History of Rationalism Embracing a Survey of the Present State of Protestant Theology

INDEX. Works arising from the above Oxford Essays. Aids to Faith , Replies to Essays and Reviews. London, 1863. Baylay, C. F. R. —"Essays and Reviews" compared with Reason. London, 1861. Buchanan, J. —"Essays and Reviews" Examined. London, 1861. Close, F. —Critical Examination of "Essays and Reviews." London, 1861. Denison, G. A. —Analysis of "Essays and Reviews." London, 1861. Dialogues on Essays and Reviews. London, 1862. Girdlestone, E. —Remarks on Essays and Reviews. Lond., 1861. Jelf, R. W. —Evidence of Unsoundness in Essays and Reviews. London, 1861. Kennard, R. B. —Essays and Reviews. Protest addressed to the Bishop of Salisbury. London, 1861. —— The Essays and Reviews: their Origin, History, General Character and Significance, Persecution, Prosecution, the Judgment of the Arches Court, Review of Judgment. London, 1863. Lushington, S. —Judgment delivered on Essays and Reviews. London, 1862. Milton, J. —Prophecy of Essays and Reviews and his Judgment. London, 1861. Moberly, G. —Remarks on Essays and Reviews. London, 1861. Replies to Essays and Reviews , by Goulburn, Rose, and others. London, 1862. Worn-Out Neology. —Strictures upon Essays and Reviews. London, 1861. Farrar, A. S. —A Critical History of Free Thought in Reference to the Christian Religion. London, 1863. Fisher, G. P. —Essays on the supernatural Origin of Christianity. With special reference to the Works of Renan, Strauss, and the Tübingen School. New York, 1865. Frankland, B. —Intuitionalism; or, Insufficiency of Pure Reason. London, 1861. Frothingham, O. B. —Tales from the Patriarchs. Boston, 1864. Furness, W. H. —Jesus and his Biographers. Boston, 1838. Gage, J. A. —The Life of Jesus a Fact, not a Fiction. A Response to M. Renan's Vie de Jésus. London, 1863. Garbett, E. —Bible and its Critics. Boyle Lectures for 1861. Lond. , 1861. Goulburn, E. M. —Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures. London, 1857. Greg, W. R. —The Creed of Christendom. London, 1863. Hamilton, W. T. —Defense of the Pentateuch against Scepticism. London, 1852. Hebert, C. —Neology not True and Truth not New. 2d Ed. London, 1861. Hedge, F. H. —Reason in Religion. Boston, 1865. Heurtly, C. A. —Inspiration of Holy Scriptures. London, 1861. Hooker, W. —Philosophy of Unbelief. New York. Hughes, T. —Religio Laici. London, 1861. Irrationalism of Infidelity , a Reply to Newman's "Phases." London, 1853. James, H. —The Old and New Theology. London, 1861. Jelf, W. E. —Supremacy of Scripture, a Letter to Dr. Temple. London, 1861. Kingsley, C. —Sermons for the Times. London, 1858. —— Sermons; Good News of God. London, 1859. Langford, J. A. —Religions Skepticism and Infidelity. London, 1850. Lecky, W. E. H. —History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. 2 vols. London, 1865. Lee, W. —Recent Forms of Unbelief; Some Account of Renan's Vie de Jésus. London, 1864. McCaul, A. —Rationalism and Deistic Infidelity. Three Letters. London, 1861. McCombie, W. —Modern Civilization in Relation to Christianity. London, 1863. Mackay, R. W. —The Tübingen School and its Antecedents: a Review of the History and Present Condition of Modern Theology . London. —— Rise and Progress of Christianity. London, 1854. Malan, S. C. —Philosophy or Truth? London, 1865. Mansel, H. L. —Limits of Religious Thought; Bampton Lectures. London, 1859. —— Examination of Maurice's Stricture on Bampton Lecture. London, 1859. Maurice, F. D. —Claims of the Bible and of Science. London, 1862. —— Theological Essays. 2d Ed. London, 1853. —— What is Revelation? London, 1859. Miall, E. —Basis of Belief: Examination of Christianity. London , 1861. Nelson, D. —Infidelity; its Cause and Cure. London, 1853. Newman, F. W. —Phases of Faith. London, 1860. —— Essays towards a Church of the Future. London, 1854. —— Theism, Doctrinal and Practical. London, 1858. —— The Soul: its Sorrows and Aspirations. London, 1861. —— Sermons on Theory of Religious Belief. London, 1844. —— Development of Christian Doctrine. London, 1846. Noyes, G. N. —Theological Essays. 3d Ed. Boston, 1860. This work contains essays by Rowland Williams, Jowett, Powell, Stanley, and others. It advocates the Broad Church theories. O'Connor, W. A. —Miracles not Antecedently Incredible. London, 1861. Palmer, G. —Scripture Facts and Scientific Doubts. Edinburgh, 1863. A Defense of Scripture from the objections of Geologists, Statisticians, and others. Parker, Theo. —Discourses on Religion. Boston, 1842. —— Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and Popular Theology. Boston, 1853. —— Ten Sermons on Religion. Boston, 1853. —— World of Matter and Mind. Boston, 1865. Extracts from unpublished sermons. Parkinson, R. —Rationalism and Revelation. London, 1838. Paton, J. B. —A Review of the "Vie de Jésus" of M. Renan. London, 1864. Peabody, A. P. —Christianity the Religion of Nature. Boston, 1863. Pearson, T. —Infidelity. Republished from London Ed. in N. Y., 1853. Porter, J. L. —The Pentateuch and the Gospel. London, 1864. Progress of Religious Thought , as illustrated in the Protestant Church of France. Ed. by J. R. Beard. London, 1861. This work contains essays by Messrs. Colani, Scholten, Réville , Scherer, and Renan. Pusey, E. B. —Historical Inquiry into German Rationalism. London, 1828. —— Daniel the Prophet. London, 1865. Rationalism and Revelation. —(Anon.) London, 1865. Religious Aspects of the Age. New York, 1858. Rigg, J. H. —Modern Anglican Theology. London, 1859. Ripley. —Latest Forms of Infidelity. Boston, 1840. Robins, S. —Defense of the Faith: Forms of Unbelief. London, 1861. Rose, H. J. —State of Protestantism in Germany. 2d Ed. London, 1829. Ryder, A. G. —Scriptural Doctrine of Acceptance with God, considered in reference to Neologian Hermeneutics. London, 1865. Sawyer, L. A. —Daniel with its Apocryphal Additions. Boston, 1863. Schaff, P. —Germany; its Theology, &c. Philada., 1857. —— The Person of Christ; The Miracle of History, with a Reply to Strauss and Renan. Boston, 1865. One of the best of the recent replies to the Rationalists. Schaff and Roussell. —The Christ of the Gospels, and the Romance of M. Renan. London, 1864. Schmucker, S. M. —Errors of Modern Infidelity Refuted. Phila., 1848. Seaman, M. —Christian Armed against Infidelity. London, 1837. Sewell, W. —On the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture. London, 1861. Smith, C. —Prize Essays on Infidelity. London, 1861. Smith, G. —Rational Religion and Objections of Bampton Lectures for '58. London, 1861. Squier, M. P. —Reason and the Bible. New York, 1860. Stanley, A. P. —The Bible: Its Form and Substance. London, 1865. Taylor, J. J. —Retrospect of Religious Life in England. 1845. Testimony of Skeptics to the Truth of Christianity. London, 1861. Thompson, R. A. —Christian Theism. London, 1863. Tracts for Priests and People , by various writers, 1st and 2d series. London, 1862. Tucker, L. —Lectures on Infidelity. New York, 1837. Tullidge, H. —Triumphs of the Bible. New York, 1863. A defense of Scripture against the objections of the Skeptical Scientific School. Walker, J. B. —Philosophy of Skepticism and Ultraism. New York, 1857. Walther, D. —Reply to Newman's Phases of Faith. London, 1851. Whately, Abp. —Essays on Dangers to Christian Faith. London, 1857. Westfield, T. C. —Seven Essays on Universal Science, embracing Investigations of the Mosaic Cosmogony, and the Interpretation of the Scriptures. London, 1863. A Defense of the Harmony of Science and Revelation. Williams, R. —Rational Godliness after the Mind of Christ. Lond., 1855. Woodman, W. —Is the Bible a Divine Revelation? London, 1862. Woodsworth, C. —Inspiration of the Bible. Five Lectures. London, 1862. Young, J. —Christ of History: an Argument. 