CellPath-Bench: A Multidimensional Benchmark for Whole-Slide Cellular Representations in Pathology Foundation Models

CellPath-Bench: A Multidimensional Benchmark for Whole-Slide Cellular Representations in Pathology Foundation Models ∗

∗

∗

Bokai Zhao1,2,3, , Yiyang Zhang2, , Hanqing Chao3,4, , Yawei Ma2 , Long Bai3,4 , Tai Ma3,4 , Minfeng Xu3,4 , Ming Song1,2 , and Tianzi Jiang1,2† 1

School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group. 4 Hupan Lab. Abstract

Pathology foundation models (PFMs) are increasingly used as general-purpose backbones, yet existing benchmarks cannot systematically diagnose their whole-slide cellular representation capabilities, including the decodability of cell-type information and the transferability of such information across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs. We introduce CellPath-Bench, a cellular-resolution benchmark that evaluates frozen PFMs themselves. Following quality control of 52 candidate Xenium datasets, we construct a panel of 25 spatially aligned H&E–Xenium tissue sections spanning 11 organs and 7,079,283 cells, harmonized into fine- and coarse-grained taxonomies. CellPath-Bench samples frozen WSI feature maps at registered nuclear coordinates and evaluates them using standardized multiclass linear probes. Cell Representation Advantage (CRA) measures the within-section advantage of nucleus-anchored representations over patchlevel mean pooling, while Cell Representation Transferability (CRT) characterizes the generalization of cell-type decodability across tissue sections, datasets, and organs. We benchmark 30 pathology-specific and general-purpose foundation models through 304,920 runs across spatial readouts, magnifications, taxonomic granularities, and evaluation protocols. The results reveal substantial model-dependent differences in cell-type decodability and its cross-domain generalization, yielding distinct multidimensional capability profiles. CellPath-Bench provides a standardized framework for auditing cellular information in frozen PFM representations.

Website: https://bokai-zhao.github.io/CellPath-benchboard/

Introduction Pathology foundation models (PFMs) learn transferable visual representations through large-scale pretraining on histopathology images and increasingly serve as generalpurpose representation backbones in computational pathology (Xiong, Chen, and Sung 2025). As PFMs rapidly diversify in architecture, scale, and pretraining paradigm, systematically characterizing their learned representations has become increasingly important (Kömen et al. 2026). Cells are the fundamental units of tissue organization, and differences in cellular identity, composition, and spatial arrange∗ †

These authors contributed equally. Corresponding author.

30

CRT / CRA Significant Win scores

arXiv:2608.21060v1 [cs.AI] 21 Aug 2026

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Figure 1: CRA–CRT landscape of foundation models. Outlined bubbles show CRA significant wins under IS, whereas filled bubbles show CRT, averaged across IOCD, MOCV, and LOOO. The x-axis indicates WSI-equivalent pretraining scale (log scale), and bubble area denotes parameter count. Models without comparable pretraining-scale metadata are omitted.

ment collectively shape histological phenotypes and tissue microenvironments. For PFMs intended to support diverse pathology applications, preserving cell-discriminative information is therefore an important component of their generalpurpose representation capability. Understanding how effectively different PFMs encode such information is essential for characterizing their capabilities and guiding future model development. Existing evaluations have primarily established the downstream utility of PFMs through patch-level classification, region-level dense prediction, and whole-slide prediction (Neidlinger et al. 2025; Ma et al. 2025). These evaluations are indispensable for assessing task-specific applicability, but they do not directly quantify the cell-level representation capability of the frozen PFM itself. Their outcomes jointly depend on the spatial unit of evaluation, feature aggre-

gation, prediction architecture, adaptation strategy, and optimization procedure. A model may perform well on regionor whole-slide-level tasks by exploiting tissue composition, regional texture, or other aggregated evidence, even when local cellular variation is not strongly preserved. Conversely, spatial aggregation may obscure cell-discriminative information that remains available in local features. Higher-level downstream utility and cell-level representation capability are therefore related, but not interchangeable, properties of a PFM. Consequently, downstream performance differences are often difficult to attribute to the frozen representation itself, limiting the diagnostic value of these evaluations for improving PFM architectures and pretraining strategies. Recent benchmarks have begun to evaluate PFMs at finer cellular and spatial scales from complementary perspectives. PFM-DenseBench (Chen et al. 2026) evaluates how tokenlevel representations support dense prediction under different adaptation strategies; PathoCellBench (Lüscher et al. 2025) assesses cellular phenotyping and cross-domain transferability within localized image fields; and SpaPath-Bench (Zhao et al. 2026) examines regional spatial organization using representations aligned with spatial-transcriptomic spots. Together, these studies extend PFM evaluation beyond conventional patch- and whole-slide-level tasks. However, a systematic comparison of the cell-level representation capability of diverse frozen foundation models under a common, multi-organ cellular reference remains lacking. In particular, it remains insufficiently characterized how much cell-type information is linearly decodable from nucleus-anchored representations and how reliably this capability transfers across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs. To address these two limitations, we introduce CellPathBench, a multidimensional benchmark that treats frozen PFMs themselves as the objects of measurement. First, to separate frozen representation quality from task-specific adaptation, CellPath-Bench keeps all encoders frozen, samples their spatial feature fields at registered nuclear coordinates, and evaluates the resulting representations using a unified multiclass linear probe. Second, to support systematic evaluation under a common, multi-organ cellular reference, we construct a quality-controlled H&E–Xenium panel with harmonized cell-type taxonomies and define evaluation protocols across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs. Starting from 52 candidate Xenium (Janesick et al. 2023) datasets, we perform systematic quality control and construct an evaluation panel of 25 spatially registered tissue sections spanning 11 organs and 7,079,283 cells. These cells are harmonized into fine- and coarse-grained cell-type taxonomies, providing a standardized, molecularly informed cellular reference. The cellular reference, spatial readout definitions, and classifier capacity are held constant across heterogeneous model architectures. Under this controlled setting, Nuc Macro-F1 measures how much cell-type information is linearly decodable from the nucleus-anchored representation of each frozen PFM. Within individual tissue sections, Cell Representation Advantage (CRA) complements this absolute performance by measuring the Macro-F1 difference between nucleusanchored representations and patch-level mean pooling under intra-section spatial transfer (IS). Beyond individual sec-

tions, intra-organ cross-dataset transfer (IOCD), multi-organ cross-validation (MOCV), and leave-one-organ-out transfer (LOOO) evaluate how reliably nucleus-anchored celltype information generalizes across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs. Cell Representation Transferability (CRT) provides a panel-relative summary of model performance across these cross-domain protocols. Our large-scale evaluation of 30 pathology-specific and general-purpose foundation models reveals substantial variation in cell-type decodability and cross-domain transferability. As summarized by the joint CRA–CRT landscape in Fig. 1, within-section Cell Representation Advantage and cross-domain Cell Representation Transferability are not fully aligned, revealing complementary properties of frozen PFM representations. Positive CRA across all 30 models indicates that nucleus-anchored sampling retains cell-type information that is less accessible after patch-level spatial averaging. Beyond these two core measures, magnification, taxonomic granularity, and contextual feature integration further differentiate model behavior, together revealing multidimensional representation profiles that cannot be captured by a single aggregate ranking. By separating absolute cell-type decodability, sensitivity to spatial readout, and cross-domain generalization, CellPath-Bench provides a more detailed diagnosis of frozen PFM representations than a single downstream task score. Our main contributions are: • A coordinate-aligned framework for measuring cell representations in frozen foundation models. We sample frozen WSI feature fields at registered nuclear coordinates and evaluate different spatial readouts using a unified linear probe. In this framework, Nuc performance measures absolute cell-type decodability, CRA measures sensitivity to spatial readout within tissue sections, and CRT summarizes relative model performance across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs. • A quality-controlled, multi-organ cellular reference. From 52 candidate Xenium datasets, we construct an evaluation panel of 25 spatially registered H&E–Xenium tissue sections spanning 11 organs and 7,079,283 cells, with molecularly informed annotations, harmonized fine- and coarse-grained taxonomies, and independent histological concordance assessment. • A large-scale, multidimensional evaluation of foundation models. We benchmark 30 pathology-specific and general-purpose foundation models through 304,920 controlled linear-probe runs across spatial readouts, magnifications, taxonomic granularities, and evaluation protocols. This evaluation systematically assesses how much cell-type information is linearly decodable from each model within tissue sections and how reliably this information transfers across tissue sections, datasets, and anatomical organs.

CellPath-Bench Benchmark Overview As illustrated in Fig. 2, CellPath-Bench separates the evaluation workflow into three components: a registered cellular

Pathology Image Align

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Figure 2: Overview of CellPath-Bench, a benchmark for auditing cellular representations in pathology foundation models. reference, a coordinate-aligned representation interface, and protocol-specific linear probing. Each tissue section provides an H&E image, registered nuclear coordinates, and harmonized Xenium-derived cell labels. For each PFM and magnification, image patches and their nuclear coordinates are mapped to the model’s spatial feature grid, from which fixed readout operators construct Nuc, Mean, and Cat representations. These representations are evaluated using a common multiclass linear probe under IS, IOCD, MOCV, and LOOO, with data partitions, readout definitions, probe configurations, and evaluation metrics held constant across models. The following subsections specify each component in detail.

Benchmark Data and Task Construction Source data and single-cell references. We collected public Xenium datasets from 10x Genomics with high-resolution H&E images spatially registered to the corresponding transcriptomic measurements. Each dataset represents one tissue section and provides the registered H&E image, cell coordinates, and cell-by-gene expression matrix. For annotation, we assembled 14 labeled scRNA-seq references: one normaltissue atlas and 13 cancer-specific references. Same-patient or tissue-matched references were prioritized; otherwise, references were matched by organ and disease state. Table 1 summarizes the reference panel. Original Xenium dataset names, source URLs, and section-to-reference assignments are provided in the Supplementary Material. Reference-guided molecular annotation. We harmonized reference-specific labels into 68 molecular cell types using a marker knowledge base curated from more than 300 publications and covering primary, secondary, and negative markers. These labels were transferred from the matched scRNA-seq references to the Xenium sections using SpCAST (Zhang et al. 2026). Each section was manually reviewed for expected marker patterns and relative marker enrichment, without applying a universal numerical threshold; all 52 candidates formed the annotation-qualified pool. For histology-based evaluation, the 68 molecular cell types were deterministically mapped to the nine-class Tfine and three-

Table 1: scRNA-seq references used for annotation. Tissue / disease state

scRNA-seq reference

Breast cancer Normal tissue Ovarian cancer Lung cancer Lymphoid hyperplasia Melanoma Pancreatic cancer Colorectal cancer Kidney cancer Cervical cancer Prostate cancer Glioblastoma Leukemia Liver cancer

(Wu et al. 2021) (Consortium* et al. 2022) (Vázquez-García et al. 2022) (Kim et al. 2020) (Consortium* et al. 2022) (Tirosh et al. 2016) (Moncada et al. 2020) (Pelka et al. 2021) (Zhang et al. 2021) (Li et al. 2021) (Hirz et al. 2023) (Ruiz-Moreno et al. 2025) (Caron et al. 2020) (Ma et al. 2019)

Ref. cells Sections 100064 198633 927205 208506 327472 4645 3659 370115 32352 25642 156987 338564 37320 9946

19 8 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

class Tcoarse , defining the two classification tasks. Complete taxonomy mappings and cell-eligibility rules are provided in the Supplementary Material. Quality assessment and benchmark panel construction. After excluding sections with fewer than two valid classes, we performed a two-stage quality assessment. First, we inspected the provider-supplied spatial alignment by overlaying Xenium cell coordinates on 20 sampled H&E regions per section; no image re-registration was performed. Second, CellViT++ (Hörst et al. 2026) independently predicted nuclear morphology from H&E. Its predictions and the Xeniumderived labels were matched by mutual nearest neighbors and mapped to a shared three-class space, with section-level balanced accuracy used as the morphology–annotation concordance score. This score was used solely to rank sections: CellViT++ neither generated nor modified the Xenium-derived labels, and its detection or matching results did not affect celllevel eligibility. The 25 highest-scoring sections formed the primary panel, S25 , spanning 11 organs and 7,079,283 spatially indexed cells. Unless otherwise stated, all analyses use

S25 . Robustness to panel size was evaluated using the nested higher-concordance subsets S10 ⊂ S15 ⊂ S20 ⊂ S25 . CellViT++ configuration, three-class mapping, cell matching, section-level scores, panel composition, and robustness results are detailed in the Supplementary Material.

element-wise addition, Nuc + g, or feature concatenation, Nuc∥g. The two components are combined directly without normalization, rescaling, or projection. This yields up to seven representation modes: Nuc, Mean, Cls, Nuc + Mean, Nuc + Cls, Nuc∥Mean, and Nuc∥Cls.

WSI-to-Cell Representation Framework

Evaluation Protocols

Problem formulation. Let Isr denote the H&E image of tissue section s at magnification r. Under cell-type taxonomy t ∈ {Tfine , Tcoarse }, each evaluable cell i has a registered (t) nuclear coordinate psi and a task-specific label ysi . Given a frozen encoder Em and a readout operator Rq , we extract the cell representation

Hierarchical transfer protocols. While individual cells serve as the fundamental classification samples, we define our test partitions at ascending levels of spatial and anatomical hierarchy: spatial regions, complete tissue sections, and complete organs. To rigorously prevent data leakage, cells sharing a held-out spatial or anatomical unit are strictly excluded from probe fitting. We characterize model transferability across these hierarchies using four distinct evaluation protocols:

= Rq (Em (Isr ), psi ) . zm,r,q si

(1)

We denote an evaluation condition by ω = (r, q, t, π), where π specifies the evaluation protocol. Each protocol defines a basic evaluation unit b together with its training, validation, and test partitions. For each (m, ω, b), a new multiclass linear probe is fitted on the training representations, with model selection performed on the validation partition, and evaluated once on the corresponding test partition. The encoder remains frozen throughout the entire procedure. Under this standardized probing procedure, performance operationalizes the amount of cell-type information that is linearly decodable from the frozen foundation-model representation, without task-specific adaptation of the encoder. Coordinate-aligned cellular feature extraction. At magnification r, each WSI Isr is partitioned into non-overlapping patches matching the native input size of encoder m, with boundary patches padded as needed. Each cell is assigned to the patch containing its registered nuclear center. If the center lies exactly on a patch boundary, the adjacent patch containing the largest portion of the nuclear area is selected. Let j = jm,r (s, i) denote the patch assigned to cell i in tissue section s. For each patch Xm,r sj , the frozen encoder produces a spatial m,r token grid Fsj ∈ RHm ×Wm ×Dm and, when supported by Dm the architecture, a class token cm,r . The registered sj ∈ R nuclear coordinate psi is mapped from the WSI coordinate system to a continuous location um,r si on the spatial token grid of the assigned patch. We then derive three base readouts: m,r
zm,r,Nuc = Bilinear Fm,r , si sj , usi m,r,Mean m,r
(2) zsi = MeanPool Fsj , zm,r,Cls = cm,r si sj . The Nuc readout samples the feature grid at the registered nuclear center and therefore uses the coordinate as a spatial anchor; it does not imply a nucleus-restricted receptive field. In contrast, Mean and Cls provide patch-level summaries through spatial mean pooling and the class token, respectively. For encoders without a native class token, the Cls readout and its derived fusions are omitted. To assess whether patch-level context complements the nucleus-anchored representation, we combine Nuc with each available global readout g ∈ {Mean, Cls} using either

• IS (Intra-section spatial transfer): Evaluates generalization across spatially separated regions within a single tissue section. For a given section and spatial split, cells inside a predefined region of interest (ROI) are used for training and validation, whereas cells outside this region form the test set. The test score is computed from all valid cells outside the training region. • IOCD (Intra-organ cross-dataset transfer): Assesses cross-section generalization within a specific, known organ. Under this protocol, one complete tissue section from an eligible organ is held out entirely for testing, while the remaining sections of that same organ supply the training and validation data. Crucially, no cell or image patch from the test section is exposed during probe fitting or model selection. • MOCV (Multi-organ cross-validation): Evaluates transferability to held-out tissue sections under heterogeneous, multi-organ training. Complete tissue sections are assigned to a fixed, organ-aware cross-validation manifest, keeping all cells from a given section in the same fold. Probes are fitted on the remaining folds, and a single score is computed by pooling test predictions from all sections in the held-out fold. This evaluates multi-organ transfer without requiring the test organs themselves to be entirely unseen. • LOOO (Leave-one-organ-out transfer): Measures zero-shot cross-organ transfer. For each target organ, all of its corresponding tissue sections are completely excluded from training and validation. All valid cells from the held-out organ are pooled and scored together, without averaging section-level metrics within the organ. Metrics, aggregation, and statistical analysis. Each evaluation unit produces one score from its complete test partition. Macro-F1 is the primary metric, while Macro-AUROC is recorded as a secondary metric. Protocol summaries balance the anatomical or cross-validation units rather than pooling all cells or runs. For IS, split–seed scores are first averaged within each tissue section and then across tissue sections of the same organ. IOCD averages seeds and held-out tissue sections within each organ. MOCV averages seeds within each test fold, and LOOO averages seeds within

Table 2: The 30 foundation models evaluated in CellPathBench. Type Model

Params.

Pre. WSI

PV

1100M 1100M 1100M 632M 632M 632M 307M 304M 304M 304M 304M 86M 86M 86M 86M 86M 27.5M 21M 21M 21M

1000K 500K 171K 3100K 1500K 350K 72K 1100K 100K 60K 29K 1100K 29K 29K 6K 6K 60K 29K 29K 20K

PVL MUSK (Xiang et al. 2025) CONCH v1.5 (Ding et al. 2025) mSTAR (Xu et al. 2025) CONCH (Lu et al. 2024) PLIP (Huang et al. 2023)

675M 306M 303M 90M 87M

33K 101K† 11K 1170† 208†

PVO SEAL (UNI2) (Hemker et al. 2026) OmiCLIP (Chen et al. 2025) SEAL (CONCH) (Hemker et al. 2026)

632M 304M 90M

350K† 1007 1452†

GV

300M 86M

– –

H-Optimus-1 (Scalbert et al. 2026) H-Optimus-0 (Saillard et al. 2024) Prov-GigaPath (Xu et al. 2024) Virchow2 (Zimmermann et al. 2024) Virchow (Vorontsov et al. 2024) UNI2 (Chen et al. 2024) GPFM (Ma et al. 2026) Hibou-L (Nechaev et al. 2024) UNI (Chen et al. 2024) Phikon-v2 (Filiot et al. 2024) Kaiko ViT-L/14 (Aben et al. 2024) Hibou-B (Nechaev et al. 2024) Kaiko ViT-B/8 (Aben et al. 2024) Kaiko ViT-B/16 (Aben et al. 2024) H0-mini (Filiot et al. 2025) Phikon (Filiot et al. 2023) CTransPath(CHIEF) (Wang et al. 2024) Kaiko ViT-S/8 (Aben et al. 2024) Kaiko ViT-S/16 (Aben et al. 2024) Lunit ViT-S/8 (Kang et al. 2023)

DINOv3 ViT-L/16 (Siméoni et al. 2025) DINOv3 ViT-B/16 (Siméoni et al. 2025)

each held-out organ. Let Aπm,u denote the resulting organlevel score for IS, IOCD, and LOOO, or fold-level score for MOCV. We report as xm,ω ± σm,ω . Thus, the reported standard deviation reflects variation across organs or folds rather than across pooled cells. xm,ω = Avgu∈Uπ Aπm,u ,

σm,ω = SDu∈Uπ Aπm,u .

(3)

Statistical comparisons are conducted separately for each evaluation condition and for the metric underlying the corresponding analysis. For each model pair, we apply a twosided paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test over their common valid evaluation units. A model records a significant win over another model when the p-value is below 0.05 and the median paired difference favors that model. On large-scale benchmarks, significant-win counts provide a more stable assessment for model ranking than the protocol-level mean and allow for straightforward integration across different evaluation protocols.

Experiments and Results Experimental Setup Evaluated foundation models. We evaluated 30 foundation models spanning four pretraining paradigms (Table 6): pathology vision (PV), pathology vision–language (PVL), pathology vision–omics (PVO), and general-purpose vision

Table 3: Derivation of evaluation units, random seeds, and total linear-probe runs across the four protocols. The constant multipliers in the run calculations correspond to the 30 models, 3 magnifications, 2 taxonomies, and 7 representation modes evaluated. Protocol

Evaluation units

IS IOCD MOCV LOOO

25 sections 23 folds (9 organs) 5 folds 11 folds (11 organs)

Seeds 5 3 3 3

Runs 30×3×2×25×5×7 = 157,500 30×3×2×23×3×7 = 86,940 30×3×2×5×3×7 = 18,900 30×3×2×11×3×7 = 41,580

Total: 157,500 + 86,940 + 18,900 + 41,580 = 304,920

(GV). The panel covers diverse architectures, parameter scales, and supervision sources, enabling a systematic comparison of representations learned from pathology images, paired biomedical data, and general-domain visual corpora. All encoders were kept frozen and evaluated using a unified linear-probing procedure. To facilitate scale comparisons, Table 6 reports approximate WSI-equivalent (WSI-eq.) pretraining counts; for models reporting only patch or image– text pair counts, we apply a standardized conversion ratio of 1,000 patches/pairs per WSI. Detailed model architectures, pretraining corpora, checkpoint sources, and encoderspecific preprocessing are provided in the Supplementary Material. Experimental scope. For each protocol-specific evaluation unit, we trained an independent multiclass linear probe while keeping the foundation-model encoder frozen. We define one run by a fixed combination of foundation model, magnification, representation mode, cell-type taxonomy, evaluation protocol, evaluation unit, and random seed. Random seeds were involved in data partitioning rather than serving solely as repeated probe initializations. All probes followed the same training procedure; optimization details and computational configurations are provided in the Supplementary Material. The evaluation covered 30 foundation models at three magnifications (40×, 20×, and 10×) under both the fine-grained (Tfine ) and coarse-grained (Tcoarse ) taxonomies, testing the seven representation modes defined in Section . Because the spatial and anatomical definitions vary by protocol, the exact number of evaluation units and data-split seeds differs accordingly. Table 3 details these protocol-specific configurations and the resulting run-count derivation, yielding a total of 304,920 independent linear-probe runs.

Results Multidimensional Analysis of Cell-Level Representations We examined how taxonomic granularity, spatial readout, and image magnification affect cell-level representation evaluation (Fig. 3). The coarse-grained taxonomy consistently yielded higher Macro-F1 than the fine-grained taxonomy. Nevertheless, model rankings remained highly consistent, with Spearman’s ρ of 0.994, 0.956, 0.949, and 0.933 for IS, IOCD, MOCV, and LOOO, respectively. We therefore retain both taxonomies to evaluate complementary levels of cel-

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Figure 3: Effects of taxonomy, spatial readout, and magnification on cell-level representations. (a) Macro-F1 under the fineand coarse-grained taxonomies using Nuc at 20×. (b) Corresponding model-rank concordance; the dashed line indicates identical ranks. (c) Fine-grained Macro-F1 across seven spatial readouts at 20×. (d) Fine-grained Macro-F1 across three magnifications using Nuc. Each point represents one model after protocol-specific balanced aggregation. lular detail. At 20×, Nuc consistently outperformed Mean across both taxonomies and all four protocols. The Cls readout was less informative, while combining Nuc with Mean or Cls provided no consistent improvement. We therefore use Nuc as the primary cell-level readout and Mean as its patch-level reference. Across protocols, performance at 20× remained close to that at 40×, whereas 10× showed a clearer decline. Under IS, performance retention relative to 40× was 99.6% at 20× and 92.9% at 10×. These results indicate that cell-type information is largely preserved at 20× but more strongly attenuated at 10×. Together, these results establish the evaluation settings for the following analyses. We next quantify the within-section advantage of nucleus-anchored representations over patch-level averaging. Within-Section Evaluation of Cell Representation Advantage Under the IS protocol, the Nuc readout consistently outperformed Mean across all 30 foundation models and both cell-type taxonomies (Table 4). To quantify this difr,q,t,π ference, let Fm,b denote the Macro-F1 score (expressed in percentage points) of model m on evaluation unit b at magnification r, using readout q, taxonomy t, and protocol π. Focusing on the 20× magnification under IS, we first compute the matched performance difference between the nucleus-anchored and patch-level representations, followed by a hierarchical aggregation: 20×,Nuc,t,IS 20×,Mean,t,IS ∆m,b,t = Fm,b − Fm,b , X 1 Cm,o = ∆m,b,t , |Dm,o | (b,t)∈Dm,o

(4)

1 X CRAm = Cm,o . |Om | o∈Om

Here, Dm,o represents all valid matched evaluation-unit– taxonomy pairs from both Tfine and Tcoarse for a given organ o, while Om denotes the set of evaluated organs possessing at least one valid pair. By subtracting Mean from Nuc prior to aggregation, CRA first averages these paired differences within each organ, and then assigns equal weight to all organs. Finally, the reported standard deviation for CRA is simply the sample standard deviation computed across the intermediate organ-level averages Cm,o .

Table 4: Within-section Cell Representation Advantage at 20×. Nuc and Mean report organ-balanced Macro-F1 (mean ± SD across 11 organs), and CRA follows Eq. 4. Sig. wins are based on paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (p < 0.05). Values are percentage points; best and second-best results are bolded and underlined. Tfine (9)

Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0-mini GPFM mSTAR Hibou-L UNI CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Tcoarse (3)

Nuc

Mean

Nuc

Mean

36.73±8.51 36.21±8.25 36.38±8.35 36.41±8.60 36.41±8.59 35.91±8.39 35.72±8.22 35.20±8.16 34.78±8.12 35.13±8.12 34.74±8.02 34.29±7.71 34.32±7.84 34.24±7.92 34.24±7.75 33.80±7.69 33.95±7.40 33.75±7.70 33.38±7.71 32.45±7.19 33.24±7.55 32.04±7.27 31.78±7.16 29.72±6.59 30.38±6.95 31.14±7.16 30.27±6.80 30.10±6.59 29.71±6.81 29.20±7.13

26.95±6.52 26.45±5.94 26.80±6.23 26.60±5.83 26.72±6.03 26.64±6.33 26.56±5.55 26.27±5.93 26.37±5.82 26.45±5.78 26.40±5.70 26.18±5.85 26.05±5.27 26.25±6.00 25.81±5.02 26.17±5.82 26.20±5.56 26.37±5.97 26.24±5.77 25.80±6.10 26.34±5.61 25.79±6.15 26.25±5.90 23.81±5.15 24.29±4.84 25.57±5.74 24.74±5.05 25.69±5.43 25.70±6.76 25.03±6.08

56.88±8.96 55.90±8.86 56.66±8.84 56.40±8.94 56.40±8.94 56.07±8.87 55.67±9.04 55.26±9.15 55.23±8.82 55.25±8.77 55.17±8.82 54.49±8.98 54.85±8.65 54.50±8.63 54.57±8.55 54.16±8.61 54.30±8.55 54.30±8.70 54.06±8.27 52.70±8.69 53.46±8.65 52.76±8.17 53.02±7.73 51.11±6.67 51.28±7.30 51.64±7.54 51.40±7.13 51.00±7.68 50.53±7.02 49.91±6.57

47.81±5.78 45.97±5.82 47.68±5.38 47.42±6.00 47.44±5.97 46.96±5.62 47.46±5.87 46.80±5.85 46.30±5.58 46.56±6.17 46.39±5.55 47.09±5.10 46.70±5.89 46.57±5.35 46.68±5.36 45.53±5.90 46.31±5.25 45.71±5.88 46.08±5.32 45.33±5.73 45.98±5.94 44.65±6.39 47.22±5.52 44.04±6.32 45.37±5.40 45.81±5.69 45.81±5.17 45.36±6.22 46.41±5.21 45.65±4.81

CRA↑

Sig. wins↑

10.14±6.05 10.12±5.82 9.96±5.89 9.94±6.03 9.89±6.03 9.82±5.75 9.25±5.86 9.19±5.40 9.12±5.47 9.06±5.55 9.05±5.43 8.70±5.69 8.51±5.68 8.48±5.52 8.47±5.18 8.37±5.25 8.37±5.67 8.32±4.91 7.83±5.01 7.80±5.36 7.63±5.23 7.22±5.08 6.28±3.94 6.44±4.78 6.34±4.52 6.00±3.79 5.92±4.24 5.07±4.03 4.78±3.41 4.61±3.75

29 25 25 25 25 24 22 22 19 19 19 17 15 13 12 12 12 12 10 9 9 8 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 0

The magnitude of CRA nevertheless varied substantially across models. H-Optimus-1 achieved the highest CRA (10.14 ± 6.05 %) and significantly outperformed all 29 competing models, demonstrating that CRA can further distinguish the cell-level representation capability of different encoders. Absolute Nuc performance and CRA therefore provide complementary measurements: the former quantifies the total amount of linearly decodable cell-type information, whereas the latter quantifies the specific advantage of nucleus-anchored representation over patch-level mean pooling. Cross-Domain Evaluation of Cell Representation Transferability We evaluated the transferability of nucleus-

Table 5: Cross-domain evaluation of Cell Representation Transferability at 20×. Scores are Macro-F1 and Macro-AUROC (mean ± SD) using Nuc. Sig. wins are computed under Tfine using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (p < 0.05), and CRT follows Eq. 5. Best and second-best results are bolded and underlined. IOCD Model

SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 H0-mini Virchow Hibou-L Virchow2 mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 GPFM CONCH Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon Prov-GigaPath SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP OmiCLIP

MOCV

F1

AUROC

F1

AUROC

Sig. wins↑

28.82±8.28 28.85±8.28 28.75±8.72 28.22±9.03 28.12±8.10 27.99±7.99 27.09±7.80 26.90±8.14 26.32±8.02 26.28±8.05 26.45±7.78 27.08±7.97 25.60±6.89 26.40±7.80 25.71±8.10 26.24±7.69 25.81±6.98 25.10±7.25 24.08±6.82 24.38±7.81 24.52±7.41 24.87±7.21 23.73±6.66 23.92±6.95 24.03±7.46 22.54±6.62 22.89±6.76 22.78±6.25 21.52±6.63 19.39±6.05

68.19±10.21 68.14±10.18 67.89±10.61 67.88±10.78 67.56±10.38 67.62±10.53 67.15±9.99 66.92±9.44 66.23±9.88 66.23±9.87 66.70±9.33 67.70±10.14 65.72±8.84 66.66±9.23 65.49±9.16 65.93±9.44 65.51±8.71 65.27±9.03 63.89±8.72 64.99±8.85 65.00±8.84 64.74±8.21 64.00±7.68 64.42±8.16 64.06±7.26 63.50±7.76 61.83±6.48 63.80±6.86 62.91±6.85 60.52±6.32

49.20±8.84 49.09±8.87 49.57±9.67 48.95±9.74 48.61±9.50 48.34±8.84 47.04±9.07 47.76±8.91 46.32±8.56 46.19±8.61 47.08±8.52 47.50±9.22 46.69±8.38 47.35±8.87 45.55±8.87 46.55±8.58 47.08±8.50 45.15±8.63 44.64±8.22 45.58±8.61 44.79±8.71 44.30±7.62 44.64±7.29 44.32±8.58 45.58±7.24 42.72±8.95 43.50±8.05 44.24±6.76 41.95±8.86 38.05±10.29

72.62±13.11 72.62±13.13 73.04±13.06 72.90±12.59 72.07±13.60 72.02±12.96 71.83±12.41 72.12±12.34 70.75±11.28 70.60±11.42 71.51±12.17 71.82±13.03 71.19±11.38 71.84±11.76 71.00±11.25 71.21±11.79 71.40±11.09 70.21±11.76 68.54±11.22 70.61±11.72 70.24±11.03 69.32±11.01 68.99±10.48 69.84±9.64 69.84±11.10 67.85±10.50 67.05±9.74 69.19±10.03 68.26±10.10 64.52±8.95

27 27 25 25 24 24 19 20 16 16 17 21 13 13 13 13 13 9 6 8 7 8 4 5 5 2 2 2 1 0

Tfine (9)

Tcoarse (3)

Tfine (9) F1

AUROC

F1

29.14±5.30 29.09±5.18 28.17±5.91 28.58±5.73 27.93±5.64 27.17±5.78 27.06±5.07 27.28±5.40 26.51±5.49 26.39±5.52 26.41±5.33 25.67±6.35 26.79±4.84 25.41±2.91 26.19±5.80 26.26±5.65 26.22±5.06 24.92±4.56 25.44±4.97 25.37±4.75 24.62±5.15 22.73±4.13 22.23±3.33 22.41±4.66 21.82±4.54 21.75±5.54 20.78±3.68 20.87±4.47 21.15±4.86 18.90±4.13

74.91±4.38 74.85±4.36 74.41±4.43 74.71±4.89 73.94±4.14 73.87±4.17 73.42±3.79 73.43±3.96 72.17±4.31 72.11±4.19 72.24±3.45 72.46±3.97 73.07±3.56 71.59±3.96 72.77±4.45 72.68±4.11 72.50±4.91 71.29±3.45 71.90±4.03 72.04±3.51 70.84±3.58 68.80±3.75 69.64±3.69 69.07±4.79 69.33±3.75 68.52±2.97 66.74±2.30 68.82±3.79 67.87±3.73 66.55±4.68

60.19±7.49 60.06±7.40 60.58±8.43 60.68±7.67 59.75±8.41 59.75±7.86 58.81±8.58 58.59±8.12 58.46±6.34 58.46±6.64 58.75±8.15 58.87±7.06 58.49±7.55 57.32±7.60 58.07±7.52 58.76±6.78 58.31±7.52 57.74±7.48 56.74±7.48 57.97±7.47 57.22±7.87 55.92±6.84 55.59±7.73 54.56±8.17 54.90±8.05 55.05±7.28 52.51±7.26 54.82±8.25 55.16±6.80 51.07±6.56

anchored representations at 20× under IOCD, MOCV, and LOOO. IOCD tests transfer to a held-out tissue section within a known organ, MOCV evaluates held-out sections after multi-organ training, and LOOO transfers to an unseen organ. Because these protocols differ in training composition, test domains, and aggregation units, their absolute scores are interpreted within rather than directly across protocols. To summarize transferability across the three cross-domain protocols (IOCD, MOCV, and LOOO), we define Cell Represenπ denote the significanttation Transferability (CRT). Let Wm win count of model m under protocol π for a fixed reference configuration (specifically, the Nuc readout at 20× under the fine-grained taxonomy Tfine ). CRT is defined as the average of these win counts:
1 IOCD MOCV LOOO Wm + Wm + Wm . (5) CRTm = 3 CRT ranges from 0 to 29, with higher values indicating more consistent panel-relative superiority across diverse crossdomain settings. It is important to note that CRT is not a percentage, probability, or absolute transfer-performance measure; rather, its value inherently depends on the evaluated model panel, the available matched evaluation units, and statistical power. SEAL(UNI2), UNI2, H-Optimus-0, and H-Optimus-1 formed the leading group across protocols (Table 5). UNI2 achieved the highest fine-grained Macro-F1 under IOCD (28.85), SEAL(UNI2) under MOCV (29.14), and HOptimus-0 under LOOO (23.96). For the coarse-grained taxonomy, H-Optimus-0 led IOCD (49.57), whereas HOptimus-1 led MOCV (60.68) and LOOO (54.59). MacroAUROC showed a broadly consistent leading group. SEAL(UNI2) and UNI2 achieved the highest CRT of

LOOO AUROC

Sig. wins↑

F1

AUROC

F1

AUROC

Sig. wins↑

79.53±5.20 79.47±5.18 79.54±5.98 79.69±5.59 78.68±5.28 79.33±5.42 78.25±5.51 78.80±5.67 77.98±5.10 78.03±5.08 77.83±5.53 78.25±5.21 78.16±5.03 76.93±6.08 77.95±5.98 78.61±4.81 78.08±6.50 77.48±5.52 76.94±5.75 77.77±5.45 77.50±5.65 75.59±5.46 75.98±6.25 74.64±6.88 75.46±6.27 75.80±5.98 72.90±5.53 75.73±6.74 75.44±6.17 72.84±5.10

27 27 24 27 24 19 18 14 13 13 13 9 14 9 10 13 11 9 9 9 9 5 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 0

23.65±7.41 23.67±7.35 23.96±6.90 23.68±8.06 23.01±7.63 23.67±7.66 22.45±7.37 22.34±7.41 22.57±7.28 22.58±7.28 21.85±6.93 21.16±6.77 21.31±6.22 21.89±7.04 21.63±7.04 21.01±6.20 21.38±6.62 20.79±6.73 21.20±6.93 20.49±5.69 20.26±6.42 20.05±5.40 19.45±5.13 18.52±5.15 18.42±5.13 17.78±5.54 17.96±4.72 17.40±4.88 18.01±4.70 15.90±4.74

68.98±8.36 68.94±8.28 69.28±7.97 69.35±8.23 68.56±9.42 67.94±8.25 67.54±8.44 67.91±8.64 67.05±8.28 67.02±8.27 66.76±7.97 67.37±8.24 66.95±8.31 66.32±8.01 66.45±7.60 66.92±7.82 66.76±7.98 66.21±7.81 66.18±8.33 66.02±7.47 65.49±7.51 65.14±6.66 64.54±6.98 64.45±7.30 64.71±7.04 62.68±6.45 62.22±6.19 63.59±6.40 62.93±5.62 59.85±5.40

53.51±10.30 53.50±10.29 53.81±9.87 54.59±10.32 52.42±9.66 53.61±9.90 51.03±9.93 51.67±11.14 52.70±10.85 52.57±10.83 52.12±10.05 51.29±10.61 52.03±9.83 50.95±9.14 51.71±9.55 52.08±9.83 51.56±8.33 50.39±10.18 49.77±9.30 51.19±9.64 50.29±8.71 48.71±8.98 49.36±8.92 48.62±7.65 48.73±9.17 48.19±8.39 47.78±7.17 48.25±8.26 48.09±7.80 44.70±8.38

74.59±9.05 74.61±8.98 75.02±8.53 75.32±8.66 74.17±8.65 74.96±8.92 72.92±7.67 73.12±9.57 74.00±9.27 73.86±9.46 73.43±8.36 73.31±8.00 73.76±8.67 71.85±9.42 73.31±8.52 73.79±8.31 72.89±7.65 73.08±8.81 71.30±7.94 73.19±8.21 71.90±7.61 71.37±7.58 71.41±7.64 71.19±7.20 70.48±7.73 70.14±7.09 68.15±7.60 70.39±7.00 69.40±8.63 67.59±6.05

25 25 24 24 20 24 18 15 20 20 11 12 11 14 9 10 11 9 9 8 7 7 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 0

Tcoarse (3)

Tfine (9)

Tcoarse (3)

26.33, followed by H-Optimus-1 at 25.33 and H-Optimus-0 at 24.33. Within-section CRA and cross-domain CRT were not fully aligned: Virchow2 ranked second in CRA but obtained a lower CRT of 16.33, whereas UNI2 remained consistently competitive across all three transfer protocols. H-Optimus1 performed strongly on both dimensions. CRA and CRT therefore capture complementary properties of cell-level representations: positional advantage within tissue sections and transferability across domains.

