87 July 6, '05 Aug. 3, '05 Aug. 26, '05 Sept 11, '05 July 27, '05 Aug. 14, '05 Aug. 30, '05 Sept 26, '05 21 11 4 15 ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ 51 48 0.94 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Excavation done in normal air and before advance of shield. Rock Bottom heading 107+87 107+00 Oct. 23, '05 Jan. 17, '06 86 87 1.01 Mixed Bottom heading 107+00 106+64 Jan. 17, '06 Feb. 12, '06 26 36 1.38 Mixed Rock bench 106+64 106+31 Feb. 12, '06 Mar. 1, '06 17 33 1.94 Earth Poling and breasting 106+31 105+58 Mar. 1, '06 Apr. 3, '06 33 73 2.21 Earth Shutters in contact with face 105+58 99+19 Apr. 9, '06 Nov. 1, '06 206 639 3.10 Mixed Rock bench 99+19 98+44 Nov. 1. '06 Dec. 29, '06 58 75 1.30 Mixed Bottom heading 98+44 97+76 Dec, 29, '06 Feb. 12, '07 45 68 1.51 Mixed Rock cut 97+66 93+84 Feb. 12, '07 Aug. 6, '07 175 392 2.24 Rock Full face 93+84 93+21 Aug. 6, '07 Sept 2, '07 27 63 2.33 Rock Center Heading 93+21 92+30 Sept 2, '07 Oct. 12, '07 40 91 2.28 Rock Bottom heading 92+30 90+99 Oct. 12, '07 Dec. 6, '07 55 131 2.38 Mixed Rock cut 90+99 90+49.6 Dec. 6, '07 Jan. 3, '08 28 49.4 1.76 Line C, Manhattan. Material. Method. Station: Date: Number of days. Linear Feet. Rate of progress in feet per day. Remarks. From To From To Rock ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Top heading Top heading Excavating bench Bottom heading Bottom heading 107+79.03 107+69 107+79 107+23 107+23 107+69 107+23 107+23 106+72 107+15 Dec. 20, '04 Jan. 1, '05 Jan. 21, '05 Mar. 1, '05 Oct. 12, '05 Dec. 27, '04 Jan. 15, '05 Feb. 28, '05 Mar. 11, '05 Oct. 27, '05 7 14 38 10 15 ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ 54 0.77 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Stopped to brace portal. No work done from March 12th to October 11th, 1905, except a little trimming in September. All work up to this date done in normal air. Heading advanced to 106+70 and bulkheaded. Rock Bottom heading 107+15 106+62 Nov. 6, '05 Dec. 2, '05 26 53 2.04 Mixed Bottom heading 106+62 106+55 Dec. 2, '05 Dec. 23, '05 21 7 0.33 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Heading advanced to 106 + 40. Shut down in order that Line D might have a lead. Mixed Bottom heading 106+55 106+17 Feb. 12, '06 Mar. 22, '06 38 38 1.00 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Shut down on account of air shortage. Mixed Rock cut 106+17 105+85 Apr. 2, '06 Apr. 20, '06 18 32 1.78 Shut down on account of air shortage. Mixed Rock cut 105+85 105+55 July 27, '06 Aug. 26, '06 30 30 1.00 Shut down April 20th to July 27th, 1906. Earth Breasting and poling 105+55 99+40 Aug. 26, '06 Jan. 2, '07 127 615 4.84 Mixed Rock cut 99+40 98+70 Jan. 2, '07 Feb. 6, '07 35 70 2.00 Rock Full face 98+70 98+60 Feb. 6, '07 Feb. 12, '07 6 10 1.66 Mixed Bottom heading 98+60 98+39 Feb. 12, '07 Mar. 6, '07 22 21 0.95 Rock Bottom heading 98+39 98+17 Mar. 6, '07 Mar. 15, '07 9 22 2.44 Mixed Rock cut 98+17 95+68 Mar. 15, '07 July 30, '07 110 249 2.26 Heading advanced to 97+82. Rock Middle heading 95+68 94+61 July 30, '07 Aug. 21, '07 49 107 2.18 Heading advanced to 94+35. Mixed Rock cut 94+61 93+56 Aug. 21, '07 Oct. 3, '07 43 106 2.46 Rock Middle heading 93+56 92+73 Oct. 3, '07 Nov. 11, '07 39 83 2.13 Mixed Rock cut 92+73 90+55 Nov. 11, '07 Feb. 13, '08 94 218 2.32 Shut down until Line D shields met. Mixed Rock cut 90+55 90+44.4 Feb. 25, '08 Mar. 3, '08 6 11 1.83 Line D, Manhattan. Material. Method. Station: Date: Number of days. Linear Feet. Rate of progress in feet per day. Remarks. From To From To Rock ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Top heading Removing bench Bottom heading Trimming Trimming 107+70.49 107+70.49 107+35 107+70 107+70 107+16 107+35 106+80 106+80 106+80 Dec. 9, '04 Jan. 1, '05 Jan. 30, '05 Mar. 29, '05 Aug. 31, '05 Jan. 31, '05 Jan. 27, '05 Feb. 10, '05 Apr. 12, '05 Sept 19, '05 ⎫ ⎬ ⎭ 123 90 0.73 In normal air. Rock Bottom heading 106+80 106+67 Oct. 