3d Ed. London, 1861. —— Province of Reason; a Criticism on Mansel. London, 1860. Young, J. R. —Modern Skepticism, viewed in Relation to Modern Science. London, 1865. This work is an excellent answer to the doctrines of Colenso, Huxley, Lyell, and Darwin, respecting the Noachian Deluge, the Antiquity of Man, and the Origin of Species. LITERATURE OF UNITARIANISM AND UNIVERSALISM. For the bibliography of the Trinitarian Controversy in England, extending through the former half of the eighteenth century, consult Watts' Bibliotheca Britannica, 4 vols. Edinburgh, 1824; and Biographia Britannica, 7 vols. folio, 1747. Concerning the discussion on 1 John, v. 7, consult Darling, Cyclopædia Bibliographia; London, 1854. For other Unitarian publications, in addition to those mentioned below, see Beard, Unitarianism in its Actual Condition , pp. 327-29. The following table of Unitarian and Universalist Literature has reference to only two doctrines: the Trinity and Future Punishment. Baker, A. —Our God a Consuming Fire. London, 1864. Barclay, J. —Socinianism and Irvingism Refuted. London, 1845. Barling, J. —Review of Trinitarianism. London, 1847. Barlow, J. W. —Eternal Punishment and Eternal Death. London, 1864. Barret, B. F. —Letters on the Divine Trinity. New York, 1860. —— Christ the Interpreter of Scripture. London, 1865. Beard, J. R. —Historic and Artistic Illustrations of the Trinity. London, 1864. —— Unitarianism in its Actual Condition. London, 1849. —— Reasons why I am a Unitarian. London, 1860. Bellows, H. W. —Phi Beta Kappa Oration. 1853. Until the middle of the year 1850, this author was the principal writer for the Christian Inquirer , New York. Belsham, T. —Calm Inquiry into Script. Doctrine concerning the Person of Christ. Brooks, E. G. —Universalism a Practical Power . New York, 1863. Brothers' Controversy on Unitarian Opinions. London, 1835. Burnap, G. W. —Unitarianism. Boston, 1855. —— Trinity. Boston, 1845. —— Evidences. Boston, 1855. Carpenter, L. —Examination of the Charges against Unitarians. Bristol, 1820. Channing, W. E. —Complete Works. 6 vols. Boston, 1841-46. Channing, W. H. —Memoir of W. E. Channing. 3 vols, 1843. Clark, D. W. —Man all Immortal. Cincinnati, 1864. Coute, J. —Essays on Socinianism. London, 1850. Denison, H. M. —Review of Unitarian Views. Louisville, Ky., 1855. Dewey, O. —Discourses; Controv. Theol., etc. 6 vols. 1846-47-63. Dexter, H. M. —Verdict of Reason on the question of the Impenitent Dead. Boston, 1865. Disney, J. —Remarks on Tomline's Charge. London, 1812. —— Sermons. 4 vols. London, 1793-1818. Ellis, G. E. —Half Century of the Unitarian Controversy. Boston, 1857. Farley, F. A. —Unitarianism Defined. Boston, 1860. Furness, W. H. —Jesus and His Biographers. Boston, 1838. —— History of Jesus. Boston, 1850. —— Veil Partly Lifted. 1864. The author repudiates the atonement. "The doctrine of the Atonement," says he, "which is especially cherished as the distinguishing idea of Christianity, is only a form of the radical error from which false religion has sprung ever since the world began; the error, namely, of supposing that human guilt is to be expiated, not by change of character, but by offerings and sacrifices." The sacrifice of Christ "is the world-old error, thinly disguised, culminating in its most monstrous form. Even if it were new, it has no place among the teachings of Jesus. He never taught this nor any of its associated dogmas. Not a word of his gives them the slightest color of authority." Pp. 4, 5. Such language comes with an ill grace from one who attacks M. Renan. See Chapter on Christ's "childlikeness." Wherein, we ask, is the Frenchman worse than the Philadelphian? Gage, W. L. —Trinitarian Sermons to a Unitarian Congregation. Boston, 1860. Hare, E. —Principal Doctrines of Christianity Defended against the Errors of Socinianism. New York. Hovey, A. —State of Impenitent Dead. Boston, 1859. Hudson, C. F. —Debt and Grace. Boston, 1857. —— Human Destiny; a Critique of Universalism. Boston, 1861. Job the Abbot. —Reasons for Abandoning Trinitarian Doctrines. London, 1841. Jones, T. —Immanuel; or, Scriptural views of Jesus Christ. Lond., 1856. Kenrick, T. —Unitarian Exposition of the New Testament. New York. Ker, W. —The Popular Views of Immortality, Everlasting Punishment, and the State of Separate Souls, brought to the Test of Scripture. London, 1865. Kidd, W. J. —Reflections on Unitarianism. London, 1835. Kohlman, A. —Complete Refutation of Unitarianism. Washington, 1821. Lake, C. W. —The Inspiration of Scripture and Eternal Punishment. London, 1864. Landis, R. W. —Immortality of the Soul, and Final Condition of the wicked. New York, 1859. One of the best arguments in favor of Eternal Punishment. Lardner, N. —Complete Works. 17 vols. London, 1727-57. Letters on Nature and Duration of Future Punishment. London, 1835. Lindsey, T. —Apology. London, 1774. —— Sequel. London, 1776. —— Historical View of Unitarian Doctrine from Reformation. London, 1783. —— Vindiciæ Priestlianæ. London, 1788. Martineau, J. —Rationale of Religious Inquiry. London, 1839. —— Endeavors after the Christian Life, 2 vols. London, 1843. —— Studies of Christianity. London, 1858. Mattison, H. —Immortality of the Soul. Philadelphia, 1865. Mellis, J. —Lectures on Points of the Unitarian Controversy. London, 1846. Minton, S. —Lectures on Unitarianism. London, 1847. Mitchell, E. —The Christian Universalist. New Haven, 1833. Monsell, C. A. —Sermons: Temporal Punishment of Sin. London, 1845. Moore, D. —The Age and the Gospel: to which is added a Discourse on Final Retribution. London, 1865. Morse, J. —True Reasons. Boston, 1805. —— Appeal to the Public. Boston, 1814. Mortlock, E. —Sermons on Doctrine of the Trinity. London, 1844. Nemesis Sacra. —Inquiries into Scriptural Doctrine of Retribution. London, 1856. Newton, Sir I. —Views on Points of Unitarian Doctrine. Republished. London, 1856. Noel, B. W. —Christianity compared with Unitarianism. London, 1851. Norton, A. —True and False Religion; in Christian Disciple . 1820-'22. —— Genuineness of the Gospels, 3 vols. Boston, 1851- '54 . —— Tracts concerning Christianity. Cambridge, 1852. —— Internal Evidences. Boston, 1855. —— Statement of Reasons. Boston, 1856. Orr. —Unitarianism in the Present Time. Boston, 1863. Osgood, S. —Christian Biography. New York, 1851. —— The Coming Church and its Clergy. 1858. Palfrey, J. G. —Evidences of Christianity. Boston, 1843. Peabody, A. P. —Christian Doctrine. Boston, 1844. —— Christianity the Religion of Nature. Boston, 1863. Power, J. H. —Exposition of Universalism. New York. Price, R. —Dissertations on Provid. Christianity. London, 1772. —— Sermons on Christian Doctrine. London, 1787. Priestley, J. —Defenses of Unitarianism, 2 vols. London, 1787-89. For full account of this writer's many works, consult Darling, Cyclopædia Bibliographica, pp. 2454-58. Salmon, G. —The Eternity of Future Punishment. London, 1865. Sherlock, W. —An Essay on Future Punishment. London, 1865. Short Reasons for Belief in the Divinity of Christ. London, 1843. Soper, E. —Doctrine of the Trinity proved from Scripture. London. 