Discussion and Conclusion CellPath-Bench provides a controlled framework for evaluating cell-type information encoded by frozen pathology foundation models. By aligning WSI feature maps with registered nuclear locations and applying standardized linear probes, it enables comparison across taxonomic granularities, spatial readouts, image resolutions, and within- and cross-domain settings. The benchmark highlights that cell-level representation capability is multidimensional and cannot be adequately summarized by a single score. Nuc Macro-F1 measures linearly accessible cell-type information, while CRA and CRT characterize nucleus-anchored representation advantage and cross-domain competitiveness, respectively. Together, these measures provide complementary views of local cellular information and its generalization. CellPath-Bench remains limited to frozen linear probing and discrete cell-type classification, while CRT depends on the evaluated model panel and statistical power. Future extensions may incorporate continuous cell states, molecular phenotypes, and additional cell-level tasks. Overall, CellPathBench establishes a scalable framework for characterizing

where cell-type information is encoded in pathology foundation models and how reliably it transfers across biological domains.

and Mahmood, F. 2026. Towards spatial transcriptomicsdriven pathology foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.14177.

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Scalbert, M.; Saillard, C.; Peeters, T.; Gonzalez, L.; Valter, D.; Llinares-López, F.; Mariet, Z. E.; and Jenatton, R. 2026. H-optimus-1: A foundation model for computational histopathology. In Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2026; Part 2 (LateBreaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts), volume 86, LB174. AACR. Siméoni, O.; Vo, H. V.; Seitzer, M.; Baldassarre, F.; Oquab, M.; Jose, C.; Khalidov, V.; Szafraniec, M.; Yi, S.; Ramamonjisoa, M.; Massa, F.; Haziza, D.; Wehrstedt, L.; Wang, J.; Darcet, T.; Moutakanni, T.; Sentana, L.; Roberts, C.;

Zhang, Y.; Narayanan, S. P.; Mannan, R.; Raskind, G.; Wang, X.; Vats, P.; Su, F.; Hosseini, N.; Cao, X.; Kumar-Sinha, C.; et al. 2021. Single-cell analyses of renal cell cancers reveal insights into tumor microenvironment, cell of origin, and therapy response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(24): e2103240118. Zhang, Y.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, X.; Du, Z.; Sun, X.; and Jiang, T. 2026. SpCAST: Decoding spatial transcriptomics at singlecell resolution with fast and interpretable analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.26904.

Zhao, B.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Chao, H.; Bai, L.; Ma, T.; Xu, M.; Song, M.; and Jiang, T. 2026. Benchmarking Pathology Foundation Models for Spatial Domain Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.25764. Zimmermann, E.; Vorontsov, E.; Viret, J.; Casson, A.; Zelechowski, M.; Shaikovski, G.; Tenenholtz, N.; Hall, J.; Klimstra, D.; Yousfi, R.; et al. 2024. Virchow2: Scaling selfsupervised mixed magnification models in pathology. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.00738.

A. Evaluated Foundation Models Table 6: The 30 foundation models evaluated in CellPath-Bench. Type Model

Pretraining Method

Pretrain Mag

PV

DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 – DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINOv2 DINO DINO DINOv2 distillation iBOT MoCov3 DINO DINO DINO

20x 20x 20x (5,10,20,40)x 20x Unknown Unknown Unknown 20x 20x (5,10,20,40)x Unknown (5,10,20,40)x (5,10,20,40)x 20x 20x 10x (5,10,20,40)x (5,10,20,40)x 20x, 40x

224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 256, 512 224 256 224 256 256 224 224 224 256 256 512

H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Prov-GigaPath Virchow2 Virchow UNI2 GPFM Hibou-L UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 H0-mini Phikon CTransPath (CHIEF) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S/8

Pretrain Res Model Architecture

Input size

Params.

Pre. WSI

ViT-G/14 ViT-G/14 ViT-G/14 ViT-H/14 ViT-H/14 ViT-H/14 ViT-L/14 ViT-L/14 ViT-L/16 ViT-L/16 ViT-L/14 ViT-B/14 ViT-B/8 ViT-B/16 ViT-B/14 ViT-B/16 Swin-T/14 ViT-S/8 ViT-S/16 ViT-S/8

224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224 224

1100M 1100M 1100M 632M 632M 632M 307M 304M 304M 304M 304M 86M 86M 86M 86M 86M 27.5M 21M 21M 21M

1000K 500K 171K 3100K 1500K 350K 72K 1100K 100K 60K 29K 1100K 29K 29K 6K 6K 60K 29K 29K 20K

PVL MUSK CONCH v1.5 mSTAR CONCH PLIP

BEiT-3 CoCa – CoCa CLIP

Unknown 20x 20x Unknown Unknown

384 512 224 256 224

BEiT-3 ViT-L/16 ViT-L/16 ViT-B/16 ViT-B/32

384 512 224 224 224

675M 306M 303M 90M 87M

33K 101K† 11K 1170† 208†

PVO SEAL (UNI2) OmiCLIP SEAL (CONCH)

DINOv2 CLIP CoCa

(10,20,40)x Unknown (10,20,40)x

224 224 224

ViT-H/14 ViT-L/14 ViT-B/16

224 224 224

632M 304M 90M

350K† 1007 1452†

GV DINOv3 ViT-L/16 DINOv3 ViT-B/16

DINOv3 distillation DINOv3 distillation

– –

224 224

ViT-L/16 ViT-B/16

224 224

300M 86M

– –

B. Dataset Composition and Cell-Type Annotation Table 7: The full collection comprises 52 Xenium slides. The 51 slides retaining at least two Coarse classes after label mapping are ranked in descending order by AGR-BAcc. Ranks are computed from the original full-precision values, whereas AGR-BAcc is displayed to three decimal places. The dataset Xenium V1 hBoneMarrow acute lymphoid leukemia section is shown last for completeness but is excluded from ranking because its labels collapse to a single Coarse class after mapping (3 → 1 → 1), for which balanced accuracy is undefined. Cells denotes the number of segmented cells in each slide. Cell-type mapping reports Cell type → Fine → Coarse, where Cell type denotes the number of molecular cell-type labels present in the slide from the harmonized 68-cell-type ontology, and Fine and Coarse denote the nine-class and three-class taxonomies, respectively. The horizontal rule after rank 25 separates the final CellPath-Bench test panel from the remaining candidate slides. A parenthesized marker (url n) refers to entry n of the numbered list of official 10x Genomics dataset pages that follows the table; slides released on the same page share a number. Rank

Dataset

Organ

Status

Cells

Cell mapping

AGR-BAcc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Xenium FFPE Human Breast Cancer Rep1 (url 1) Xeniumranger V1 hSkin Melanoma Add on FFPE (url 2) Xenium V1 Human Colorectal Cancer Addon FFPE (url 3) Xenium V1 hLiver nondiseased section FFPE (url 4) Xenium V1 hHeart nondiseased section FFPE (url 5) Xenium V1 hSkin Melanoma Base FFPE (url 6) Xenium V1 hTonsil reactive follicular hyperplasia section FFPE (url 7) Xenium V1 hColon Cancer Add on FFPE (url 8) Xenium V1 hColon Non diseased Base FFPE (url 8) Xenium V1 hTonsil follicular lymphoid hyperplasia section FFPE (url 7) Xenium V1 Human Lung Cancer Addon FFPE (url 9) Xenium V1 Human Ovarian Cancer Addon FFPE (url 10) Xenium V1 hSkin nondiseased section 2 FFPE (url 11) Xenium V1 hBoneMarrow nondiseased section (url 12) Xenium V1 hBone nondiseased section (url 12) Xenium V1 Human Ductal Adenocarcinoma FFPE (url 13) Xenium V1 hLiver cancer section FFPE (url 4) Xenium V1 hPancreas Cancer Add on FFPE (url 14) Xenium V1 hSkin nondiseased section 1 FFPE (url 11) Xenium Prime Ovarian Cancer FFPE XRrun (url 15) Human Breast Biomarkers S4 Mid (url 16) Xenium V1 hKidney cancer section (url 17) Human Breast Biomarkers S2 Top (url 16) Xenium V1 Human Kidney FFPE Protein updated (url 18) Human Breast Biomarkers S3 Bot (url 16)

Breast Skin Colon Liver Heart Skin Lymphoid Colon Colon Lymphoid Lung Ovary Skin Bone BM Bone BM Pancreas Liver Pancreas Skin Ovary Breast Kidney Breast Kidney Breast

Breast cancer Melanoma Colorectal cancer Normal Normal Melanoma Lymphoid hyperplasia Colorectal cancer Normal Lymphoid hyperplasia Lung cancer Ovarian cancer Normal Normal Normal Pancreatic cancer Liver cancer Pancreatic cancer Normal Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Kidney cancer Breast cancer Kidney cancer Breast cancer

167,780 87,499 388,175 239,271 26,366 106,980 1,349,620 587,115 270,984 864,388 161,000 247,636 90,106 84,518 33,801 235,099 162,628 190,965 68,476 407,124 335,709 56,510 301,854 465,534 150,145

16→7→3 7→5→3 19→8→3 17→7→3 14→6→2 7→5→3 22→8→3 19→8→3 24→7→3 22→8→3 27→7→3 9→6→3 20→8→3 14→5→2 14→5→2 8→5→3 7→6→3 8→5→3 20→8→3 9→6→3 16→7→3 10→6→3 16→7→3 9→5→3 16→7→3

0.704 0.669 0.664 0.620 0.599 0.595 0.577 0.574 0.573 0.558 0.540 0.522 0.517 0.513 0.511 0.506 0.502 0.496 0.494 0.470 0.454 0.453 0.448 0.434 0.433

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Xenium Prime Human Prostate FFPE (url 19) Human Breast Biomarkers S2 Bot (url 16) Xenium V1 hKidney nondiseased section (url 17) Xenium Prime Cervical Cancer FFPE (url 20) Xenium V1 human Pancreas FFPE (url 21) Human Breast Biomarkers S1 Top (url 16) Xenium V1 humanLung Cancer FFPE (url 22) Xenium Prime Human Skin FFPE (url 23) Human Breast Biomarkers S1 Bot (url 16) Xenium Prime Human Lung Cancer FFPE (url 24) Human Breast Biomarkers S1 Mid (url 16) Human Breast Biomarkers S3 Top (url 16) Xenium Prime Human Lymph Node Reactive FFPE (url 25) Human Breast Biomarkers S4 Top (url 16) Human Breast Biomarkers S4 Bot (url 16) Xenium Prime Breast Cancer FFPE (url 26) Human Breast Biomarkers S3 Mid (url 16) Human Breast Biomarkers S2 Mid (url 16) Xenium V1 FFPE Human Breast ILC (url 27) Xenium V1 Human Brain GBM FFPE (url 28) Xenium V1 FFPE Human Breast IDC With Addon (url 29) Xenium V1 FFPE Human Breast IDC Big 1 (url 30) Xenium V1 FFPE Human Breast IDC (url 27) Xenium Prime Human Ovary Cancer FF (url 31) Xenium V1 FFPE Human Breast ILC With Addon (url 29) Xenium Prime Human Ovary FF (url 32)

Prostate Breast Kidney Cervix Pancreas Breast Lung Skin Breast Lung Breast Breast Lymphoid Breast Breast Breast Breast Breast Breast Brain Breast Breast Breast Ovary Breast Ovary

Prostate cancer Breast cancer Normal Cervical cancer Pancreatic cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Melanoma Breast cancer Lung cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Lymphoid hyperplasia Breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Glioblastoma Breast cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Ovarian cancer

193,000 358,519 97,560 840,387 140,702 209,467 162,254 112,551 254,480 278,328 375,529 308,531 708,983 192,898 201,955 699,110 373,150 380,739 356,746 816,769 574,527 892,966 574,852 205,082 365,604 1,157,659

16→7→3 16→7→3 9→5→3 7→6→3 8→5→3 16→7→3 27→7→3 7→5→3 19→8→3 27→7→3 16→7→3 16→7→3 22→8→3 16→7→3 16→7→3 17→7→3 16→7→3 16→7→3 16→7→3 15→5→3 17→7→3 17→7→3 17→7→3 9→6→3 16→7→3 12→8→3

0.430 0.426 0.415 0.410 0.407 0.405 0.400 0.400 0.399 0.397 0.396 0.391 0.390 0.385 0.379 0.372 0.368 0.365 0.351 0.349 0.343 0.341 0.335 0.333 0.319 0.293

Continued on next page

Table 7 (continued) Rank

Dataset

Organ

Status

52

Xenium V1 hBoneMarrow acute lymphoid leukemia section (url 12)

Bone BM

Leukemia

Cells

Cell mapping

225,906

3→1→1

Dataset source pages. Numbers correspond to the (url n) markers in the table above; slides released on the same page share a number.

1. https://www.10xgenomics.com/products/xenium-in-situ/preview-dataset-human-breast 2. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-skin-preview-data-xenium-human-skin-gene-expression-panel-add-on-1-standard 3. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-colorectal-cancer-data-with-human-immuno-oncology-profiling-panel-and-custom-add-on-1-standard 4. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-liver-data-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 5. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-heart-data-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 6. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-skin-preview-data-xenium-human-skin-gene-expression-panel-1-standard 7. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-tonsil-data-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 8. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-colon-preview-data-xenium-human-colon-gene-expression-panel-1-standard 9. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-lung-cancer-data-with-human-immuno-oncology-profiling-panel-and-custom-add-on-1-standard 10. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-ovarian-cancer-data-with-human-immuno-oncology-profiling-panel-and-custom-add-on-1-standard 11. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-skin-data-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 12. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-bone-and-bone-marrow-data-with-custom-add-on-panel-1-standard 13. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-ductal-adenocarcinoma-data-with-human-immuno-oncology-profiling-panel-1-standard 14. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/pancreatic-cancer-with-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 15. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-ffpe-human-ovarian-cancer 16. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-ffpe-human-breast-biomarkers 17. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/human-kidney-preview-data-xenium-human-multi-tissue-and-cancer-panel-1-standard 18. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-protein-ffpe-human-renal-carcinoma 19. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-ffpe-human-prostate 20. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-ffpe-human-cervical-cancer 21. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-pancreas-with-xenium-multimodal-cell-segmentation-1-standard 22. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/preview-data-ffpe-human-lung-cancer-with-xenium-multimodal-cell-segmentation-1-standard 23. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-ffpe-human-skin 24. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-human-lung-cancer-post-xenium-technote 25. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/preview-data-xenium-prime-gene-expression 26. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-ffpe-human-breast-cancer 27. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-breast-with-pre-designed-panel-1-standard 28. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-brain-cancer-data-with-human-immuno-oncology-profiling-panel-and-custom-add-on-1-standard 29. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-breast-with-custom-add-on-panel-1-standard 30. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/ffpe-human-breast-using-the-entire-sample-area-1-standard 31. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-comparison-fresh-frozen-human-ovarian-cancer 32. https://www.10xgenomics.com/datasets/xenium-prime-fresh-frozen-human-ovary

AGR-BAcc –

Adenocarcinoma Cell Tumor Epithelial General Melanoma Cell Clear Cell Carcinoma Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Squamous Carcinoma Cell Undifferentiated Tumor Cell Normal Epithelial General Tubular Epithelial Cell Ductal Cell Hepatocyte Enterocyte Paneth Cell Goblet Cell Melanocyte Cholangiocyte Islet Cell AT2 Cell Ciliated Epithelial Club Cell Acinar Cell Fallopian Tube Epithelial Granulosa Cell Keratinocyte Ovarian Surface Epithelial Podocyte B Cell CD4 T Cell CD8 T Cell Regulatory T Cell NK Cell NKT Cell Gamma Delta T Cell

Neoplastic (1.52M, 22.2%)

Epithelial/ Tumor Non-neoplastic epithelial/ parenchymal (1.24M, 18.1%)

Lymphocyte (1.52M, 22.2%)

Immune/ Inflammatory

Plasma cell (267.8K, 3.9%)

Plasma Cell Macrophage Monocyte Kupffer Cell Osteoclast Alveolar Macrophage M1 Macrophage M2 Macrophage Microglia

Macrophage/ Histiocyte (811.7K, 11.8%) Neutrophil (58.7K, 0.9%)

Neutrophil Cancer Associated Fibroblast Fibroblast iCAF myCAF Myofibroblast Mesothelial Cell Stellate Cell apCAF

Fibroblast/ Stromal cell (808.1K, 11.8%)

Stromal/ Structural

Smooth muscle/ Muscle (66.4K, 1.0%) Endothelial/ Vessel-associated (559.0K, 8.2%)

0

Smooth Muscle Cell

0.5M

1M

1.5M

Endothelial Cell Pericyte Lymphatic Endothelial Tip Cell

Figure 4: Cell-type taxonomy and class abundance in the 25-slide CellPath-Bench panel. From left to right, the hierarchy comprises three Coarse classes, nine Fine classes, and the corresponding mapped cell-type labels. Cell counts and percentages shown for each Fine class are pooled across the full panel, and horizontal bar length represents the corresponding number of cells. Colors indicate the corresponding Coarse parent class.

Table 8: Marker definitions for the 72 labels in the three-level annotation taxonomy. Level 1, Level 2, and Cell type correspond to the three annotation levels defined in the finalized 72-cell-type taxonomy. Primary and secondary markers are retained for the 68 biological cell types. The four state or quality-control labels (necrotic, apoptotic, mitotic, and uncertain cells) have no markers or references. No. Level 1

Level 2

Cell type

Primary markers

Secondary markers

Refs.

1

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Tumor epithelial general

EPCAM, KRT18, KRT8

MKI67, TOP2A

[Zhuo et al. 2026; Zhang et al. 2026; Bernardi et al. 2026]

2

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Adenocarcinoma cell

CK7, CK20, MUC1, CDX2

CEA, EMA

[Zhuo et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026; Zhu et al. 2025]

3

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Squamous carcinoma cell

CK5/6, p63, p40

CK14, DSG3

[Pei et al. 2025; Marteau et al. 2026; McCord et al. 2026]

4

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Neuroendocrine tumor cell

SYN, CgA, INSM1

–

[Rakaee et al. 2025; Chen et al. 2025; Zhang et al. 2026]

5

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Undifferentiated tumor cell

VIM

–

[Klein et al. 2024]

6

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Clear cell carcinoma

CA9, PAX8, HIF1A

VEGFA, VHL

[Zhu et al. 2025; Storrs et al. 2026]

7

Epithelial

Tumor Epithelial

Melanoma cell

MLANA, SOX10, PMEL

MITF, S100B, TYR

[Cheng et al. 2025; Schuiveling et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2024]

8

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Normal epithelial general

EPCAM, KRT18

CDH1, KRT8

[Clauzon et al. 2026; Sreenivasan and Spielmann 2026; Pan et al. 2026]

9

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Hepatocyte

ALB, HNF4A, CYP3A4

ASGR1, AFP

[Yakubovsky et al. 2026; Tzouanas et al. 2025; Sun et al. 2021]

10

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Cholangiocyte

KRT19, SOX9, KRT7

–

[Thomann et al. 2026; Cardoso et al. 2026; Peng et al. 2026]

11

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

AT2 cell

SFTPC, SFTPB, NKX2-1

ABCA3, LAMP3

[Cardoso et al. 2026; Peng et al. 2026; Zhang et al. 2026]

12

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Club cell

SCGB1A1, CYP2F1

–

[Zhang et al. 2026; Joulia et al. 2025; Zabihi et al. 2026]

13

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Ciliated epithelial

FOXJ1, DNAH5

–

[Zhang et al. 2026; Liu and Li 2026; Zabihi et al. 2026]

14

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Goblet cell

MUC2, TFF3, FCGBP

CLCA1, SPDEF

[Cardoso et al. 2026; Peng et al. 2026]

15

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Paneth cell

LYZ, DEFA5, REG3A

–

[Cardoso et al. 2026; Peng et al. 2026]

16

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Enterocyte

FABP2, VIL1, SI

–

[Fransson et al. 2026; Chen et al. 2026; Walberg et al. 2026]

17

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Acinar cell

AMY2A, PRSS1, CPA1

CELA3A, PNLIP

[Matsumoto et al. 2026; Storrs et al. 2026; Arcila-Barrera et al. 2026]

18

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Islet cell

INS, GCG, SST

–

[Pei et al. 2025; Zhuo et al. 2026; Kirschstein et al. 2026] Continued on next page

Table 8 (continued) No. Level 1

Level 2

Cell type

Primary markers

Secondary markers

Refs.

19

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Ductal cell

KRT19, SOX9, MUC1

–

[Zhuo et al. 2026; Harada et al. 2026; GonzalezKozlova et al. 2026]

20

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Tubular epithelial cell

AQP1 (PCT), UMOD (TAL)

–

[Wang et al. 2026,]

21

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Podocyte

NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1

–

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; Boesch et al. 2026; Hu et al. 2025]

22

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Keratinocyte

KRT14, KRT10, IVL

–

[Sreenivasan and Spielmann 2026; Gu et al. 2026; Restrepo et al. 2026]

23

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Melanocyte

MLANA, PMEL, MITF

–

[Restrepo et al. 2026; Boesch et al. 2026; Storrs et al. 2026]

24

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Astrocyte

GFAP, AQP4, S100B

–

[Boesch et al. 2026; Zhang et al. 2026; Chanoch-Myers et al. 2026]

25

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Neuron

RBFOX3, MAP2, SYP

–

[Zhou et al. 2026; Ruf et al. 2026; Murakami et al. 2026]

26

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Oligodendrocyte

OLIG2, MBP, MOG

–

[Feng et al. 2025; Sanchez-Molina et al. 2026; Chanoch-Myers et al. 2026]

27

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Fallopian tube epithelial

PAX8, WT1

–

[Lorenzi et al. 2026; Kader et al. 2025; Hikmet et al. 2026]

28

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Ovarian surface epithelial

KRT7, PAX8, MUC16

–

[Kader et al. 2025; Perez-Villatoro et al. 2026; Lorenzi et al. 2026]

29

Epithelial

Normal Epithelial

Granulosa cell

FOXL2, INHA, AMH

–

[Lorenzi et al. 2026; Tzouanas et al. 2025; Kader et al. 2025]

30

Immune

T Cell

CD8 T cell

CD8A, CD3E, GZMB

PRF1, IFNG, NKG7

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; Yakubovsky et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026]

31

Immune

T Cell

CD4 T cell

CD4, CD3E, IL7R

CCR7, LEF1

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; Yakubovsky et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026]

32

Immune

T Cell

Regulatory T cell

FOXP3, IL2RA, CTLA4

IKZF2, TNFRSF18

[Gu et al. 2026; Maltez et al. 2026; Cohen et al. 2024]

33

Immune

T Cell

Gamma delta T cell

TRDC, TRGC1

–

[Reinstein et al. 2024; Kaltenecker et al. 2026; Nitta et al. 2026]

34

Immune

T Cell

NKT cell

CD3E, NCAM1, KLRB1

–

[Chen et al. 2025; Lobel et al. 2026]

35

Immune

B Cell

B cell

CD19, CD20, MS4A1

PAX5, CD79A

[Huang et al. 2026; Dumoulin et al. 2026; Enssle et al. 2026] Continued on next page

Table 8 (continued) No. Level 1

Level 2

Cell type

Primary markers

Secondary markers

Refs.

36

Immune

B Cell

Plasma cell

SDC1 (CD138), MZB1, JCHAIN

XBP1, PRDM1

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; GonzalezKozlova et al. 2026; Liao et al. 2025]

37

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Macrophage

CD68, CD163, CSF1R

MRC1, MARCO, MSR1

[Sun et al. 2021; Mateus-Tique et al. 2026; Zhu et al. 2025]

38

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

M1 macrophage

CD68, NOS2, TNF

IL1B, CXCL10, IDO1 [Clauzon et al. 2026; Sun et al. 2026, 2021]

39

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

M2 macrophage

CD68, CD163, MRC1

TGFB1, IL10, ARG1

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; Mateus-Tique et al. 2026]

40

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Monocyte

CD14, LYZ, VCAN

–

[Tzouanas et al. 2025; Alouche et al. 2026; Mattavelli et al. 2025]

41

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Kupffer cell

CD68, CLEC4F, MARCO –

[Boesch et al. 2026; Xiang et al. 2025]

42

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Alveolar macrophage

MARCO, FABP4, CD68

–

[Wang et al. 2026; Jiang et al. 2026; Boesch et al. 2026]

43

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Microglia

AIF1, CX3CR1, P2RY12

TMEM119, TREM2

[Cardoso et al. 2026; Lu et al. 2026; Collot et al. 2026]

44

Immune

Macrophage Monocyte

Osteoclast

ACP5, CTSK, MMP9

–

[Bandyopadhyay et al. 2024; Li et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026]

45

Immune

Dendritic Cell

Dendritic cell

ITGAX, CD1C, CLEC9A

BATF3, IRF8

[Chen et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026; Kancheva et al. 2026]

46

Immune

Dendritic Cell

Plasmacytoid DC

LILRA4, TCF4, IRF7

–

[Kancheva et al. 2026; Liang et al. 2026]

47

Immune

Granulocyte

Neutrophil

ELANE, MPO, FCGR3B

CSF3R, CXCR2

[Collot et al. 2026; Johnson et al. 2026; Pan et al. 2026]

48

Immune

Granulocyte

Eosinophil

CLC, EPX, PRG2

IL5RA, CCR3

[Huang et al. 2026; Reyes et al. 2026; Lu et al. 2026]

49

Immune

Granulocyte

Mast cell

KIT, TPSAB1, CMA1

FCER1A, HDC

[Dumoulin et al. 2026; Boesch et al. 2026; Lin et al. 2026]

50

Immune

Granulocyte

Basophil

GATA2, HDC, CPA3

–

[Reinstein et al. 2024; Liang et al. 2026]

51

Immune

NK Cell

NK cell

NCAM1, NKG7, GNLY

KLRD1, KLRB1, PRF1

[Merkt et al. 2026; Campisi et al. 2026; Jiang et al. 2026]

52

Stromal

Fibroblast

Fibroblast

VIM, COL1A1, DCN

LUM, COL3A1, PDGFRA

[Liu et al. 2025; Sreenivasan and Spielmann 2026; Kirschstein et al. 2026]

53

Stromal

Fibroblast

Myofibroblast

ACTA2, TAGLN, MYH11 –

54

Stromal

Fibroblast

Cancer associated fibroblast FAP, PDPN, POSTN

TNC, MMP2, MMP11

[Kirschstein et al. 2026; Gui et al. 2026; Merkt et al. 2026] [Johnson et al. 2026; Sun et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2025] Continued on next page

Table 8 (continued) No. Level 1

Level 2

Cell type

Primary markers

Secondary markers

Refs.

55

Stromal

Fibroblast

MyCAF

ACTA2, FAP, TAGLN

MYL9, CNN1

[Sun et al. 2021; Pramod et al. 2026; Jiménez-Castaño et al. 2026]

56

Stromal

Fibroblast

ICAF

IL6, CXCL12, PDGFRA

CFD, DPT, HAS1

[Sun et al. 2021; Gu et al. 2026; Pramod et al. 2026]

57

Stromal

Fibroblast

ApCAF

CD74, HLA-DRA, SLPI

SAA1, SAA2

[Chen et al. 2025; Gu et al. 2026; Pramod et al. 2026]

58

Stromal

Endothelial

Endothelial cell

PECAM1, VWF, CDH5

FLT1, KDR, ERG

[Li et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026; Uhlén 2026]

59

Stromal

Endothelial

Lymphatic endothelial

LYVE1, PROX1, PDPN

FLT4, CCL21

[Liu et al. 2026; Yakubovsky et al. 2026; Haist et al. 2026]

60

Stromal

Endothelial

Tip cell

ESM1, APLN, DLL4

–

[Chen et al. 2026; Yu et al. 2026]

61

Stromal

Pericyte SMC

Pericyte

RGS5, PDGFRB, NOTCH3

MCAM, CSPG4

[Marteau et al. 2026; Meyer et al. 2025; Jiang et al. 2026]

62

Stromal

Pericyte SMC

Smooth muscle cell

ACTA2, DES, MYH11

CNN1, TAGLN, MYLK

[Kirschstein et al. 2026; Neyazi et al. 2026; Lu et al. 2026]

63

Stromal

Mesenchymal

Stellate cell

LRAT, PDGFRB, ACTA2 –

[Boesch et al. 2026; Morad et al. 2025; Park et al. 2026]

64

Stromal

Mesenchymal

Mesothelial cell

MSLN, WT1, KRT5

–

[Chen et al. 2025; Boesch et al. 2026; Nance-Richey et al. 2026]

65

Stromal

Mesenchymal

Adipocyte

ADIPOQ, LEP, FABP4

PPARG, PLIN1

[Jalkanen et al. 2026; Park et al. 2026; Dumoulin et al. 2026]

66

Stromal

Mesenchymal

Schwann cell

S100B, SOX10, MPZ

–

[Ji et al. 2026; Stierli et al. 2026; Körner et al. 2026]

67

Blood Vascular

Erythrocyte

Erythrocyte

HBA1, HBB, HBA2

SLC4A1, GYPA

[Hanemaaijer et al. 2026; Bandyopadhyay et al. 2024; Yayon et al. 2024]

68

Blood Vascular

Platelet

Platelet megakaryocyte

ITGA2B, GP1BA, PF4

–

[Li et al. 2026; Hanemaaijer et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026]

69

Other/QC

Necrotic Apoptotic

Necrotic cell

–

–

–

70

Other/QC

Necrotic Apoptotic

Apoptotic cell

–

–

–

71

Other/QC

Mitotic

Mitotic cell

–

–

–

72

Other/QC

Uncertain

Uncertain cell

–

–

–

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C. Complete Experimental Results

The following tables report the complete intra-section (IS) results for all 30 frozen pathology foundation models. They are organised by evaluation panel (S25 , S20 , S15 , S10 ), then by magnification (40×, 20×, 10×), then by metric (Macro-F1, Macro-AUROC, Macro-AUPRC), and finally by taxonomy (Tfine , Tcoarse ).

Taxonomies. Tfine is the 9-class H&E-aligned taxonomy and Tcoarse is its 3-class coarsening. A class enters a given evaluation unit only if it supplies at least 500 training and 200 test cells for Tfine , or 100 of each for Tcoarse ; Macro-F1 is averaged over the classes that survive this gate, so the number of scored classes varies by unit.

Panels. SN denotes the N highest-ranked tissue sections under the annotation-agreement criterion. The panels are nested and cover S25 : 25 sections across 11 organs; S20 : 20 across 10; S15 : 15 across 9; S10 : 10 across 6.

Readouts (column headings). Each column is one way of turning a frozen encoder’s output into a per-cell vector. Nuc samples the dense feature map at the registered nuclear centre. Mean averages all spatial tokens of the patch. CLS uses the architecture’s native class token. N+M and N+C are additive fusions of the nucleus readout with the mean-pooled and the class-token readout respectively, whereas N∥M and N∥C are the corresponding concatenative fusions. Wins is the significant-wins count defined below. A dash (–) marks a class-token-dependent readout that is structurally unavailable, which applies to the one model in the panel without a native class token.

Aggregation. Every value is an organ-balanced mean: runs are averaged over folds within a section, then over sections within an organ, then over organs. The reported dispersion is the sample standard deviation across sections, so it measures between-section variability rather than between-organ variability. All values are in percentage points.

CRA. CRAm is the cellular readout advantage for metric m: the paired nucleus-minus-mean-pooling difference, computed per model × taxonomy × section × fold and pooled over both in percentage points. It is computed from the taxonomy of the table it appears in, so the Tfine and Tcoarse values differ.

Significant wins (Wins). The last column counts how many of the other 29 models a given model significantly exceeds in CRA, by a two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test on the paired CRA differences over their common section × fold units, at p < 0.05 and with a positive median difference. The maximum is therefore 29. Like CRA it uses only the taxonomy of the table it appears in.

Row order. Models are sorted by Wins in descending order, with the unrounded CRA as the tie-break. Every quantity in a table, including the sort key, is computed from that table’s own panel, magnification, metric and taxonomy alone, so each table stands on its own and the two taxonomies are ordered independently.

Highlighting. Within each readout column and the CRA column the best value is set in bold and the second best is underlined; higher is better throughout. The Wins column is not highlighted, because it is the sort key.