5, '05 Nov. 8, '05 34 13 0.40 Bottom heading timbered. Mixed Bottom heading 106+67 106+39 Nov. 8, '05 Dec. 23, '05 45 38 0.84 Mixed Sliding hood and breasting. Rock bench 106+29 105+70 Dec. 23, '05 Jan. 24, '06 32 59 1.84 Earth Poling and breasting 105+70 104+61 Jan. 24, '06 Feb. 27, '06 31 109 3.41 Earth Poling, breasting and shutters 104+61 103+90 Mar. 2, '06 Mar. 31, '06 29 71 2.45 ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ Three days' delay to set shutters in top. Shut down 20 days to permit consolidation of the river bed and to repair broken plates. Earth Shutters 103+90 99+41 Apr. 20, '06 Sept 3, '06 136 449 3.40 Four days of 136, delay account of flood. Mixed Bottom bench 99+41 99+17 Sept 3, '06 Sept 23, '06 20 24 1.20 Mixed Bottom heading 99+17 98+50 Oct. 2, '06 Nov. 24, '06 53 67 1.27 Thirteen days' shut-down to put on hood. Rock Bottom heading 98+50 97+72 Nov. 24, '06 Jan. 16, '07 53 78 1.47 Mixed Bottom heading 97+72 97+27 Jan. 16, '07 Feb. 10, '07 25 45 1.40 Mixed Rock cut 97+27 95+72 Feb. 10, '07 Apr. 23, '07 72 155 2.15 Rock Middle heading 95+72 95+57 Apr. 23, '07 May 11, '07 18 15 0.83 Rock Middle heading 95+57 94+65 May 23, '07 June 17, '07 25 92 3.68 Twelve days' delay to repair cutting edge. Mixed Middle heading 94+65 94+41 June 17, '07 June 25, '07 8 24 3.00 Mixed Rock cut 94+41 94+03 June 25, '07 July 13, '07 18 38 2.11 Rock Middle heading 94+03 92+64 July 13, '07 Sept 12, '07 61 139 2.28 Mixed Middle heading 92+64 92+54 Sept 12, '07 Sept 20, '07 8 10 1.25 Rock Middle heading 92+54 92+50 Sept 20, '07 Sept 21, '07 1 4 4.00 Mixed Rock cut 92+50 90+38.66 Sept 21, '07 Jan. 8, '08 109 211.34 1.94 Openings were made between the headings as follows: Tunnel D , February 20th, 1908; Tunnel B , March 3d, 1908; Tunnel C , March 5th, 1908; Tunnel A , March 18th, 1908. It was necessary to cut away the projecting floors of the working compartments before the cutting edges could be shoved together. Contractor's Organization. —Tunnel operations were carried on continuously for thirteen days out of fourteen, regular work being shut down for repairs on alternate Sundays. When the required pressure was more than 32 lb., four gangs of laborers were employed, each gang working two shifts of 3 hours each, with an intermission of 3 hours between the shifts. When the pressure was less than 32 lb., three gangs were employed, each gang covering 8 hours, but with an intermission of about 1/2 hour in low pressure for lunch. Air Pressures Required. —During the greater portion of the work in soft ground, pressure was maintained which would about balance the hydrostatic head at the axis of the tunnel. This required a pressure varying from 30 to 34 lb. per sq. in. above that of the atmosphere. In Tunnels B and D , at Manhattan, during the work in soft ground, pressures as high as 37 lb. were maintained for considerable periods of time; in the firm material near the reef 28 lb. was often sufficient. While removing the broken plates, the pressure was raised for a short time to 42 lb., and was maintained between 37-1/2 and 40 lb. for a little more than one month. Air Supply. —For regular operation the contractor furnished four compressors on each side of the river, each having a rated capacity of 5,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute delivered at 50 lb. above normal, when running at the rate of 100 rev. per min. An additional compressor of the same capacity was supplied on each side of the river, in compliance with the requirement for 25% excess capacity; the additional compressors had also high-pressure air cylinders which could be connected at will, and in which the pressure could be increased to 150 lb., and the air used to supply rock drills, grouting machines, etc. The entire combination on each side of the river, therefore, was rated at 25,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute, or a mean of 6,250 cu. ft. per heading. Its