1853. Sprague, W. B. —Annals of the American Unit. Pulpit. New York, 1865. Stuart, M. —Exegetical Essays on Future Punishment. London, 1848. Thayer. —Theology of Universalism. Boston, 1862. Thompson, J. P. —Love and Penalty. New York, 1865. Thompson, S. —Scripture Refutation of Unitarianism. London, 1838. Turner, W. —Lives of eminent Unitarians. London, 1840-3. Unitarian, How I became a. —By a Clergyman of the Protestant E. Church. Boston, 1852. Universalism against Itself. —Cincinnati, O. Universalismus, Dee. —Gott alles in Allen. Stuttgart, 1862. Ware, H. —Complete Works. Boston, 1847. Ware, W. — Letters to Trinitarians and Calvinists. Boston, 1820. —— American Unitarian Biography. Boston, 1850. Whately, A. —Scriptural Revelation respecting Future State. Lond., 1858. Whitman, B. —Friendly Letters to a Universalist. Boston, 1850. Whittemore, T. —History of Universalism. New Ed. Vol. I. Boston, 1860. Williamson, H. —Exposition and Defense of Universalism. New York, 1840. Wilson, J. —Scripture Proofs of Unitarianism. Boston. Woods, L. —Letters to Unitarians, and Reply to Dr. Ware. New York. Worcester, N. —Review of Testimonies, etc., in Bible News . Boston, 1810. —— Address to Trinitarian Clergy. Boston, 1814. Yates. —Vindication of Unitarianism, 4th Ed. London, 1850. UNITARIAN PERIODICALS. Christian Examiner , Boston. Christian Inquirer , New York. Christian Register , Boston. Journal of American Unit. Assoc. , Boston. Monthly Christian Register , Boston. Monthly Religious Magazine , Boston. Religious Educator , Boston. UNIVERSALIST PERIODICALS. Broad Church Pulpit , New York. Christian Ambassador , New York. Christian Freeman , Boston. Christian Repository , Montpelier, Vt. Gospel Banner , Augusta, Me. Herald and Era , Indianapolis, Ind. Manford's Magazine , St. Louis, Mo. Myrtle , Boston. Ladies' Repository , Boston. Star in the West , Cincinnati, O. Star of the Pacific , Petaluma, Cal. Trumpet , Boston. Universalist Herald , Montgomery, Ala. Universalist Quarterly , Boston. Young Christian , Cincinnati, O. Youths' Friend , Cincinnati, O. For full bibliographical accounts of the controversy between the orthodox theologians of New England and the Unitarians, during the present century; and of the discussion on the Person of Christ provoked by the speculations of Horace Bushnell, consult Hagenbach, History of Doctrines , Smith's Ed. New York, 1862. INDEX. Abrest, Peter, his exegetical labors, 345 . Age, present, declared Rationalistic by Lecky, 23 . America, relations between France and, 536 . American Church, peculiarities of, 536 . Influenced by skeptical denominations, 571 . Duty of the American Church to guard against infidelity, 575 . American civilization, undergoing a change, 576 . Andreä, John Valentine; poverty and early difficulties, 53 . His satire on the Church, 53 . Excitement produced by it, 54 . Service rendered by it, 54 . Quotation from Andreä's Christianopolis, 61 . Satire on the degenerate preaching of his time, 71-73 . Apostolical Succession, a doctrine of the High Church, 514 . Arndt, John; his service to the Church; work on True Christianity ; motives leading him to write, 49 . Reception of his work by the people, 50 . Arndt's calm spirit, 50 . He was charged with mysticism, 50 . Opposition to him, 51 . Popularity of his book, 51 . Arnold , Gottfried, the historian of Pietism, 98 . His history of Churches and Heretics , 98 . Charged with Separatism, 98 . He contended for the unification of Mysticism and Pietism, 98 . Arnold, Thomas, his Sermons, 521 . His opinions, 521-523 . Atonement, Unitarian opinion of, 550 , 551 . Auberlen on mission of Pietism, testimony of, 86-88 . Augsburg Confession, 38 . August, Karl. His care to secure the society of distinguished literary men around his court, 169 , 170 . Bahrdt, his deceit and blasphemy, 139 . His works, 140 . His condition when at Giessen, 140 . His rapid decline, 141 . He engaged in numerous enterprises, 141 . Became an inn-keeper at Halle, 142 . His wretched death, 142 . He was the climax of French skepticism in Germany, 142 . Basedow. An innovation in German education, 184 . His publications in favor of a new system, 184 . His visionary plans, 185 . Popular indorsement of his impracticable plans, 185 . His final fall, 186 , 187 . Baumgarten, the connecting link between Pietism and Rationalism, 111 . He succeeded Wolf at Halle, 111 . His extensive acquirements, 111 , 112 . He favored the introduction of English Deism, 117 . Baur F. C., his works divided into two classes, 278 . His views of the early church, 278-280 . Becker, the extreme Rationalism contained in his juvenile publications, 190-192 . Bekker, Balthazer, a disciple of Des Cartes, 347 . His World Bewitched , 347 . His excommunication, and personal appearance, 347 , 348 . Bellows, against orthodoxy, 545 , 546 . Opposes original sin, 548-550 . Belsham, his work on American Unitarianism, 539 , 540 . Bengel, his purpose to lead the people to a better understanding of the Bible, 101 . Kahnis' appreciation of Bengel, 101 . Bethmann -Hollweg, influence on the Church Diet, 319 . Bilderdyk, at the head of the modern school of Dutch poetry, 359 . Boehme, Jacob, shoemaker at Gorlitz; his pure purposes, 46 ; his mysterious life, 47 ; method of composition, 47 ; description by himself of his seasons of ecstasy, 48 ; his Aurora , 48 ; last words, 49 . Bolingbroke, introducing the French spirit into England in the Eighteenth Century, 442 . His principles, 442 , 443 . Broad Church, has lately acquired great influence, 531 . First Broad Church corresponds with Philosophical Rationalism, 519 . Its tenets, 528 , 529 , 530 . Second Broad Church is thoroughly Rationalistic, 530 . Points of difference from the First Broad Church, 531 . Bunsen, his Biblical Researches re-reviewed in Essays and Reviews , 485-487 . Calixtus, George, as a theologian, 40 ; professor at Helmstedt, 41 ; travels, and literary style, 41 ; impression made upon his mind by prevailing controversies, 41 ; his ardent desire to unite conflicting elements, 41 ; his sorrow at the abuse of preaching, 41 , 42 ; advice on preaching, 42 ; his Chief Points of the Christian Religion , 43 ; accusations against him, 44 ; his fruitless labors, 44 . Testimony on neglect of children, 64 , 65 . Campe's influence upon the youth of Germany, 188 . His works, 188 . Capadose, an agent in the revival in the Dutch Church, 359 . Carlyle, Thomas, parent of Literary Rationalism in England, 473 . Derived his system from the German philosophers, 473 . Opinions, 473-476 . His influence upon the young, 475 , 476 . Vicious influence of his sentiments, 477 . Channing, W. Ellery, leader of American Unitarianism, 541 . His works, 541 . Mental transitions, 542 . Repudiation of orthodoxy, 542 . His opinions, 543 , 544 . Chantepie de la Saussaye, one of the leaders of the Ethical-Irenical School in the Dutch Church, 375 . Preaches in Rotterdam, 376 . Assisted in forming society called Seriousness