Table 9: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H0mini H-Optimus-0 GPFM Virchow Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK PLIP Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

36.94±12.68 36.93±12.66 36.74±12.66 36.27±12.03 35.96±12.16 36.12±12.26 35.55±11.89 35.51±12.04 35.40±11.47 35.05±11.73 35.06±11.73 34.53±11.27 34.36±11.38 33.90±11.07 34.20±11.12 33.52±10.78 33.69±10.83 33.22±10.83 33.31±10.91 33.00±10.70 32.61±10.11 30.75±9.13 31.62±10.07 31.79±10.09 30.96±9.09 31.44±9.58 30.21±8.80 30.26±8.64 30.60±9.45 30.00±8.86

29.29±8.25 29.37±8.30 29.25±8.02 28.94±7.91 28.89±8.12 29.17±8.16 28.67±8.09 28.85±8.11 28.84±7.92 28.66±8.16 28.62±8.10 28.19±7.76 28.19±7.79 28.07±7.62 28.49±7.75 28.12±7.78 28.12±7.41 28.29±7.78 28.39±7.70 27.97±7.56 28.37±7.90 26.27±6.68 27.48±7.56 27.70±7.36 26.67±6.71 27.23±7.32 26.22±6.86 26.80±7.21 27.55±7.51 27.14±7.52

15.73±6.03 15.83±5.93 15.93±5.88 16.14±5.85 16.08±5.94 16.05±5.76 15.72±5.76 16.39±5.73 15.95±5.77 15.93±5.90 15.94±5.81 15.56±5.85 16.19±5.54 16.18±5.79 16.32±5.79 16.21±5.88 16.34±5.87 16.30±5.76 16.42±5.73 16.13±5.67 16.08±5.90 16.21±5.85 16.53±5.67 16.35±5.59 16.04±5.82 – 27.63±7.51 16.16±5.78 16.24±5.62 16.48±5.87

37.52±12.57 37.51±12.55 37.46±12.48 37.35±11.96 36.48±12.02 36.96±12.26 36.43±11.80 36.67±11.93 36.45±11.54 35.75±11.51 35.75±11.50 35.31±11.34 35.42±11.23 35.19±11.07 35.22±10.96 34.59±10.66 35.15±10.79 35.05±10.70 34.70±10.84 33.90±10.60 33.43±9.98 32.89±9.29 33.35±9.92 33.63±10.07 32.24±9.05 32.66±9.40 33.00±9.37 31.74±8.79 32.32±9.40 31.96±8.93

36.94±12.31 36.86±12.21 37.17±12.35 36.74±11.67 36.23±11.81 36.64±12.03 36.08±11.61 36.57±11.81 36.01±11.35 35.48±11.31 35.42±11.29 34.93±10.95 35.16±11.10 34.47±10.65 34.93±10.76 34.38±10.71 34.67±10.59 34.12±10.39 34.27±10.56 33.75±10.43 32.96±9.70 30.60±8.34 32.78±9.66 32.77±9.57 29.85±7.99 – 32.21±9.37 31.43±8.50 31.56±9.02 31.57±8.71

37.61±12.60 37.60±12.62 37.38±12.49 37.46±11.95 36.64±12.16 36.81±12.25 36.52±11.70 36.61±11.89 36.46±11.53 35.78±11.59 35.79±11.59 35.41±11.44 35.47±11.27 35.34±11.09 35.22±11.10 34.77±10.80 35.42±10.83 35.08±10.75 34.97±10.91 34.15±10.72 33.49±10.06 33.17±9.37 33.70±10.26 33.86±10.35 32.66±9.20 32.70±9.63 32.90±9.40 31.99±8.82 32.76±9.74 32.03±9.06

37.44±12.36 37.41±12.28 37.33±12.22 37.20±11.79 36.72±12.04 36.85±11.99 36.35±11.72 36.67±11.76 36.16±11.41 35.66±11.43 35.65±11.43 35.40±11.04 35.30±11.07 34.84±10.83 35.16±10.83 34.56±10.62 34.96±10.62 34.61±10.59 34.43±10.66 33.98±10.57 33.23±9.76 32.75±9.14 33.04±9.85 33.19±9.89 32.46±9.09 – 32.49±9.49 31.63±8.61 31.95±9.26 31.72±8.80

7.90±5.72 7.87±5.75 7.78±6.00 7.58±5.52 7.37±5.49 7.32±5.64 7.14±5.24 7.10±5.58 6.87±5.01 6.68±5.08 6.69±5.10 6.54±4.81 6.42±4.96 6.04±4.70 5.97±4.81 5.72±4.63 5.69±4.69 5.21±4.75 5.20±4.66 5.19±4.43 4.50±3.61 4.50±3.61 4.43±4.28 4.29±4.53 4.26±3.49 4.24±3.37 4.17±4.02 3.60±2.92 3.29±3.42 3.06±2.96

27 27 27 25 24 24 22 22 21 19 18 17 17 15 15 13 13 10 10 10 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 0

Table 10: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Phikon Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

56.94±13.12 56.68±13.39 56.68±13.38 56.03±12.78 56.14±13.12 56.29±13.12 55.79±13.39 55.45±13.22 55.34±13.05 55.34±13.04 55.34±12.95 54.81±12.76 54.15±12.54 54.55±12.91 54.82±12.83 53.84±12.62 54.04±12.57 53.38±12.68 53.60±12.43 53.73±12.46 52.38±11.79 53.77±12.02 51.93±12.29 51.56±11.74 51.72±11.32 51.86±11.29 51.77±12.03 51.25±11.85 51.37±11.20 50.66±11.18

49.99±10.52 50.12±10.53 50.17±10.53 49.24±10.24 48.62±10.47 49.55±10.29 49.15±10.65 48.60±10.61 48.63±10.34 48.60±10.35 48.67±10.41 48.12±10.40 47.82±10.26 48.24±10.33 49.20±10.28 49.21±9.88 48.36±10.01 47.94±10.16 48.27±9.96 48.98±10.18 46.53±9.97 49.17±10.11 48.15±9.74 47.30±8.89 47.03±9.51 47.84±8.96 47.74±9.87 47.28±9.79 48.47±9.11 47.65±9.31

34.89±4.80 34.45±4.70 34.68±4.80 35.37±4.91 35.03±4.74 35.00±4.62 34.56±4.38 34.78±4.51 34.67±4.25 34.60±4.19 34.97±4.34 34.83±4.22 34.89±4.24 34.42±4.25 34.91±4.27 35.02±4.52 34.65±4.01 35.12±4.56 34.83±4.34 35.03±4.38 35.33±4.62 34.78±4.51 35.03±4.41 35.24±4.98 47.51±8.61 34.58±4.18 – 35.17±4.59 34.40±3.75 35.14±4.65

57.58±12.68 57.30±12.97 57.35±12.96 57.02±12.31 57.32±12.40 57.17±12.38 56.72±12.65 56.34±12.71 56.14±12.25 56.15±12.27 56.77±12.07 56.06±11.86 55.47±11.85 55.27±12.77 56.08±12.01 55.24±11.74 55.69±11.74 55.81±11.62 54.79±11.69 55.64±11.75 54.43±11.53 54.79±11.46 54.09±11.34 53.60±11.16 54.00±10.80 53.08±10.98 53.01±11.49 53.21±11.45 52.72±10.69 53.16±10.42

57.69±12.32 57.01±12.63 56.94±12.53 57.17±12.00 57.29±12.02 57.15±12.09 56.63±12.23 56.36±12.52 56.29±11.88 56.25±11.88 56.64±11.85 55.94±11.76 55.32±11.36 55.29±12.44 56.04±11.89 55.20±11.57 55.67±11.56 55.22±11.55 54.79±11.46 55.21±11.45 53.81±11.00 54.45±11.19 53.66±11.04 51.35±9.19 52.96±10.94 50.53±8.85 – 52.59±10.98 52.65±10.63 52.76±10.34

57.59±12.61 57.48±13.02 57.46±12.99 57.19±12.25 57.31±12.35 57.22±12.50 56.97±12.63 56.39±12.74 56.38±12.24 56.39±12.22 56.82±12.06 56.12±11.97 55.68±11.97 55.53±12.74 56.20±11.93 55.49±11.69 55.92±11.78 55.86±11.66 55.08±11.78 55.78±11.77 54.88±11.53 54.72±11.64 54.54±11.49 54.02±11.22 53.88±11.03 53.51±11.16 53.17±11.52 53.67±11.56 53.21±10.74 53.40±10.56

58.05±12.24 57.69±12.59 57.69±12.59 57.27±11.95 57.56±12.13 57.56±12.09 57.16±12.42 56.70±12.37 56.58±11.89 56.53±11.95 56.90±11.71 56.23±11.77 55.76±11.48 55.74±12.36 56.51±11.70 55.52±11.48 55.82±11.51 55.77±11.36 54.99±11.56 55.53±11.57 54.36±11.02 54.82±11.06 54.17±11.05 53.91±11.03 53.48±10.93 53.33±11.02 – 53.22±11.05 52.84±10.58 53.16±10.28

7.67±4.36 7.41±4.31 7.40±4.31 7.43±4.26 7.35±4.36 7.26±4.22 7.12±4.19 7.08±4.14 6.93±4.31 6.91±4.28 6.76±4.06 6.64±3.88 6.44±3.67 6.40±3.96 6.20±4.36 5.79±4.25 5.88±4.00 5.72±3.90 5.53±3.69 5.59±4.06 5.33±3.79 5.20±3.53 4.80±4.00 4.76±4.31 4.73±4.90 4.57±3.52 4.40±3.64 4.02±3.49 3.91±3.25 3.65±3.35

27 27 27 23 23 23 23 22 19 19 19 16 15 15 15 13 12 11 10 9 7 5 5 4 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 11: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 GPFM Virchow UNI Phikon-v2 mSTAR Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath PLIP Prov-GigaPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

75.77±12.19 76.04±12.23 76.08±12.19 75.32±12.03 75.34±12.13 75.59±11.91 75.30±11.75 74.79±12.12 74.57±11.76 74.54±11.40 74.48±11.88 74.82±11.95 73.99±11.89 73.69±11.51 73.72±11.74 73.58±11.55 72.97±11.88 72.86±11.40 71.34±9.95 72.91±11.61 71.56±9.91 73.03±11.62 71.73±11.29 71.92±11.03 71.82±10.34 71.19±9.97 72.13±11.33 70.57±10.11 70.88±10.71 69.62±9.97

69.59±9.46 70.04±9.21 70.12±9.20 69.40±9.37 69.42±9.30 69.72±9.11 69.59±8.98 69.35±9.08 69.10±9.30 69.07±8.83 69.12±9.32 69.64±9.03 69.12±9.15 68.97±8.72 69.12±8.94 69.08±8.74 68.62±8.89 68.73±8.72 67.20±7.55 68.80±8.94 67.38±7.69 69.12±8.88 68.02±8.89 68.14±8.79 68.28±8.31 67.57±7.99 68.78±8.95 67.42±8.22 68.07±8.78 67.09±7.92

50.00±0.16 50.04±0.18 50.07±0.20 49.98±0.17 50.05±0.16 50.03±0.19 50.06±0.17 50.03±0.14 49.97±0.16 50.09±0.27 50.04±0.16 49.94±0.14 50.03±0.14 49.89±0.30 50.04±0.19 50.10±0.16 50.07±0.24 50.03±0.20 50.13±0.22 49.95±0.19 50.06±0.18 49.99±0.13 50.00±0.19 50.02±0.15 – 50.08±0.24 50.02±0.17 50.12±0.23 50.05±0.14 66.58±8.49

75.50±12.33 76.07±12.25 76.09±12.27 75.11±12.26 75.06±12.14 75.47±12.12 75.20±11.97 74.86±12.19 74.25±11.93 74.68±11.64 74.23±11.94 74.79±12.09 73.80±11.97 73.92±11.68 73.82±11.70 73.72±11.62 73.15±11.63 72.81±11.51 72.11±10.46 73.39±11.65 71.52±10.36 73.29±11.67 72.40±11.20 72.77±11.23 72.08±10.59 71.47±10.25 72.27±11.42 70.93±10.37 71.75±10.80 71.24±10.56

75.07±12.33 75.11±12.27 75.32±12.24 74.60±12.20 74.63±12.09 74.84±12.11 74.91±11.93 74.63±12.11 73.81±11.91 74.13±11.57 73.86±11.91 74.31±12.00 73.55±11.94 73.17±11.57 73.49±11.74 73.27±11.54 72.99±11.65 72.60±11.38 69.59±9.60 72.70±11.51 68.84±9.35 72.80±11.48 71.79±11.00 71.76±10.93 – 71.17±10.14 71.67±11.13 70.71±10.25 70.80±10.57 70.88±10.54

75.21±12.48 76.05±12.35 76.03±12.37 74.89±12.37 74.96±12.29 75.34±12.10 75.24±11.97 74.65±12.21 74.09±12.13 74.49±11.79 74.13±12.14 74.77±12.08 73.81±11.99 73.92±11.76 73.58±11.91 73.80±11.69 73.05±11.71 72.84±11.62 72.31±10.60 73.39±11.76 71.89±10.52 73.30±11.75 72.44±11.39 72.80±11.40 72.08±10.76 71.57±10.42 72.23±11.43 71.03±10.45 72.03±11.03 71.46±10.64

75.22±12.35 75.48±12.38 75.63±12.35 74.72±12.30 74.98±12.24 75.01±12.15 74.99±12.01 74.63±12.15 73.93±11.99 74.30±11.62 73.97±12.00 74.43±12.10 73.54±11.99 73.30±11.66 73.49±11.80 73.36±11.65 72.92±11.68 72.63±11.52 71.99±10.46 72.82±11.71 71.62±10.45 72.76±11.69 71.77±11.18 71.88±11.12 – 71.24±10.23 71.77±11.29 70.73±10.31 71.04±10.74 70.87±10.81

6.04±3.79 5.79±4.00 5.78±3.95 5.88±3.73 5.81±3.77 5.78±3.84 5.63±3.68 5.42±4.09 5.42±3.58 5.41±3.68 5.34±3.71 5.17±3.89 4.92±3.73 4.78±3.76 4.74±3.73 4.52±3.75 4.43±3.98 4.21±3.70 4.18±3.61 4.18±3.71 4.17±3.36 4.01±3.73 3.91±3.75 3.84±3.61 3.59±3.07 3.51±3.13 3.46±3.40 3.14±3.13 2.83±3.41 2.65±3.79

27 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 19 19 19 18 17 15 15 13 13 9 9 9 7 7 7 6 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 12: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H0mini H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

79.28±11.27 79.30±11.25 78.48±11.97 78.63±11.49 78.58±11.55 79.12±11.07 78.40±11.39 78.97±10.93 77.97±10.96 77.94±11.40 77.89±11.42 78.29±11.16 77.48±11.61 76.86±11.90 75.54±12.55 77.28±11.04 77.63±10.74 76.11±11.52 76.69±10.83 76.64±11.19 75.41±11.23 74.50±10.69 75.67±11.53 75.47±11.04 74.40±10.79 75.81±10.24 74.09±10.62 73.88±11.57 73.35±10.48 73.89±10.44

73.05±9.60 73.07±9.59 73.09±9.70 72.55±9.86 71.63±10.56 72.75±9.60 71.96±10.62 72.66±9.58 71.79±9.44 72.03±10.09 72.13±10.05 72.93±9.30 71.83±9.90 72.37±9.69 69.78±11.13 72.46±9.06 72.25±9.40 71.30±9.86 69.98±11.16 72.29±9.53 69.57±10.85 70.57±8.40 71.01±10.34 71.08±9.46 70.32±9.23 71.68±9.04 70.20±9.63 71.30±9.37 70.59±8.44 71.26±8.63

50.32±0.63 50.44±0.88 50.05±0.33 50.37±0.71 50.17±0.34 50.09±0.37 50.14±0.53 50.11±0.32 50.31±0.50 49.81±0.39 49.67±0.65 50.04±0.17 50.20±0.36 49.96±0.16 50.24±0.44 50.34±0.66 50.27±0.54 50.33±0.72 50.18±0.35 49.97±0.25 50.18±0.28 50.15±0.34 50.39±0.78 50.23±0.41 49.96±0.27 – 50.02±0.16 49.99±0.21 69.99±9.19 50.06±0.19

79.14±11.65 79.18±11.62 78.46±12.01 78.34±11.70 78.60±11.53 78.98±11.36 78.35±11.53 78.94±11.19 77.75±11.52 77.80±11.50 77.67±11.62 78.55±11.26 77.34±11.78 77.02±11.85 76.61±11.37 77.48±11.14 77.46±11.02 77.06±11.36 76.59±11.02 77.19±11.13 75.91±11.11 75.53±10.49 75.45±11.90 76.60±10.85 75.90±10.10 76.04±10.54 75.51±10.27 75.17±11.07 75.33±10.50 74.09±10.78

78.59±11.52 78.16±11.67 78.21±12.09 78.14±11.45 78.10±11.64 78.60±11.33 78.10±11.66 78.79±11.11 77.72±11.05 77.49±11.51 77.38±11.56 78.16±11.12 77.58±11.37 77.04±11.55 76.68±11.08 77.09±10.92 77.56±10.53 76.37±11.36 76.67±10.75 76.84±10.86 75.37±11.01 72.88±9.57 75.23±11.55 75.67±10.62 72.56±9.25 – 75.62±9.96 74.15±10.96 75.15±10.49 73.46±11.19

78.90±11.98 78.89±11.97 78.25±12.20 78.43±11.78 78.31±11.81 78.43±11.83 78.25±11.70 78.87±11.29 77.73±11.62 77.50±11.78 77.44±11.82 78.01±11.67 77.04±11.99 76.73±12.21 77.23±11.00 77.09±11.54 77.44±11.27 76.81±11.60 76.61±11.28 76.99±11.45 76.03±11.37 76.08±10.56 75.15±12.11 76.59±11.18 76.02±10.39 75.83±10.85 75.78±10.21 75.55±11.29 75.27±10.87 74.88±10.45

78.87±11.68 78.91±11.61 78.06±12.26 78.23±11.80 77.96±11.93 78.56±11.53 77.94±11.76 78.38±11.54 77.64±11.43 77.12±11.86 76.94±12.00 77.86±11.50 77.11±11.85 76.67±12.02 76.95±10.96 77.08±11.23 77.15±11.09 76.54±11.37 76.26±11.20 76.70±11.20 75.45±11.14 75.67±10.58 75.41±11.55 75.60±11.03 75.66±10.34 – 75.45±10.06 74.42±11.26 75.04±10.87 74.16±10.68

6.46±3.00 6.45±2.98 6.21±3.20 6.18±2.99 6.60±4.86 6.17±3.18 6.12±3.23 6.11±3.11 6.18±4.00 5.90±3.12 5.77±3.16 5.73±3.15 5.69±3.55 5.35±3.46 5.65±4.17 5.16±3.19 5.15±3.19 5.02±3.67 5.72±5.88 4.41±3.53 4.97±4.82 4.15±3.92 4.69±4.52 4.40±3.46 4.25±2.94 4.04±2.78 4.11±3.25 3.41±3.22 3.37±4.26 3.13±3.07

27 27 27 24 23 23 22 22 18 18 18 18 17 16 13 13 13 12 11 9 6 6 5 5 5 4 3 1 0 0

Table 13: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 GPFM Virchow Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

39.74±12.71 40.02±12.93 40.04±12.93 39.02±12.42 38.96±12.35 39.19±12.19 38.79±11.91 38.40±12.22 38.24±11.82 37.91±11.68 37.85±11.71 37.56±11.28 37.13±11.34 36.61±10.98 36.70±11.03 36.35±10.86 35.86±10.88 35.64±10.66 35.76±10.80 35.37±10.61 34.79±9.92 34.30±9.82 33.99±9.72 33.18±8.64 33.37±8.64 33.75±9.19 32.88±8.52 32.94±9.14 32.03±8.56 32.15±8.52

31.66±8.06 31.90±8.20 31.97±8.31 31.45±8.08 31.34±7.97 31.66±8.05 31.50±7.96 31.22±7.90 31.47±7.98 31.11±8.03 31.14±8.05 30.98±7.85 30.99±7.74 30.84±7.80 31.06±7.92 30.90±7.85 30.54±7.78 30.74±7.82 30.98±7.83 30.64±7.76 30.76±7.78 30.10±7.45 30.02±7.58 29.28±7.16 29.49±7.22 30.19±7.55 29.62±7.22 29.91±7.34 29.09±7.28 29.36±7.41

18.91±5.02 18.93±5.06 18.94±5.07 18.90±5.00 18.94±5.07 18.93±5.07 18.94±5.08 18.91±5.04 18.90±5.02 18.88±4.99 18.92±5.05 18.94±5.07 18.92±5.04 18.85±4.94 18.92±5.05 18.94±5.06 18.95±5.10 18.89±5.01 18.92±5.03 18.90±5.03 18.91±5.04 18.91±5.03 18.92±5.05 18.96±5.09 18.94±5.08 – 18.93±5.07 18.93±5.05 28.90±7.48 18.94±5.08

39.46±12.63 40.02±12.75 40.05±12.77 38.84±12.39 38.61±12.05 39.11±12.18 38.71±11.94 38.42±12.12 38.24±11.72 37.58±11.53 37.57±11.54 37.75±11.39 36.93±11.23 36.84±11.03 36.75±10.86 36.46±10.73 35.80±10.60 36.05±10.70 36.00±10.74 35.38±10.45 34.90±10.01 35.11±10.07 34.57±9.72 33.98±8.98 33.36±8.68 34.06±9.26 33.14±8.54 33.75±9.33 33.20±8.96 32.48±8.51

38.96±12.51 38.77±12.30 39.04±12.40 38.14±12.16 38.03±11.93 38.26±11.84 38.31±11.80 38.06±11.96 37.57±11.45 37.02±11.28 37.06±11.30 37.04±11.15 36.58±11.10 35.91±10.65 36.29±10.76 35.91±10.53 35.67±10.67 35.26±10.32 35.35±10.48 35.04±10.34 34.12±9.58 33.93±9.58 33.76±9.45 31.46±8.14 30.60±7.64 – 32.81±8.45 32.65±8.86 33.06±8.93 32.21±8.43

39.23±12.63 40.00±12.83 40.01±12.85 38.64±12.37 38.55±12.23 39.05±12.16 38.72±11.92 38.25±12.13 38.19±11.69 37.46±11.65 37.51±11.71 37.66±11.42 36.90±11.26 36.86±11.08 36.58±10.99 36.60±10.86 35.79±10.72 36.11±10.74 36.08±10.77 35.46±10.59 34.91±10.08 35.27±10.21 34.75±9.91 34.25±9.13 33.79±8.95 34.11±9.33 33.26±8.64 34.17±9.48 33.50±9.04 32.66±8.61

39.09±12.48 39.28±12.46 39.42±12.60 38.36±12.22 38.58±12.20 38.56±11.98 38.39±11.85 38.11±11.99 37.77±11.62 37.24±11.55 37.27±11.55 37.27±11.21 36.62±11.11 36.18±10.80 36.38±10.85 36.11±10.68 35.68±10.71 35.52±10.52 35.47±10.66 35.18±10.45 34.34±9.74 34.18±9.73 33.93±9.59 33.88±8.95 33.50±8.82 – 32.87±8.51 33.00±9.06 33.14±9.03 32.26±8.45

8.33±6.21 8.29±6.16 8.28±6.13 7.93±6.05 7.86±5.88 7.78±5.73 7.53±5.54 7.49±6.04 7.08±5.51 7.01±5.21 6.94±5.30 6.80±4.97 6.39±5.17 6.09±4.83 5.97±4.91 5.68±4.61 5.60±4.78 5.15±4.38 5.10±4.69 5.03±4.50 4.23±3.60 4.37±3.93 4.28±3.92 3.98±3.05 3.87±2.77 3.67±2.86 3.23±2.43 3.13±3.03 3.08±3.30 2.82±2.33

27 27 27 24 24 24 22 22 20 19 19 18 17 15 15 13 13 11 10 10 7 6 6 6 5 4 1 1 0 0

Table 14: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

61.11±19.87 61.32±19.85 61.32±19.85 60.61±19.74 60.53±19.78 60.65±19.61 60.22±19.63 60.41±19.52 59.70±19.56 59.66±19.57 60.02±19.38 59.35±19.17 59.30±19.51 58.99±19.31 58.43±19.16 58.06±19.39 58.54±19.13 57.86±19.02 57.61±19.03 57.75±19.20 57.37±18.82 56.32±18.80 56.35±18.90 54.95±18.39 55.55±18.20 56.03±18.51 55.30±18.04 54.40±18.05 55.09±18.66 54.39±18.04

53.64±17.55 53.90±17.53 53.91±17.56 53.42±17.59 53.30±17.34 53.72±17.52 53.28±17.60 53.64±17.36 53.13±17.57 53.15±17.55 53.62±17.30 53.02±17.10 53.12±17.45 53.04±17.51 52.73±17.25 52.34±17.45 52.91±17.23 52.57±17.15 52.36±17.04 53.11±17.31 52.69±17.20 51.93±17.11 51.89±17.04 51.05±16.63 51.49±16.85 52.27±17.19 51.71±16.66 50.90±16.72 51.97±17.24 51.41±17.00

35.96±14.57 35.97±14.55 35.97±14.55 35.97±14.53 35.99±14.51 35.98±14.59 35.94±14.51 35.95±14.56 35.95±14.50 35.95±14.50 35.96±14.52 35.98±14.51 35.99±14.56 35.97±14.53 35.97±14.54 35.99±14.56 35.98±14.53 35.95±14.54 35.97±14.55 35.96±14.57 35.96±14.53 35.96±14.56 35.98±14.56 35.97±14.50 35.97±14.55 – 35.95±14.55 50.44±16.84 35.96±14.57 35.95±14.52

60.91±19.96 61.40±19.90 61.42±19.89 60.43±19.72 60.45±19.77 60.65±19.68 60.15±19.70 60.42±19.63 59.60±19.50 59.58±19.50 60.20±19.48 59.49±19.36 59.27±19.43 59.03±19.29 58.71±19.14 58.08±19.20 58.75±19.15 58.36±19.17 57.68±19.03 58.29±19.18 57.37±18.86 57.51±18.88 57.00±18.83 56.34±18.29 55.93±18.30 56.43±18.61 55.73±18.27 55.75±18.34 56.22±18.63 54.87±18.13

60.62±19.87 60.70±19.72 60.40±19.70 59.94±19.58 60.08±19.68 60.12±19.60 60.03±19.57 60.19±19.57 59.35±19.41 59.30±19.40 59.68±19.36 59.00±19.20 59.01±19.40 58.73±19.22 58.29±18.99 58.02±19.11 58.10±19.01 57.77±19.09 57.41±18.96 57.67±19.01 56.77±18.74 56.34±18.61 56.23±18.72 53.25±17.34 52.49±17.19 – 55.52±18.22 55.54±18.32 55.12±18.38 54.68±18.10

60.67±20.03 61.29±20.06 61.28±20.05 60.40±19.83 60.28±19.86 60.55±19.74 60.05±19.78 60.35±19.68 59.36±19.60 59.34±19.61 60.02±19.54 59.48±19.45 59.02±19.45 58.91±19.36 58.69±19.23 58.12±19.16 58.86±19.25 58.35±19.26 57.81±19.15 58.34±19.26 57.08±18.99 57.73±19.06 57.28±19.01 56.68±18.49 56.28±18.47 56.54±18.67 55.89±18.30 55.97±18.50 56.70±18.78 55.13±18.23

60.65±19.93 60.98±19.91 60.88±19.91 60.35±19.78 60.13±19.80 60.28±19.69 59.97±19.63 60.15±19.66 59.31±19.48 59.27±19.48 59.76±19.42 59.23±19.33 59.01±19.45 58.77±19.27 58.38±19.14 57.99±19.13 58.38±19.14 57.91±19.13 57.43±19.08 57.83±19.14 56.89±18.79 56.66±18.77 56.49±18.81 56.32±18.33 55.99±18.33 – 55.51±18.19 55.56±18.51 55.56±18.54 54.76±18.15

8.26±4.76 8.21±4.52 8.19±4.49 7.94±4.57 7.92±4.58 7.67±4.47 7.66±4.58 7.54±4.40 7.31±4.48 7.25±4.55 7.18±4.42 7.09±4.11 6.81±4.51 6.64±4.20 6.42±4.13 6.40±4.40 6.34±4.18 5.94±4.32 5.78±3.85 5.33±4.28 5.15±3.63 5.07±4.31 5.02±3.96 4.58±4.05 4.66±3.39 4.31±3.19 4.11±3.00 3.98±4.11 3.72±3.52 3.46±3.14

27 27 27 25 25 22 22 22 20 19 19 18 17 16 13 13 13 12 11 9 7 7 6 6 5 4 2 1 1 0

Table 15: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK Prov-GigaPath CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

36.73±12.19 36.41±12.08 36.21±11.62 36.38±11.94 36.41±12.09 35.91±11.82 35.72±11.70 35.20±11.40 35.13±11.24 34.29±11.11 34.78±11.30 34.74±11.25 34.24±10.79 34.32±11.22 34.24±11.10 33.95±11.00 33.80±10.84 33.75±10.52 33.38±10.34 33.24±10.50 32.45±10.44 32.04±10.04 30.38±8.89 29.72±8.36 31.78±9.54 31.14±9.12 30.27±8.65 30.10±8.92 29.71±8.27 29.20±8.63

26.95±7.63 26.60±7.32 26.45±7.26 26.80±7.57 26.72±7.38 26.64±7.56 26.56±7.29 26.27±7.35 26.45±7.24 26.18±7.13 26.37±7.29 26.40±7.28 25.81±7.04 26.05±7.02 26.25±7.24 26.20±6.97 26.17±7.29 26.37±7.37 26.24±6.93 26.34±7.05 25.80±7.13 25.79±7.02 24.29±5.96 23.81±6.50 26.25±7.30 25.57±7.06 24.74±6.12 25.69±6.87 25.70±7.21 25.03±6.91

15.86±5.77 15.58±5.85 16.11±5.88 16.09±5.84 15.60±5.86 16.04±5.85 16.10±6.01 15.87±5.98 16.05±5.96 16.08±5.87 15.93±5.89 15.87±5.87 15.52±5.76 16.21±5.64 16.11±5.92 16.35±5.92 16.27±5.91 16.26±5.85 16.27±5.85 16.25±5.75 16.37±5.71 16.44±5.68 16.18±5.86 25.24±7.14 16.06±6.04 – 16.05±5.67 16.23±5.61 16.15±5.79 16.53±5.71

37.29±12.10 36.77±11.90 36.66±11.56 36.99±11.82 36.82±11.93 36.70±11.57 35.97±11.53 35.74±11.14 35.99±11.11 34.93±10.75 35.28±11.08 35.25±11.05 34.49±10.68 35.11±10.74 35.04±10.87 35.12±10.74 34.79±10.72 34.35±10.29 34.23±10.00 34.65±10.27 34.01±10.04 33.54±9.74 32.24±8.76 31.90±8.77 32.37±9.33 31.68±8.88 31.43±8.63 31.52±8.81 30.49±8.24 30.64±8.48

37.22±12.06 36.71±11.84 36.54±11.39 36.93±11.71 36.66±11.77 36.76±11.54 35.98±11.31 35.71±11.08 35.88±10.94 35.24±10.97 35.40±11.00 35.33±10.94 34.64±10.48 35.07±10.84 34.89±10.82 34.95±10.70 34.43±10.40 34.51±10.25 34.36±10.10 34.18±10.21 33.69±9.95 33.25±9.61 29.97±7.65 30.27±8.22 32.28±9.27 – 29.14±7.24 31.20±8.52 30.46±8.05 30.53±8.35

37.22±12.17 36.87±11.99 36.86±11.66 36.97±11.95 36.91±12.02 36.78±11.77 36.05±11.58 35.83±11.16 36.01±11.14 35.18±11.01 35.26±11.20 35.22±11.23 34.57±10.80 35.01±10.78 35.14±11.03 35.19±11.03 34.92±10.77 34.36±10.49 34.54±10.30 34.71±10.38 34.02±10.28 33.40±10.10 32.46±8.89 31.49±8.70 32.48±9.80 31.67±9.06 31.96±8.77 31.76±9.16 30.77±8.25 30.84±8.57

37.38±11.89 36.98±11.74 36.91±11.56 37.12±11.69 36.94±11.79 36.81±11.47 36.19±11.53 35.85±11.11 35.93±11.00 35.26±10.94 35.40±10.96 35.33±10.91 34.87±10.57 35.30±10.79 35.11±10.91 35.04±10.77 34.65±10.58 34.58±10.40 34.42±10.16 34.34±10.24 33.78±10.15 33.34±9.82 32.39±8.76 30.81±8.70 32.41±9.29 – 31.82±8.65 31.41±8.75 30.54±8.18 30.65±8.40

10.10±6.43 9.95±6.32 9.99±6.15 9.91±6.16 9.85±6.35 9.60±6.09 9.27±6.03 9.14±5.63 8.88±5.72 8.39±5.73 8.59±5.58 8.52±5.62 8.38±5.18 8.37±5.82 8.26±5.78 8.14±5.93 7.89±5.42 7.65±5.03 7.37±5.12 7.18±5.38 7.07±5.57 6.52±5.12 6.02±4.14 5.84±4.26 5.74±3.66 5.69±3.47 5.45±3.89 4.66±3.70 4.34±2.94 4.24±3.22

28 26 25 25 25 24 22 22 21 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 12 9 9 9 8 5 4 4 4 3 1 0 0

Table 16: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 Virchow H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 mSTAR UNI Hibou-L GPFM H0mini CONCH v1.5 Phikon Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

56.88±13.19 55.90±13.14 56.07±13.15 56.66±13.17 56.40±13.33 56.40±13.32 55.23±12.98 55.17±12.97 55.25±13.02 55.26±13.21 55.67±13.37 54.49±13.01 54.30±12.62 54.85±13.00 54.16±12.69 54.50±12.92 54.30±12.83 52.70±12.68 54.57±12.82 54.06±12.36 53.46±12.66 52.76±12.10 51.11±10.76 53.02±11.77 51.28±11.30 51.40±11.23 51.64±11.67 51.00±11.51 50.53±10.88 49.91±10.77

47.81±10.11 45.97±9.86 46.96±9.83 47.68±9.93 47.44±10.16 47.42±10.16 46.30±9.63 46.39±9.69 46.56±9.92 46.80±9.92 47.46±10.06 47.09±9.48 45.71±9.65 46.70±9.98 45.53±9.70 46.57±9.55 46.31±9.48 45.33±9.37 46.68±9.53 46.08±9.57 45.98±9.37 44.65±9.30 44.04±9.25 47.22±9.72 45.37±8.30 45.81±8.45 45.81±9.56 45.36±9.06 46.41±8.87 45.65±8.61

34.92±4.65 35.06±4.72 35.26±4.85 34.79±4.38 34.64±4.76 34.43±4.76 34.70±4.39 34.52±4.20 35.13±4.77 34.53±4.81 34.40±4.44 35.08±4.50 34.72±4.04 34.89±4.31 34.63±4.09 34.74±4.67 34.87±4.12 34.98±4.30 34.60±4.64 34.69±4.05 35.13±4.50 35.15±4.67 45.18±8.42 34.47±4.29 35.22±4.90 34.70±4.10 – 35.32±4.58 34.57±4.16 35.24±4.74

57.53±12.72 56.98±12.33 57.06±12.30 57.31±12.53 56.70±12.95 56.75±12.94 55.90±12.22 55.92±12.18 56.27±12.14 55.77±12.70 56.33±12.68 55.79±11.92 55.30±11.76 55.91±12.09 55.18±11.91 55.38±11.98 55.85±11.90 54.46±11.65 54.94±12.71 55.43±11.40 55.31±11.54 54.17±11.79 53.00±10.68 53.54±11.24 52.98±10.97 52.20±10.66 52.24±11.20 52.42±11.18 51.48±10.29 51.66±10.25

57.81±12.44 57.03±12.19 57.11±12.25 57.54±12.24 56.90±12.46 56.95±12.49 56.39±11.82 56.33±11.77 56.46±11.87 56.22±12.47 56.65±12.15 56.07±11.89 55.61±11.56 56.16±11.94 55.40±11.55 55.68±11.89 55.78±11.74 54.45±11.40 55.08±12.36 55.61±11.38 55.25±11.46 54.11±11.23 51.28±10.32 53.78±11.01 50.24±8.63 49.67±8.12 – 52.63±10.54 51.43±10.23 51.64±10.10

57.25±12.97 56.86±12.35 57.04±12.38 57.14±12.83 56.87±12.94 56.77±12.95 55.78±12.35 55.79±12.32 56.32±12.30 55.99±12.59 56.52±12.59 55.58±12.17 55.25±11.90 55.78±12.12 55.29±12.07 55.44±12.11 55.97±11.83 54.63±11.73 55.00±12.70 55.38±11.46 55.46±11.60 54.23±11.74 52.59±10.86 53.10±11.49 53.33±11.10 53.07±10.85 52.39±11.20 52.56±11.33 51.77±10.39 51.95±10.33

57.76±12.41 57.16±12.07 57.39±12.12 57.64±12.32 57.17±12.44 57.29±12.36 56.38±11.88 56.36±11.87 56.58±11.89 56.34±12.37 56.85±12.45 56.13±11.83 55.68±11.63 56.39±11.78 55.74±11.52 55.97±11.76 56.07±11.63 55.02±11.36 55.45±12.25 55.57±11.31 55.71±11.35 54.59±11.17 51.54±10.89 53.85±11.07 53.27±10.89 52.82±10.76 – 52.74±10.66 51.93±10.05 51.98±10.09

10.18±5.63 10.27±5.47 10.06±5.36 10.01±5.60 9.94±5.71 9.93±5.72 9.69±5.31 9.62±5.19 9.25±5.38 9.24±5.16 9.23±5.70 9.03±5.66 9.04±4.70 8.65±5.54 8.89±5.04 8.71±5.24 8.62±5.39 8.58±5.03 8.57±5.20 8.32±4.85 8.11±5.04 7.97±4.95 7.10±5.23 6.87±4.17 6.70±4.89 6.43±4.54 6.33±4.10 5.50±4.32 5.25±3.81 5.00±4.23

29 24 24 24 24 24 20 20 18 18 18 16 14 12 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 5 5 4 3 3 1 0 0

Table 17: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini GPFM Virchow mSTAR UNI Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath OmiCLIP PLIP MUSK Lunit ViT-S

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

75.77±12.14 75.52±12.08 75.28±11.77 75.57±12.14 75.56±12.15 75.01±12.07 74.93±11.81 75.03±12.30 74.32±11.90 74.23±11.88 74.66±11.80 73.85±11.98 74.14±11.29 73.81±12.00 73.86±11.62 73.39±11.55 73.53±11.72 73.53±11.47 72.44±11.48 73.23±11.41 72.72±11.60 72.02±11.10 70.89±9.74 70.96±9.72 71.35±10.05 71.48±10.79 69.25±9.58 70.02±9.46 68.60±9.48 70.18±10.48