safe working capacity was not far from 20,000 cu. ft. per min. The shields broke through rock surface in Tunnels B , C , and D , at Manhattan, in November and December, 1905. The consumption of air in the four tunnels soon exceeded 15,000 cu. ft. for 24 hours, and in Tunnel D , on several occasions, it exceeded 7,000 cu. ft. for a like period. Blows had become frequent, and it was evident that the air plant was inadequate for driving four tunnels at once in the open material east of the Manhattan rock. Work in Tunnel A , therefore, was not resumed, after the suspension on December 29th, for about ten months, and Tunnel C was also closed down for more than four months of the time between December, 1905, and July, 1906. During this period the capacity of the plant was increased from the rated 25,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute, to 35,000. In Tunnel D the material had gradually become firmer, with more clay and less escape of air, as the Blackwell's Island Reef was approached, and, at the end of the period, the rock surface was within 3 ft. of the top of the shield; in Tunnel B , the rock of the reef was still a little below the shield, but the overlying material contained a large proportion of clay and held air very well. Tunnel C was still in open material, but, with two lines safe and with the increased air plant, it was deemed best to resume work in Tunnel A , which was done on October 23d, 1906. Thenceforward work was continuous in all headings until the meeting points with the Long Island shields were reached. This period, January to October, 1906, inclusive, was the most strenuous of the entire work, particularly the first six months. With one and, at times, two tunnels closed down, the consumption of air in the headings from Manhattan was an average of more than 20,000 cu. ft. per min. for periods of from 30 to 60 days; it was often more than 25,000 cu. ft. for 24 hours, with a maximum of nearly 29,000 cu. ft., and doubtless this was exceeded considerably for shorter periods. On several occasions the quantity supplied to a single tunnel averaged more than 15,000 cu. ft. per min. for 24 hours. The greatest averages for 24 hours were obtained later in Tunnel A , after the resumption of work there, and exceeded 19,000 cu. ft., but the conditions in the headings of the other lines were then so favorable that the work was carried on continuously in all. The deficiency in the original plant at Manhattan was so marked, and the need of driving all headings from Long Island simultaneously so clear, that it was decided to increase the rated capacity of the Long Island compressor plant to 45,400 cu. ft. of free air per minute, which was 10,400 cu. ft. greater than the capacity of the Manhattan plant after the latter had been augmented. Plate LXXII The earth encountered on emerging from rock, when driving westward from Long Island, was far more compact and less permeable to air than on the Manhattan side, but for a distance of from 400 to 600 ft. immediately east of the reef, it was a clean open sand, and, while the shields were passing through this, the quantity of air supplied to the four headings seldom fell below 20,000 cu. ft. per min.; it was usually more than 25,000 cu. ft., with a recorded maximum of 33,400 cu. ft. Although this was greater than ever used on the Manhattan side, it was more uniformly distributed among the several headings, and in none equalled the maximum observed on the Manhattan side, the largest having been 12,700 cu. ft. per min. for 24 hours; it must be remembered, however, that at one time only two tunnels were in progress in the bad material in the tunnels from Manhattan. From the foregoing experience, it would seem that the plant finally furnished at Long Island, having a rated capacity of 45,400 cu. ft. of free air per minute, would have been a reasonable compliance with the original actual needs on the Manhattan