and Peace, 376 . His work on modern materialism, 379 . His opinions, 379 , 380 . His view of the future of the Church, 380 . Charities of Protestant Germany, 311 . They do not interfere with each other, 331 . Charities of French Protestantism, 423 . Christ, opinions of German Rationalists on person of, 214-217 . Life of Christ described by numerous replies to Strauss, 274 , 275 . Christianity, Theo. Parker's view of, 567 , 568 . Chubb, his three principles, 115 , 116 . Church and State, union of, presupposes great purity, 535 . Church, affiliations of Rationalism with the German, 26 , 27 . The church has yet to vanquish thoroughly the attacks upon her faith, 35 . Condition of the German Church when Rationalism was at its height, 197 . Reconstruction of the church by Frederic William III., 230 , 231 . Church history, improved indirectly by the labors of the Rationalists, 581-583 . Church of England, two parties in, 507 . Tabular view of the clergy of the Established Church, 532 . Classes in Germany, immorality of higher, 77 , 78 . Clergy, immorality of German, in seventeenth century, 73 , 74 , 76 , note . The clergy were the agents of spiritual declension in Germany, 76 . Cocceian Controversy, literature of, 337 . The excitement occasioned by the conflict, 343 . Cocceians and Voetians, the leading parties in the Dutch Church, 340 . Principles of each, 340 . Cocceians studied the Scriptures, but differed from the text, 341 . Cocceius, opponent of Scholasticism in the Dutch Church, 336 . Studies and early writings, 336 , 337 . Professor in Leyden University, 337 . His opinion on the Sabbath, 337 . Disciples, 337 . Charges against Cocceius, 337 , 338 . Agreement between him and Descartes, 338 . Colani, one of principal theologians of French Critical School. His opinions, 401 , 402 . Colenso, Bishop John William, resemblance between him and Wolff, 107 , 108 . His work on the Pentateuch and Book of Joshua, 499 . His criticisms, 499-503 . Excitement occasioned by his work, 503 . Judicial proceedings against Colenso, 503-505 . Literature of the Controversy occasioned by him, 599-602 , Appendix . Colenso's return to Southern Africa without a people or a clergy, 505 . Testimony of a Mussulman against him, 506 . Coleridge, opinions of, 455-462 . His struggles, 457 . Definitions and distinctions of Coleridge, 460 , 461 . His school, 462 . Compensations of history, 453 . Composition, method of literary, in Germany in 17th century, 67 . Comte, 390 . Conferences, French Protestant, their recent action in favor of orthodoxy, 419-421 . Confessions, union of Lutheran and Reformed, 231 . Controversy, Antinomian, Adiaphoristic, Synergistic, Osiandric, Crypto-Calvinistic, 39 . Syncretistic controversy, 40 . Coquerel, A., Jr., editor of the Lien , 406 . Refusal of the Presbyterial Council to re-appoint him as suffragan in a Protestant pulpit in Paris, 407 . His opinions, 407 , 408 . His christology, 408 , 409 . Courts, licentiousness of German, during the Thirty Years' war, 78 , 79 . Extravagance on matrimonial and baptismal occasions, 79 , 80 . Da Costa, an agent in the revival in the Dutch Church, 359 . De Cock, leader of the secession from the Dutch Church, 362 . Results of his expulsion by ecclesiastical authority, 363 . Deism, English, defined by Lechler, 113 . The principle on which it started, 113 . Its superiority to the Deism of France, 113 . Its origin due to prominence given to nature by Lord Bacon, 114 . German opposition to English Deism, 114 . Rapid progress of Deism in Germany, 117 . Foreign infidelity hastened by the quibbles of orthodox theologians, 125 . English Deism influencing the Dutch Church, 350-352 . Did not possess advantages equal to those of German Rationalism, 440 . Deism, French, coöperating with English Deism, toward the overthrow of orthodoxy in Germany, 122 . Deists, English, translations of their works into the German Language, 117 . Translations into Dutch, 351 , 352 . De Pressensé prophesies good results from Renan's Life of Jesus , 406 . Leader of evangelical theologians in the French Church, 411 . Edits the Revue Chrétienne, 411 . His opinions, 412-415 . Opposes the union of Church and State, 415 . Remarks on the beneficial results of Renan's Life of Jesus , 585 , 586 . Descartes, apostle of French Rationalism, 338 , 339 , 389 . De Wette, twofold character of his opinion, 246 , 247 . His opinion of John, the Evangelist, 247 . View of the Scriptures, 248 . His theological novel, 248 . Dinter, a skeptical writer for children, 189 , 190 . Dogmatism, one of the elements of the degeneracy of the Dutch Church, 336 . Dorner, his complex style, 290 . His work on the Person of Christ, 290-292 . Conception of Christianity, 290 . Doubt, religious, and innovation, must be estimated by four considerations, 32 . Edelmann, Kahnis' testimony concerning him, 138 , 139 . Education in Germany, defects of, 184 . Edwards, Jonathan, successor of Stoddard, at Northampton, 538 . Emlyn, his Scripture account of Jesus Christ, 539 . Empirical-Modern School in the Dutch Church, 371 . It has few points of sympathy with evangelical Christianity, 374 . Its principles, 374 , 375 . English Church in the eighteenth century, low state of, 449-452 . Condition of English Church at the Peace of 1815, 454 . English literature in the eighteenth century, character of, 440 , 441 . Brilliant writers, 441 . English literature influenced by the French spirit, 441 . Epicureanism prevalent in Germany before the Thirty Years' War, 78 . Ernesti, the classic scholar of his day, 126 , 127 . Essays and Reviews , theology of, 482-495 . Opinions of evangelical German, theologians on the Essays and Reviews , 495 , 496 . Publications called forth by that work, 497 , Appendix . Judicial proceedings against the authors of the Essays and Reviews , 497 , 498 . Literature arising from the publication of the Essays and Reviews , 603 , Appendix . Ethical-Irenical School in the Dutch Church, 375 . Its leaders, 375 . Ethics in the Dutch Church, corruption of, 335 . Evangelical Church Diet of Germany, 318 . Occasion of its organization, 318 , 319 . First session, 320-322 . Practical result of the first session, 322 , 323 . Enlargement of operations, 323 . Evangelical Church Gazette, 101 , 102 . Evangelical Dissenting Church of Switzerland, rise of, 428 . Evangelical French School, 411 . Led by E. De Pressensé, 411 . Defended by Guizot, 416 . Fruits of the labors of the evangelical French theologians, 419 . Their success evident in the recent action of the Protestant Conferences, 419-421 . Evangelizing agencies in France, 422-424 . Falk, at Weimar, 312 , 313 . He was affected by the havoc of Napoleon's army, 313 . Established a Reformatory for children, 314 . His various benefactions, 315 . Farrar, his description of the Wolffian philosophy, 110 , 111 . Feuerbach, his radical Skepticism, 282 . Fichte, relation to Kant, 163 . His system, 163 . His Addresses to the German People , and influence of that work, 222 , 223 . Fliedner, established a Deaconess Institute, 316 . Its influence in other countries, 316 , 317 . Formula Concordiæ, 39 , 40 . France, adoption of English Deism by, 117 . Irreligion in France during the reign of Louis XIV., 117 , 118 . Francke, Augustus Hermann, testimony on neglect of Scriptural