67.58±8.82 67.66±8.61 67.44±8.17 67.86±8.38 67.90±8.32 67.45±8.35 67.42±8.23 67.58±8.33 67.03±8.49 67.07±8.48 67.51±8.16 66.82±8.23 67.05±8.07 66.99±8.37 67.21±8.17 66.84±8.17 67.05±8.07 67.01±7.90 66.38±8.05 67.15±7.94 66.92±8.07 66.34±7.92 65.54±6.67 65.41±6.96 66.85±7.73 67.10±8.40 65.28±7.15 66.17±7.34 64.98±7.01 66.37±8.00

49.98±0.20 49.97±0.22 49.99±0.17 50.02±0.18 49.99±0.18 50.27±2.30 50.25±2.53 50.00±0.15 50.01±0.18 50.02±0.19 49.94±0.18 49.94±0.18 50.01±0.15 49.99±0.21 49.99±0.15 49.96±0.16 50.05±0.10 50.15±2.34 49.99±0.14 49.91±0.15 49.97±0.16 50.02±0.18 50.06±0.22 49.99±0.17 – 50.26±2.27 50.07±0.20 50.13±0.20 63.84±7.43 49.96±0.19

75.39±12.33 75.19±12.24 74.71±12.14 75.49±12.27 75.47±12.30 74.59±12.08 74.68±11.97 74.91±12.16 73.79±12.06 73.77±12.05 74.30±12.03 73.53±11.98 74.00±11.56 73.52±11.93 73.69±11.70 73.22±11.57 73.68±11.73 73.61±11.62 72.85±11.36 73.05±11.36 73.10±11.53 72.59±11.17 71.41±10.27 70.79±10.12 71.13±10.23 71.23±10.85 69.54±9.81 70.13±9.71 70.08±9.95 70.85±10.50

75.08±12.43 74.98±12.25 74.36±12.10 75.00±12.27 74.88±12.19 74.40±12.00 74.61±11.95 74.83±12.18 73.75±11.99 73.71±11.96 74.16±11.89 73.64±11.97 73.80±11.47 73.51±12.02 73.65±11.77 73.19±11.57 73.31±11.72 73.13±11.57 72.53±11.25 72.98±11.42 72.68±11.49 71.99±11.03 68.48±9.33 67.73±9.03 – 70.88±10.93 69.52±9.72 70.02±9.54 68.98±9.77 70.21±10.35

75.12±12.58 74.94±12.54 74.64±12.30 75.31±12.57 75.36±12.56 74.38±12.32 74.68±12.09 74.77±12.40 73.64±12.27 73.60±12.35 74.23±12.10 73.48±12.03 73.84±11.79 73.40±12.04 73.48±11.88 72.94±11.76 73.55±11.91 73.46±11.75 72.65±11.54 72.97±11.55 72.95±11.62 72.41±11.36 71.61±10.43 71.13±10.36 71.01±10.42 71.06±11.31 69.64±9.95 70.09±9.85 70.18±10.06 71.01±10.72

75.15±12.36 75.08±12.32 74.60±12.15 75.20±12.29 75.13±12.39 74.55±12.25 74.62±12.02 74.81±12.22 73.70±12.12 73.56±12.09 74.12±11.97 73.54±12.01 73.82±11.59 73.44±12.04 73.60±11.81 73.08±11.68 73.20±11.84 73.13±11.72 72.48±11.43 72.89±11.53 72.61±11.62 71.98±11.16 71.42±10.31 70.99±10.26 – 70.88±10.92 69.39±9.88 69.92±9.72 69.26±10.17 70.32±10.51

8.16±4.63 7.92±4.65 7.90±4.83 7.71±4.92 7.66±4.93 7.64±4.81 7.61±4.69 7.50±5.13 7.34±4.64 7.30±4.63 7.25±4.90 7.16±4.95 7.11±4.47 6.92±4.74 6.90±4.72 6.82±4.63 6.74±4.88 6.71±4.77 6.42±4.74 6.21±4.62 6.08±4.77 5.89±4.50 5.56±4.21 5.54±4.35 4.76±3.31 4.72±3.61 4.12±3.83 4.07±3.09 4.03±4.41 4.03±3.62

29 25 25 25 24 23 22 22 18 18 18 17 14 14 12 12 12 12 10 10 9 8 7 6 4 4 0 0 0 0

Table 18: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 UNI2 H0mini Virchow Hibou-L GPFM UNI mSTAR CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

78.47±12.17 78.35±12.18 78.89±11.36 78.99±11.19 78.92±11.37 78.18±11.85 78.46±11.71 77.91±11.47 78.26±11.45 77.62±11.67 77.62±11.69 75.84±13.11 77.14±11.40 77.59±11.46 77.80±10.87 76.51±11.87 76.61±11.43 76.93±11.65 76.51±11.82 76.02±11.35 75.26±12.22 75.30±11.61 74.96±9.94 74.88±11.47 74.03±10.58 75.07±10.31 72.98±9.96 73.43±11.49 72.40±11.03 73.01±9.82

69.90±9.59 69.35±10.16 70.68±9.03 70.51±8.76 70.70±9.00 70.38±9.09 69.60±10.06 70.08±9.05 70.66±8.97 69.92±9.50 70.03±9.40 68.62±10.33 68.36±10.46 69.75±9.30 68.66±9.93 69.86±9.39 69.78±8.70 70.37±8.75 70.21±8.76 68.71±9.52 69.29±9.14 69.09±8.90 68.64±7.80 68.20±10.84 68.55±8.24 69.62±8.81 67.79±7.92 69.38±8.91 68.12±9.29 68.93±7.82

50.23±0.59 50.17±0.60 50.25±0.70 50.35±0.90 50.24±0.77 50.70±2.63 50.23±0.64 49.61±0.60 50.53±2.34 50.07±0.49 50.12±0.36 50.30±0.53 49.78±0.36 50.14±0.36 50.13±0.70 49.82±0.41 49.93±0.26 50.24±0.93 50.53±2.54 49.77±0.41 50.22±0.54 50.00±0.25 50.51±1.00 50.40±2.25 50.36±0.59 – 66.14±9.00 50.12±0.58 49.92±0.35 50.13±0.45

78.32±12.35 78.03±12.52 78.83±11.82 78.48±11.55 78.80±11.82 77.78±12.08 78.18±11.86 77.70±11.74 78.26±11.59 77.11±11.99 77.10±12.02 77.47±11.39 76.78±11.66 77.62±11.52 77.50±11.47 76.68±11.74 76.58±11.54 77.33±11.48 76.39±11.99 76.29±11.41 76.30±11.88 76.23±11.22 74.19±11.14 74.54±11.67 74.66±10.35 74.88±10.57 74.45±10.25 74.37±11.01 73.74±10.41 73.34±10.18

78.27±12.27 78.34±11.92 78.33±11.65 78.90±11.12 78.49±11.58 78.19±11.36 78.22±11.67 77.97±11.29 78.22±11.50 77.50±11.55 77.47±11.67 77.16±11.56 76.84±11.67 77.70±11.38 77.19±11.41 76.37±11.86 76.82±11.25 76.93±11.42 76.88±11.22 76.00±11.21 76.39±11.43 75.31±11.37 71.24±9.84 74.56±11.50 71.71±8.91 – 72.88±10.56 73.61±10.98 73.84±10.13 73.30±10.03

77.95±12.64 77.68±12.80 78.55±12.08 77.81±12.03 78.58±12.07 77.56±12.24 77.69±12.34 77.39±12.09 78.13±11.60 76.84±12.26 76.84±12.29 77.36±11.46 76.47±12.03 77.12±11.78 77.31±11.67 76.14±12.21 76.10±11.91 76.93±11.81 76.46±12.08 76.30±11.42 76.22±11.88 76.01±11.46 76.00±10.26 74.22±11.93 74.69±10.76 74.65±10.85 74.29±10.76 73.92±11.77 73.29±10.91 73.31±10.48

78.03±12.29 77.93±12.36 78.87±11.41 78.19±11.73 78.73±11.53 77.86±12.02 78.10±11.92 77.34±11.81 77.86±11.71 77.28±11.87 77.28±11.89 77.74±11.20 76.64±11.84 77.45±11.55 77.15±11.59 76.11±12.12 76.33±11.69 77.26±11.31 76.52±11.72 75.63±11.61 76.07±11.77 75.61±11.24 75.83±10.08 74.35±11.69 74.78±10.46 – 73.10±11.11 74.00±11.02 73.14±10.74 73.42±10.17

9.37±5.07 9.36±4.88 8.82±4.04 8.86±4.21 8.79±4.10 8.73±4.26 8.69±4.42 8.41±4.41 8.30±3.94 8.28±4.06 8.19±4.05 8.00±5.08 8.76±5.68 8.16±4.30 8.68±4.91 7.58±4.24 7.63±4.29 7.51±4.55 7.46±4.60 7.34±4.30 7.24±4.86 7.09±4.56 6.54±4.04 6.75±4.21 6.14±3.95 5.84±3.31 5.61±4.97 4.91±4.26 4.99±3.71 4.73±4.05

28 28 24 23 23 23 23 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 14 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 6 5 5 3 3 2 0 0

Table 19: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

39.55±12.14 39.28±12.14 39.27±12.14 39.11±11.87 38.69±11.53 38.60±11.77 38.43±11.54 38.20±11.27 37.75±11.16 37.52±11.08 37.43±11.00 36.86±11.01 36.96±10.90 36.93±10.58 36.65±10.87 36.45±10.78 36.41±10.53 36.12±10.31 35.75±10.15 34.88±10.03 35.35±10.07 34.52±9.62 33.91±9.18 32.78±8.24 32.69±8.29 33.20±8.75 32.34±8.47 30.87±7.68 31.81±7.99 30.91±8.10

29.66±7.65 29.71±7.67 29.73±7.67 29.62±7.66 29.41±7.39 29.56±7.52 29.46±7.53 29.47±7.48 29.44±7.54 29.11±7.41 29.15±7.47 28.90±7.43 29.07±7.33 29.16±7.38 29.27±7.49 29.13±7.31 29.11±7.35 28.99±7.40 29.19±7.43 28.53±7.22 28.97±7.31 28.53±7.12 29.13±7.59 27.94±6.80 27.87±6.73 28.95±7.42 28.55±7.01 27.35±6.96 28.51±7.14 27.73±7.07

18.92±5.04 18.90±5.00 18.90±5.01 18.89±5.01 18.90±5.02 18.92±5.03 19.11±5.25 19.10±5.26 18.88±4.98 18.89±5.02 18.89±5.01 18.89±5.00 18.91±5.05 18.90±5.03 18.87±5.19 18.91±5.02 19.05±5.18 18.92±5.06 18.89±5.01 18.92±5.04 18.88±4.98 18.90±5.01 19.09±5.21 18.95±5.08 18.92±5.03 – 18.88±5.01 26.74±7.01 18.97±5.08 18.93±5.05

39.22±12.17 39.20±12.01 39.20±12.04 38.76±11.81 38.16±11.53 38.31±11.57 37.93±11.31 37.86±11.20 37.44±11.07 36.94±10.89 36.91±10.86 36.38±10.71 36.50±10.56 36.71±10.52 36.52±10.73 36.49±10.72 36.42±10.56 35.81±10.11 35.47±9.92 35.19±9.91 35.60±10.05 35.00±9.71 33.59±9.14 33.27±8.58 32.55±8.28 33.08±8.72 32.84±8.56 31.91±8.21 31.89±8.15 31.12±8.15

38.89±12.05 38.59±11.77 38.39±11.67 38.48±11.69 37.72±11.32 38.26±11.52 37.64±11.15 37.78±11.12 37.21±10.89 36.84±10.79 36.78±10.75 36.54±10.85 36.54±10.70 36.45±10.42 36.47±10.74 36.11±10.62 35.85±10.29 35.73±10.09 35.46±10.00 34.74±9.77 35.21±9.91 34.37±9.55 33.27±9.01 30.34±7.28 29.53±6.86 – 32.17±8.24 31.04±7.76 31.78±8.01 31.09±8.12

39.00±12.26 39.10±12.17 39.14±12.18 38.65±12.00 38.13±11.62 38.35±11.82 37.82±11.52 37.89±11.29 37.37±11.11 36.86±11.11 36.83±11.16 36.39±10.96 36.31±10.66 36.66±10.68 36.40±10.82 36.44±10.83 36.28±10.59 35.64±10.27 35.51±10.11 35.10±10.00 35.58±10.19 34.91±9.86 33.53±9.43 33.51±8.69 32.96±8.49 33.03±8.79 33.02±8.75 32.10±8.33 31.92±8.16 31.29±8.23

38.91±11.98 38.79±11.79 38.74±11.83 38.61±11.78 37.95±11.43 38.23±11.64 37.93±11.41 37.78±11.17 37.24±10.95 36.84±10.97 36.71±10.89 36.44±10.88 36.41±10.66 36.54±10.49 36.46±10.84 36.09±10.65 35.95±10.37 35.72±10.13 35.40±9.97 34.83±9.87 35.22±10.00 34.33±9.53 33.36±9.08 33.29±8.51 32.77±8.38 – 32.34±8.44 31.40±8.22 31.72±8.04 31.01±8.06

10.03±6.46 9.72±6.39 9.69±6.42 9.69±6.28 9.41±6.07 9.18±6.31 9.14±6.12 8.90±5.79 8.56±5.76 8.50±5.47 8.44±5.45 8.21±5.83 8.03±5.50 7.84±5.00 7.76±5.81 7.69±5.68 7.52±5.11 7.36±4.90 6.77±4.78 6.74±5.11 6.68±4.79 6.15±4.36 5.00±3.27 4.93±3.39 4.73±3.34 4.42±2.87 3.94±2.91 3.88±3.27 3.47±2.40 3.23±2.44

29 26 26 26 25 23 23 22 20 18 18 17 15 14 14 13 13 12 10 9 9 8 6 6 5 4 2 2 1 0

Table 20: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

61.16±19.82 60.98±19.75 60.89±19.72 60.89±19.73 60.45±19.59 60.54±19.62 60.58±19.49 60.27±19.42 59.90±19.32 59.57±19.40 59.60±19.41 59.09±19.54 59.00±19.21 59.31±19.43 59.01±19.05 58.65±19.13 58.75±19.31 58.67±19.04 58.18±19.03 57.85±18.93 57.52±18.85 56.86±18.83 56.66±18.48 55.25±17.89 55.09±17.87 55.67±18.23 53.62±17.71 54.93±18.29 54.27±17.68 53.10±17.61

50.98±17.31 51.04±16.96 51.29±17.08 51.31±17.07 50.89±17.08 51.03±17.13 51.16±16.90 51.25±16.86 51.00±16.82 50.75±17.03 50.83±17.01 50.59±16.91 50.29±16.61 50.81±17.09 50.63±16.74 50.83±16.85 50.90±16.92 50.85±16.97 50.40±16.81 50.27±16.81 50.07±16.69 49.90±16.73 50.43±16.92 49.37±16.19 49.57±16.38 50.45±16.86 48.49±16.22 50.34±16.82 49.93±16.27 49.21±16.36

35.95±14.52 35.95±14.53 35.95±14.50 35.95±14.50 36.15±14.61 35.96±14.50 35.95±14.54 36.12±14.57 35.92±14.53 35.94±14.51 35.95±14.54 35.97±14.52 35.91±15.16 35.96±14.54 35.91±14.48 36.16±14.60 35.95±14.50 35.96±14.52 35.95±14.56 35.97±14.58 35.95±14.54 35.91±14.52 36.14±14.62 35.96±14.52 36.00±14.55 – 47.11±16.25 35.93±14.50 35.98±14.55 35.95±14.53

60.90±19.90 60.69±19.77 60.86±19.79 60.85±19.78 60.10±19.54 60.29±19.60 60.23±19.51 59.95±19.46 59.74±19.36 59.30±19.34 59.33±19.37 58.87±19.36 58.71±19.22 59.06±19.33 58.90±19.20 58.74±19.07 58.84±19.30 58.48±19.04 58.11±18.90 58.10±19.07 57.81±18.91 57.62±18.88 56.27±18.50 55.65±18.02 55.01±18.01 55.52±18.29 54.62±17.95 55.63±18.22 54.48±17.90 53.46±17.71

60.93±19.75 60.62±19.71 60.44±19.60 60.58±19.59 59.93±19.35 60.31±19.50 60.10±19.49 60.04±19.44 59.62±19.29 59.29±19.26 59.34±19.30 59.00±19.35 58.80±19.20 59.13±19.31 58.80±19.09 58.44±18.97 58.57±19.24 58.47±19.01 58.15±18.89 57.92±18.99 57.29±18.88 56.90±18.66 56.20±18.38 52.02±16.79 51.30±16.77 – 53.55±17.64 55.00±17.98 54.42±17.83 53.48±17.59

60.48±20.16 60.38±19.96 60.71±19.95 60.70±19.96 59.91±19.66 60.00±19.73 59.93±19.61 59.77±19.48 59.51±19.53 58.88±19.51 58.90±19.52 58.64±19.39 58.39±19.37 58.67±19.42 58.80±19.30 58.51±19.23 58.69±19.36 58.15±19.19 57.96±19.01 57.97±19.15 57.83±18.90 57.38±18.97 55.76±18.70 56.07±18.37 55.41±18.17 55.53±18.35 54.66±18.13 55.72±18.41 54.47±17.98 53.45±17.92

60.66±19.83 60.50±19.76 60.51±19.68 60.62±19.68 60.17±19.59 60.20±19.61 60.01±19.58 59.91±19.45 59.53±19.31 59.17±19.41 59.20±19.40 58.98±19.41 58.75±19.26 59.03±19.35 58.85±19.18 58.48±19.08 58.62±19.28 58.36±19.05 58.06±18.98 57.91±19.05 57.52±18.87 57.05±18.75 56.03±18.45 55.91±18.17 55.31±18.06 – 53.68±18.11 55.24±18.17 54.39±17.81 53.41±17.83

11.22±6.09 10.94±5.76 10.67±5.76 10.64±5.81 10.62±5.73 10.53±5.96 10.46±5.75 10.05±5.51 9.95±5.72 9.91±5.56 9.86±5.56 9.63±6.16 9.64±5.28 9.48±5.75 9.41±5.27 8.90±5.50 8.93±5.70 8.82±5.23 8.75±5.32 8.61±5.62 8.35±5.51 7.98±5.55 7.02±4.04 6.76±4.77 6.37±4.36 6.03±3.81 5.91±4.96 5.36±4.33 5.07±3.55 4.65±3.75

29 27 25 25 24 23 23 21 19 18 18 17 15 15 15 13 12 11 9 9 9 8 6 6 5 3 3 2 1 0

Table 21: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Virchow GPFM H0mini mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

33.63±10.87 33.71±10.06 33.47±10.32 33.46±10.30 33.31±10.35 33.27±10.38 32.87±10.24 33.09±10.18 32.82±9.75 32.67±9.96 32.73±10.00 32.14±9.89 32.01±9.72 32.14±9.91 31.82±9.91 31.67±9.69 31.90±9.70 31.45±9.23 31.11±9.40 30.78±9.11 30.94±9.04 30.29±9.12 27.75±7.67 28.62±8.08 28.54±8.03 28.94±8.35 28.96±8.10 27.96±7.98 27.65±7.64 27.41±7.91

23.42±6.78 24.04±6.72 23.79±6.76 23.82±6.63 23.65±6.59 23.67±6.60 23.70±6.70 23.65±6.63 23.42±6.55 23.35±6.59 23.34±6.38 23.13±6.24 23.60±6.69 23.75±6.64 23.43±6.62 23.54±6.68 23.82±6.70 23.44±6.76 23.93±6.80 23.43±6.72 23.71±6.53 23.60±7.01 21.01±5.75 22.05±5.66 22.53±6.07 23.22±6.65 23.62±6.55 23.17±6.40 22.93±6.63 22.99±6.60

16.04±5.85 15.94±5.84 15.56±6.07 15.43±6.01 15.70±5.91 15.85±6.01 16.46±5.83 15.93±5.79 15.99±5.95 16.06±5.85 15.72±5.95 15.95±5.87 15.87±6.02 16.17±5.98 16.49±5.82 16.21±5.95 15.80±6.00 15.58±5.85 16.31±5.90 16.26±5.91 16.11±5.91 16.50±5.92 22.65±6.68 16.13±5.82 16.03±5.74 – 15.64±5.84 16.25±5.78 16.02±5.79 16.54±5.83

33.90±10.31 34.00±10.00 33.74±10.07 33.79±10.10 33.61±10.04 33.73±10.06 33.75±9.88 33.38±9.88 33.29±9.65 33.46±9.65 33.11±9.74 32.36±9.49 32.06±9.35 32.62±9.45 33.01±9.36 32.45±9.34 32.01±9.39 31.59±9.15 32.43±9.15 31.37±8.85 31.49±8.77 31.47±8.73 29.43±7.69 30.05±8.00 29.21±7.85 29.42±8.14 29.14±7.94 29.39±7.91 28.22±7.42 28.67±7.71

34.53±10.57 34.17±9.87 34.09±10.10 34.04±10.18 33.94±10.01 34.13±10.18 33.90±10.05 33.80±9.89 33.54±9.60 33.58±9.69 33.43±9.67 32.76±9.39 32.57±9.31 33.02±9.60 32.93±9.41 32.59±9.20 32.49±9.32 31.95±8.99 32.16±9.20 31.70±8.83 32.01±8.97 31.52±8.62 26.90±7.15 28.19±6.85 27.63±6.61 – 29.53±7.97 29.39±7.72 28.33±7.32 28.73±7.67

34.35±10.75 34.14±9.98 33.76±10.33 33.78±10.33 33.53±10.24 33.80±10.36 33.73±10.36 33.33±10.03 33.22±9.76 33.27±9.83 33.07±9.90 32.30±9.67 32.28±9.77 32.52±9.60 32.83±9.74 32.30±9.43 32.10±9.64 31.71±9.27 32.17±9.30 31.33±8.96 31.66±9.24 31.04±9.04 28.89±7.81 30.28±8.13 29.84±8.17 29.42±8.27 29.10±8.15 29.45±8.15 28.46±7.58 28.90±7.87

34.54±10.52 34.31±9.81 34.13±10.10 34.11±10.10 33.85±9.99 34.10±10.20 34.02±10.13 33.70±9.85 33.63±9.74 33.69±9.70 33.36±9.81 32.85±9.62 32.55±9.52 33.06±9.52 32.97±9.49 32.59±9.37 32.49±9.47 32.05±9.03 32.21±9.09 31.78±8.98 31.90±9.01 31.67±8.92 28.05±7.90 30.29±7.97 29.89±8.04 – 29.48±7.82 29.41±7.84 28.31±7.36 28.98±7.69

10.41±6.48 10.01±6.09 9.84±5.95 9.83±6.01 9.77±5.75 9.78±6.19 9.59±6.46 9.55±5.64 9.53±5.50 9.40±5.42 9.35±5.50 9.07±5.46 8.53±5.23 8.58±5.54 8.63±5.86 8.38±5.46 8.27±5.41 8.21±5.04 7.60±5.10 7.45±4.74 7.37±4.80 7.03±5.02 6.81±4.54 6.52±4.14 6.05±4.01 5.88±3.45 5.53±3.76 5.09±3.53 4.77±2.78 4.65±3.12

28 27 24 23 22 21 19 19 19 19 19 18 14 13 12 12 12 12 9 9 8 7 6 6 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 22: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 UNI2 Virchow Hibou-B UNI Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR GPFM Hibou-L H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-S/16 SEAL(CONCH) MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

54.16±12.90 53.72±12.60 54.27±12.19 53.98±12.18 53.45±12.65 53.96±12.60 53.87±12.28 53.96±12.60 53.43±12.02 52.62±12.08 52.93±12.17 51.92±12.56 52.95±12.18 53.09±12.57 52.97±12.50 52.53±12.25 52.91±12.34 51.83±11.76 51.49±12.08 51.94±11.87 50.83±11.54 51.55±11.81 49.16±9.84 49.77±10.58 49.61±10.63 49.36±11.05 50.24±10.62 48.99±10.62 48.35±9.96 47.30±10.23

42.97±9.25 42.95±8.85 44.05±9.23 42.59±9.06 43.24±8.95 44.27±9.54 43.60±9.01 44.32±9.55 44.15±8.94 41.75±8.99 43.78±8.86 43.44±9.01 43.88±8.95 43.48±8.98 44.79±9.16 43.49±8.85 43.29±9.62 42.16±9.16 42.58±8.93 44.43±8.61 42.37±8.46 43.26±9.09 40.86±8.27 42.67±7.94 43.28±8.39 42.68±9.18 44.79±8.85 42.36±8.22 43.66±8.36 42.42±8.19

35.01±4.44 34.90±4.64 34.63±4.34 35.20±4.78 35.22±4.57 34.55±4.63 34.81±4.28 34.61±4.82 35.12±4.73 34.90±4.19 34.57±4.14 35.13±4.60 34.59±4.17 34.71±4.71 35.09±4.52 34.69±4.46 34.81±4.35 35.13±4.71 34.72±3.95 34.72±4.63 35.30±4.68 34.74±4.29 42.18±7.72 35.20±4.86 34.67±4.07 – 34.46±3.95 35.38±4.82 34.67±4.21 35.27±4.71

54.94±11.61 54.56±11.66 54.53±11.40 54.22±11.51 54.71±11.68 53.97±12.05 54.34±11.40 53.97±12.08 54.16±11.18 53.51±11.12 53.47±11.21 53.37±11.56 53.49±11.27 53.53±12.04 53.82±11.53 53.12±11.34 53.56±11.35 52.70±10.87 53.04±11.06 51.94±11.79 52.24±11.26 52.71±10.71 50.48±9.37 50.89±10.20 49.60±9.79 49.46±10.53 50.40±9.85 50.51±10.33 48.94±9.42 49.58±9.40

55.57±11.79 55.09±11.66 55.19±11.39 55.01±11.42 54.86±11.60 54.61±11.80 54.87±11.22 54.58±11.80 54.51±11.03 53.99±10.81 53.98±11.19 53.87±11.25 53.99±11.19 53.99±11.82 54.51±11.41 53.85±11.11 54.37±11.23 53.36±10.71 53.37±10.88 52.71±11.22 52.69±10.62 53.30±10.69 47.47±8.82 48.41±7.58 47.68±7.23 – 51.03±9.78 50.93±9.69 49.28±9.18 50.06±9.36

54.75±12.09 54.25±12.00 54.38±11.87 54.32±11.78 54.54±11.91 53.92±12.33 54.13±11.61 53.92±12.34 53.82±11.53 53.16±11.49 53.15±11.59 53.29±11.71 53.20±11.61 53.63±12.11 53.70±11.60 52.95±11.53 53.38±11.63 52.50±11.06 52.98±11.30 52.14±11.90 51.73±11.43 52.77±10.93 50.04±9.75 51.11±10.44 50.64±10.06 49.28±10.67 49.99±10.38 49.99±10.66 49.21±9.57 50.04±9.63

55.60±11.67 55.11±11.39 55.22±11.30 54.95±11.31 55.06±11.40 54.74±11.59 54.87±11.25 54.69±11.61 54.68±11.10 54.12±10.90 54.02±11.05 54.31±11.15 54.04±11.03 54.23±11.72 54.81±11.13 53.76±11.21 54.24±11.23 53.35±10.65 53.68±10.76 52.81±11.39 53.05±10.57 53.19±10.64 49.16±9.97 51.16±10.21 50.82±9.87 – 51.09±9.74 50.78±9.85 49.47±9.16 50.26±9.36

11.67±7.23 11.37±6.71 11.23±6.59 11.58±6.05 11.08±6.63 10.69±6.85 10.83±6.14 10.63±6.83 10.53±6.38 10.52±6.23 10.35±6.20 10.31±6.89 10.29±6.15 10.23±6.38 10.10±6.61 10.09±6.60 10.04±6.33 9.54±5.43 9.43±5.47 9.05±6.25 9.12±6.08 9.09±5.64 8.66±6.04 8.08±5.50 7.49±5.25 6.98±4.92 6.87±5.31 6.36±5.08 5.89±4.05 5.89±4.74

27 26 25 22 22 22 21 21 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 3 3 0 0 0

Table 23: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-S/8 GPFM Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Hibou-L Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath MUSK PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

73.37±11.73 73.17±11.37 73.32±11.19 71.91±11.02 72.92±10.99 72.60±11.43 73.31±11.17 73.31±11.17 72.90±11.22 72.84±11.17 72.14±10.91 72.65±10.98 72.47±10.98 71.98±11.17 71.90±11.06 71.62±10.76 71.80±11.07 71.67±10.36 70.96±10.46 70.72±10.82 71.04±10.42 70.42±10.27 68.98±8.97 68.83±8.96 69.44±9.27 67.26±8.78 67.99±9.48 68.63±9.47 66.53±8.39 67.85±8.54

64.28±7.47 64.76±7.21 65.05±7.17 63.71±7.02 64.48±7.30 64.49±7.13 65.23±7.35 65.25±7.34 64.74±7.52 64.82±7.33 64.23±7.26 64.88±7.11 64.84±7.31 64.38±7.34 64.39±7.46 64.25±7.13 64.52±7.29 64.39±6.94 64.16±7.21 64.01±7.28 64.48±6.94 63.85±7.09 63.31±5.82 62.99±6.28 64.51±7.01 62.97±6.50 63.94±7.11 64.64±7.22 62.53±6.29 64.00±6.40

50.05±0.19 50.01±0.15 50.05±0.24 49.98±0.18 50.03±0.20 50.10±0.33 50.01±0.20 50.03±0.19 50.00±0.17 50.00±0.21 50.04±0.24 50.00±0.19 50.05±0.20 50.01±0.20 50.01±0.14 50.02±0.23 50.00±0.18 50.04±0.18 50.00±0.18 49.97±0.22 49.99±0.23 49.96±0.18 50.00±0.16 50.08±0.18 – 50.08±0.26 50.05±0.21 50.02±0.19 60.95±6.52 50.02±0.12

72.65±11.71 72.66±11.35 72.47±11.51 72.03±11.03 72.47±11.25 72.42±11.56 72.86±11.39 72.90±11.40 72.21±11.41 72.24±11.24 71.39±10.89 72.06±11.17 72.19±11.21 71.32±11.14 71.07±11.05 71.45±10.83 70.93±11.08 71.34±10.44 70.45±10.45 70.82±10.74 70.56±10.27 70.78±10.39 69.14±9.46 68.35±9.27 68.90±9.47 67.15±9.07 68.67±9.46 67.82±9.62 67.45±8.82 67.56±8.70

73.13±11.80 73.02±11.44 72.60±11.46 71.96±10.99 72.61±11.12 72.40±11.43 72.82±11.25 72.81±11.28 72.40±11.34 72.35±11.28 71.57±10.88 72.22±11.12 72.17±11.16 71.74±11.21 71.32±11.14 71.32±10.80 71.27±11.15 71.39±10.44 70.68±10.51 70.71±10.74 70.98±10.45 70.39±10.23 66.23±8.41 65.55±8.09 – 67.34±8.94 68.41±9.28 67.98±9.65 65.33±8.30 67.61±8.58

72.63±12.12 72.47±11.73 72.55±11.69 71.66±11.22 72.29±11.47 72.25±11.83 72.63±11.77 72.68±11.75 71.96±11.68 72.10±11.47 71.21±11.22 71.92±11.34 71.89±11.44 71.09±11.39 71.09±11.43 71.12±11.15 70.93±11.34 71.12±10.79 70.16±10.80 70.57±11.00 70.43±10.80 70.18±10.76 69.29±9.69 68.69±9.64 68.77±9.73 67.27±9.22 68.58±9.72 67.71±9.97 67.36±9.13 67.52±8.92

72.95±11.78 72.73±11.50 72.54±11.45 71.73±11.07 72.50±11.27 72.28±11.49 72.71±11.36 72.77±11.35 72.18±11.40 72.12±11.29 71.60±11.06 72.03±11.12 72.07±11.26 71.45±11.25 71.20±11.20 71.22±10.91 71.12±11.15 71.26±10.49 70.53±10.62 70.46±10.85 70.64±10.53 70.29±10.42 69.25±9.49 68.75±9.48 – 67.30±9.06 68.28±9.46 67.75±9.50 66.32±9.26 67.44±8.67

9.38±5.98 8.75±5.86 8.63±5.67 8.62±5.72 8.56±5.37 8.52±5.99 8.48±5.39 8.46±5.40 8.41±5.34 8.37±5.28 8.23±5.25 8.12±5.39 8.03±5.42 7.89±5.38 7.85±5.14 7.80±5.13 7.68±5.32 7.57±5.02 7.21±4.89 7.26±5.16 6.98±4.88 6.95±4.79 6.12±4.46 6.10±4.49 5.37±3.81 4.77±3.87 4.57±3.82 4.52±3.80 4.48±4.54 4.31±3.48

29 24 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 10 9 8 8 6 6 5 1 1 1 0 0

Table 24: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 UNI2 UNI mSTAR Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow Hibou-L GPFM H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

76.14±11.65 75.99±12.60 75.90±11.81 75.38±11.31 76.86±11.03 76.09±11.54 76.85±11.03 75.44±11.29 75.45±11.29 76.59±11.21 76.02±11.57 75.70±11.53 75.93±11.48 76.56±11.08 75.84±11.08 75.10±11.79 75.23±11.21 75.35±10.59 74.28±11.27 74.54±11.12 73.60±11.23 74.09±11.46 72.74±9.81 72.37±9.81 72.55±10.12 72.30±10.63 69.26±10.35 71.41±10.72 69.89±10.61 71.20±9.28

65.80±8.97 66.29±8.91 66.53±8.87 65.32±8.63 67.07±8.91 66.42±8.89 67.05±8.90 65.48±9.13 65.52±9.10 67.31±8.40 66.78±8.62 66.30±8.96 66.90±8.41 67.49±8.36 66.41±8.99 66.67±8.60 66.67±8.30 66.34±8.42 66.09±8.69 66.98±8.54 66.03±8.18 66.77±8.16 66.17±6.65 65.62±7.56 67.26±8.04 66.71±8.50 64.92±7.12 66.76±7.99 65.31±8.53 66.48±7.24

49.85±0.21 50.23±0.67 50.38±0.78 50.53±1.19 50.24±0.62 50.44±0.82 50.27±0.70 50.18±0.40 50.17±0.39 50.21±0.67 50.11±0.38 49.82±0.36 49.94±0.37 50.21±0.49 50.32±0.71 50.32±0.63 50.43±0.86 50.47±1.16 49.82±0.30 49.81±0.26 50.18±0.70 50.20±0.47 50.32±0.61 50.03±0.14 – 50.15±0.50 62.45±8.58 50.15±0.60 50.25±0.50 50.36±0.91

75.85±11.74 75.86±12.11 75.36±12.03 75.56±11.31 76.68±11.33 75.60±11.70 76.65±11.39 74.96±11.32 75.06±11.30 75.72±11.71 75.94±11.71 75.58±11.45 75.60±11.58 76.32±11.39 75.53±10.96 74.75±11.88 75.15±11.24 74.77±11.11 73.13±11.88 74.37±11.13 74.31±11.12 74.23±11.44 71.82±10.75 72.08±9.86 72.03±10.50 72.03±10.44 71.54±9.72 72.13±10.42 71.35±9.77 70.94±9.92

76.57±11.36 76.55±11.79 76.27±11.50 76.06±10.68 76.46±11.29 75.74±11.72 76.54±11.21 75.23±11.33 75.36±11.28 76.81±11.14 76.35±11.26 75.64±11.44 75.99±11.32 76.45±11.19 75.32±11.05 75.38±11.58 75.34±10.99 75.16±10.77 74.53±11.11 74.73±10.98 74.23±10.57 74.41±11.22 68.93±9.19 68.71±8.50 – 72.10±10.42 69.13±9.61 71.43±10.61 71.75±9.28 71.07±9.80

75.36±12.34 75.38±12.78 75.20±12.42 75.11±11.68 76.50±11.73 75.58±12.02 76.54±11.73 74.44±11.95 74.53±11.93 76.23±11.77 75.38±12.25 74.93±12.16 75.24±12.05 75.79±11.83 75.08±11.63 74.15±12.51 74.59±11.78 74.61±11.48 73.69±11.76 73.79±11.70 73.71±11.51 74.09±11.68 72.75±10.66 72.44±10.34 72.20±10.57 71.42±11.08 70.84±10.50 71.77±10.90 70.49±10.50 71.14±10.03