side and vice versa ; the plant finally developed on the Manhattan side, having a rated capacity of 35,000 cu. ft. of free air per minute, would have sufficed for the Long Island side. The total quantity of free air compressed for the supply of the working chambers of the tunnels and the Long Island caissons was 34,109,000,000 cu. ft., and, in addition, 10,615,000,000 cu. ft. were compressed to between 80 and 125 lb. for power purposes, of which at least 80% was exhausted in the compressed-air working chambers. The total supply of free air to each heading while under pressure, therefore, averaged about 3,550 cu. ft. per min. The quantity of air escaping during a sudden blow-out is apparently much smaller than might be supposed. Investigation of a number of cases, showing large pressure losses combined with a long stretch of tunnel supplying a relatively large reservoir of air, disclosed that a maximum loss of about 220,000 cu. ft. of free air occurred in 10 min. This averages only a little more than 19,000 cu. ft. per min., the maximum recorded supply to one tunnel for a period of 24 hours. Of this quantity, however, probably from 30 to 40% escaped in the first 45 seconds, while the remainder was a more or less steady loss up to the time when the supply could be increased sufficiently to maintain the lowered pressure. Very few blows showed losses approaching this in quantity, but the inherent inaccuracy of the observations make the foregoing figures only roughly approximate. Special Difficulties. The most serious difficulties of the work came near the start. In Tunnel D blows and falls of sand from the face were frequent after soft ground was met in the top. About six weeks after entering the full sand face, and before the shutters had been installed, the shield showed a decided tendency to settle, carrying the tunnel lining down with it and resulting in a number of badly broken plates in the bottom of the rings. Notwithstanding the use of extremely high vertical leads, [D] the sand was so soft that the settlement of the shield continued for about fifteen rings, the maximum being nearly 9 in. below grade. The hydrostatic head at mid-height of the tunnel was 32-1/2 lb., and the raising of the air pressure to 37 lb., as was done at this time, was attended with grave danger of serious blows, on account of the recent disturbance of the natural cover by the pulling and re-driving of piles in the reconstruction of the Long Island ferry slips directly above. It dried the face materially, however, and the shield began to rise again, and had practically regained the grade when the anticipated blow-outs occurred, culminating with the entrance of rip-rap from the river bed into the shield and the flooding of the tunnel with 4 ft. of sand and water at the forward end. The escape of air was very great, and, as a pressure of more than 28 lb. could not be maintained, the face was bulkheaded and the tunnel was shut down for three weeks in order to permit the river bed to consolidate. This was the most serious difficulty encountered on any part of the work, and, coming at the very start, was exceedingly discouraging. During the shut-down the broken plates were reinforced temporarily with steel ribs and reinforced concrete ( Fig. 1, Plate LXXIII ) which, on completion of the work, were replaced by cast-steel segments, as described elsewhere. Practically, no further movement of iron took place, and the loss of grade caused by the settlement of the shield, which was by far the largest that ever occurred in this work, was not sufficient to require a change in the designed grade or alignment of the track. Work was resumed with the shutters in use at the face as an aid to excavation. The features of extreme seriousness did not recur, but for two months the escape of air continued to be extremely large, an average of 15,000 cu. ft. per min. being required on many days during this period.