studies, 69 . His temperament, 93 . Purity of his purpose, 94 . His account of his conversion, 94 . His pulpit ministrations in Halle, 95 . His Introduction to the Old Testament , Hermeneutical Lectures and Method of Theological Study , 95 . He founded the Orphan House at Halle, 95 . The gradual establishment of that institution, 95 , 96 . Condition of the Orphan House after Francke's death, 96 , note . Theological instruction by Francke and his coadjutors, 96 . Prolific power of the Orphan House, 97 , 98 . Francken, his Kernel of Divinity , 346 . Frederic the Great, withdrew the royal patronage from Halle, 100 , 101 . He was captivated by Voltaire, 120 . His systematic attempt to destroy orthodoxy in his kingdom, 122 . He made no secret of his skepticism, 123 . Final regret of his religious course, on seeing the evil effects of infidelity upon his people, 123 , 124 . Free Congregations, rise and influence of, 284 . Freeman, Rev. James, Pastor of King's Chapel, Boston, 539 . Installation as the first Unitarian minister in America, 539 . French Church, Protestant, 387 . Skeptical formalism of French Protestantism in the beginning of the nineteenth century, 387 , 388 . Opposition to the French Protestant Church, 411 . French Critical School of Theology, 391 , 392 . Opinions, 393 , 394 . French Literature in Europe, prevalence of, 391 . French Skeptics upon the Church of Holland, influence of, 352 . French Theology, animation of, 386 . Frothingham, O. B., his juvenile work, 572 , 573 . Lecture on Liberal Christianity, 573-575 . Future Punishment, opposition of Unitarians to, 552 , 553 . Gaussen, leader of the Evangelical Dissenting Church of Switzerland, 428 , 429 . Geneva, improvement of religious spirit in, 430 , 431 . Gerhard, John, personal qualities, and rapid attainments, 51 . Quotation from his exegetical treatise, 52 . German Theology, affiliated to Philosophy, 155 . Germany, the country where Rationalism has exerted its chief influence, 5 . Condition of Protestant Germany at the commencement of the nineteenth century, 220-222 . Gibbon, caprices of, 447 . Work on the Roman Empire, 447 , 448 . Destitution of political character, 448 . God, opinion of German Rationalists concerning, 199 , 200 . Idea of God essential to success of civil government, 287 . Unitarian opinion of God, 547 , 548 . Goethe at Weimar, 179 . His attachment to Roman Catholicism, 183 . Influence of his writings on theology, 183 . Goodwin, C. W., on the Mosaic Cosmogony, in Essays and Reviews . His opinions, 491 , 492 . Gossner, his unsettled life, 327 . Providential guidance to Protestantism, and to missionary labors, 327 , 328 . Griesbach; he aimed to establish a system of natural religion, 137 , 138 . Groen Van Prinsterer, his influence in favor of home missions, 360 . Edited The Netherlander , 361 . Defended the Secessionists from the Dutch Church, 363 . Groningen School. Its origin, organ, and principal tenets, 364 , 365 . Distinguished for its ethical system, 366 . No place for the Trinity in the Groningen Theology, 366 . Service of the Groningens, 367 . Their failure to reach their object, 367 . Grotius, forerunner of Ernesti, 127 , 334 , 341 . Grotz, his opinions, 403 . Guericke, called attention to the operations of the "Friends of Light," 284 . Guizot, his deep interest in recent French Theology, 416 . His late important work on the Christian Religion, 416-419 . Gustavus Adolphus Union, its method of operation, 330 . Its nineteenth session, 330 . Results, 330 , 331 . Half-Way Covenant, 538 . Halle, University of; occasion of its establishment, 93 . Its faculty, and the work before it, 93 . The new generation of professors in Halle, 99 , 100 . Edict of Fred. Wil. I., that all theologians must study in that University, 100 . Hamann, inability of, and his coadjutors to resist Rationalism in Germany, 196 . Hare, Julius Charles, disciple of Coleridge, 462 . His life full of incident, 463 . View of Sacrifice, 463 . Other opinions, 464 , 465 . Harless, an opponent of Strauss, 271 . Harms, opposition of Claus, to union of German Churches, 232 . His 95 Theses, 232-235 . The excitement occasioned by the publication of that work, 235 , 236 . Harms, Louis, small beginning of his missionary enterprise, 328 , 329 . Final success, 329 , 330 . Hegel, his relation to philosophy, 164 . His philosophy reducible to a system of nature, 164 . His system, 165 . Fulfilment of his theory of antagonisms, 257 . The three branches of his school, 257 , 258 . Hengstenberg, his Evangelical Church Gazette established to oppose the prevalent Rationalism, 270 , 271 . He takes highest rank in the Evangelical School as a controversialist, and expositor of the Old Testament, 305 . Opposition to Pantheism, 306 . Contributors to his journal, 306 . His opinion of the Essays and Reviews , 496 . Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury; his reflections on the publication of his Tractatus de Veritate , 114 . His view of education, 114 . Herder, adaptation to his times, 171 . His creed, 172 . His interest in the poetic features of the Bible, 172 , 173 . The kind of love which he cherished toward the Bible, 174 . View of the person of Christ, 174 . Opinion of the Gospels, 175 . Herder's great service to the Church, 176 . His view of the pastorate, 176 . Character of his preaching, 177 , 178 . Opposition to the Kantian Philosophy, 178 . High Church in England, rise of, 511 . Its Conference at Hadley, 512 . Doctrines of the High Church, 512-515 . General service of the High Church, 515 , 516 . Hobbes; his estimate of religion, 114 , 115 . His works translated into Dutch, 351 . Hofstede de Groot, in conjunction with Pareau, published a work on dogmatic theology, 365 . Principles taught therein, 365 , 366 . Holland, former importance of, 332 , 333 . Rise of Rationalism in Holland, 333 . Theological publications in Holland, 334 . Popular acquaintance with theology in Holland, 346 . —— Church of, made slow progress in the eighteenth century, 344 . Influenced by English Deism, 350 . Affected by French Skepticism, 352 . Introduction of new hymn-book into the Dutch Churches, 357 , 358 . Dutch Church now in an important crisis, 381 . Causes of the crisis, 381 , 382 . Dutch Church applying itself to practical work, 382 , 383 . Holy Ghost, Unitarian opinion of, 548 . Homiletic literature of the Dutch Church, 335 . Huguenots of France were received into Holland, and exerted a beneficial influence on the Dutch Church, 343 . Humanists, Aristotelian, of seventeenth century, 6 . Hume, partook of the prevalent French spirit, 444 . His errors, 444 . Essay on Miracles , 445 , 446 . History of England , 446 , 447 . Hymns, destruction of German, 193 . Churches rivaled each other in adapting their hymn-books to Rationalistic opinions, 194 . Indifference, religious, produced in Holland by the French spirit, 353 , 354 . Infidelity presents a systematic and harmonious history, 2 . Infidelity systematically opposed to civil order and authority, 287 . Inner Mission of German Protestantism, 326 , 327 . Inspiration, opinion of German Rationalists on, 200 , 202 . American Unitarian opinion on inspiration, 546 , 547 . Instruction in Germany, improved character of religious, 307 , 308 . Jacobi, the opponent of the Kantian philosophy, 162 , 