76.24±11.66 77.19±11.29 76.08±11.65 75.63±11.15 76.52±11.38 75.78±11.65 76.62±11.27 75.13±11.29 75.20±11.23 76.06±11.52 75.94±11.54 75.46±11.64 76.46±10.83 76.21±11.33 75.52±11.23 75.59±11.23 75.15±11.28 74.94±11.03 74.44±10.98 74.48±11.11 74.03±10.95 74.45±11.29 73.62±9.73 72.37±10.15 – 72.18±10.41 70.30±10.82 71.90±10.36 71.02±9.80 71.37±9.73

11.17±6.25 11.06±6.38 10.46±6.28 10.42±5.59 10.20±5.30 10.48±5.70 10.22±5.33 10.40±5.68 10.39±5.72 10.09±5.21 9.92±6.24 10.19±6.73 10.17±5.48 9.95±5.41 9.91±5.40 9.72±5.62 9.65±5.27 9.49±5.14 9.18±5.18 8.98±5.41 8.73±5.79 8.67±5.96 7.68±5.09 7.57±4.84 6.61±4.35 6.58±4.89 6.01±6.76 5.70±5.02 5.88±3.94 5.77±4.50

28 28 22 18 18 17 17 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 3 3 3 1 0 0

Table 25: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 CONCH SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Virchow Kaiko ViT-S/8 H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

36.12±10.40 35.88±9.87 35.66±10.00 35.93±10.03 35.91±10.02 35.53±9.91 35.23±9.83 35.39±9.77 35.31±9.71 35.08±9.65 34.99±9.54 34.01±9.26 34.44±9.41 34.47±9.42 34.34±9.39 34.23±9.34 33.98±9.16 33.84±8.92 32.93±8.68 33.13±8.70 32.65±8.56 33.09±8.79 30.93±7.59 30.88±7.71 31.26±8.00 30.85±7.71 29.04±7.00 30.13±7.30 29.15±7.36 29.89±7.45

26.84±7.05 27.29±6.98 27.15±7.00 27.46±7.21 27.47±7.22 27.13±7.09 26.90±6.90 26.78±6.55 27.34±7.16 27.25±7.10 27.23±7.17 26.27±6.55 26.87±7.08 26.88±6.87 26.83±6.94 26.92±6.98 26.79±6.76 26.72±6.75 26.39±6.52 26.83±7.02 26.39±6.71 27.01±7.09 26.19±6.69 26.08±6.61 27.08±7.30 27.01±7.13 25.25±6.35 26.53±6.51 26.09±6.90 26.76±7.07

18.94±5.08 18.95±5.09 18.93±5.11 18.93±5.07 18.94±5.08 18.93±5.05 18.97±5.12 18.93±5.06 18.93±5.06 18.91±5.05 18.94±5.08 18.91±5.04 18.94±5.09 18.94±5.08 18.92±5.05 18.92±5.05 18.94±5.09 18.93±5.07 18.92±5.06 18.93±5.07 18.92±5.05 18.93±5.08 18.91±5.02 18.95±5.07 – 18.93±5.07 24.63±6.52 18.91±5.04 18.95±5.09 18.92±5.04

35.38±10.10 35.12±9.76 35.16±9.80 35.53±9.98 35.57±10.00 34.79±9.83 34.98±9.70 34.93±9.70 34.71±9.62 34.49±9.48 34.67±9.60 34.07±9.13 33.71±9.18 33.83±9.24 33.46±9.14 33.37±9.13 33.76±9.07 33.50±8.88 33.07±8.81 32.56±8.59 32.92±8.64 32.55±8.58 31.00±7.82 30.40±7.72 30.97±8.11 30.18±7.57 29.54±7.29 30.70±7.66 29.21±7.54 29.68±7.56

35.84±10.32 35.17±9.68 35.54±9.96 35.37±9.83 35.39±9.82 34.97±9.71 34.93±9.70 35.01±9.59 34.85±9.52 34.62±9.43 34.60±9.45 33.91±9.13 33.77±9.05 34.27±9.32 33.72±9.09 33.67±9.08 33.56±8.93 33.49±8.81 32.98±8.72 32.76±8.53 32.53±8.49 32.96±8.73 28.36±6.33 27.79±6.09 – 30.38±7.61 27.96±6.68 30.40±7.46 29.35±7.63 29.68±7.45

35.41±10.48 35.12±9.81 35.11±10.09 35.31±10.13 35.35±10.12 34.58±9.98 34.87±9.96 34.81±9.85 34.65±9.82 34.39±9.57 34.42±9.70 33.86±9.32 33.60±9.40 33.57±9.32 33.56±9.52 33.39±9.38 33.44±9.11 33.33±8.95 32.90±8.96 32.37±8.61 32.45±8.72 32.55±8.77 31.12±7.90 30.75±7.93 30.88±8.16 30.15±7.87 29.40±7.33 30.70±7.86 29.36±7.68 29.67±7.62

35.68±10.29 35.09±9.63 35.30±9.92 35.28±9.81 35.35±9.80 34.80±9.71 34.80±9.67 34.93±9.65 34.63±9.54 34.47±9.41 34.61±9.55 33.81±9.03 33.94±9.27 33.93±9.18 33.68±9.25 33.61±9.22 33.56±9.05 33.45±8.82 32.85±8.77 32.73±8.59 32.48±8.54 32.70±8.64 31.07±7.70 30.76±7.79 – 30.22±7.62 28.82±7.41 30.42±7.55 29.32±7.58 29.60±7.47

9.50±6.06 8.81±5.56 8.79±5.85 8.69±5.34 8.68±5.36 8.53±5.09 8.57±5.69 8.54±5.13 8.14±5.12 8.06±5.04 7.97±4.93 7.97±5.16 7.73±4.68 7.69±4.79 7.62±4.58 7.49±4.73 7.37±4.57 7.16±4.24 6.79±4.23 6.46±3.90 6.37±4.00 6.34±4.18 4.99±3.35 4.89±3.24 4.45±2.91 4.09±2.77 4.00±3.07 3.88±2.75 3.42±2.59 3.39±2.29

29 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 19 18 18 18 15 15 15 13 13 12 11 8 8 8 7 6 5 3 2 2 0 0

Table 26: Complete IS results, S25 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow GPFM mSTAR Hibou-L UNI Kaiko ViT-S/8 H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

58.49±19.32 58.09±18.98 58.02±18.80 58.20±18.81 58.00±18.78 58.24±18.94 58.24±18.94 57.85±18.99 57.58±18.65 58.04±18.76 57.06±18.60 57.70±18.67 57.04±18.61 56.72±18.75 57.11±18.61 57.25±18.74 56.88±18.51 56.39±18.28 55.99±18.38 55.90±18.27 55.94±18.25 55.14±18.18 53.42±17.45 53.23±17.40 53.57±17.64 53.62±17.70 51.33±16.79 53.00±17.56 52.05±17.00 51.28±17.26

47.60±16.17 47.50±16.04 47.83±16.41 48.12±16.22 47.80±16.29 48.17±16.42 48.18±16.43 47.97±16.27 47.77±16.36 48.26±16.28 47.28±16.36 47.98±16.24 47.27±16.31 47.03±16.00 47.57±16.24 47.73±16.34 47.81±16.22 47.65±16.14 47.66±16.24 47.51±16.18 47.65±16.36 47.15±16.12 46.83±15.74 46.82±15.92 47.59±16.27 47.82±16.26 45.89±15.55 47.85±16.14 47.13±15.72 46.77±15.95

35.96±14.53 35.95±14.53 35.96±14.53 35.95±14.53 35.98±14.56 35.95±14.51 35.94±14.51 35.93±14.52 35.90±14.45 35.94±14.53 35.95±14.55 35.94±14.51 35.95±14.55 35.97±14.54 35.96±14.52 35.98±14.54 35.97±14.55 35.95±14.54 35.96±14.52 35.94±14.52 35.95±14.52 35.96±14.49 35.96±14.53 35.98±14.54 35.96±14.52 – 44.29±15.59 35.94±14.48 35.98±14.54 35.95±14.50

57.85±19.06 57.75±18.91 57.29±18.82 57.33±18.69 57.26±18.78 57.87±18.94 57.86±18.97 57.63±19.03 57.02±18.59 57.45±18.86 56.43±18.52 57.24±18.66 56.34±18.49 56.89±18.72 56.36±18.43 56.62±18.70 56.61±18.50 55.85±18.37 55.94±18.45 55.29±18.07 55.52±18.23 55.85±18.29 53.08±17.44 52.45±17.39 52.82±17.49 53.05±17.75 52.00±17.15 53.41±17.58 51.80±17.34 51.22±17.39

58.37±19.15 58.11±18.88 57.71±18.86 57.89±18.79 57.63±18.73 57.96±18.78 58.02±18.79 57.81±18.93 57.28±18.55 57.70±18.78 56.85±18.54 57.53±18.65 56.80±18.53 56.82±18.60 56.66±18.41 57.08±18.63 56.67±18.41 56.17±18.27 55.96±18.40 55.89±18.23 55.89±18.19 55.41±18.06 49.87±16.21 49.23±16.16 53.10±17.50 – 50.02±16.61 53.19±17.36 51.96±17.19 51.47±17.31

57.59±19.39 57.32±19.21 57.05±19.09 57.32±19.03 56.94±19.00 57.66±19.20 57.68±19.19 57.31±19.26 56.68±18.79 57.23±18.99 56.04±18.79 56.93±18.82 55.99±18.80 56.51±18.84 56.10±18.67 56.25±18.84 56.18±18.68 55.74±18.57 55.57±18.63 55.17±18.45 55.06±18.42 55.15±18.51 53.42±17.86 52.88±17.69 52.24±17.78 52.93±17.88 51.69±17.29 53.14±17.78 51.60±17.40 51.18±17.49

58.23±19.15 57.96±18.96 57.49±18.87 57.46±18.73 57.41±18.78 57.83±18.88 57.85±18.86 57.59±18.96 57.14±18.62 57.58±18.81 56.59±18.52 57.27±18.62 56.57±18.54 56.83±18.69 56.72±18.52 56.80±18.68 56.53±18.48 56.04±18.34 55.99±18.44 55.58±18.28 55.67±18.23 55.46±18.13 53.51±17.66 53.01±17.49 52.94±17.51 – 51.07±17.45 53.22±17.48 51.82±17.21 51.44±17.40

12.22±7.51 11.87±6.91 11.46±6.70 11.39±6.57 11.39±6.52 11.34±6.57 11.33±6.55 11.18±7.09 11.09±6.77 11.08±6.50 11.00±6.26 10.97±6.41 10.96±6.22 10.95±6.71 10.71±6.33 10.69±6.55 10.32±6.09 9.92±5.88 9.56±6.14 9.52±5.85 9.47±5.73 9.19±5.94 7.60±5.30 7.46±4.96 6.91±4.58 6.71±4.37 6.46±5.69 6.03±4.58 5.75±3.69 5.49±4.32

29 28 22 21 21 21 21 18 18 16 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 12 9 9 9 8 6 6 4 3 2 2 0 0

Table 27: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H0mini H-Optimus-0 GPFM Virchow Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK PLIP Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

39.84±11.15 39.82±11.16 39.75±11.09 38.88±10.65 38.69±10.78 39.01±10.95 38.21±10.54 38.33±10.75 37.91±10.28 37.69±10.38 37.69±10.39 37.06±10.05 36.88±10.18 36.39±9.94 36.59±9.91 35.96±9.79 35.88±9.79 35.57±9.70 35.76±9.79 35.28±9.70 32.58±8.44 33.95±9.06 34.11±9.08 34.64±8.90 32.82±8.30 33.30±8.70 31.87±8.15 31.75±7.94 32.56±8.59 31.37±8.13

30.56±7.31 30.66±7.36 30.57±6.76 29.97±6.76 30.04±7.05 30.48±7.09 29.91±7.29 30.23±7.14 29.99±6.93 30.01±7.07 30.07±7.11 29.51±7.00 29.40±6.73 29.33±6.93 29.67±6.90 29.13±6.83 29.36±6.90 29.37±6.85 29.68±6.81 29.13±6.73 27.37±6.24 28.66±6.71 28.82±6.56 29.70±7.03 27.79±6.29 28.38±6.62 27.16±6.37 27.74±6.87 28.60±6.71 27.84±6.94

15.62±6.34 15.68±6.27 15.70±6.16 15.94±6.07 15.81±6.15 15.83±5.98 15.47±5.98 16.21±5.92 15.64±5.92 15.71±6.00 15.68±6.11 15.34±6.13 15.97±5.68 15.86±5.99 15.98±6.00 16.14±6.08 15.96±6.14 16.09±5.94 16.17±5.94 15.87±5.89 15.98±6.11 16.26±5.85 16.09±5.80 15.80±6.15 15.81±6.06 – 28.64±6.57 15.92±6.00 15.99±5.87 16.18±6.11

40.31±11.06 40.30±11.04 40.31±10.96 40.01±10.45 39.26±10.59 39.80±10.85 39.05±10.37 39.33±10.58 38.97±10.08 38.32±10.16 38.31±10.19 37.83±10.09 37.87±9.98 37.61±9.86 37.57±9.68 37.32±9.52 36.85±9.53 37.25±9.51 37.04±9.65 36.10±9.56 34.67±8.43 35.49±9.02 35.77±9.07 35.43±8.68 33.98±8.12 34.45±8.47 34.78±8.38 33.25±7.87 34.12±8.43 33.46±7.98

39.69±10.87 39.57±10.87 40.02±10.94 39.29±10.28 38.89±10.61 39.44±10.64 38.61±10.30 39.19±10.55 38.44±10.04 37.88±10.07 37.96±10.07 37.28±9.85 37.57±9.85 36.74±9.64 37.19±9.60 36.82±9.42 36.67±9.65 36.30±9.23 36.58±9.53 35.90±9.50 32.11±7.78 34.80±8.84 34.77±8.76 34.87±8.51 31.30±7.42 – 33.90±8.30 32.89±7.67 33.24±8.27 33.01±7.83

40.45±11.02 40.43±11.04 40.31±10.95 40.18±10.52 39.42±10.72 39.70±10.82 39.11±10.32 39.34±10.55 39.05±10.07 38.42±10.17 38.41±10.17 37.97±10.15 37.97±9.93 37.79±9.80 37.61±9.73 37.67±9.59 37.15±9.65 37.37±9.51 37.38±9.72 36.45±9.52 35.02±8.45 35.96±9.21 36.06±9.27 35.50±8.83 34.44±8.26 34.59±8.57 34.77±8.32 33.49±7.89 34.72±8.61 33.59±8.11

40.23±10.89 40.19±10.77 40.20±10.74 39.82±10.37 39.47±10.65 39.66±10.62 38.95±10.32 39.30±10.47 38.70±10.06 38.20±10.14 38.21±10.14 37.78±9.91 37.70±9.83 37.18±9.65 37.48±9.63 37.14±9.45 36.85±9.46 36.82±9.42 36.75±9.58 36.23±9.45 34.56±8.28 35.17±8.89 35.30±8.93 35.16±8.55 34.23±8.19 – 34.31±8.29 33.11±7.71 33.73±8.40 33.21±7.85

9.20±5.48 9.14±5.56 9.08±5.81 8.80±5.30 8.57±5.24 8.46±5.57 8.27±5.08 8.15±5.59 7.89±4.94 7.63±5.11 7.58±5.12 7.48±4.62 7.35±5.01 7.00±4.57 6.91±4.71 6.75±4.44 6.49±4.77 6.16±4.63 6.03±4.77 6.00±4.51 5.09±3.58 5.19±4.32 5.15±4.45 5.13±3.65 4.90±3.41 4.81±3.39 4.57±4.21 4.10±2.93 3.97±3.26 3.54±3.01

27 27 27 26 24 24 22 22 21 19 19 17 17 15 15 14 13 11 10 10 6 5 5 5 3 3 2 1 1 0

Table 28: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow H0mini GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Phikon-v2 Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

60.82±12.20 60.45±12.74 60.45±12.74 60.14±12.32 59.74±12.66 59.70±12.18 59.63±12.74 59.20±12.65 59.10±12.41 59.08±12.42 59.01±12.35 58.47±12.33 58.46±12.22 58.15±12.51 57.68±12.18 57.46±12.18 57.58±12.19 56.94±12.40 57.17±12.32 57.13±12.12 55.79±11.63 57.19±11.49 54.88±11.43 55.41±12.15 54.92±11.44 55.14±11.93 54.82±11.31 54.47±11.87 54.52±10.98 53.71±11.12

53.00±10.01 52.90±10.37 52.95±10.36 52.40±9.98 51.06±10.75 52.09±9.89 52.05±10.33 51.37±10.52 51.34±10.26 51.33±10.26 51.38±10.35 51.96±10.07 50.98±10.15 50.95±10.30 50.62±10.15 51.95±9.73 51.04±9.87 50.68±10.13 51.80±9.92 51.03±9.71 49.05±10.22 51.98±9.86 49.67±9.14 50.97±9.58 50.27±9.19 50.48±9.84 49.64±9.21 49.83±10.02 51.10±9.00 49.96±9.56

35.33±5.34 34.87±5.24 35.15±5.33 35.44±5.12 35.36±5.31 35.71±5.49 34.91±4.89 35.18±5.00 34.98±4.76 34.95±4.68 35.26±4.86 35.23±4.78 35.11±4.73 34.79±4.75 35.19±4.74 35.33±5.06 35.00±4.46 35.47±5.10 35.36±4.89 35.13±4.87 35.70±5.15 35.21±5.00 35.61±5.56 35.30±4.95 34.93±4.66 – 49.75±8.17 35.52±5.11 34.69±4.19 35.53±5.17

61.29±11.77 60.93±12.30 60.98±12.27 60.79±11.59 60.74±11.80 60.55±11.61 60.32±12.04 59.87±12.22 59.66±11.59 59.67±11.62 60.18±11.45 59.52±11.42 59.41±11.38 58.77±12.44 58.77±11.51 58.56±11.38 58.97±11.27 59.09±11.20 58.95±11.36 58.10±11.31 57.67±11.30 58.01±10.83 56.61±11.17 57.25±11.20 56.08±10.95 56.12±11.41 56.90±10.67 56.29±11.40 55.62±10.60 55.97±10.10

61.32±11.46 60.57±12.07 60.50±11.90 60.69±11.37 60.68±11.40 60.61±11.36 60.12±11.69 59.85±12.07 59.71±11.32 59.66±11.34 59.98±11.33 59.42±11.33 59.21±11.44 58.74±12.14 58.56±11.05 58.47±11.28 58.92±11.17 58.46±11.25 58.46±11.18 58.02±11.16 56.93±10.93 57.60±10.72 53.92±9.13 56.73±10.99 53.06±8.77 – 55.90±10.63 55.53±11.07 55.51±10.61 55.52±10.15

61.27±11.67 61.18±12.20 61.16±12.16 60.87±11.66 60.78±11.61 60.76±11.41 60.59±11.85 60.01±12.08 59.98±11.37 59.98±11.35 60.29±11.25 59.65±11.18 59.56±11.31 59.07±12.25 59.03±11.51 58.84±11.12 59.19±11.24 59.17±11.13 59.11±11.27 58.42±11.32 58.19±11.11 58.05±10.90 57.08±11.11 57.85±11.12 56.55±11.07 56.33±11.36 56.90±10.62 56.84±11.32 56.14±10.55 56.32±10.15

61.67±11.30 61.29±11.88 61.31±11.84 61.12±11.23 61.01±11.37 60.74±11.20 60.73±11.71 60.21±11.80 60.03±11.15 59.99±11.24 60.25±11.09 59.92±11.02 59.57±11.23 59.19±11.93 59.02±11.07 58.85±10.98 59.03±11.08 59.03±10.85 58.80±11.22 58.27±11.20 57.55±10.78 57.96±10.50 56.94±10.94 57.35±10.80 56.36±10.93 – 56.54±10.32 56.22±11.00 55.74±10.46 55.99±9.97

8.56±4.20 8.40±4.01 8.38±4.03 8.26±3.88 8.54±3.58 8.29±4.12 7.99±4.04 8.05±3.79 7.95±3.94 7.90±3.91 7.64±3.79 7.05±4.09 7.34±3.75 7.21±3.68 7.12±3.58 6.64±3.99 6.69±3.82 6.41±3.75 6.16±3.97 6.15±3.71 5.97±3.61 5.88±3.26 5.65±3.78 5.33±3.97 5.14±3.52 4.94±3.62 4.90±5.25 4.60±3.36 4.46±3.15 4.37±2.98

27 27 27 24 23 23 23 21 20 19 19 17 16 15 15 14 12 12 9 9 7 7 5 4 3 3 2 0 0 0

Table 29: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 GPFM Virchow Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath PLIP CTransPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

78.68±11.40 78.84±11.45 78.88±11.43 78.19±11.41 78.28±11.28 78.14±11.45 78.02±11.23 77.77±11.39 77.14±10.94 77.28±11.17 77.32±11.15 77.58±11.32 76.76±11.31 76.32±11.10 76.50±11.19 75.92±11.17 76.15±11.02 75.68±11.09 75.44±10.99 73.62±9.77 75.80±11.17 73.83±9.73 74.49±10.82 74.58±10.66 74.84±10.63 73.39±9.72 74.26±10.01 72.81±9.69 73.32±10.46 71.93±9.68

71.64±8.73 72.01±8.58 72.10±8.56 71.40±8.63 71.61±8.38 71.56±8.55 71.54±8.45 71.38±8.41 70.97±8.39 71.14±8.53 71.17±8.53 71.56±8.45 71.07±8.49 70.78±8.19 71.15±8.26 70.59±8.29 70.90±8.25 70.79±8.31 70.61±8.19 68.89±7.29 71.12±8.30 69.07±7.45 70.05±8.21 70.07±8.23 70.78±8.29 69.20±7.79 70.16±7.87 69.09±7.82 69.94±8.34 68.70±7.52

50.02±0.18 50.06±0.19 50.10±0.22 50.07±0.17 50.02±0.19 49.98±0.19 50.07±0.18 50.03±0.15 50.11±0.27 49.99±0.15 50.05±0.16 49.95±0.14 50.04±0.14 49.87±0.33 50.04±0.20 50.09±0.25 50.11±0.17 49.95±0.20 50.05±0.20 50.15±0.23 49.99±0.13 50.08±0.18 50.03±0.14 50.01±0.15 50.02±0.19 50.11±0.24 – 50.15±0.22 50.04±0.14 68.41±7.40

78.47±11.35 78.93±11.36 78.94±11.34 77.90±11.38 78.25±11.25 78.02±11.49 77.97±11.24 77.74±11.44 77.36±11.04 77.04±11.22 77.05±11.22 77.58±11.39 76.59±11.32 76.58±11.14 76.55±11.17 75.82±11.11 76.30±11.04 76.10±11.08 75.39±11.05 74.53±10.16 76.00±11.21 73.88±10.11 75.02±10.87 75.35±10.86 74.88±10.79 73.74±9.89 74.56±10.13 73.18±9.92 74.12±10.51 73.61±10.11

78.02±11.57 77.93±11.57 78.13±11.55 77.44±11.48 77.62±11.45 77.49±11.50 77.67±11.31 77.48±11.48 76.78±11.11 76.55±11.33 76.61±11.32 77.05±11.43 76.31±11.40 75.75±11.24 76.15±11.28 75.65±11.21 75.83±11.07 75.32±11.11 75.14±11.00 71.69±9.51 75.48±11.13 70.87±9.31 74.33±10.81 74.28±10.73 74.18±10.66 73.40±9.87 – 72.88±9.88 73.11±10.46 73.27±9.90

78.25±11.49 78.96±11.31 78.97±11.34 77.87±11.48 78.14±11.29 77.85±11.52 78.05±11.16 77.59±11.42 77.22±11.16 76.98±11.27 77.02±11.30 77.59±11.38 76.58±11.31 76.59±11.17 76.36±11.22 75.84±11.16 76.44±11.06 76.17±11.11 75.52±11.04 74.76±10.31 76.11±11.19 74.32±10.18 75.12±10.96 75.44±10.86 74.85±10.81 73.87±10.00 74.62±10.20 73.32±9.95 74.51±10.57 73.89±10.11

78.19±11.43 78.34±11.56 78.49±11.55 77.86±11.52 77.81±11.35 77.65±11.55 77.80±11.32 77.51±11.49 76.95±11.14 76.76±11.30 76.78±11.32 77.21±11.47 76.32±11.37 75.91±11.24 76.20±11.27 75.63±11.20 75.95±11.14 75.54±11.21 75.24±11.06 74.39±10.23 75.49±11.24 74.04±10.14 74.37±10.91 74.47±10.81 74.33±10.71 73.49±9.90 – 72.96±9.91 73.42±10.49 73.36±10.13

6.70±3.86 6.50±3.88 6.46±3.87 6.45±3.82 6.35±3.99 6.33±3.89 6.22±3.80 6.10±4.04 5.94±3.78 5.87±3.76 5.87±3.77 5.82±3.92 5.48±3.85 5.34±3.92 5.25±3.88 5.14±3.90 5.13±3.78 4.70±3.86 4.67±3.86 4.61±3.80 4.50±3.89 4.59±3.55 4.34±3.90 4.26±3.79 3.98±3.40 3.98±3.25 3.94±3.24 3.54±3.31 3.17±3.57 2.97±3.95

27 27 26 24 23 23 22 22 18 18 18 18 17 15 15 13 13 10 9 9 8 7 7 6 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 30: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 GPFM Virchow Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

82.00±10.31 82.03±10.28 81.33±11.14 81.49±10.52 81.44±10.50 81.85±9.98 81.78±9.90 81.23±10.47 80.62±10.23 80.33±10.72 81.06±10.27 80.83±10.36 80.79±10.37 79.65±11.34 78.43±12.05 80.06±10.11 80.38±9.84 78.81±11.00 79.39±10.09 79.49±10.36 77.25±9.74 78.27±10.59 78.36±11.00 78.48±10.07 76.90±10.45 78.45±9.58 76.39±10.45 76.71±11.00 75.89±10.07 76.41±9.84

75.37±8.56 75.40±8.55 75.54±8.43 73.96±9.94 74.87±8.93 74.92±8.81 74.99±8.75 74.53±9.55 73.94±8.90 74.06±9.18 75.20±8.33 74.61±8.88 74.70±8.83 74.88±8.38 72.07±10.89 74.68±8.18 74.42±8.67 73.49±9.33 72.20±11.04 74.54±8.74 72.59±7.98 71.82±10.71 73.19±9.94 73.43±8.67 72.44±8.87 73.94±8.40 72.07±9.64 73.69±8.53 72.61±7.61 73.45±7.76

50.37±0.69 50.51±0.97 50.07±0.36 50.17±0.38 50.42±0.78 50.09±0.42 50.11±0.35 50.16±0.59 50.34±0.55 50.24±0.37 50.04±0.19 49.80±0.44 49.65±0.73 49.94±0.18 50.24±0.49 50.37±0.74 50.30±0.61 50.38±0.79 50.20±0.39 50.00±0.26 50.18±0.37 50.21±0.30 50.43±0.88 50.23±0.45 49.97±0.30 – 50.02±0.17 50.01±0.20 72.24±7.57 50.07±0.20

81.98±10.61 82.01±10.58 81.41±10.94 81.53±10.41 81.14±10.76 81.79±10.17 81.79±10.02 81.26±10.47 80.48±10.75 80.16±10.95 81.38±10.17 80.62±10.56 80.47±10.74 79.81±11.23 79.37±10.69 80.18±10.26 80.14±10.25 79.76±10.66 79.31±10.28 79.95±10.40 77.98±10.10 78.58±10.68 78.15±11.27 79.33±10.19 78.42±9.44 78.72±9.75 78.03±9.56 77.76±10.72 77.93±9.78 76.55±10.31

81.37±10.55 80.94±10.76 81.10±11.24 80.96±10.77 80.99±10.56 81.41±10.28 81.64±10.05 80.92±10.84 80.47±10.23 80.43±10.41 80.93±10.17 80.30±10.70 80.17±10.81 79.76±11.00 79.41±10.39 79.77±10.16 80.28±9.66 79.07±10.86 79.36±10.03 79.59±10.15 75.08±9.38 77.98±10.71 77.93±10.94 78.35±10.18 74.77±8.98 – 78.13±9.21 76.64±10.85 77.82±9.44 75.82±11.02

81.82±10.83 81.81±10.81 81.25±11.08 81.27±10.70 81.32±10.61 81.26±10.80 81.81±9.97 81.21±10.55 80.52±10.77 79.86±11.23 80.89±10.63 80.43±10.72 80.35±10.79 79.57±11.59 80.09±9.87 79.80±10.75 80.18±10.39 79.56±10.92 79.38±10.44 79.78±10.65 78.62±10.04 78.77±10.83 77.95±11.39 79.35±10.44 78.58±9.72 78.52±10.16 78.36±9.37 78.23±10.73 77.95±9.98 77.47±9.65

81.72±10.61 81.83±10.43 80.97±11.37 80.88±10.98 81.07±10.82 81.39±10.43 81.21±10.62 80.78±10.91 80.38±10.66 79.96±11.04 80.65±10.66 79.94±11.11 79.77±11.31 79.42±11.52 79.77±10.05 79.80±10.46 79.86±10.38 79.29±10.70 78.99±10.54 79.45±10.50 78.14±10.21 78.14±10.76 78.16±10.83 78.32±10.58 78.20±9.77 – 77.98±9.36 76.98±11.06 77.80±9.75 76.63±10.19

6.88±2.98 6.86±2.96 6.64±3.16 7.22±5.08 6.64±2.85 6.72±2.99 6.56±3.06 6.30±3.05 6.72±4.13 6.31±3.32 6.21±3.11 6.17±3.14 6.05±3.17 5.62±3.41 6.24±4.12 5.71±3.01 5.60±3.15 5.45±3.71 6.15±6.38 4.82±3.46 4.73±3.27 5.40±5.13 5.21±4.68 4.87±3.29 4.55±3.01 4.33±2.82 4.57±3.36 3.77±3.18 3.64±4.31 3.38±3.19

27 27 27 24 24 23 22 22 17 17 17 17 17 15 13 13 13 12 11 8 6 5 5 5 5 4 3 1 0 0

Table 31: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

42.59±11.35 42.76±11.55 42.78±11.56 41.66±11.05 41.81±11.22 41.80±10.87 41.20±11.05 41.29±10.68 40.73±10.54 40.29±10.53 40.31±10.52 39.83±10.20 39.54±10.21 38.89±10.02 39.02±9.95 38.43±9.78 38.24±9.92 37.87±9.76 38.13±9.97 37.51±9.80 36.42±9.10 36.20±8.98 36.65±8.97 34.68±8.05 34.86±8.02 35.42±8.54 34.26±7.89 34.62±8.59 33.60±7.97 33.51±7.87

32.82±7.21 33.00±7.47 33.08±7.62 32.47±7.20 32.70±7.34 32.71±7.27 32.38±7.22 32.61±7.34 32.52±7.29 32.23±7.32 32.27±7.32 32.03±7.27 32.02±6.97 31.85±7.20 32.20±7.23 31.88±7.25 31.63±7.20 31.82±7.17 32.08±7.20 31.65±7.18 31.13±6.83 31.10±7.02 31.87±7.18 30.18±6.87 30.37±6.89 31.23±7.07 30.45±6.84 30.87±6.79 29.93±6.86 30.19±6.99

18.69±5.23 18.72±5.28 18.73±5.28 18.73±5.28 18.67±5.21 18.71±5.29 18.69±5.25 18.72±5.30 18.68±5.23 18.67±5.19 18.70±5.26 18.73±5.28 18.71±5.26 18.62±5.14 18.70±5.27 18.72±5.28 18.73±5.32 18.67±5.21 18.70±5.24 18.69±5.24 18.69±5.24 18.71±5.26 18.69±5.24 18.75±5.31 18.73±5.29 – 18.72±5.29 18.71±5.26 29.85±6.86 18.74±5.30

42.24±11.23 42.70±11.25 42.72±11.26 41.25±10.75 41.60±11.13 41.68±10.76 41.06±10.91 41.20±10.62 40.72±10.40 39.97±10.33 39.97±10.35 40.06±10.24 39.25±10.12 39.11±9.95 38.99±9.75 38.46±9.64 37.94±9.65 38.19±9.70 38.26±9.83 37.45±9.58 37.19±9.24 36.65±8.94 36.69±9.04 35.59±8.24 34.88±7.99 35.74±8.48 34.55±7.82 35.39±8.63 34.83±8.16 33.83±7.76

41.75±11.26 41.36±11.03 41.67±11.11 40.62±10.77 40.87±11.01 40.80±10.57 40.68±10.84 40.77±10.58 39.96±10.27 39.36±10.18 39.43±10.22 39.27±10.15 38.90±10.05 38.08±9.76 38.45±9.74 37.91±9.57 37.84±9.81 37.32±9.45 37.56±9.70 37.10±9.55 35.90±8.94 35.76±8.80 35.80±8.71 32.82±7.74 31.82±7.28 – 34.19±7.79 34.20±8.31 34.59±8.07 33.51±7.75

42.10±11.23 42.69±11.29 42.75±11.32 41.24±10.96 41.44±11.09 41.68±10.78 40.95±10.94 41.20±10.57 40.69±10.39 39.92±10.43 39.96±10.51 40.00±10.23 39.22±10.10 39.11±9.98 38.82±9.85 38.70±9.75 38.07±9.82 38.32±9.70 38.40±9.79 37.61±9.68 37.35±9.30 36.89±9.07 36.74±9.11 35.92±8.36 35.39±8.20 35.83±8.50 34.68±7.87 35.89±8.63 35.16±8.18 34.06±7.83

41.86±11.11 41.92±11.07 42.08±11.23 41.23±10.96 41.11±11.01 41.13±10.64 40.76±10.86 40.91±10.59 40.23±10.40 39.65±10.46 39.66±10.46 39.54±10.15 38.94±10.04 38.36±9.82 38.58±9.81 38.14±9.68 37.86±9.84 37.67±9.61 37.71±9.84 37.29±9.63 36.19±9.00 35.98±8.90 36.04±8.81 35.51±8.24 35.09±8.12 – 34.26±7.83 34.61±8.44 34.77±8.15 33.61±7.75

9.50±6.05 9.46±5.90 9.44±5.88 8.94±5.66 8.91±6.02 8.84±5.55 8.58±5.83 8.51±5.36 8.09±5.33 7.86±5.16 7.85±5.17 7.65±4.83 7.29±5.15 6.90±4.82 6.74±4.85 6.49±4.49 6.46±4.66 5.87±4.39 5.84±4.79 5.73±4.57 4.98±4.05 4.91±4.05 4.82±3.47 4.41±3.05 4.32±2.76 4.09±2.86 3.68±2.38 3.57±3.11 3.43±3.30 3.17±2.30

27 27 27 24 24 24 22 22 21 19 19 18 17 15 15 13 13 11 11 10 7 7 7 6 5 4 2 1 0 0

Table 32: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

65.06±20.48 65.11±20.54 65.12±20.54 64.48±20.46 64.48±20.40 64.44±20.30 64.10±20.38 64.20±20.32 63.57±20.29 63.55±20.29 63.77±20.16 62.98±20.10 63.14±20.28 62.77±20.17 62.08±20.06 61.93±20.24 62.21±20.13 61.55±20.02 61.22±20.08 61.55±20.18 60.07±19.85 60.87±19.82 60.09±20.01 58.24±19.56 58.79±19.45 59.42±19.75 58.41±19.34 57.63±19.31 58.60±19.81 57.60±19.25

56.58±18.59 56.79±18.62 56.81±18.65 56.26±18.38 56.34±18.71 56.52±18.67 56.34±18.60 56.51±18.49 56.13±18.62 56.14±18.61 56.40±18.45 55.76±18.34 55.96±18.59 56.08±18.53 55.45±18.50 55.29±18.61 55.66±18.47 55.35±18.39 55.20±18.17 55.94±18.50 54.64±18.43 55.52±18.37 54.79±18.23 53.48±18.10 54.10±18.25 55.08±18.53 54.20±18.07 53.37±18.09 54.73±18.56 54.08±18.33

36.23±16.45 36.24±16.43 36.25±16.43 36.23±16.39 36.24±16.41 36.23±16.48 36.21±16.38 36.21±16.44 36.22±16.37 36.22±16.38 36.21±16.40 36.25±16.39 36.26±16.44 36.22±16.41 36.23±16.42 36.24±16.44 36.23±16.41 36.22±16.42 36.23±16.43 36.24±16.45 36.22±16.44 36.23±16.41 36.24±16.44 36.24±16.37 36.24±16.43 – 36.23±16.43 53.03±17.90 36.23±16.45 36.21±16.40

64.92±20.50 65.26±20.49 65.28±20.48 64.41±20.43 64.34±20.38 64.45±20.33 64.07±20.40 64.21±20.34 63.36±20.27 63.33±20.27 63.99±20.18 63.20±20.19 63.08±20.19 62.78±20.13 62.30±20.03 61.81±20.17 62.41±20.10 62.05±20.11 61.29±20.05 62.02±20.18 61.09±19.98 60.86±19.74 60.62±19.96 59.56±19.53 59.15±19.56 59.87±19.73 58.94±19.47 59.04±19.50 59.59±19.85 58.09±19.32

64.58±20.51 64.51±20.40 64.24±20.37 63.97±20.44 63.79±20.36 63.92±20.34 63.87±20.33 64.00±20.34 63.11±20.24 63.04±20.22 63.42±20.17 62.66±20.12 62.81±20.22 62.41±20.17 61.88±19.95 61.70±20.11 61.75±20.05 61.42±20.16 60.98±20.05 61.35±20.07 59.87±19.86 60.24±19.72 59.79±19.97 56.08±18.79 55.26±18.68 – 58.71±19.47 58.82±19.38 58.41±19.73 57.87±19.33

64.69±20.57 65.25±20.56 65.23±20.55 64.27±20.50 64.30±20.43 64.39±20.36 64.01±20.43 64.20±20.34 63.22±20.30 63.18±20.31 63.86±20.20 63.24±20.23 62.85±20.23 62.72±20.16 62.33±20.07 61.86±20.04 62.55±20.13 62.05±20.18 61.46±20.10 62.08±20.18 61.35±20.07 60.68±19.85 60.95±20.08 59.98±19.70 59.59±19.67 60.00±19.77 59.12±19.45 59.34±19.53 60.17±19.87 58.40±19.37

64.62±20.54 64.85±20.52 64.80±20.52 64.07±20.48 64.24±20.44 64.12±20.37 63.84±20.38 63.98±20.42 63.09±20.28 63.06±20.28 63.53±20.20 62.92±20.20 62.83±20.26 62.50±20.16 61.99±20.08 61.70±20.11 62.05±20.14 61.61±20.12 61.07±20.12 61.55±20.16 60.25±19.95 60.37±19.75 60.11±19.99 59.56±19.59 59.27±19.58 – 58.70±19.43 58.92±19.48 58.91±19.83 57.97±19.36

9.31±4.68 9.15±4.39 9.12±4.37 8.92±4.45 8.91±4.41 8.66±4.28 8.44±4.66 8.44±4.34 8.16±4.53 8.13±4.58 8.09±4.35 7.95±4.01 7.75±4.36 7.28±4.30 7.28±3.98 7.22±4.38 7.13±4.22 6.68±4.37 6.42±3.90 6.08±4.31 5.83±4.28 5.79±3.61 5.58±4.12 5.23±3.78 5.17±3.47 4.78±3.29 4.65±3.03 4.42±4.20 4.29±3.53 3.87±3.21

27 27 27 25 25 22 22 22 19 19 19 17 17 16 13 13 13 12 11 10 8 7 6 6 5 4 2 1 1 0

Table 33: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 UNI CONCH Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK CTransPath Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

38.41±10.25 39.33±10.40 38.92±10.37 38.82±10.49 38.81±10.49 38.36±10.19 37.95±10.22 37.51±10.01 37.44±9.79 37.11±9.75 36.53±9.86 36.78±9.90 37.06±9.70 36.63±9.82 36.35±9.53 36.42±9.73 36.00±9.57 35.75±9.25 35.39±9.25 35.23±9.29 34.70±9.39 34.18±8.86 31.99±8.17 31.13±7.43 32.67±8.24 33.61±8.23 31.87±7.92 31.75±7.99 30.86±7.67 30.41±7.97

27.22±6.59 28.21±6.59 27.92±6.65 27.77±6.54 27.90±6.66 27.83±6.69 27.47±6.47 27.43±6.66 27.47±6.42 27.55±6.37 26.90±6.26 27.27±6.52 27.58±6.29 27.32±6.30 26.96±6.43 27.32±6.07 27.22±6.65 27.32±6.46 27.15±6.26 27.27±6.18 26.76±6.41 26.72±6.54 25.16±5.67 24.64±6.29 26.44±6.38 27.48±6.36 25.62±5.81 26.59±6.34 26.40±6.88 25.61±6.41

15.90±6.04 15.68±6.03 15.82±6.06 15.39±6.14 15.40±6.15 15.71±6.10 15.79±6.20 15.62±6.20 15.73±6.12 15.69±6.09 16.03±5.79 15.84±6.02 15.61±6.08 15.81±5.94 15.28±6.03 16.08±6.09 16.01±6.08 15.96±6.04 16.01±6.03 16.04±5.96 16.11±5.87 16.21±5.86 15.91±6.12 26.03±6.53 – 15.78±6.32 15.75±5.81 15.99±5.79 15.93±6.02 16.24±5.91

38.99±9.95 39.71±10.37 39.41±10.23 39.16±10.21 39.21±10.24 38.98±10.02 38.21±9.95 37.97±9.70 38.19±9.65 37.49±9.53 37.27±9.32 37.23±9.48 37.46±9.51 37.26±9.57 36.56±9.34 37.41±9.46 36.93±9.43 36.31±8.94 36.11±8.71 36.67±8.88 36.05±9.02 35.47±8.55 33.75±7.90 33.41±7.74 33.28±7.86 34.08±8.05 32.93±7.71 33.07±7.78 31.83±7.33 31.90±7.72

38.77±9.89 39.69±10.40 39.33±10.03 39.02±10.24 38.94±10.23 39.02±10.04 38.18±9.90 37.87±9.73 38.05±9.54 37.54±9.48 37.15±9.49 37.61±9.68 37.44±9.48 37.14±9.66 36.62±9.30 37.17±9.61 36.46±9.21 36.43±8.95 36.27±8.85 36.19±8.95 35.67±9.00 35.07±8.65 31.27±7.07 31.65±7.12 – 33.97±8.06 30.36±6.57 32.63±7.70 31.70±7.25 31.80±7.63

39.24±10.05 39.72±10.37 39.47±10.26 39.30±10.25 39.35±10.29 39.17±10.16 38.30±10.02 38.10±9.70 38.25±9.55 37.61±9.58 37.23±9.39 37.57±9.79 37.57±9.58 37.40±9.69 36.70±9.39 37.59±9.67 37.10±9.35 36.36±9.03 36.50±8.98 36.73±8.98 36.10±9.10 35.29±8.91 34.05±7.96 32.99±7.64 33.30±7.91 34.32±8.44 33.53±7.84 33.46±8.02 32.13±7.31 32.15±7.69

39.22±10.02 39.86±10.19 39.51±10.04 39.29±10.13 39.27±10.16 39.12±9.91 38.43±9.96 38.08±9.65 38.13±9.60 37.59±9.52 37.39±9.38 37.65±9.67 37.50±9.48 37.40±9.65 36.86±9.36 37.29±9.60 36.76±9.19 36.55±9.05 36.33±8.87 36.27±8.92 35.88±9.05 35.29±8.68 33.94±7.88 32.36±7.57 – 34.08±8.03 33.35±7.76 32.96±7.87 31.84±7.29 31.95±7.57

11.35±5.69 11.29±6.16 11.10±5.83 11.10±5.87 11.01±5.88 10.73±5.81 10.48±5.50 10.21±5.30 10.05±5.42 9.65±5.33 9.62±5.39 9.52±5.62 9.56±5.44 9.32±5.83 9.27±4.78 9.21±5.87 8.96±5.11 8.53±4.75 8.40±4.87 8.17±5.15 8.08±5.46 7.66±4.74 6.79±3.94 6.45±3.97 6.34±3.31 6.34±3.55 6.18±3.69 5.47±3.30 4.85±2.89 4.81±3.21

28 28 25 25 25 24 22 21 21 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 13 11 10 9 9 8 6 4 3 3 3 2 0 0

Table 34: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 Virchow H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 mSTAR UNI Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 GPFM H0mini Phikon CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

60.59±12.21 59.49±12.49 59.70±12.39 60.36±12.33 59.92±12.73 59.92±12.72 58.86±12.21 58.79±12.20 58.78±12.44 58.10±12.53 58.84±12.70 59.30±12.75 57.75±12.07 58.07±12.43 58.41±12.46 57.71±12.13 57.89±12.43 56.19±12.44 57.99±12.42 57.43±11.97 56.93±12.30 56.06±11.90 54.24±11.43 56.30±11.16 53.99±10.51 54.51±11.03 54.82±11.45 54.02±11.54 53.52±10.66 52.70±10.85

50.49±9.59 48.30±9.98 49.59±9.42 50.37±9.59 50.03±9.91 49.99±9.93 48.89±9.35 49.02±9.32 49.03±9.84 49.57±9.32 49.55±9.63 50.19±9.59 48.25±9.34 49.12±9.28 49.30±9.73 48.08±9.64 48.66±9.55 47.97±9.23 49.21±9.25 48.48±9.43 48.61±9.09 46.85±9.44 47.30±8.73 49.95±9.25 46.28±9.18 48.14±8.32 48.31±9.55 47.52±9.29 48.86±8.84 47.59±8.93

35.34±5.17 35.39±5.29 35.67±5.40 35.17±4.87 35.04±5.30 34.81±5.33 35.05±4.91 34.86±4.69 35.45±5.35 35.37±5.03 34.90±5.39 34.69±4.99 35.04±4.51 35.14±4.96 35.21±4.81 34.97±4.57 35.15±4.62 35.22±4.83 35.05±5.14 35.05±4.50 35.47±5.03 35.52±5.20 35.55±5.48 34.90±4.75 47.17±7.84 35.00±4.58 – 35.65±5.11 34.86±4.65 35.60±5.30

61.09±11.71 60.32±11.62 60.43±11.54 60.89±11.52 60.20±12.19 60.26±12.15 59.33±11.43 59.35±11.37 59.53±11.50 59.19±11.30 59.21±12.17 59.76±12.08 58.57±11.13 58.70±11.46 59.25±11.42 58.42±11.45 59.22±11.38 57.63±11.44 58.34±12.27 58.65±10.76 58.60±10.96 57.34±11.58 55.85±10.92 56.69±10.53 55.83±10.45 55.03±10.55 55.29±10.93 55.30±11.10 54.23±10.12 54.32±10.01

61.27±11.50 60.33±11.57 60.44±11.53 60.97±11.34 60.25±11.77 60.29±11.90 59.67±11.13 59.60±11.09 59.69±11.31 59.47±11.28 59.60±11.94 59.97±11.55 58.76±11.09 58.99±11.41 59.45±11.32 58.55±11.18 59.03±11.43 57.54±11.26 58.35±12.05 58.78±10.83 58.46±10.92 57.14±11.09 52.71±8.48 56.81±10.42 54.14±9.80 52.07±7.86 – 55.41±10.48 54.09±10.21 54.27±9.98

60.84±11.91 60.29±11.45 60.58±11.25 60.76±11.86 60.45±11.97 60.35±11.98 59.35±11.23 59.35±11.21 59.73±11.38 59.03±11.50 59.54±11.79 60.06±11.74 58.59±11.12 58.92±11.29 59.20±11.26 58.67±11.36 59.36±11.17 57.90±11.37 58.44±12.07 58.61±10.71 58.84±10.77 57.56±11.20 56.33±10.87 56.33±10.70 55.54±10.39 56.03±10.56 55.52±10.76 55.53±11.04 54.65±10.06 54.72±9.91

61.19±11.50 60.56±11.16 60.80±11.23 61.08±11.39 60.54±11.65 60.64±11.63 59.76±10.96 59.74±10.93 59.81±11.25 59.50±11.23 59.77±11.66 60.26±11.70 58.86±11.08 59.30±11.09 59.70±10.98 58.91±10.99 59.35±11.13 58.18±11.06 58.79±11.68 58.76±10.70 58.97±10.60 57.70±10.86 56.18±10.77 56.92±10.38 54.54±10.27 55.71±10.57 – 55.58±10.56 54.69±9.79 54.64±9.83

11.23±5.41 11.68±4.81 11.17±4.97 11.03±5.28 10.85±5.75 10.84±5.73 10.79±4.92 10.64±4.87 10.29±5.13 10.19±5.25 10.07±5.15 10.07±5.73 9.85±4.42 9.63±5.03 9.55±5.36 9.85±4.76 9.77±4.82 9.43±4.88 9.39±5.12 9.23±4.64 8.87±4.99 8.81±4.65 7.61±4.58 7.43±3.99 7.62±5.35 7.09±4.55 6.93±4.09 6.17±4.17 5.87±3.76 5.83±3.92

28 25 24 24 24 24 20 18 18 18 18 18 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 8 8 4 4 3 3 3 1 0 0

Table 35: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini GPFM Virchow Hibou-L mSTAR CONCH v1.5 UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath OmiCLIP MUSK PLIP Lunit ViT-S

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

78.58±11.14 77.93±11.11 78.23±11.22 78.27±11.29 78.25±11.31 77.71±11.29 77.55±11.16 77.94±11.20 77.31±11.11 77.01±11.13 76.67±11.26 76.90±11.13 76.58±11.28 76.61±10.81 76.16±10.93 76.24±11.26 76.45±11.15 76.00±10.93 75.80±10.68 75.20±10.90 75.45±10.93 74.67±10.61 73.13±9.51 73.15±9.47 73.67±9.68 73.98±10.07 71.34±9.24 70.79±9.12 72.01±9.20 72.51±10.17

69.43±7.79 69.00±7.48 69.45±7.55 69.56±7.48 69.57±7.48 69.07±7.67 69.08±7.58 69.37±7.37 68.98±7.50 68.80±7.57 68.50±7.55 68.82±7.56 68.66±7.64 68.57±7.62 68.52±7.32 68.66±7.43 68.90±7.27 68.47±7.41 68.70±7.38 68.10±7.38 68.56±7.42 67.96±7.35 66.85±6.46 66.72±6.75 68.38±7.20 68.93±7.38 66.56±6.81 66.15±6.52 67.47±7.10 67.89±7.54

49.99±0.22 50.00±0.19 50.01±0.22 50.04±0.18 50.01±0.19 50.32±2.57 50.28±2.83 50.02±0.17 49.94±0.20 50.03±0.20 49.93±0.20 50.04±0.21 50.01±0.23 50.04±0.16 50.17±2.62 50.07±0.11 50.00±0.15 49.98±0.17 49.93±0.14 49.99±0.16 49.97±0.17 50.02±0.20 50.07±0.23 50.01±0.18 – 50.31±2.54 50.09±0.21 65.36±6.14 50.14±0.21 49.95±0.18

78.26±11.19 77.59±11.08 77.99±11.23 78.31±11.15 78.29±11.20 77.31±11.16 77.37±11.11 77.71±11.12 77.07±11.15 76.53±11.19 76.25±11.30 76.51±11.18 76.31±11.12 76.56±10.89 76.27±10.90 76.39±11.13 76.37±11.01 75.81±10.83 75.58±10.70 75.44±10.95 75.82±10.79 75.20±10.65 73.76±9.84 73.09±9.68 73.57±9.57 73.74±9.98 71.62±9.36 72.31±9.42 72.29±9.18 73.15±10.11

77.95±11.43 77.09±11.29 77.75±11.29 77.72±11.41 77.56±11.43 77.09±11.25 77.24±11.26 77.58±11.33 76.81±11.22 76.42±11.17 76.32±11.37 76.38±11.18 76.24±11.33 76.34±10.93 75.74±11.00 75.97±11.26 76.27±11.21 75.74±10.93 75.51±10.83 75.03±10.93 75.29±10.92 74.52±10.65 70.58±9.18 69.73±8.88 – 73.37±10.23 71.57±9.38 71.18±9.01 72.08±9.16 72.43±10.15

78.10±11.27 77.53±11.18 77.88±11.39 78.20±11.37 78.26±11.34 77.18±11.38 77.45±11.12 77.68±11.21 76.99±11.15 76.53±11.14 76.28±11.30 76.51±11.21 76.19±11.17 76.52±11.00 76.17±10.93 76.37±11.16 76.22±11.09 75.60±10.88 75.63±10.75 75.34±11.01 75.68±10.82 75.04±10.63 74.02±9.98 73.53±9.84 73.49±9.64 73.78±10.18 71.78±9.43 72.46±9.40 72.29±9.28 73.45±10.08

78.07±11.27 77.41±11.21 77.89±11.30 77.96±11.36 77.91±11.42 77.30±11.39 77.31±11.22 77.60±11.29 76.80±11.26 76.43±11.30 76.30±11.37 76.29±11.28 76.15±11.29 76.38±11.05 75.81±11.07 75.90±11.30 76.27±11.23 75.70±11.00 75.45±10.89 75.07±11.02 75.29±10.94 74.56±10.71 73.80±9.95 73.34±9.83 – 73.38±10.10 71.47±9.50 71.71±9.25 72.06±9.22 72.62±10.19

8.91±4.57 8.75±4.84 8.59±4.73 8.50±4.86 8.49±4.88 8.49±4.71 8.39±4.68 8.38±4.89 8.19±4.82 8.03±4.76 8.00±4.96 7.97±4.78 7.75±4.76 7.87±4.49 7.59±4.72 7.52±4.96 7.47±5.01 7.51±4.71 7.04±4.44 7.11±4.82 6.93±4.71 6.62±4.52 6.23±4.32 6.19±4.51 5.30±3.27 5.16±3.68 4.71±3.93 4.63±4.46 4.61±3.06 4.57±3.66

29 25 25 25 24 23 22 22 20 18 18 17 14 13 13 12 12 11 10 9 9 8 7 6 4 4 0 0 0 0

Table 36: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini Hibou-L GPFM UNI CONCH v1.5 mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

81.26±11.14 81.12±11.15 81.78±9.89 81.61±10.21 81.57±10.23 81.33±10.46 81.00±10.80 80.67±10.51 81.03±10.44 80.45±10.54 78.71±12.60 80.44±10.57 80.40±10.40 79.84±10.67 80.45±9.88 79.76±10.90 79.29±11.02 79.38±10.52 78.85±10.61 78.01±11.75 79.18±11.23 78.20±10.69 77.43±9.37 77.58±10.65 76.45±10.31 77.76±9.47 75.55±9.24 76.24±10.77 74.57±11.10 75.43±9.22

72.00±8.52 71.44±9.26 72.52±7.67 72.72±7.83 72.73±7.82 71.67±9.28 72.59±7.83 72.01±8.14 72.77±7.89 72.16±8.14 70.62±9.76 72.27±8.06 71.88±8.31 70.45±9.94 70.55±9.45 72.36±7.73 72.19±7.77 71.79±7.69 70.74±8.96 71.24±8.46 71.98±8.35 71.24±8.03 70.34±7.41 70.36±10.23 70.38±7.77 71.72±7.98 69.50±7.15 71.35±8.32 69.68±9.34 70.74±6.96

50.27±0.64 50.19±0.67 50.39±1.01 50.27±0.87 50.29±0.77 50.26±0.71 50.79±2.94 49.58±0.66 50.59±2.62 50.08±0.54 50.34±0.59 50.13±0.40 50.17±0.39 49.79±0.37 50.17±0.75 50.28±1.03 50.61±2.84 49.94±0.26 49.73±0.44 50.25±0.60 49.78±0.45 50.03±0.24 50.57±1.12 50.47±2.51 50.39±0.66 – 68.16±7.29 50.11±0.66 49.91±0.39 50.17±0.50

81.22±11.18 80.86±11.48 81.41±10.11 81.67±10.39 81.69±10.40 81.03±10.72 80.65±11.11 80.52±10.67 81.13±10.34 79.97±10.87 80.37±10.27 79.95±10.93 80.49±10.28 79.50±10.94 80.30±10.41 80.12±10.70 79.00±11.42 79.31±10.71 78.98±10.90 79.15±11.11 79.44±10.87 78.92±10.52 76.66±10.85 77.34±10.68 77.33±9.52 77.65±9.53 77.04±9.35 76.92±10.51 76.20±9.74 75.85±9.37

81.08±11.26 81.12±10.78 81.77±9.65 81.21±10.47 81.07±10.53 81.04±10.57 81.00±10.22 80.74±10.22 81.04±10.42 80.30±10.47 79.97±10.70 80.26±10.63 80.54±10.27 79.53±11.04 79.89±10.57 79.66±10.79 79.55±10.47 79.53±10.39 78.62±10.81 79.18±10.64 79.01±11.27 77.89±11.01 73.47±9.70 77.27±10.63 74.06±8.32 – 75.57±9.54 76.08±10.75 76.28±9.46 75.75±9.40

80.95±11.32 80.61±11.71 80.79±10.71 81.53±10.53 81.49±10.57 80.70±11.04 80.52±11.16 80.32±10.90 81.09±10.20 79.81±10.97 80.33±10.16 79.81±10.99 80.08±10.49 79.35±11.12 80.14±10.45 79.77±11.00 79.25±11.21 78.90±11.07 79.11±10.74 79.15±11.01 78.96±11.36 78.93±10.43 78.71±9.20 77.19±10.72 77.36±10.03 77.48±9.76 76.96±9.67 76.54±11.29 75.80±10.34 75.93±9.57

80.92±11.20 80.76±11.30 81.09±10.45 81.53±10.24 81.78±9.89 80.96±10.83 80.72±10.94 80.16±10.87 80.71±10.62 80.16±10.65 80.63±10.08 80.16±10.69 80.29±10.43 79.35±11.19 79.89±10.66 80.10±10.41 79.20±11.03 79.09±10.96 78.25±11.30 78.92±10.98 78.82±11.50 78.30±10.64 78.45±9.24 77.14±10.73 77.38±9.75 – 75.96±9.84 76.56±10.62 75.50±10.41 75.93±9.42

10.13±4.83 10.06±4.67 9.70±3.81 9.45±3.83 9.43±3.85 9.40±3.95 9.37±3.90 9.23±4.00 8.96±3.65 8.81±3.83 8.74±4.80 8.72±3.84 8.78±3.98 9.33±5.87 9.40±4.88 8.22±4.27 8.20±4.20 8.34±3.94 7.90±4.01 8.04±4.62 8.00±4.05 7.70±4.21 7.11±3.94 7.22±4.08 6.59±3.90 6.35±3.05 6.10±4.66 5.59±3.79 5.56±3.65 5.17±4.06

29 28 23 23 23 23 23 21 18 17 17 17 15 14 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 6 5 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 37: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

41.87±10.49 41.48±10.60 41.47±10.60 41.36±10.27 40.85±10.08 40.87±10.16 40.54±10.03 40.26±9.88 39.83±9.78 39.51±9.69 39.39±9.61 39.14±9.80 38.99±9.60 38.71±9.38 38.64±9.72 38.76±9.77 38.34±9.38 37.94±9.10 37.51±8.94 36.97±9.12 37.24±8.95 36.38±8.74 34.13±7.64 35.45±8.17 33.99±7.67 34.59±8.07 33.75±7.79 32.17±7.03 32.89±7.37 32.06±7.70

30.62±6.94 30.58±7.13 30.60±7.16 30.55±7.03 30.20±6.83 30.48±6.93 30.26±6.94 30.35±7.02 30.20±7.05 30.02±6.83 30.04±6.90 29.77±7.03 29.93±6.81 29.94±7.00 29.94±6.78 30.12±6.99 29.90±6.86 29.81±6.87 29.96±7.01 29.34±6.76 29.81±6.77 29.32±6.67 28.56±6.64 30.10±7.06 28.48±6.47 29.71±7.03 29.30±6.53 27.87±6.68 29.10±6.88 28.29±6.84

18.70±5.24 18.67±5.20 18.67±5.21 18.68±5.21 18.68±5.23 18.70±5.23 18.91±5.48 18.90±5.49 18.65±5.18 18.68±5.22 18.68±5.21 18.67±5.20 18.70±5.26 18.69±5.23 18.69±5.23 18.67±5.22 18.85±5.40 18.71±5.27 18.67±5.21 18.70±5.24 18.65±5.18 18.68±5.21 18.73±5.30 18.90±5.44 18.70±5.23 – 18.67±5.21 27.40±6.61 18.75±5.30 18.71±5.26

41.46±10.52 41.40±10.31 41.40±10.35 40.97±10.18 40.34±9.98 40.45±10.03 39.92±9.80 39.87±9.76 39.53±9.65 38.87±9.48 38.84±9.47 38.51±9.53 38.46±9.28 38.50±9.22 38.60±9.60 38.62±9.62 38.31±9.35 37.58±8.88 37.14±8.78 37.14±8.97 37.45±8.88 36.81±8.75 34.69±7.83 35.05±8.15 33.87±7.58 34.52±7.89 34.24±7.76 33.22±7.44 33.07±7.52 32.24±7.62

41.18±10.49 40.72±10.24 40.49±10.19 40.67±10.11 39.81±9.87 40.37±10.05 39.64±9.72 39.78±9.74 39.22±9.53 38.72±9.40 38.67±9.40 38.69±9.71 38.48±9.47 38.22±9.23 38.21±9.62 38.54±9.62 37.70±9.19 37.46±8.92 37.15±8.90 36.65±8.93 36.99±8.84 36.10±8.75 31.53±6.82 34.75±8.08 30.60±6.45 – 33.48±7.58 32.20±6.91 32.89±7.41 32.21±7.66

41.32±10.57 41.34±10.45 41.39±10.45 40.98±10.36 40.30±10.04 40.53±10.29 39.81±10.01 39.96±9.82 39.43±9.66 38.89±9.63 38.86±9.69 38.62±9.84 38.30±9.38 38.53±9.34 38.64±9.67 38.52±9.65 38.18±9.38 37.36±9.01 37.27±8.96 37.05±9.03 37.42±9.01 36.62±8.83 34.98±7.90 35.12±8.38 34.36±7.73 34.46±7.90 34.48±7.89 33.41±7.50 33.14±7.46 32.46±7.67

41.23±10.38 40.95±10.18 40.90±10.22 40.83±10.18 40.09±9.94 40.37±10.18 39.96±9.91 39.79±9.77 39.25±9.60 38.80±9.64 38.66±9.56 38.65±9.76 38.31±9.39 38.33±9.29 38.19±9.62 38.58±9.74 37.83±9.21 37.49±8.95 37.10±8.85 36.76±8.98 37.02±8.90 36.08±8.65 34.74±7.76 34.80±8.11 34.16±7.67 – 33.71±7.73 32.76±7.38 32.89±7.39 32.16±7.55

11.17±5.99 10.86±5.87 10.84±5.88 10.77±5.82 10.58±5.56 10.34±5.67 10.27±5.60 9.94±5.31 9.68±5.36 9.42±5.09 9.36±5.07 9.26±5.53 8.98±5.10 8.73±4.54 8.68±5.57 8.64±5.81 8.48±4.79 8.17±4.57 7.63±4.39 7.58±5.01 7.52±4.55 6.97±4.22 5.56±3.31 5.53±3.11 5.33±3.26 4.97±2.72 4.46±2.80 4.38±3.18 3.94±2.27 3.70±2.38

29 26 26 26 25 23 23 22 21 19 18 18 15 14 13 13 13 12 10 9 9 8 6 5 5 4 2 2 1 0

Table 38: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

64.86±20.29 64.69±20.21 64.44±20.32 64.44±20.33 64.18±20.14 64.22±20.07 64.27±20.15 63.91±20.08 63.53±19.97 63.22±20.03 63.25±20.02 62.98±20.20 62.64±20.06 62.97±20.16 62.45±19.90 62.32±19.87 62.52±20.16 62.21±19.83 61.74±19.84 61.47±19.75 61.26±19.77 60.49±19.73 59.98±19.33 58.29±19.16 58.18±19.12 58.95±19.33 56.71±18.92 58.29±19.33 57.21±18.96 56.07±18.91

53.58±18.49 53.63±18.03 53.80±18.27 53.80±18.27 53.51±18.25 53.63±18.15 53.63±18.29 53.79±18.07 53.42±18.05 53.32±18.17 53.39±18.16 53.08±18.12 52.89±17.72 53.39±18.29 53.01±18.05 53.28±18.14 53.36±18.19 53.40±18.13 52.82±18.09 52.70±18.14 52.53±18.00 52.32±18.08 53.11±17.99 51.42±17.71 51.82±17.85 52.95±18.19 50.53±17.67 52.68±18.25 52.11±17.73 51.42±17.79

36.22±16.40 36.22±16.41 36.22±16.37 36.21±16.38 36.44±16.49 36.22±16.42 36.22±16.37 36.41±16.44 36.17±16.41 36.20±16.39 36.21±16.43 36.24±16.40 36.18±16.36 36.23±16.42 36.18±16.35 36.46±16.48 36.21±16.38 36.20±16.39 36.22±16.44 36.23±16.47 36.20±16.42 36.18±16.40 36.43±16.49 36.22±16.40 36.25±16.43 – 49.24±17.41 36.18±16.37 36.24±16.43 36.21±16.41

64.68±20.31 64.42±20.20 64.56±20.21 64.57±20.19 63.87±20.09 63.92±19.99 64.02±20.16 63.61±20.05 63.37±19.96 62.94±19.92 62.96±19.94 62.63±20.13 62.35±20.06 62.67±20.03 62.47±19.94 62.29±19.85 62.51±20.17 62.03±19.80 61.63±19.72 61.77±19.86 61.50±19.90 61.14±19.84 59.65±19.29 58.86±19.14 58.18±19.15 58.86±19.27 57.76±19.06 58.82±19.32 57.56±19.05 56.49±18.88

64.62±20.22 64.29±20.22 64.02±20.17 64.16±20.16 63.57±19.99 63.74±20.12 63.98±20.08 63.68±20.09 63.22±19.98 62.91±19.94 62.95±19.97 62.76±20.15 62.45±20.06 62.78±20.06 62.29±19.92 61.98±19.86 62.25±20.18 61.95±19.85 61.66±19.75 61.50±19.87 60.90±19.97 60.34±19.74 59.49±19.23 54.81±18.16 53.99±18.20 – 56.57±18.67 58.13±19.19 57.45±19.03 56.51±18.83

64.31±20.54 64.20±20.36 64.44±20.32 64.45±20.32 63.72±20.18 63.67±20.09 63.85±20.17 63.51±20.02 63.23±20.07 62.58±20.02 62.59±20.01 62.45±20.10 62.15±20.09 62.34±20.07 62.38±19.97 62.17±19.92 62.38±20.17 61.74±19.91 61.54±19.76 61.66±19.92 61.51±19.81 60.99±19.79 59.24±19.43 59.36±19.45 58.65±19.25 58.90±19.28 57.85±19.13 59.00±19.39 57.61±19.08 56.56±19.05

64.41±20.32 64.24±20.24 64.21±20.19 64.23±20.23 63.90±20.14 63.69±20.14 63.91±20.19 63.59±20.07 63.16±19.95 62.80±20.01 62.85±19.99 62.75±20.21 62.39±20.09 62.67±20.07 62.36±19.94 62.06±19.90 62.34±20.17 61.90±19.84 61.61±19.82 61.55±19.86 61.14±19.91 60.56±19.77 59.37±19.26 59.11±19.35 58.50±19.20 – 56.88±19.06 58.44±19.33 57.41±19.02 56.45±19.07

12.50±5.73 12.16±5.33 11.81±5.51 11.80±5.50 11.84±5.35 11.78±5.36 11.76±5.60 11.26±5.22 11.23±5.41 11.05±5.36 11.00±5.33 10.96±5.90 10.61±5.24 10.58±5.57 10.53±5.03 10.08±5.16 10.08±5.56 9.74±5.11 9.87±5.05 9.82±5.44 9.42±5.44 9.02±5.38 7.70±3.91 7.57±4.82 7.09±4.39 6.77±3.73 6.63±4.80 6.25±4.03 5.77±3.49 5.23±3.73

29 26 25 25 23 23 23 20 20 18 18 18 15 15 14 13 13 10 9 9 9 8 6 6 5 3 2 2 1 0

Table 39: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 CONCH UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L GPFM Virchow H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

35.81±9.52 35.48±8.74 35.31±9.12 35.31±8.86 35.33±8.89 35.23±8.86 35.00±8.94 34.97±8.81 34.68±8.61 34.55±8.77 34.46±8.69 34.03±8.72 33.95±8.55 33.83±8.73 33.88±8.31 33.48±8.47 33.77±8.30 33.12±8.15 32.88±8.20 32.37±7.91 32.53±8.05 32.05±7.95 28.93±6.76 30.08±7.43 29.84±7.46 30.34±7.57 30.30±7.07 29.33±7.16 28.51±6.99 28.42±7.30

24.26±6.28 24.58±6.26 24.29±6.09 24.52±6.18 24.53±6.26 24.48±5.97 24.45±6.21 24.50±6.03 24.24±6.14 24.05±6.13 24.15±6.20 23.90±5.79 24.46±6.07 24.21±6.07 24.54±6.11 24.38±6.26 24.63±6.11 24.39±6.48 24.90±6.43 24.05±6.14 24.27±6.24 24.35±6.59 21.55±5.60 22.57±5.57 23.00±5.76 24.11±6.32 24.31±5.94 24.08±6.01 23.38±6.31 23.43±6.23

15.78±6.07 15.71±6.05 15.58±6.14 15.23±6.37 15.40±6.40 15.40±6.16 16.24±6.00 15.65±6.00 15.70±6.13 15.51±6.16 15.84±5.98 15.69±6.11 15.93±6.19 16.28±6.00 15.67±6.17 15.94±6.17 15.62±6.15 15.31±6.03 16.02±6.11 16.06±6.06 15.84±6.10 16.27±6.10 23.12±6.36 15.83±6.06 15.79±5.93 – 15.35±6.08 16.01±5.98 15.82±6.01 16.28±6.08

35.89±9.07 35.86±8.43 35.62±8.70 35.60±8.49 35.56±8.48 35.43±8.56 35.72±8.55 35.15±8.49 35.09±8.32 34.91±8.33 35.17±8.37 34.11±8.23 34.31±7.99 34.82±8.24 33.72±7.97 34.17±8.11 33.66±8.04 33.23±8.01 34.01±7.84 32.89±7.65 33.02±7.68 33.09±7.60 30.69±6.78 31.40±7.21 30.52±7.06 30.87±7.27 30.40±6.83 30.67±7.05 29.36±6.61 29.81±6.99

36.55±9.27 35.98±8.40 36.05±8.90 35.83±8.75 35.84±8.74 35.70±8.54 35.86±8.82 35.57±8.50 35.34±8.29 35.12±8.43 35.26±8.41 34.41±8.26 34.71±8.24 34.67±8.39 34.26±7.94 34.23±8.09 34.18±7.97 33.45±8.01 33.85±7.97 33.18±7.69 33.58±7.87 32.99±7.64 28.08±6.34 29.44±6.23 28.79±5.94 – 30.88±6.87 30.57±6.99 29.34±6.64 29.85±7.02

36.42±9.37 36.12±8.36 35.81±8.92 35.67±8.69 35.65±8.71 35.42±8.74 35.80±8.97 35.12±8.61 35.10±8.38 34.85±8.59 35.09±8.47 34.09±8.38 34.33±8.20 34.81±8.52 34.03±8.30 34.11±8.09 33.88±8.15 33.44±8.02 33.86±7.97 32.94±7.60 33.38±7.99 32.72±7.79 30.22±6.82 31.72±7.28 31.24±7.28 30.92±7.18 30.55±6.93 30.86±7.05 29.66±6.71 30.10±7.12

36.61±9.18 36.12±8.33 36.06±8.84 35.91±8.60 35.95±8.62 35.58±8.46 35.96±8.87 35.46±8.46 35.45±8.51 35.16±8.49 35.39±8.35 34.67±8.33 34.79±8.09 34.79±8.30 34.22±8.22 34.32±8.07 34.19±8.18 33.60±8.00 33.83±7.84 33.28±7.78 33.47±7.89 33.26±7.79 29.38±6.90 31.64±7.28 31.23±7.23 – 30.80±6.81 30.68±7.05 29.38±6.56 30.12±6.90

11.57±6.24 11.21±5.49 11.09±5.69 10.99±5.45 10.96±5.45 10.93±5.34 10.90±6.04 10.55±5.28 10.55±5.38 10.52±4.85 10.49±4.94 10.25±5.02 9.67±5.10 9.76±5.41 9.49±4.92 9.40±4.99 9.35±4.92 8.95±4.74 8.48±4.86 8.44±4.25 8.41±4.16 8.07±4.40 7.61±4.06 7.38±3.94 6.80±3.81 6.51±3.39 6.29±3.31 5.66±3.41 5.32±2.63 5.21±3.12

28 27 23 23 23 23 19 19 19 19 18 18 14 13 13 13 13 12 9 8 8 7 6 6 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 40: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Kaiko ViT-S/8 GPFM Hibou-B Virchow UNI mSTAR H0mini Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-S/16 SEAL(CONCH) MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