163 . Service to evangelical religion, 169 . Journals in Germany, theological, 306 , 307 , and note . Rationalistic Journals, Appendix , 595 . Rationalistic Journals in France, Appendix , 598 . Jowett, his commentaries, 481 . His view of the Atonement, 482 . Writes in Essays and Reviews on the interpretation of Scripture, 493 . His opinions, 494 , 495 . Kant, his superiority to other thinkers of his time, 156 . His account of his pious mother, 156 . His system published by a student, Hippel, 157 . His Critique of Pure Reason , 157 . That work popularized by Schulze , 158 . Opponents of the Kantian system, 158 . Kant's statement concerning the limits of reason, 159 . General character of Kant's criticism, 160 , 161 . Kant's silence on the positive truths of Christianity, 161 . Moral effect of the Kantian system, 162 . Thinkers succeeding Kant, 165 . Their service, 166 . King's Chapel, Boston, became Unitarian, 538 , 539 . Kingsley, Charles, on the English mind, influence of, 468 . His numerous works, 469 . His opinions, 469-471 . Controversy with Father Newman, 517 . Kleman, work on connection between grace and duty, 350 . Klopstock innocently commenced the alteration of the German hymns, 194 . Lange, his view of the Church, 296 , 297 . Larroque, member of the French Critical School, 400 . Lechler, his definition of English Deism, 113 . Leibnitz, the author of the Wolffian philosophy, 103 . His Theodicy , 103 . Philosophy of Leibnitz confined to the learned, 104 . Leo the Tenth, skepticism of, 113 . Lessing, his object in publishing the Wolfenbüttel Fragments , 152 . His opinions in partial harmony, at least, with that work, 153 . He found fault with his age, 155 . Lesson taught by condition of England in the eighteenth century, 440 . Le Vasser, his account of French irreligion during the reign of Louis XIV , 117 . Leyden School of Theologians, 367 . Its origin, 368 . Liberal Catholic School of France. Its founders, 409 . Great influence and high position of its members, 410 . Liberal Protestant Union, the organization of French Rationalists, 393 . Liberation, beneficial effects of German, 223 , 224 . Literary Rationalism in England, owes its origin to Carlyle, 473 . Literature, theological, defective character of, in former part of seventeenth century, 65 , 66 . Locke, his works translated into Dutch, 351 . Low Church, in England, 508 . Its seat at Cambridge, 508 . Conducted by vigorous minds, 508 . Always on the side of popular reform, 509 . Missionary labors, 509 , 510 . Its work at home, 510 . Present status, 510 , 511 . Mandeville, his style complimented by Macaulay, 116 . Maurice, disciple of Coleridge, 465 . Ideal view of creation, 465 , 466 . Holds that Christ is the archetype of every human being, 466 . His system, 467 . His permission to officiate in the Established Church, 468 . Mediation-Theologians of Germany, 288 . Melanchthon, his Apology of the Confession , 38 . Milton, on pride of the Church, and ecclesiastical authority, 535 , 536 . Miracles, the Rationalists deny the possibility of, 24 . Opinion of German Rationalists concerning miracles, 207-211 . Miracles, Hume on, 445 , 446 . Missions in the Dutch Church, 383 , 384 . Monod, A., the pioneer of the reformation of the French Protestant Church, 422 . Montague, house of Lady Mary Wortley, the center of a large literary group, 443 . Mosheim, his opposition to the introduction of English Deism, 117 . Müller and Scriver as illustrations of improved literary style, before the rise of Pietism, 83 , 84 . Music in the German Churches made to conform to Rationalism, 195 . Decline of congregational singing, 195 . Neander, first of Mediation Theologians. His youth, and early publications, 249 . Theological views, 249 , 250 . The chief characteristic of his theology, 250 . Various writings, 251 . Conception of Church history, 251 , 252 . Valuable service to evangelical theology, 252 . Relation to his times, 252 . Personal appearance, 253 , 254 . Life of Christ , in reply to Strauss, 272 , 273 . Newman, F. W. , his life resembles Blanco White's, 517 . His Phases of Faith , 518 . Became a Missionary, 518 . His opinions, 518 , 519 . Nicolai, his Universal German Library, 147 . Object of that journal to oppose all orthodox publications, 147 . Its great influence, 147 , 148 . Berlin affected by it, 148 . Norton, Andrews, professor in Harvard University, 540 . Opzoomer, professor at Utrecht, 371 . His manual of logic, 371 . Orthodoxy, inactivity of, in the Church of Holland, 356 . Parker, Theodore, as a reformer, 564 . Personal history, 565 . His radicalism, 566 . His theological opinions, 566-571 . Pattison, M., writes in Essays and Reviews on Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688-1750 , 492 . Paul, Jean, called attention to necessity of parental training of children, 187 . Paulus, attempt of, to prove Luther a Rationalist, 31 . Pecaut, holds that Deism should be substituted for the doctrines of Protestantism, 402 . His opinions, 402 , 403 . Periodical skeptical press of England, 477 . Pestalozzi's labors for the amelioration of orphans, 188 . His ideal of a school, 188 . Philosophy of the period anterior to rise of Pietism, 82 , 83 . Service of speculative philosophy in aid of religion, 167 . Philosophers do not communicate directly with the people, 471 , 472 . Pierson, his relation to Opzoomer, 371 . His opinions contained in two works, 371 , 372 . His exposition of the "New Theology," 372 . He holds that reason must determine what is revelation, 373 . Specimen of Pierson's style, 374 . Pietism, agencies leading to rise of, 55 . Objection brought against Pietism, 85 . What Pietism proposed to do, 85 . It was confounded with mysticism, 88 . Pietism commenced upon the principle that the Church was corrupt, 88 . The means proposed by Pietism to improve the Church, 88 , 89 . Secret of the fall of Pietism, 102 . Mistake of Lutheranism in failing to adopt it in the Church, 102 . Relation of Pietism to the German Protestant Church, 102 . Pietists, charged with literary barrenness, 101 . Positivism, the work of Compte alone, 390 . Powell, Baden, on the study of evidences of Christianity, in Essays and Reviews , 487 . His opinions, 487-489 . Preaching, defective, in Germany in seventeenth century, 69 , 70 . Privy Council of England, 498 , note . Professors and students, intimacy between German, 309 . Prophecy, opinion of German Rationalists concerning, 211-214 . Protestantism, concessions of, to the civil magistrate, 37 . Protestant Friends, 283 . Pulpit of Holland, low state of preaching in the, 334 . Rationalism, danger of failing to appreciate magnitude of, 1 . Necessity of immediate defence against infidelity, 2 . Rationalism not an unmixed evil in its results, 4 . The term Rationalism not of recent origin, 6 . Rationalists in England in 1646, 6 . Rationalism defined by Rückert, 7, note ; by Wegscheider in Institutiones Dogmaticæ , 8-11 ; by Stäudlin, 11 , 12 ; by Professor Hahn, 12 , 13 ; by Hugh James Rose, 13-16 ; by A. McCaul, 16-19 ; by M. Saintes, 19-21 ; by Lecky, 22 , 23 . Rationalists acknowledge justice of the definitions of their opponents, 24 . Several kinds of Rationalists, 24-26 . Peculiar advantages of Rationalism over other forms of Skepticism, 26 . Rationalists do not discard the