57.65±12.32 57.15±12.08 57.24±11.79 56.93±12.26 57.54±11.55 57.23±11.60 57.30±12.09 57.29±12.08 55.30±12.32 56.43±12.10 55.90±11.61 56.57±11.62 56.34±11.47 56.37±11.49 55.88±11.82 56.33±12.04 56.29±11.76 55.00±11.25 54.74±11.78 54.97±11.74 53.86±11.42 54.76±11.39 51.76±9.69 52.44±10.86 52.58±10.46 52.36±10.89 53.16±10.19 51.64±10.80 49.78±10.40 50.98±9.90

44.85±9.37 45.02±8.72 44.64±9.13 45.24±9.07 46.36±8.95 45.98±8.66 46.57±9.37 46.62±9.39 45.53±9.12 45.52±9.05 43.64±9.31 46.03±8.95 46.08±8.61 46.18±8.71 45.70±8.60 47.26±8.79 45.68±9.45 44.27±9.06 44.77±8.94 46.47±8.55 44.24±8.59 45.45±8.85 42.60±8.29 44.06±8.55 45.31±8.46 44.80±9.26 46.94±8.68 44.18±8.54 43.94±8.60 45.89±8.28

35.28±4.97 35.30±5.18 35.54±5.35 35.58±5.09 34.95±4.84 35.10±4.77 34.95±5.16 35.04±5.37 35.46±5.14 35.14±5.19 35.22±4.68 35.47±5.27 34.85±4.64 34.86±4.67 35.05±4.97 35.38±5.07 35.20±4.84 35.44±5.28 35.03±4.41 35.13±5.15 35.62±5.22 35.01±4.82 43.76±7.22 35.60±5.42 34.93±4.57 – 34.80±4.38 35.77±5.35 35.61±5.28 34.94±4.72

58.20±10.81 57.81±11.02 57.46±10.68 58.03±11.11 57.69±10.55 57.53±10.59 57.24±11.36 57.26±11.39 56.46±11.33 56.81±11.34 56.57±10.56 57.22±10.44 56.71±10.25 56.72±10.34 56.38±10.66 56.97±10.92 56.76±10.51 55.67±10.27 56.08±10.47 55.03±11.46 55.22±11.05 55.73±10.05 53.07±8.96 53.70±9.99 52.08±9.61 52.32±10.27 53.17±9.05 53.20±10.20 52.10±8.93 51.37±9.18

58.87±11.02 58.28±11.14 58.09±10.74 57.99±11.22 58.29±10.56 57.94±10.49 57.73±11.27 57.72±11.34 56.85±11.09 57.17±11.27 56.95±10.35 57.49±10.36 57.10±10.53 57.14±10.49 56.86±10.64 57.65±10.86 57.46±10.51 56.23±10.23 56.36±10.36 55.66±10.91 55.44±10.51 56.21±10.25 49.76±8.31 50.86±7.18 49.99±6.83 – 53.76±9.18 53.48±9.64 52.52±9.06 51.65±9.06

58.14±11.09 57.68±11.15 57.70±10.72 57.93±11.10 57.65±10.82 57.41±10.54 57.29±11.45 57.29±11.46 56.49±11.25 56.95±11.21 56.36±10.68 57.07±10.48 56.49±10.52 56.51±10.55 56.22±10.70 57.00±10.64 56.78±10.49 55.56±10.26 56.17±10.47 55.40±11.25 54.88±10.92 55.91±10.10 52.78±8.98 54.04±10.04 53.46±9.60 52.27±10.19 53.01±9.43 52.84±10.30 52.69±8.90 51.81±9.00

58.87±10.88 58.28±10.72 58.15±10.25 58.27±10.82 58.36±10.22 58.00±10.36 57.90±10.89 57.85±10.95 57.35±10.83 57.48±10.96 57.17±10.30 57.78±10.27 57.12±10.24 57.13±10.20 56.87±10.57 57.92±10.46 57.38±10.37 56.29±10.06 56.67±10.07 55.85±10.93 55.94±10.24 56.15±10.08 51.98±9.10 53.99±9.97 53.54±9.49 – 53.86±8.99 53.32±9.83 52.77±8.93 51.93±8.84

13.11±6.79 12.65±6.55 12.83±5.82 12.51±6.00 12.14±6.57 11.78±6.00 11.65±6.90 11.59±6.90 11.62±6.49 11.49±5.83 11.85±5.60 11.82±5.82 11.50±5.86 11.44±5.75 11.20±6.42 11.02±6.73 10.85±6.48 10.48±5.18 10.43±5.37 9.96±6.07 10.19±5.74 9.98±5.60 9.47±6.06 9.18±5.38 8.28±5.28 7.79±4.75 7.62±4.91 7.07±5.05 6.90±4.43 6.32±4.19

29 25 24 24 23 20 20 19 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 3 3 1 1 0

Table 41: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 GPFM H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L H0mini Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath OmiCLIP MUSK Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

76.00±10.97 75.86±10.39 75.70±10.66 74.55±10.37 75.22±10.91 75.87±10.30 75.85±10.31 75.35±10.33 75.51±10.38 75.39±10.36 75.14±10.34 74.67±10.21 74.96±10.27 74.60±10.35 74.39±10.25 74.11±10.18 74.28±10.26 74.04±9.84 73.37±9.83 73.24±10.19 73.40±9.73 72.78±9.79 71.06±8.80 70.84±8.79 71.54±8.85 69.22±8.45 68.46±8.00 69.97±9.31 70.69±8.96 69.58±8.27

65.70±6.46 66.26±6.46 66.04±6.35 64.96±6.48 65.73±6.52 66.60±6.40 66.60±6.41 65.72±6.76 66.13±6.58 66.28±6.33 66.16±6.37 65.59±6.47 66.10±6.45 65.64±6.62 65.78±6.44 65.65±6.30 65.78±6.44 65.62±6.35 65.37±6.54 65.47±6.49 65.67±6.32 65.07±6.50 64.23±5.72 63.93±6.07 65.83±6.35 63.95±6.15 63.27±5.86 65.17±6.64 65.95±6.51 64.96±6.09

50.08±0.19 50.09±0.25 50.03±0.16 50.00±0.18 50.14±0.35 50.05±0.20 50.07±0.19 50.07±0.21 50.03±0.18 50.03±0.22 50.03±0.21 50.05±0.26 50.10±0.18 50.04±0.22 50.04±0.15 50.05±0.26 50.03±0.19 50.08±0.18 50.04±0.18 50.00±0.23 50.02±0.25 49.96±0.19 50.00±0.17 50.11±0.18 – 50.11±0.29 62.07±5.50 50.06±0.23 50.06±0.20 50.05±0.11

75.41±10.86 75.23±10.28 75.20±10.50 74.66±10.38 75.16±10.82 75.54±10.23 75.57±10.24 75.06±10.22 74.91±10.34 74.90±10.19 74.72±10.20 73.98±9.99 74.82±10.23 74.00±10.18 73.56±10.08 74.03±10.04 73.40±10.13 73.83±9.64 72.92±9.58 73.36±9.92 72.90±9.50 73.21±9.78 71.39±8.97 70.53±8.74 71.24±8.63 69.22±8.48 69.43±8.24 70.74±9.01 70.00±8.75 69.49±8.07

75.78±11.01 75.24±10.50 75.60±10.72 74.50±10.48 75.01±10.88 75.38±10.40 75.39±10.35 75.05±10.43 75.05±10.42 74.93±10.45 74.75±10.35 74.07±10.22 74.74±10.30 74.34±10.37 73.86±10.31 73.80±10.20 73.80±10.36 73.79±9.86 73.07±9.89 73.20±10.05 73.34±9.74 72.73±9.78 68.29±8.16 67.50±7.84 – 69.35±8.53 67.28±7.58 70.40±9.01 70.17±8.89 69.43±8.13

75.47±11.10 75.44±10.34 75.20±10.72 74.40±10.44 75.15±10.88 75.47±10.49 75.50±10.45 74.96±10.38 74.79±10.54 74.85±10.33 74.62±10.27 73.94±10.23 74.71±10.25 73.87±10.28 73.76±10.20 73.81±10.21 73.62±10.14 73.70±9.89 72.77±9.77 73.25±10.02 73.06±9.75 72.75±9.89 71.60±9.16 71.04±8.99 71.21±8.71 69.40±8.59 69.44±8.38 70.84±8.91 70.13±8.82 69.56±8.15

75.63±10.98 75.21±10.38 75.33±10.71 74.27±10.53 74.99±10.77 75.32±10.37 75.36±10.37 75.03±10.38 74.79±10.40 74.77±10.35 74.57±10.35 74.24±10.20 74.67±10.26 74.08±10.33 73.66±10.34 73.79±10.18 73.60±10.33 73.65±9.88 72.97±9.92 73.01±10.12 73.05±9.78 72.68±9.89 71.47±9.16 71.02±8.95 – 69.34±8.60 68.51±8.34 70.36±9.09 69.96±8.75 69.35±8.09

10.21±6.08 9.68±5.47 9.67±5.82 9.64±5.68 9.55±5.95 9.38±5.25 9.37±5.24 9.51±5.22 9.33±5.13 9.19±5.22 9.04±5.41 9.08±5.20 8.98±5.25 8.95±5.17 8.64±5.12 8.62±5.20 8.60±5.13 8.42±4.91 8.07±4.75 8.09±5.23 7.85±4.78 7.75±4.74 6.91±4.51 6.79±4.58 5.91±3.88 5.46±3.81 5.24±4.25 5.06±3.87 5.09±3.60 4.89±3.50

29 25 22 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 17 16 16 16 13 13 13 12 10 9 9 8 7 6 5 3 1 1 0 0

Table 42: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow2 Virchow Kaiko ViT-S/8 UNI2 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L mSTAR UNI GPFM H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

78.86±11.86 78.79±10.99 78.62±10.98 79.56±9.76 78.89±10.76 79.35±10.13 78.44±10.56 78.18±10.53 79.54±9.78 78.83±10.53 78.62±10.63 78.22±10.15 78.20±10.14 79.27±9.98 78.60±9.99 77.88±11.01 77.93±10.41 77.93±9.58 76.90±10.57 76.34±10.37 76.82±10.72 77.16±10.33 75.15±9.43 74.75±9.37 75.12±9.38 74.95±9.61 71.47±10.31 73.99±10.11 73.48±8.67 71.94±10.67

67.91±7.84 67.43±8.27 68.24±7.88 68.82±7.84 68.39±7.93 69.15±7.27 67.79±8.32 66.99±8.12 68.77±7.85 68.18±7.87 68.64±7.42 67.37±8.11 67.35±8.14 69.12±7.39 68.19±7.90 68.56±7.40 68.48±7.32 67.89±7.69 67.80±7.81 67.68±7.39 68.48±7.28 68.93±7.10 67.47±6.26 67.10±7.07 69.05±6.88 68.53±7.27 66.02±6.21 68.32±7.54 67.89±6.40 66.77±8.24

50.28±0.74 49.84±0.22 50.44±0.86 50.28±0.69 50.13±0.42 50.26±0.74 49.83±0.39 50.59±1.33 50.33±0.78 50.48±0.91 49.95±0.41 50.21±0.42 50.22±0.43 50.25±0.54 50.37±0.79 50.38±0.70 50.50±0.96 50.54±1.30 49.83±0.33 50.23±0.78 50.25±0.51 49.80±0.29 50.36±0.68 50.06±0.12 – 50.19±0.55 63.90±7.02 50.17±0.67 50.41±1.03 50.29±0.55

78.70±11.23 78.55±10.96 78.21±10.96 79.57±9.79 78.93±10.77 78.68±10.37 78.39±10.20 78.29±10.64 79.56±9.83 78.46±10.45 78.39±10.51 77.87±9.93 77.78±9.97 79.20±9.87 78.42±9.55 77.70±10.78 77.87±10.30 77.52±10.05 75.75±11.32 76.91±10.46 77.03±10.51 77.09±10.09 74.39±10.29 74.58±8.93 74.72±9.49 74.69±9.06 73.94±8.84 74.57±9.88 73.40±9.02 73.76±8.79

79.36±10.86 79.26±10.52 79.11±10.28 79.20±10.07 79.19±10.32 79.69±9.61 78.36±10.42 78.76±9.85 79.27±10.01 78.49±10.74 78.76±10.27 78.14±10.15 77.98±10.28 79.26±9.90 78.03±10.10 78.22±10.56 78.04±10.10 77.77±9.81 77.16±10.32 76.79±9.95 77.17±10.35 77.35±10.13 71.28±8.86 71.03±7.91 – 74.68±9.36 71.42±8.48 73.70±10.50 73.47±9.12 74.06±8.36

78.45±11.73 78.36±11.35 78.25±11.05 79.58±9.86 78.45±11.17 79.38±9.83 77.98±10.76 78.01±10.81 79.61±9.85 78.61±10.50 78.21±10.75 77.45±10.48 77.38±10.51 78.76±10.29 78.06±10.10 77.28±11.28 77.46±10.67 77.50±10.15 76.62±10.64 76.60±10.44 77.10±10.43 76.64±10.53 75.49±9.82 75.16±9.34 75.10±9.16 74.34±9.42 73.35±9.42 74.41±10.06 73.74±8.84 72.95±9.65

80.12±9.94 78.97±10.83 78.97±10.29 79.36±10.01 78.87±10.62 79.07±9.93 78.30±10.52 78.32±10.48 79.45±9.88 78.62±10.43 79.27±9.44 77.94±9.98 77.87±10.07 79.03±10.04 78.29±10.05 78.51±9.89 77.95±10.32 77.61±9.97 77.16±10.02 76.63±10.32 77.19±10.38 77.18±10.15 76.33±8.66 74.94±9.35 – 74.85±9.10 72.98±9.36 74.29±9.97 73.82±8.88 73.34±9.05

12.12±5.77 12.10±6.00 11.41±5.74 11.03±4.76 10.97±5.67 10.95±4.92 11.38±6.11 11.37±4.97 11.08±4.80 11.42±5.15 11.11±5.04 11.21±5.34 11.20±5.36 10.96±4.68 10.74±4.91 10.51±5.38 10.46±4.88 10.40±4.38 9.98±4.78 9.69±5.16 9.61±5.71 9.47±5.07 8.56±4.95 8.22±4.74 7.27±3.93 7.25±4.30 6.68±6.73 6.61±4.49 6.44±4.25 6.43±3.82

29 28 20 18 18 18 17 17 17 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 10 8 8 8 8 7 6 3 3 2 1 0 0

Table 43: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 CONCH SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 H0mini mSTAR UNI Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

37.96±9.16 37.52±8.56 37.36±8.72 37.56±8.73 37.53±8.70 37.14±8.74 37.00±8.71 36.90±8.62 36.86±8.51 36.68±8.56 35.75±8.32 36.47±8.44 36.05±8.28 35.96±8.38 35.80±8.28 35.67±8.22 35.50±8.19 35.19±8.00 34.42±7.69 34.48±7.81 34.03±7.78 34.47±7.88 32.10±7.11 31.98±7.22 32.44±7.43 31.94±7.01 30.04±6.52 31.15±6.68 30.12±7.02 30.77±7.01

27.46±6.76 27.84±6.64 27.70±6.73 28.06±6.93 28.06±6.95 27.76±6.78 27.41±6.58 27.32±6.26 27.99±6.84 27.79±6.90 26.76±6.25 27.79±6.92 27.43±6.52 27.46±6.85 27.45±6.62 27.44±6.65 27.36±6.50 27.21±6.52 27.07±6.19 27.32±6.74 26.88±6.44 27.49±6.89 26.45±6.74 26.38±6.43 27.67±7.16 27.60±6.85 25.40±6.10 27.03±6.22 26.41±6.75 27.14±6.98

18.73±5.29 18.74±5.31 18.72±5.27 18.72±5.28 18.73±5.29 18.71±5.26 18.76±5.34 18.71±5.27 18.71±5.27 18.70±5.26 18.70±5.25 18.74±5.30 18.73±5.29 18.72±5.30 18.71±5.26 18.71±5.26 18.73±5.31 18.72±5.28 18.71±5.27 18.72±5.29 18.70±5.25 18.73±5.29 18.69±5.23 18.74±5.29 – 18.72±5.28 25.01±6.33 18.70±5.26 18.74±5.30 18.70±5.25

37.26±8.97 36.75±8.39 36.74±8.56 37.15±8.64 37.19±8.64 36.42±8.69 36.74±8.51 36.47±8.49 36.26±8.44 36.14±8.32 35.76±8.18 36.21±8.49 35.38±8.13 35.21±8.16 34.83±8.06 34.72±8.02 35.31±8.07 34.90±7.95 34.54±7.80 33.89±7.75 34.35±7.80 33.85±7.74 32.28±7.22 31.54±7.22 32.29±7.44 31.23±6.81 30.52±6.69 31.79±7.03 30.26±7.12 30.69±7.09

37.67±9.11 36.79±8.32 37.24±8.82 36.93±8.60 36.95±8.55 36.53±8.53 36.66±8.61 36.46±8.43 36.38±8.34 36.16±8.28 35.53±8.22 36.10±8.33 35.79±8.19 35.22±8.08 35.17±7.96 35.12±7.98 35.07±7.99 34.81±7.90 34.47±7.75 34.07±7.67 33.88±7.73 34.31±7.87 29.44±5.86 28.74±5.67 – 31.52±6.88 28.87±6.09 31.42±6.89 30.37±7.28 30.60±7.02

37.31±9.28 36.88±8.37 36.87±8.88 37.04±8.73 37.07±8.70 36.30±8.85 36.77±8.77 36.38±8.66 36.24±8.65 36.04±8.41 35.60±8.32 36.09±8.57 35.16±8.21 35.19±8.42 35.03±8.38 34.88±8.23 35.05±8.07 34.79±7.94 34.48±7.94 33.77±7.63 33.92±7.77 34.04±7.82 32.42±7.27 32.01±7.35 32.23±7.41 31.41±7.07 30.43±6.65 31.89±7.12 30.50±7.24 30.75±7.07

37.53±9.11 36.69±8.25 36.99±8.72 36.87±8.51 36.90±8.48 36.28±8.51 36.55±8.56 36.41±8.48 36.21±8.40 36.02±8.31 35.44±8.05 36.09±8.38 35.43±8.02 35.50±8.24 35.03±8.16 35.00±8.15 35.10±8.08 34.77±7.92 34.31±7.79 34.04±7.71 33.86±7.74 34.08±7.76 32.32±7.15 31.97±7.24 – 31.37±6.95 29.89±6.76 31.50±6.95 30.37±7.19 30.58±7.00

10.49±5.69 9.82±4.94 9.77±5.48 9.68±4.77 9.66±4.77 9.51±4.58 9.62±5.26 9.52±4.58 9.03±4.71 9.03±4.68 8.96±4.86 8.91±4.49 8.63±4.30 8.62±4.30 8.44±4.17 8.38±4.19 8.27±4.29 8.01±3.79 7.56±4.02 7.25±3.58 7.19±3.72 7.15±3.87 5.71±3.24 5.53±3.17 4.97±2.88 4.60±2.60 4.63±2.82 4.34±2.71 3.92±2.50 3.88±2.15

29 24 24 24 24 23 22 22 19 18 18 18 16 16 15 13 13 12 11 8 8 8 7 6 5 3 2 2 0 0

Table 44: Complete IS results, S20 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 UNI2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR UNI H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

62.20±19.99 61.57±19.83 61.44±19.54 61.61±19.54 61.62±19.67 61.44±19.48 61.50±19.83 61.61±19.67 60.96±19.37 61.42±19.51 61.16±19.43 60.35±19.70 60.45±19.33 60.41±19.34 60.50±19.43 60.73±19.50 60.26±19.40 59.57±19.24 59.39±19.27 59.23±19.20 58.44±19.12 59.20±19.18 56.38±18.77 56.16±18.68 56.63±18.61 56.75±18.83 54.11±18.06 56.03±18.69 54.74±18.31 53.97±18.64

49.44±17.48 49.44±17.36 49.85±17.74 50.17±17.56 50.23±17.74 49.87±17.59 49.91±17.69 50.22±17.76 49.61±17.77 50.21±17.69 49.97±17.61 49.04±17.41 49.33±17.67 49.33±17.61 49.60±17.53 49.80±17.65 49.87±17.59 49.47±17.60 49.64±17.65 49.52±17.53 49.08±17.57 49.77±17.63 48.29±17.39 48.56±17.46 49.67±17.58 49.85±17.64 47.19±17.06 49.70±17.69 48.93±17.20 48.39±17.51

36.23±16.40 36.21±16.41 36.23±16.41 36.22±16.41 36.21±16.38 36.24±16.44 36.19±16.40 36.21±16.39 36.16±16.32 36.20±16.41 36.21±16.39 36.23±16.42 36.22±16.43 36.22±16.43 36.22±16.39 36.24±16.42 36.23±16.44 36.22±16.42 36.22±16.40 36.20±16.39 36.23±16.37 36.21±16.39 36.22±16.41 36.25±16.41 36.23±16.40 – 45.75±16.88 36.20±16.35 36.24±16.42 36.21±16.37

61.41±19.79 61.23±19.71 60.78±19.48 60.84±19.30 61.34±19.56 60.74±19.43 61.33±19.84 61.38±19.57 60.40±19.28 60.91±19.50 60.69±19.37 60.52±19.66 59.72±19.23 59.66±19.21 59.72±19.21 60.13±19.38 59.99±19.35 59.21±19.23 59.39±19.25 58.61±18.93 59.14±19.27 58.77±19.14 56.23±18.56 55.21±18.58 55.76±18.43 56.22±18.77 54.79±18.31 56.37±18.74 54.61±18.50 54.05±18.62

61.97±19.88 61.60±19.71 61.14±19.56 61.30±19.42 61.34±19.47 61.03±19.43 61.38±19.79 61.40±19.50 60.60±19.30 61.13±19.50 60.97±19.41 60.32±19.62 60.22±19.31 60.15±19.31 59.96±19.29 60.50±19.38 60.03±19.31 59.40±19.19 59.36±19.28 59.17±19.17 58.59±19.15 59.11±19.13 52.63±17.56 51.79±17.57 56.04±18.52 – 52.52±17.73 56.04±18.62 54.65±18.46 54.26±18.61

61.35±20.02 61.04±19.90 60.66±19.62 60.90±19.52 61.25±19.69 60.50±19.58 61.07±19.95 61.27±19.68 60.25±19.34 60.76±19.56 60.48±19.43 60.14±19.73 59.44±19.43 59.42±19.45 59.53±19.35 59.91±19.43 59.61±19.44 59.19±19.31 59.16±19.36 58.66±19.23 58.57±19.36 58.41±19.23 56.63±18.96 55.94±18.80 55.42±18.61 56.21±18.81 54.56±18.32 56.21±18.79 54.47±18.49 54.09±18.64

61.85±19.88 61.47±19.76 60.97±19.52 60.92±19.31 61.28±19.54 60.87±19.44 61.24±19.79 61.27±19.54 60.52±19.34 61.03±19.50 60.70±19.39 60.37±19.68 59.87±19.27 59.87±19.29 60.03±19.32 60.24±19.42 59.95±19.33 59.32±19.20 59.36±19.31 58.91±19.21 58.68±19.17 58.96±19.13 56.63±18.82 55.97±18.64 55.90±18.49 – 54.01±18.40 56.11±18.71 54.55±18.43 54.24±18.68

13.86±7.09 13.27±6.64 12.86±6.26 12.79±6.31 12.67±6.27 12.79±6.10 12.72±6.68 12.68±6.25 12.67±6.13 12.56±5.98 12.44±6.04 12.35±6.43 12.33±5.90 12.25±5.88 12.04±6.05 12.01±6.35 11.60±5.80 11.24±5.39 10.86±5.88 10.75±5.59 10.48±5.53 10.48±5.54 8.74±5.21 8.40±4.91 7.83±4.19 7.66±4.15 7.49±5.50 7.11±4.16 6.53±3.58 6.33±4.11

29 28 21 21 21 20 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 14 14 13 12 10 10 8 8 7 6 4 3 2 2 0 0

Table 45: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini GPFM Virchow Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

41.62±11.09 41.63±11.20 41.60±11.21 40.62±10.60 40.81±10.99 40.39±10.82 39.77±10.54 39.99±10.80 39.51±10.18 39.31±10.37 39.30±10.38 38.38±10.21 38.55±10.06 37.92±9.96 37.98±9.96 37.40±9.82 37.36±9.87 36.92±9.79 37.20±9.86 36.67±9.90 35.53±9.03 35.32±9.08 34.06±8.31 35.98±8.84 34.12±8.22 34.57±8.66 33.20±8.10 33.78±8.59 32.86±7.77 32.31±8.15

31.04±6.78 31.20±7.24 31.29±7.35 30.51±6.69 30.99±7.22 30.61±6.94 30.36±7.36 30.74±7.15 30.59±6.83 30.49±7.14 30.54±7.18 29.83±6.71 30.06±6.95 29.83±6.94 30.10±6.91 29.60±6.84 29.75±7.00 29.55±7.00 29.93±7.07 29.44±6.95 29.05±6.79 29.06±6.78 27.91±6.23 30.18±7.08 28.18±6.29 28.78±6.63 27.38±6.38 29.06±6.75 28.28±6.88 28.19±6.99

15.73±7.01 15.70±7.23 15.73±7.13 15.99±6.91 15.91±6.83 15.84±7.01 15.50±6.85 16.36±6.69 15.74±6.76 15.86±6.80 15.83±6.95 16.07±6.45 15.40±6.93 15.88±6.82 16.13±6.85 16.20±6.90 16.04±6.99 16.35±6.73 16.19±6.79 15.86±6.73 16.14±6.60 16.32±6.71 15.93±7.00 15.83±7.03 15.80±6.92 – 28.82±6.82 16.05±6.72 15.86±6.87 16.26±6.94

42.13±11.01 42.09±11.10 42.06±11.09 41.74±10.55 41.60±11.00 40.99±10.66 40.58±10.44 40.99±10.74 40.52±10.15 39.91±10.28 39.89±10.32 39.33±10.11 39.33±10.16 39.14±9.98 39.02±9.79 38.75±9.69 38.32±9.64 38.66±9.75 38.52±9.76 37.54±9.71 37.07±9.29 36.82±9.19 35.98±8.48 36.73±8.70 35.21±8.14 35.59±8.55 35.92±8.54 35.27±8.57 34.31±7.82 34.43±8.05

41.81±11.09 41.48±11.00 41.32±11.01 40.97±10.35 41.23±10.79 40.66±10.69 40.14±10.38 40.94±10.72 39.99±10.11 39.45±10.19 39.53±10.20 38.94±9.98 38.75±9.93 38.22±9.73 38.57±9.69 38.22±9.57 38.05±9.90 37.64±9.39 38.05±9.66 37.34±9.64 36.12±8.90 36.13±8.97 33.42±7.96 36.15±8.60 32.58±7.58 – 34.96±8.48 34.42±8.38 33.89±7.66 33.87±7.95

42.16±11.06 42.22±11.13 42.22±11.11 41.87±10.67 41.47±10.94 41.14±10.77 40.69±10.44 41.05±10.72 40.64±10.13 40.07±10.29 40.06±10.29 39.50±10.03 39.47±10.24 39.29±9.89 39.06±9.85 39.12±9.79 38.64±9.78 38.75±9.75 38.87±9.94 37.83±9.73 37.47±9.37 37.31±9.38 36.32±8.51 36.88±8.80 35.68±8.33 35.77±8.69 35.88±8.47 35.94±8.71 34.57±7.80 34.51±8.24

41.98±10.89 41.96±11.00 41.91±10.86 41.50±10.51 41.35±10.87 41.16±10.73 40.51±10.45 40.88±10.78 40.29±10.11 39.82±10.25 39.83±10.25 39.12±9.98 39.28±10.03 38.58±9.84 38.86±9.87 38.52±9.68 38.28±9.70 38.19±9.64 38.21±9.79 37.59±9.73 36.71±9.06 36.53±9.06 35.86±8.32 36.36±8.70 35.45±8.24 – 35.47±8.39 34.92±8.55 34.16±7.63 34.09±8.03

10.03±5.96 9.90±5.79 9.84±5.88 9.57±5.52 9.34±5.73 9.27±5.54 8.91±5.28 8.87±5.94 8.47±5.18 8.30±5.29 8.26±5.31 8.00±5.27 7.98±4.89 7.63±4.79 7.40±5.01 7.28±4.67 7.12±5.09 6.85±4.84 6.77±4.89 6.64±4.72 5.86±4.47 5.70±4.61 5.63±3.80 5.62±3.87 5.42±3.64 5.30±3.55 5.29±4.39 4.39±3.42 4.31±3.16 3.79±3.26

29 27 27 25 24 24 22 22 21 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 11 11 10 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 46: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Phikon Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

62.47±12.31 61.74±12.44 61.24±13.04 61.20±12.38 61.90±13.08 61.90±13.07 61.17±13.04 60.61±13.05 60.59±12.70 60.58±12.70 60.39±12.69 59.91±12.47 59.45±13.01 59.99±12.55 59.06±12.49 58.96±12.47 59.01±12.52 58.34±12.79 58.67±12.52 58.66±12.26 57.25±11.77 56.41±11.31 58.64±11.66 56.87±12.44 56.32±11.50 56.44±11.22 56.53±12.29 55.79±12.12 54.90±11.40 55.78±11.08

53.89±10.54 53.25±10.54 51.84±11.61 52.86±10.56 53.87±10.90 53.93±10.87 52.80±11.10 52.05±11.38 52.11±11.08 52.07±11.08 51.99±11.18 51.63±11.01 51.56±11.10 52.75±10.58 51.26±10.93 52.78±10.28 51.70±10.53 51.22±10.84 52.52±10.56 51.77±10.23 49.66±11.02 50.34±9.27 52.83±10.39 51.71±10.13 50.90±9.43 50.01±9.89 51.16±10.41 50.54±10.56 50.56±10.08 51.89±8.97

35.95±5.94 36.05±5.74 36.09±5.89 36.39±6.12 35.47±5.88 35.82±5.89 35.54±5.37 35.80±5.56 35.54±5.32 35.49±5.23 35.82±5.43 35.69±5.29 35.18±5.40 35.77±5.32 35.79±5.27 35.80±5.72 35.49±4.97 36.00±5.75 36.01±5.43 35.70±5.41 36.20±5.81 36.23±6.26 35.88±5.56 35.82±5.55 35.53±5.18 50.42±8.77 – 36.02±5.74 36.09±5.80 35.21±4.65

63.06±11.70 62.49±11.55 62.37±11.99 62.16±11.69 62.46±12.45 62.54±12.41 61.90±12.20 61.41±12.53 61.28±11.61 61.30±11.63 61.69±11.64 60.93±11.52 60.24±12.79 61.06±11.55 60.22±11.71 60.10±11.47 60.49±11.44 60.65±11.15 60.53±11.40 59.70±11.31 59.16±11.47 58.13±11.13 59.56±10.81 58.73±11.42 57.51±10.90 58.36±10.95 57.50±11.78 57.64±11.66 57.36±10.01 56.96±10.67

63.03±11.33 62.35±11.28 62.27±11.44 62.18±11.43 62.09±12.23 62.01±12.04 61.73±11.71 61.36±12.31 61.28±11.37 61.22±11.40 61.49±11.42 60.69±11.49 60.19±12.41 60.94±11.38 60.06±11.02 59.96±11.41 60.36±11.33 59.94±11.28 59.96±11.21 59.61±11.15 58.44±10.96 55.50±8.75 59.12±10.64 58.20±11.13 54.60±8.41 57.32±11.02 – 56.86±11.19 56.81±10.15 56.82±10.65

63.10±11.44 62.67±11.44 62.41±11.66 62.45±11.30 62.83±12.23 62.82±12.16 62.26±11.78 61.62±12.29 61.66±11.28 61.68±11.24 61.83±11.23 61.12±11.37 60.63±12.49 61.27±11.16 60.56±11.60 60.51±11.01 60.81±11.30 60.89±10.77 60.74±11.29 60.03±11.27 59.75±11.08 58.62±11.01 59.73±10.82 59.38±11.15 57.99±11.08 58.35±10.83 57.80±11.61 58.24±11.57 57.79±9.97 57.56±10.57

63.41±11.11 62.86±10.97 62.63±11.36 62.37±11.16 62.93±11.81 62.98±11.72 62.38±11.71 61.76±11.95 61.64±11.04 61.59±11.17 61.81±10.99 61.10±11.19 60.65±12.23 61.53±10.93 60.55±11.03 60.44±10.89 60.58±11.15 60.65±10.58 60.41±11.13 59.87±11.13 59.09±10.78 58.51±10.72 59.50±10.36 58.91±10.69 57.79±10.91 58.05±10.34 – 57.58±11.08 57.34±9.81 57.13±10.43

9.29±4.08 9.03±3.61 9.28±3.14 9.12±3.87 8.88±3.84 8.86±3.88 8.75±3.71 8.82±3.39 8.71±3.66 8.70±3.64 8.33±3.56 8.16±3.42 7.89±3.49 7.69±4.24 7.85±3.32 7.33±4.01 7.41±3.71 7.28±3.70 6.98±3.78 6.89±3.61 6.69±3.58 6.57±3.79 6.57±3.21 6.01±4.01 5.87±3.62 5.80±5.12 5.57±3.82 5.19±3.42 5.03±3.01 4.93±3.38

29 24 23 23 23 23 23 21 19 19 19 16 15 15 14 13 12 12 9 9 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 0 0 0

Table 47: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow2 H0mini H-Optimus-0 GPFM Virchow Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath CTransPath PLIP OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

79.99±12.06 80.04±12.09 80.08±12.09 79.48±11.92 79.40±12.08 79.41±12.13 79.13±11.88 78.96±12.06 78.25±11.68 78.50±11.80 78.45±11.82 78.73±12.00 77.85±12.02 77.37±11.85 77.53±11.96 77.02±11.93 77.25±11.80 76.78±11.81 76.55±11.76 74.76±10.49 76.90±11.89 74.83±10.46 75.63±11.59 75.73±11.39 75.93±11.34 75.19±10.73 74.27±10.42 73.62±10.31 74.35±11.19 73.00±10.45

71.96±9.08 72.23±9.09 72.34±9.06 71.72±8.87 71.63±9.12 71.86±8.88 71.66±9.00 71.53±8.90 71.07±9.00 71.35±8.97 71.32±8.97 71.69±8.93 71.17±8.95 70.80±8.72 71.21±8.68 70.68±8.73 71.02±8.74 70.80±8.79 70.60±8.71 68.98±7.82 71.16±8.82 69.15±7.89 70.10±8.73 70.13±8.72 70.93±8.76 70.16±8.27 69.23±8.24 69.06±8.17 69.89±8.90 68.54±7.92

50.01±0.19 50.08±0.21 50.11±0.25 50.05±0.21 50.08±0.18 49.94±0.17 50.08±0.18 50.03±0.15 50.08±0.30 50.06±0.17 49.99±0.15 49.95±0.14 50.10±0.12 49.87±0.37 50.03±0.19 50.09±0.27 50.11±0.18 49.99±0.21 50.05±0.18 50.15±0.26 50.00±0.12 50.11±0.19 50.06±0.13 50.01±0.16 50.02±0.21 – 50.06±0.24 50.18±0.23 50.07±0.13 68.25±7.53

79.83±11.90 80.17±11.93 80.21±11.91 79.48±11.86 79.12±12.10 79.36±12.09 79.12±11.83 79.00±12.04 78.45±11.73 78.28±11.81 78.28±11.81 78.77±12.00 77.71±11.97 77.70±11.84 77.62±11.88 76.95±11.82 77.45±11.76 77.23±11.82 76.55±11.78 75.57±10.91 77.16±11.92 74.93±10.81 76.12±11.65 76.45±11.62 76.02±11.48 75.50±10.81 74.70±10.55 74.05±10.48 75.09±11.29 74.58±10.83

79.35±12.20 79.21±12.26 79.39±12.24 78.94±12.08 78.76±12.20 78.81±12.17 78.85±11.96 78.78±12.15 77.92±11.86 77.81±12.01 77.75±12.01 78.25±12.12 77.45±12.10 76.89±11.98 77.23±12.04 76.78±11.95 77.02±11.82 76.48±11.86 76.32±11.74 72.98±10.19 76.69±11.85 72.11±10.04 75.51±11.63 75.48±11.48 75.32±11.39 – 74.30±10.58 73.74±10.47 74.19±11.25 74.16±10.48

79.64±12.04 80.22±11.93 80.23±11.95 79.36±11.85 79.13±12.08 79.17±12.07 79.22±11.76 78.87±12.02 78.35±11.79 78.33±11.87 78.30±11.84 78.79±11.98 77.74±11.92 77.70±11.81 77.47±11.89 77.05±11.76 77.61±11.73 77.30±11.82 76.69±11.74 75.87±11.02 77.26±11.89 75.40±10.88 76.25±11.66 76.57±11.53 76.05±11.45 75.61±10.88 74.88±10.64 74.24±10.51 75.49±11.32 74.85±10.78