Bible, but claim to give a proper interpretation, 27 . Shrewdness of Rationalism in its initial steps, 30 . Motives of the early Rationalists, 31 . Rationalism measured by four things, 32-35 . Rationalism acknowledges no hallowed ground, 33 . Spirit of Rationalism, bitter, 34 . Completeness of destructive work of Rationalism, 35 . The term Rationalism came into use in early part of nineteenth century, 239 . Rationalism, injured by its excessive demands, 255-256 . Rationalism assumed a revolutionary and atheistic form after the publication of Strauss' Life of Jesus , 281 . Rise of Rationalism in Holland, 333 . Undercurrent of Rationalism in Dutch Church, extending back to Synod of Dort, 346 . Rationalism in French Protestant Church, 391-409 ; in Switzerland, 432-439 ; in England, 455 . Three forms of Rationalism in England, 455 . Indirect service of Rationalism, 579-586 . Philosophical Rationalism in England commenced with Coleridge, 455 . Literature of Rationalism, 590-606 , Appendix . Rationalists among the English Jews, Roman Catholics, Quakers, and Unitarians, 533 . Rationalists, German, had no common system, 198 . Reason therefore , 198 . The principal parts of their system, 200-218 . Results of their opinions, 218 , 219 . Recordite party in the Low Church, 511 . Reformation endangered by controversies, 45 . Reformed Church, purity and progress of, in seventeenth century, 76 . Reformers, difference between, and Rationalists, 31 , 32 . Faults of the immediate successors of the Reformers, 37 . Disputes of the Reformers, 38 . Regeneration, Unitarian opinion of, 551 , 552 . Reinhard avowed himself in favor of subordination of reason to faith, 239 . Religion, opinion of German Rationals on, 199 . Renan, his greatest celebrity due to his Life of Jesus , 403 . His opinions, 403 , 404 . Reception of his Life of Jesus , 405 . Results of that publication declared by De Pressensé to be beneficial, 406 . Literature arising from Renan's Life of Jesus , 596-598 , Appendix . "Reunion of Christian Friends in Holland," result of revival in the Dutch church, 361 . Monthly Journal of the organization, 361 . Réville, his exposition of the so-called Liberal Theology, 394-396 . Revival in the Dutch church, 358 . Revue de Théologie, organ of French Critical School, 396 . Edited by Scherer, 396 . Roell, Professor, declared the necessity of reason for a proper interpretation of the Scriptures, 348 , 349 . Röhr, his Briefe über den Rationalismus , 34 . Principles contained therein, 238 , 239 . Rothe, ethical system, 300 . His recent work on Dogmatic Theology, 300 . Principles taught therein, 301-303 . Rougemont, his opinions, 400 , 401 . Rousseau, his description of French skepticism during the reign of Louis XV , 118 . The proposition which he sought to establish, 121 . The key to his creed, 122 . His popularity in Germany, 186 . Rupp, Pastor, attacked the Athanasian symbol, 284 . Sabbath, neglect of, in Germany, 37 . Schaff, description of Neander's appearance, 253 , 254 . Declares the indirect service of Rationalism, 580 , 582 , 583 . Schelling, his natural philosophy, 164 . His opposite and parallel sciences, 164 . Schenkel, elevation by Baden government, 303 . His late skeptical book, Picture of the Character of Jesus , 303 . Principles taught therein, 304 . Clerical protest against his continuance in authority, 305 . Scherer, member of the French Critical School. Departure from orthodoxy, 396 . His view of Protestantism, 397 . Opinion of the New Testament, 397 , 398 . The Bible, according to his exegesis, 398 , 399 . His low estimate of Christ's Miracles, 399 , 400 . Schiller at Weimar, 178 , 179 . His prayer on Sabbath morning, 179 , 180 . An admirer of Paganism, 181 . Embodies the Kantian philosophy in verse, 182 . Schleiermacher, early training of, 224 . Residence in Berlin as chaplain, 224 . His philosophy derived from Jacobi, 224 . His Discourses , 225 , 226 . Purpose of that work, 225 , 226 . Schleiermacher's conception of religion, 226 , 227 . His Monologues , 228 , 229 . His System of Doctrines , 241 . Principles taught therein, 241-243 . The great service of that work, 243 , 244 . Information concerning Schleiermacher, 243, note . His defective view of the Trinity, 244 . General character of his theology, 245 , 246 . His school, 256 , 257 . Scholasticism, one of the elements of the degeneracy of the Dutch Church, 336 . Scholten, founder of the Leyden School, 368 . His distinction between the principles and dogmas of a church, 368 . His view of historical criticism, 369 . Makes human nature the witness of truth of revelation, 369 . Defective view of sin, and denial of miracles, 370 . Schott, contended for the union of Reason and Revelation, 241 . Schurmann , Anna Maria, took part in the Cocceian controversy, 341 . Science, necessity of a proper view of, 586 , 587 . No antagonism between Science and Revelation, 587 . Scriptures, study of, neglected in Germany in seventeenth century , 68 . Opinion of German Rationalists concerning credibility of Scriptures, 203-206 . The Rationalists conscious of importance of the Scriptures, 481 . Secession from the Church of Holland, 362 . Its failure, 363 . Semler, his early training, 128 . Difficulty concerning want of understanding of the number of the Biblical books, 129 . His celebrated accommodation-theory, 130 . His distinction between the local and temporary contents of the Scriptures, 130 , 131 . His moderate affiliation with the English Deists, 131 . His repudiation of the French Skeptical School, 131 . His opinion concerning the world's independence of the Bible, 132 . He gained his greatest triumph against the history and doctrinal authority of the church, 132 . The beauty and purity of his private life, 133 , 134 . His domestic life, 134 . Death of his daughter, 135 , 136 . Semler's mental defects, 136 . His imitators, 137 . Fatal results of Semler's doctrines, 146 , 147 . Seriousness and Peace, society called, 376 . Shaftesbury, Lord, cultivated the acquaintance of the leaders of skepticism in France and England, 115 . His violent hostility to Christianity, 115 . His Characteristics , 115 . Sin, Unitarian opinion of, 548-550 . Skepticism, the result of coldness, formalism, and controversy in the Church, 4 . Development of skepticism south and west of Germany, 112 , 113 . Skepticism received the support of the educated and refined German circles during latter part of the eighteenth century, 149 . Historical record of skepticism, 563 . Skeptics, spirit of kindness toward, 587 , 588 . Smith, John Pye, his statement concerning the inferior character of replies to the English Deists, 117 . Speculative Rationalism in Zürich, Periodicals favoring, 434 . Opinions of the Speculative Rationalists concerning the Scriptures and Christ, 435-437 ; immortality, 437 , 438 ; sin, 438 ; faith, 438 , 439 . Spener, Philip Jacob, his testimony on neglect of children, 63 , 64 . His University life and pastoral labors, 89 , 90 . His labors in behalf of children, 90 . The Collegia Pietatis , 90 , 91 . Spener's Pia Desideria , 91 . His childlike nature, 91 , 92 . His literary activity, 92 . Bitterness of his enemies after his death, 92 , 93 . Spinoza, 103 , 281 . Stanley, Dean of Westminster, his works, 523 . Rationalistic concessions in his Jewish Church , 524 . His late article in the Westminster Review , 524 , 525 . Stevenson, description of Fliedner's Deaconess Institute, 317 , 318 . Synod of Dort, 334 . Stoddard, Venerable, did not believe in excluding unregenerate persons from the Lord's Supper, 537 . Strauss, his Life of Jesus the outgrowth of long-standing doubt, 29 . Strauss a Left-Hegelian, 258 . Popular reception of his Life of Jesus , 259 . Extraordinary character of the contents of that work, 259 , 260 . Strauss had an erroneous view of history, 260 . He contended that Christ was a mythical personage, 261-263 . Doctrines contained in the Life of Jesus , 263-270 . Replies to that work, 273 , 274 . His late work, Life of Jesus Popularly Treated , designed for the laity, 275 . Contents of that work, 276 , 277 . Strauss' System of Doctrine , an embodiment of Hegelian philosophy, 281 . Rejection from professorship in Zürich, 432 , 433 . Success dependent on strenuous effort, 577 , 578 . Supernaturalism. This term came into frequent use in early part of nineteenth century, 239 . Switzerland, decline in political influence, 425 . Low state of Swiss Protestant Church when Voltaire was at Ferney, 425 , 426 . Temple, author of Education of the World , in Essays and Reviews , 482 . His opinions, 482-485 . Tendency, history of a mischievous, best means of resistance, 3 . Theologians in early part of seventeenth century, 67 . Theological taste, increase of, owing to the propagation of Semler's destructive criticism, 144 . Theological training in Geneva, neglect of, 426 . M. Bost's testimony, 426 , 427 . Present elevated state of instruction, 431 , 432 . Theology, Dutch, literalism of, 345 . Theology, union between, and philosophy, 35 , 36 . The influence of theology as a science, in Germany, 146 . Improvement in contemporaneous German theology, 309 , 310 . Thirty Years' War; principles involved and parties participating, 56 . Desperation and devastation of Thirty Years' War, 57 . Neglect of pastoral work, 57 . Great losses in population and wealth, 58 . Religious effect, 60 . Neglect of youth, 62 . Necessity of a popular reäwakening at the close of Thirty Years' War, 80 , 81 . Tholuck, reply to De Wette's novel, 248 . Reply to Strauss' Life of Jesus , 271 . View of inspiration, 292 . Tholuck cannot be estimated by merely stating his definitions, 292 , 293 . He cannot be classified, 293 . His various writings, 293 . Quotation from his work on Sin and Redemption , 293-295 . Thomasius, an eminent jurist, 98 . He gave his influence to Pietism, 99 . He defended the Pietists from the stand-point of statesmanship, 99 . Cultivated the German spirit, and delivered lectures in the German language, 99 . Tilly, his cruelty in warfare, 58 , 59 . Tindal, his Christianity as Old as the World , replies to, 116 . Tittmann opposed Rationalism, 239 , 240 . Toland, replies to his Christianity not Mysterious , 116 . Töllner; his attempt to harmonize the old German theology with the Wolffian philosophy, 112 . His point of difference from Wolff, 112 . His twofold conception of Scripture, 112 . His opinion of inspiration, 201 , 202 . Tractarianism, 511-516 . Tracts for the Times, 516 . Tübingen School, 280 . Tzschirner contended for the harmonization of reason and revelation, 240 . His influence, 240 . Uhlich, Pastor, founder of Friends of Light, 283 . Ullmann, reply to Strauss, 273 . His Essence of Christianity, 289 . Opinions, 289 . Union of German Churches, 231 , 232 . Task imposed upon the new State Church, 237 . Unitarian controversy between Channing and Worcester, 541 . Unitarians, their indefinite creed, 544 . Their general opinions, 546-552 . National convention in New York, 559 , 560 . Unitarianism, opposed to orthodoxy, 544 , 545 . Table showing its present state, 560, note . Literature of Unitarianism, 606-609 , Appendix . Unitarian Journals, 609 , Appendix . United States, Church of, 534 . Separation of Church and State by the founders of the republic, 534 . Unity of Evangelical Churches, necessary to overcome Rationalism, 588 , 589 . Universalists in America, 560 . Creed of the Universalists, 561 , 562 . Table showing their present condition, 562, 563, note . Literature of Universalism, 606-609 , Appendix . Universalist Journals, 609 , Appendix . Universities, immorality in German, in seventeenth century, 75 , 76 . Van Oosterzee, his work in reply to Renan's Life of Jesus , 376 . Quotation from it, 377 . Professor in Utrecht, 377 . His works, 376 , 377 . Vaughan, testimony of, concerning Schleiermacher's Discourses , 225 , 226 . Opinion on Carlyle, 477 . Vénérable Compagnie of Geneva, prohibited ministerial candidates from preaching on prominent evangelical doctrines, 427 . Vinet, his works, and system of theology, 429 . Voltaire, relations of, with Rousseau, 119 . Voltaire in England, 119 . Favorable reception by the English court, 119 , 120 . Reception at the court of Frederic the Great, 120 , 121 . Disagreement between Voltaire and Frederic, 121 . Return of the former to France, 121 . Residence in Ferney, 121 . His destitution of religious principles, 121 . Popularity in Holland, 353 . Cold treatment by Boerhaave, 353 . Flattered by the Genevan pastors, 425 . Ware, an Anti-Trinitarian, chosen professor in Harvard University, 540 . Waterloo, battle of, commencement of a new era in the religion and politics of Europe, 356 . Weimar, celebrities of, 169 , 170 . Wesleyan Missions in the Channel Islands and France, 388 , 389 . Westminster Review, 477 , 478 . Its lament over present elevated position of German Protestantism, 479 . Westphalia, peace of, its fruits, 59 . Wetstein, forerunner of Ernesti, 127 . Wichern, John Henry, address before the Church Diet at its first session, 324 . His Rough House near Hamburg, 324 . Results of training at that Institution, 325 , 326 . Williams, Rowland, one of the writers in Essays and Reviews , 485 . His opinions, 485-487 . Wilson, H. B., discusses the question of the National Church in Essays and Reviews , 489 . His opinions, 489-491 . Wislicenus, his skeptical work, 283 . Wolff, his demonstrative philosophy, 103 . His good intentions, 104 . His description of his mental progress, 104 . Division of his philosophy into theoretical and practical departments, 105 . His opinion of what a revelation should contain, 105 , 106 . He aimed to impress his principles upon the masses, 106 . His system destructive to Pietism, 107 . His eventful life, 107 , 108 . Excitement produced by public discourse on Morals of Confucius, 108 . His deposition and banishment, 108 . Recalled by Frederic the Great, 108 . His reception at Halle, 108 , 109 . The popular reception of the Wolffian system, 109 . Relation of Wolff's philosophy to German theology in eighteenth century, 110 . The Wolffian School, 111 . Wolfenbüttel Fragments, 149 . Their origin, 149 , 150 . Principles contained in them, 150 , 151 . Opposition to that work, 151 . Wollaston, his creed, and popularity of his works, 115 . Year-Books, Halle, an organ of Atheism, 282 , 283 . Young Men's Christian Union of New York, 553-558 . Youth, multiplicity of publications for German, 189 . Teachers of the young became Rationalists, 189 , 190 . Zürich, the present seat of Swiss Rationalism, 432 .

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