79.56±12.02 79.59±12.21 79.77±12.18 79.12±11.92 79.15±12.14 78.96±12.19 79.00±11.96 78.74±12.18 78.13±11.86 78.07±11.90 78.03±11.89 78.43±12.15 77.52±12.04 77.05±11.93 77.28±12.02 76.84±11.91 77.10±11.90 76.68±11.96 76.40±11.83 75.52±10.95 76.67±11.95 75.14±10.85 75.53±11.68 75.70±11.52 75.41±11.45 – 74.48±10.52 73.88±10.49 74.47±11.25 74.37±10.74

7.17±4.18 6.95±4.14 6.90±4.14 6.94±4.21 6.93±4.08 6.79±4.22 6.70±4.00 6.65±4.31 6.42±4.03 6.35±4.04 6.33±4.05 6.31±4.22 5.97±4.14 5.88±4.18 5.68±4.23 5.65±4.21 5.61±4.12 5.29±4.12 5.28±4.10 5.16±4.11 5.09±4.10 5.04±3.89 4.90±4.20 4.84±4.07 4.44±3.70 4.42±3.54 4.40±3.57 4.01±3.56 3.78±3.82 3.62±4.28

27 25 25 24 24 23 22 22 18 18 18 18 16 16 14 13 13 10 9 9 8 7 6 6 4 3 3 0 0 0

Table 48: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 H0mini GPFM Virchow Phikon-v2 Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

82.70±10.91 82.73±10.87 82.06±12.01 82.30±11.14 82.68±10.49 82.20±11.18 82.57±10.38 82.03±11.10 81.35±10.89 81.78±10.90 81.09±11.43 81.62±10.94 81.58±10.95 81.20±10.26 80.29±12.28 79.09±13.20 80.89±10.71 79.54±11.84 80.25±10.61 80.39±10.87 78.19±10.32 79.20±11.26 79.04±11.92 79.39±10.61 77.70±11.22 79.27±10.03 77.04±11.30 76.84±10.72 77.48±11.83 77.25±10.28

75.35±9.11 75.39±9.09 75.59±8.87 73.85±10.85 75.08±9.38 75.01±9.51 74.98±9.35 74.49±10.36 73.79±9.57 75.15±8.79 74.08±9.84 74.62±9.48 74.72±9.41 74.39±9.20 74.86±8.84 72.02±11.96 74.75±8.59 73.32±10.09 72.05±12.22 74.52±9.31 72.60±8.42 71.65±11.86 73.08±10.87 73.52±9.18 72.40±9.51 73.96±8.86 71.99±10.43 72.30±7.93 73.86±8.87 73.52±7.90

50.41±0.79 50.57±1.12 50.08±0.41 50.17±0.42 50.08±0.47 50.46±0.90 50.09±0.40 50.18±0.68 50.34±0.63 50.03±0.20 50.25±0.42 49.78±0.49 49.62±0.84 50.33±0.70 49.93±0.19 50.25±0.56 50.41±0.86 50.41±0.91 50.19±0.44 49.98±0.30 50.18±0.42 50.22±0.33 50.45±1.01 50.27±0.50 50.01±0.33 – 50.02±0.19 72.22±7.56 50.00±0.24 50.07±0.22

82.70±11.22 82.74±11.19 82.20±11.69 82.39±10.95 82.63±10.67 81.89±11.49 82.61±10.50 82.10±11.05 81.22±11.50 82.14±10.75 80.88±11.76 81.46±11.18 81.29±11.43 80.90±10.85 80.47±12.15 80.19±11.37 80.99±10.90 80.60±11.35 80.19±10.83 80.82±10.97 78.87±10.65 79.40±11.45 78.84±12.26 80.16±10.78 79.39±9.65 79.53±10.22 78.87±9.98 78.69±10.36 78.46±11.51 77.24±10.97

82.12±11.17 81.67±11.45 81.88±12.07 81.79±11.45 82.27±10.84 81.84±11.17 82.45±10.52 81.73±11.57 81.27±10.80 81.73±10.72 81.21±11.01 81.08±11.39 80.94±11.53 81.18±9.95 80.46±11.80 80.21±11.02 80.56±10.77 79.89±11.57 80.29±10.48 80.47±10.62 76.19±9.78 78.91±11.44 78.68±11.80 79.29±10.73 75.91±9.26 – 79.01±9.47 78.61±9.83 77.40±11.63 76.45±11.93

82.59±11.47 82.58±11.44 82.10±11.79 82.17±11.26 82.06±11.46 82.15±11.23 82.65±10.37 82.08±11.08 81.29±11.46 81.65±11.27 80.60±12.06 81.25±11.34 81.17±11.45 80.97±10.97 80.22±12.57 81.01±10.24 80.60±11.48 80.45±11.58 80.25±11.01 80.64±11.27 79.57±10.52 79.62±11.52 78.73±12.32 80.19±11.04 79.55±9.99 79.35±10.73 79.25±9.65 78.72±10.49 78.94±11.52 78.30±9.98

82.52±11.18 82.66±10.91 81.76±12.23 81.74±11.67 82.24±10.96 81.87±11.52 81.99±11.28 81.58±11.64 81.15±11.35 81.40±11.37 80.72±11.84 80.72±11.90 80.53±12.16 80.67±10.94 80.09±12.49 80.65±10.51 80.60±11.13 80.14±11.33 79.88±11.14 80.35±11.06 79.10±10.76 79.05±11.46 78.96±11.61 79.22±11.22 79.15±10.09 – 78.83±9.68 78.68±10.06 77.73±11.89 77.36±10.76

7.45±3.03 7.43±3.00 7.18±3.32 8.10±5.57 7.17±3.07 7.05±3.03 7.19±3.09 6.88±3.19 7.60±4.38 6.84±3.18 6.89±3.56 6.73±3.29 6.58±3.35 6.21±3.29 6.16±3.65 6.71±4.06 6.40±3.05 6.17±3.98 7.16±7.17 5.61±3.31 5.42±3.47 6.41±5.61 6.00±5.21 5.40±3.56 5.18±3.21 4.93±2.99 5.24±3.67 4.79±4.13 4.23±3.47 3.99±3.45

27 27 27 24 22 22 21 20 18 18 17 17 16 14 14 13 13 12 11 9 7 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 1 0

Table 49: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

44.25±12.00 44.28±12.25 44.31±12.28 43.37±11.92 43.18±11.66 43.29±11.49 42.70±11.78 42.64±11.30 42.11±11.15 41.65±11.18 41.68±11.17 41.09±10.89 40.75±10.85 40.11±10.64 40.15±10.60 39.39±10.60 39.62±10.42 39.30±10.61 38.99±10.38 38.64±10.44 37.48±9.73 37.26±9.58 37.71±9.62 35.72±8.57 35.74±8.55 36.25±9.15 35.52±9.18 34.93±8.41 34.40±8.60 34.02±8.46

33.12±7.73 33.37±8.01 33.46±8.18 33.01±7.92 32.82±7.68 33.04±7.83 32.68±7.78 32.91±7.92 32.81±7.81 32.52±7.90 32.56±7.90 32.37±7.86 32.26±7.50 32.08±7.78 32.45±7.81 31.87±7.81 32.16±7.83 32.28±7.79 32.02±7.68 31.84±7.79 31.31±7.41 31.35±7.65 32.15±7.80 30.54±7.59 30.67±7.52 31.48±7.66 31.05±7.32 30.70±7.36 30.01±7.43 30.34±7.58

18.64±6.01 18.68±6.07 18.68±6.07 18.62±5.99 18.68±6.08 18.67±6.09 18.65±6.04 18.67±6.10 18.64±6.02 18.62±5.97 18.66±6.05 18.67±6.08 18.66±6.04 18.57±5.90 18.66±6.06 18.69±6.12 18.67±6.07 18.64±6.03 18.62±5.99 18.63±6.02 18.63±6.03 18.67±6.05 18.64±6.03 18.71±6.11 18.68±6.09 – 18.66±6.05 18.67±6.08 29.91±7.43 18.70±6.10

43.91±11.83 44.24±11.85 44.28±11.85 43.23±11.82 42.76±11.40 43.20±11.36 42.61±11.58 42.58±11.20 42.09±10.96 41.38±10.93 41.38±10.95 41.32±10.90 40.49±10.75 40.35±10.56 40.13±10.39 39.09±10.28 39.69±10.24 39.46±10.47 39.36±10.36 38.58±10.23 38.26±9.85 37.73±9.55 37.77±9.67 36.57±8.76 35.77±8.46 36.60±9.02 36.28±9.24 35.26±8.28 35.59±8.75 34.40±8.26

43.41±11.95 42.91±11.70 43.22±11.78 42.42±11.72 42.17±11.43 42.33±11.18 42.24±11.56 42.14±11.21 41.35±10.88 40.72±10.84 40.80±10.88 40.56±10.83 40.10±10.71 39.26±10.37 39.57±10.38 38.97±10.50 39.07±10.20 38.75±10.36 38.45±10.08 38.22±10.19 36.96±9.55 36.81±9.42 36.88±9.33 33.90±8.33 32.79±7.83 – 35.05±8.90 34.87±8.30 35.34±8.62 34.05±8.28

43.84±11.80 44.28±11.89 44.34±11.93 43.01±11.72 42.72±11.62 43.19±11.38 42.52±11.62 42.60±11.19 42.11±10.95 41.40±11.06 41.45±11.15 41.28±10.87 40.49±10.71 40.34±10.58 40.01±10.47 39.29±10.43 39.96±10.37 39.60±10.44 39.48±10.32 38.74±10.33 38.46±9.86 37.96±9.64 37.88±9.72 36.94±8.86 36.33±8.68 36.71±9.04 36.76±9.20 35.42±8.31 35.99±8.75 34.66±8.34

43.52±11.72 43.45±11.68 43.62±11.87 42.66±11.68 42.75±11.61 42.67±11.22 42.30±11.58 42.31±11.21 41.63±11.02 41.11±11.11 41.13±11.11 40.84±10.82 40.24±10.67 39.56±10.43 39.73±10.47 39.09±10.52 39.35±10.32 38.89±10.52 38.82±10.25 38.38±10.29 37.29±9.61 37.04±9.53 37.07±9.44 36.55±8.76 36.00±8.63 – 35.50±9.04 34.98±8.30 35.69±8.69 34.18±8.29

10.46±6.45 10.23±6.33 10.20±6.32 9.78±6.46 9.72±6.06 9.63±5.93 9.39±6.27 9.16±5.76 8.79±5.76 8.53±5.54 8.52±5.56 8.21±5.25 7.89±5.57 7.54±5.18 7.25±5.28 7.03±5.06 7.02±4.89 6.48±5.15 6.43±4.77 6.35±4.93 5.54±4.35 5.40±4.39 5.30±3.75 4.78±3.25 4.63±3.00 4.39±3.12 4.04±3.30 3.85±2.62 3.81±3.66 3.37±2.50

29 27 27 24 24 24 22 22 21 19 19 18 17 16 15 13 13 11 10 10 7 7 7 6 5 4 1 1 0 0

Table 50: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK PLIP Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

66.89±22.88 66.78±22.99 66.28±22.83 66.78±22.99 66.25±22.80 66.23±22.70 65.89±22.79 65.89±22.71 65.42±22.56 65.29±22.64 65.27±22.64 64.58±22.55 64.86±22.64 64.37±22.57 63.75±22.44 63.81±22.49 63.59±22.64 63.19±22.40 62.89±22.43 63.26±22.49 61.74±22.25 62.50±22.26 61.79±22.40 59.84±21.98 60.32±21.80 60.95±22.17 59.19±21.73 59.86±21.74 60.19±22.18 58.96±21.62

57.59±21.17 57.83±21.20 57.25±20.91 57.86±21.23 57.49±21.20 57.68±21.14 57.35±21.18 57.51±21.06 57.32±21.03 57.13±21.17 57.13±21.16 56.69±20.91 57.02±21.07 57.03±21.12 56.47±21.08 56.59±21.02 56.29±21.07 56.17±20.93 56.18±20.62 56.85±21.07 55.51±20.94 56.49±20.90 55.74±20.74 54.38±20.62 55.01±20.75 56.04±21.05 54.01±20.72 55.13±20.50 55.80±21.02 54.90±20.82

36.55±19.32 36.56±19.31 36.54±19.26 36.58±19.30 36.56±19.28 36.54±19.36 36.53±19.24 36.52±19.32 36.52±19.26 36.53±19.23 36.54±19.24 36.56±19.25 36.58±19.31 36.54±19.28 36.55±19.29 36.56±19.28 36.56±19.32 36.52±19.30 36.55±19.30 36.56±19.32 36.54±19.32 36.54±19.28 36.56±19.32 36.55±19.23 36.57±19.30 – 53.95±20.42 36.55±19.30 36.55±19.32 36.52±19.27

66.77±22.86 66.98±22.87 66.29±22.77 67.01±22.86 66.15±22.76 66.32±22.69 65.93±22.76 65.98±22.74 65.70±22.57 65.11±22.61 65.08±22.61 64.90±22.60 64.81±22.57 64.42±22.56 64.01±22.41 64.05±22.48 63.55±22.52 63.81±22.48 63.03±22.38 63.77±22.54 62.77±22.35 62.56±22.14 62.32±22.36 61.23±21.82 60.75±21.85 61.49±22.12 60.58±21.96 60.50±21.85 61.17±22.26 59.49±21.71

66.45±22.88 66.24±22.76 65.83±22.79 65.97±22.73 65.66±22.67 65.76±22.72 65.71±22.73 65.72±22.73 65.16±22.54 64.84±22.60 64.76±22.58 64.36±22.52 64.50±22.62 64.01±22.56 63.52±22.33 63.37±22.39 63.40±22.49 63.12±22.51 62.71±22.38 63.04±22.41 61.55±22.23 61.91±22.12 61.48±22.38 57.77±21.15 56.85±21.09 – 60.41±21.83 60.25±21.86 59.92±22.11 59.24±21.75

66.60±22.89 67.06±22.92 66.21±22.81 67.04±22.92 66.14±22.80 66.25±22.71 65.88±22.78 65.97±22.72 65.61±22.54 64.99±22.64 64.96±22.66 65.00±22.62 64.60±22.62 64.36±22.57 64.10±22.44 64.23±22.48 63.63±22.38 63.84±22.50 63.19±22.41 63.84±22.53 63.07±22.41 62.50±22.22 62.67±22.42 61.69±22.00 61.24±21.95 61.66±22.14 60.94±21.95 60.72±21.80 61.76±22.26 59.88±21.72

66.51±22.89 66.64±22.86 65.95±22.80 66.62±22.85 66.06±22.79 65.98±22.73 65.67±22.77 65.74±22.81 65.27±22.59 64.85±22.62 64.82±22.61 64.64±22.61 64.59±22.64 64.13±22.55 63.69±22.45 63.69±22.48 63.41±22.48 63.36±22.45 62.80±22.46 63.31±22.49 61.97±22.31 62.07±22.14 61.81±22.36 61.27±21.88 60.89±21.85 – 60.63±21.84 60.24±21.81 60.45±22.22 59.36±21.75

10.10±4.97 9.70±4.65 9.70±4.66 9.66±4.64 9.46±4.82 9.23±4.64 9.16±5.01 9.09±4.56 8.79±4.59 8.79±4.85 8.75±4.91 8.65±4.22 8.29±4.73 7.91±4.57 8.01±4.16 7.79±4.48 7.77±4.73 7.38±4.70 7.12±4.13 6.85±4.43 6.45±4.72 6.45±3.88 6.28±4.44 5.82±4.10 5.75±3.73 5.25±3.59 5.25±4.42 5.13±3.33 4.78±3.86 4.35±3.54

29 26 26 26 25 22 22 22 19 18 18 18 17 14 13 13 13 12 10 10 7 7 6 6 5 3 2 2 1 0

Table 51: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

40.98±10.26 39.98±10.12 40.58±10.28 40.40±10.39 40.40±10.38 39.94±10.08 39.49±10.06 38.86±9.97 38.83±9.75 38.54±9.67 38.48±9.60 37.93±9.74 38.21±9.93 37.93±9.99 37.74±9.87 37.56±9.53 37.33±9.53 36.92±9.16 36.57±9.25 36.42±9.32 36.07±9.38 35.44±8.81 33.28±8.08 32.23±7.28 33.05±7.84 34.56±8.18 33.50±8.25 32.63±7.93 31.18±8.15 31.58±7.62

28.34±6.77 27.56±6.63 28.17±6.64 28.08±6.67 28.23±6.82 28.09±6.74 27.73±6.31 27.64±6.73 27.79±6.46 27.66±6.45 27.69±6.30 27.05±6.19 27.48±6.73 27.33±6.52 27.41±6.29 27.05±6.54 27.46±6.83 27.49±6.53 27.30±6.47 27.31±6.44 26.88±6.61 26.91±6.69 25.43±5.77 24.56±6.78 25.82±5.95 27.72±6.38 26.66±6.57 26.81±6.48 25.61±6.74 26.61±7.17

15.73±6.87 15.89±6.85 15.81±6.92 15.51±6.98 15.47±6.99 15.78±6.90 15.88±7.05 15.77±7.05 15.84±6.98 15.79±6.92 15.75±6.90 16.05±6.60 15.91±6.88 15.84±6.75 16.35±6.93 15.27±6.87 16.13±6.91 16.01±6.85 16.07±6.85 16.21±6.77 16.15±6.68 16.31±6.68 15.80±7.02 26.06±7.10 15.76±6.66 15.86±7.22 – 16.04±6.64 16.13±6.75 15.91±6.90

41.40±10.32 40.49±10.04 41.07±10.22 40.68±10.24 40.73±10.29 40.57±10.04 39.76±9.93 39.29±9.71 39.56±9.66 38.89±9.55 38.86±9.52 38.52±9.37 38.62±9.58 38.55±9.77 38.75±9.61 37.79±9.38 38.30±9.48 37.50±8.98 37.28±8.78 37.88±9.08 37.31±9.16 36.59±8.63 34.85±8.06 34.23±7.92 33.93±7.89 35.05±8.12 34.03±7.97 33.91±7.88 32.65±7.97 32.51±7.34

41.37±10.38 40.31±9.91 40.93±10.05 40.56±10.30 40.51±10.27 40.64±10.08 39.70±9.88 39.19±9.73 39.42±9.57 38.85±9.48 38.76±9.49 38.41±9.52 38.96±9.85 38.54±9.78 38.57±9.73 37.81±9.32 37.79±9.28 37.56±9.03 37.46±8.99 37.41±9.07 36.94±9.13 36.25±8.82 32.49±7.27 32.45±7.24 31.56±6.73 34.88±8.14 – 33.50±7.78 32.47±7.87 32.39±7.32

41.33±10.35 40.76±10.17 41.09±10.29 40.91±10.26 40.96±10.29 40.80±10.22 39.85±9.96 39.51±9.72 39.62±9.55 39.04±9.62 39.00±9.58 38.58±9.39 39.08±9.80 38.76±9.79 39.01±9.87 37.97±9.43 38.42±9.41 37.58±9.07 37.75±9.14 38.00±9.12 37.41±9.25 36.55±8.91 35.18±8.12 33.80±7.82 34.53±8.05 35.37±8.57 34.14±7.96 34.43±8.08 32.87±7.94 32.77±7.33

41.41±10.22 40.74±10.13 41.10±10.12 40.84±10.09 40.77±10.18 40.64±10.03 39.97±9.91 39.44±9.68 39.54±9.60 38.95±9.53 38.85±9.50 38.71±9.55 39.10±9.82 38.77±9.85 38.62±9.82 38.10±9.48 38.05±9.36 37.68±9.25 37.50±9.08 37.48±9.10 37.18±9.18 36.53±8.82 35.04±8.03 33.27±7.69 34.34±7.94 34.92±8.20 – 33.86±7.99 32.66±7.79 32.49±7.34

12.24±6.29 12.06±5.92 11.98±6.11 11.82±6.07 11.72±6.08 11.47±6.15 11.25±5.77 10.85±5.52 10.63±5.73 10.46±5.51 10.36±5.68 10.33±5.68 10.26±5.93 10.15±6.12 9.91±6.20 9.90±4.97 9.52±5.35 9.07±5.00 9.01±5.07 8.85±5.29 8.79±5.79 8.21±5.05 7.43±4.11 7.24±3.91 6.85±3.80 6.80±3.78 6.70±3.49 5.83±3.44 5.31±3.28 5.11±3.11

28 27 25 25 25 23 23 22 20 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 13 11 9 9 9 8 6 5 3 3 3 2 0 0

Table 52: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 Virchow H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) mSTAR H0mini UNI Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 GPFM Hibou-B Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-B/16 MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

62.13±12.40 60.99±12.92 61.18±12.75 61.88±12.63 61.31±13.13 61.31±13.15 60.32±12.56 60.75±13.21 60.24±12.56 60.21±12.90 59.54±13.04 60.16±13.21 59.04±12.55 59.11±12.41 59.28±12.80 59.45±12.78 59.26±12.95 59.86±12.77 57.58±12.81 58.71±12.40 57.36±12.32 58.20±12.85 55.23±10.81 55.58±11.64 57.52±11.65 55.75±11.28 55.96±12.00 55.09±12.02 53.80±11.13 54.58±10.95

51.16±10.27 48.69±10.94 50.16±10.16 50.92±10.38 50.32±10.87 50.37±10.84 49.31±10.18 50.57±10.50 49.45±10.14 49.40±10.73 50.14±10.21 49.94±10.53 48.37±10.66 48.70±10.19 49.09±10.37 49.58±10.07 49.39±10.05 49.77±10.67 48.48±9.99 48.94±10.24 47.17±10.28 49.06±9.73 46.19±10.19 47.73±9.19 50.49±9.93 48.44±8.82 48.73±10.30 47.87±10.00 47.82±9.46 49.28±9.21

35.97±5.78 36.08±5.86 36.27±6.09 35.80±5.43 35.44±5.94 35.67±5.88 35.58±5.53 35.27±5.59 35.37±5.28 36.07±6.04 35.90±5.67 35.47±6.06 35.43±5.18 35.60±5.03 35.67±5.19 35.73±5.51 35.52±5.83 35.79±5.34 35.76±5.41 35.54±5.05 36.05±5.86 36.06±5.65 47.68±8.53 36.13±6.19 35.45±5.33 35.56±5.10 – 36.12±5.78 36.19±5.93 35.40±5.19

62.81±11.69 61.84±11.92 62.03±11.64 62.55±11.52 61.77±12.36 61.72±12.40 60.87±11.64 61.26±12.43 60.90±11.55 61.00±11.82 60.74±11.42 60.61±12.60 59.80±11.78 59.91±11.35 60.70±11.43 60.20±11.66 59.72±12.73 60.81±11.51 58.99±11.84 60.18±10.76 58.71±11.96 60.10±11.01 57.17±10.83 57.21±11.17 58.09±10.73 56.28±10.77 56.50±11.43 56.42±11.54 55.43±10.20 55.36±10.36

62.95±11.43 61.89±11.74 61.98±11.73 62.59±11.31 61.77±12.08 61.72±11.93 61.16±11.31 61.47±11.75 61.07±11.27 61.14±11.58 60.99±11.43 61.04±12.27 59.91±11.43 60.15±11.21 60.45±11.59 60.43±11.67 59.69±12.47 60.92±11.50 58.93±11.53 60.19±10.93 58.50±11.40 59.84±11.11 55.46±10.10 54.32±8.26 58.08±10.65 53.67±7.52 – 56.53±10.74 55.36±10.11 55.21±10.48

62.66±11.66 61.88±11.53 62.18±11.25 62.49±11.79 61.97±12.06 62.11±12.00 61.00±11.26 61.72±11.81 60.98±11.25 61.27±11.49 60.59±11.64 60.98±12.00 60.19±11.54 60.13±11.15 61.00±11.11 60.47±11.31 59.92±12.40 60.85±11.23 59.52±11.28 60.10±10.77 59.12±11.32 60.47±10.61 56.97±10.61 57.70±11.08 57.80±10.87 57.34±10.70 56.86±11.05 56.81±11.43 55.94±9.96 55.88±10.19

62.88±11.42 62.16±11.18 62.43±11.24 62.65±11.44 62.18±11.67 62.09±11.72 61.30±10.99 61.87±11.80 61.26±10.99 61.29±11.42 61.07±11.32 61.24±11.83 60.36±11.06 60.25±11.25 60.87±11.09 60.81±11.01 60.17±11.99 61.22±10.97 59.67±11.10 60.15±10.82 59.12±11.06 60.47±10.52 55.99±10.46 57.55±10.96 58.26±10.60 56.99±10.76 – 56.67±10.87 55.83±9.86 55.86±9.88

12.12±5.57 12.93±4.32 12.22±4.75 12.06±5.16 11.99±5.55 11.98±5.60 12.01±4.56 11.21±5.61 11.81±4.53 11.33±5.04 11.31±5.05 11.09±4.95 10.97±4.30 10.97±4.10 10.88±4.64 10.66±4.87 10.58±4.86 10.58±5.18 10.51±4.65 10.08±4.53 9.79±4.52 9.78±5.10 8.78±5.22 8.74±4.45 8.34±3.97 8.13±4.53 7.70±4.20 7.00±4.23 6.94±3.87 6.73±3.83

27 25 24 24 24 24 20 19 18 18 18 18 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 8 8 8 4 4 4 3 3 0 0 0

Table 53: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini Virchow GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR CONCH v1.5 UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B CONCH Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

79.78±11.67 79.03±11.73 79.39±11.82 79.36±11.90 79.34±11.93 78.80±11.93 79.08±11.81 78.54±11.83 78.40±11.78 78.08±11.74 77.74±12.02 77.97±11.75 77.53±11.55 77.30±11.96 77.62±11.96 77.16±11.65 77.49±11.93 76.92±11.67 76.28±11.69 76.42±11.64 76.70±11.44 75.64±11.38 74.13±10.30 74.14±10.19 74.20±10.35 74.71±10.80 71.60±9.93 72.09±9.82 73.19±10.89 72.46±9.86

69.47±7.99 68.98±7.73 69.44±7.88 69.53±7.81 69.55±7.80 69.14±7.95 69.39±7.69 69.02±7.93 68.91±7.80 68.68±7.84 68.41±7.88 68.68±7.80 68.39±8.02 68.51±7.79 68.71±7.88 68.36±7.65 68.70±7.64 68.46±7.62 67.97±7.72 68.22±7.77 68.50±7.72 67.86±7.66 66.66±6.75 66.53±7.10 68.28±7.43 68.90±7.69 65.74±6.73 66.25±6.93 67.66±7.94 67.20±7.39

49.97±0.24 49.99±0.21 49.99±0.22 50.01±0.20 50.01±0.22 50.46±2.96 50.02±0.17 50.43±3.26 49.92±0.20 49.98±0.20 49.94±0.23 49.99±0.19 50.03±0.16 50.07±0.12 50.01±0.26 50.28±3.04 50.02±0.15 50.00±0.19 49.97±0.12 49.95±0.18 49.91±0.14 50.03±0.17 50.05±0.23 49.98±0.14 – 50.43±2.93 65.00±6.10 50.07±0.24 49.94±0.18 50.15±0.21

79.52±11.70 78.65±11.69 79.19±11.79 79.44±11.68 79.42±11.74 78.46±11.78 78.88±11.69 78.40±11.75 78.14±11.76 77.57±11.77 77.37±12.01 77.55±11.76 77.52±11.60 77.52±11.83 77.28±11.77 77.32±11.58 77.45±11.76 76.83±11.49 76.49±11.74 76.91±11.49 76.62±11.41 76.16±11.40 74.75±10.67 74.07±10.41 74.11±10.20 74.56±10.63 73.02±10.09 72.33±9.95 73.82±10.88 72.81±9.76

79.17±11.99 78.24±11.95 78.96±11.89 78.87±12.07 78.72±12.12 78.22±11.94 78.78±11.97 78.27±11.93 77.93±11.89 77.48±11.84 77.38±12.14 77.44±11.86 77.31±11.66 77.13±12.01 77.24±12.06 76.86±11.70 77.43±11.91 76.75±11.65 76.15±11.73 76.36±11.64 76.57±11.58 75.57±11.43 71.90±10.03 71.02±9.74 – 74.17±10.97 71.77±9.60 72.31±9.99 73.15±10.93 72.58±9.81

79.39±11.67 78.70±11.72 79.09±11.90 79.44±11.89 79.52±11.84 78.38±11.91 78.85±11.76 78.55±11.72 78.07±11.78 77.64±11.68 77.46±11.94 77.63±11.74 77.55±11.61 77.51±11.82 77.30±11.76 77.24±11.54 77.33±11.72 76.67±11.48 76.43±11.73 76.79±11.45 76.68±11.47 76.05±11.29 75.06±10.78 74.50±10.58 74.16±10.18 74.69±10.75 73.16±10.06 72.54±9.96 74.21±10.76 72.83±9.82

79.30±11.82 78.62±11.78 79.13±11.87 79.16±11.97 79.08±12.04 78.48±11.96 78.84±11.87 78.38±11.86 77.92±11.91 77.56±11.86 77.46±12.09 77.42±11.85 77.43±11.75 76.98±12.03 77.27±11.95 76.90±11.78 77.41±11.94 76.65±11.73 76.20±11.80 76.34±11.66 76.44±11.67 75.65±11.48 74.86±10.76 74.33±10.58 – 74.20±10.78 72.45±9.79 72.22±10.12 73.35±10.91 72.60±9.77

9.48±4.94 9.32±5.18 9.14±5.08 8.99±5.24 8.96±5.27 8.95±5.13 8.92±5.28 8.90±5.05 8.80±5.22 8.64±5.13 8.58±5.41 8.60±5.16 8.51±4.82 8.22±5.29 8.19±5.20 8.17±5.12 8.16±5.40 7.90±5.17 7.74±5.26 7.70±4.99 7.64±4.83 7.19±4.94 6.90±4.69 6.91±4.92 5.65±3.62 5.55±4.09 5.39±4.80 5.37±4.15 5.10±3.97 5.09±3.32

29 26 25 24 23 22 21 21 20 18 17 16 13 13 13 13 13 11 9 9 9 8 7 6 3 2 1 0 0 0

Table 54: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 GPFM UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 mSTAR CONCH SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

81.88±11.99 81.73±12.02 82.50±10.39 82.23±10.81 82.18±10.85 82.00±11.11 81.61±11.61 81.30±11.27 79.29±13.90 81.64±11.18 81.14±11.22 81.13±11.01 81.05±10.48 81.13±11.26 80.53±11.42 80.04±11.29 80.44±11.68 79.88±11.93 78.50±12.90 79.71±12.18 79.65±11.31 78.90±11.53 78.28±9.89 77.98±11.64 77.14±11.15 76.46±9.79 78.19±10.06 76.68±11.68 74.81±12.31 76.01±9.71

71.79±8.89 71.10±9.93 72.48±7.82 72.48±8.07 72.48±8.06 71.46±10.02 72.42±8.00 71.68±8.51 70.07±10.61 72.51±8.25 71.92±8.48 71.63±8.64 70.00±10.18 72.05±8.37 70.07±10.78 71.52±7.91 72.14±7.89 71.92±8.01 70.73±8.92 71.70±8.70 70.57±9.62 70.89±8.42 70.03±7.67 69.91±11.21 70.07±8.14 69.06±7.26 71.51±8.19 71.07±8.69 69.24±10.10 70.46±6.88

50.29±0.74 50.21±0.79 50.41±1.18 50.29±1.02 50.31±0.91 50.30±0.83 50.97±3.40 49.52±0.76 50.35±0.68 50.74±3.03 50.10±0.63 50.19±0.45 50.18±0.87 50.15±0.45 49.75±0.41 49.94±0.29 50.29±1.21 50.77±3.29 50.27±0.70 49.73±0.50 49.68±0.50 50.03±0.28 50.60±1.30 50.62±2.91 50.39±0.77 67.79±6.98 – 50.12±0.76 49.90±0.46 50.14±0.56

81.94±11.99 81.54±12.38 82.16±10.56 82.37±10.96 82.39±10.96 81.74±11.44 81.27±11.98 81.20±11.43 81.22±10.80 81.75±10.99 80.66±11.66 81.19±10.87 80.95±11.06 80.63±11.73 80.21±11.76 79.99±11.49 80.88±11.37 79.55±12.45 79.84±12.01 80.04±11.66 79.72±11.71 79.60±11.30 77.38±11.76 77.84±11.62 78.15±9.94 77.73±9.88 78.15±10.06 77.38±11.34 76.70±10.40 76.44±9.80

81.76±12.10 81.82±11.47 82.58±9.98 81.89±11.11 81.75±11.18 81.73±11.26 81.71±10.81 81.47±10.84 80.72±11.42 81.67±11.11 81.00±11.16 81.23±10.87 80.50±11.29 80.96±11.37 80.23±11.94 80.20±11.12 80.41±11.51 80.24±11.18 79.86±11.41 79.57±12.23 79.42±11.62 78.60±11.95 74.58±10.59 77.69±11.59 75.30±8.74 76.20±10.10 – 76.50±11.66 76.77±10.08 76.35±9.84

81.84±11.89 81.37±12.52 81.55±11.24 82.31±11.00 82.27±11.05 81.40±11.74 81.28±11.84 81.05±11.65 81.22±10.53 81.76±10.70 80.56±11.63 80.90±10.92 80.85±11.00 80.56±11.66 80.06±11.87 79.59±11.85 80.58±11.63 79.92±12.08 79.98±11.74 79.61±12.16 80.03±11.32 79.68±11.04 79.64±9.46 77.86±11.39 78.17±10.58 77.71±10.08 78.05±10.28 77.01±12.30 76.31±11.11 76.58±9.93

81.64±12.00 81.43±12.18 81.85±11.01 82.26±10.76 82.55±10.26 81.68±11.55 81.40±11.72 80.81±11.71 81.50±10.53 81.35±11.36 80.89±11.34 80.98±11.07 80.51±11.41 80.89±11.41 80.04±12.06 79.71±11.85 80.89±10.95 79.84±11.89 79.63±11.82 79.37±12.52 79.00±12.20 79.04±11.45 79.37±9.58 77.66±11.69 78.19±10.22 76.81±10.11 – 77.02±11.46 75.91±11.32 76.58±9.83

11.03±5.23 11.00±4.97 10.39±3.91 10.23±3.96 10.21±3.99 10.10±4.07 10.02±4.19 10.09±4.16 9.61±5.22 9.79±3.72 9.65±3.96 9.57±4.19 10.58±5.10 9.53±3.99 10.52±6.38 9.29±4.10 9.09±4.53 8.99±4.49 8.93±4.96 8.69±4.41 8.68±4.25 8.59±4.47 8.20±3.98 8.20±4.30 7.52±4.11 7.44±4.46 6.98±3.22 6.34±4.11 6.34±3.92 6.07±4.40

29 28 23 22 22 22 21 19 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 4 4 3 3 2 0 0

Table 55: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

43.26±10.98 42.71±10.79 42.70±11.13 42.68±11.14 42.13±10.58 42.15±10.69 41.78±10.51 41.37±10.42 41.03±10.26 40.68±10.20 40.56±10.11 40.30±10.37 40.11±10.10 39.95±10.30 39.80±10.26 39.66±9.96 39.35±9.90 38.86±9.65 38.05±9.70 38.41±9.48 38.21±9.42 37.33±9.32 35.04±8.23 36.14±8.75 34.86±8.20 35.16±8.64 34.35±8.33 32.73±7.54 33.34±7.91 32.40±8.31

30.74±7.54 30.71±7.64 30.77±7.77 30.80±7.80 30.37±7.35 30.69±7.51 30.45±7.47 30.53±7.60 30.36±7.65 30.09±7.40 30.11±7.49 29.92±7.66 30.18±7.32 30.18±7.70 30.05±7.46 30.04±7.62 30.00±7.50 29.99±7.45 29.47±7.41 30.02±7.68 29.81±7.36 29.44±7.27 28.69±7.42 30.27±7.75 28.64±7.14 29.90±7.69 29.39±7.06 27.78±7.40 29.18±7.54 28.29±7.51

18.66±6.03 18.63±5.99 18.61±5.98 18.62±5.99 18.63±6.02 18.65±6.02 18.97±6.30 18.96±6.31 18.59±5.95 18.62±6.00 18.62±5.99 18.62±5.97 18.65±6.05 18.62±6.00 18.65±6.01 18.64±6.02 18.90±6.20 18.66±6.06 18.64±6.03 18.61±5.99 18.60±5.96 18.63±6.00 18.68±6.09 18.95±6.24 18.65±6.02 – 18.62±5.99 27.29±7.33 18.70±6.09 18.66±6.05

42.89±11.01 42.37±10.68 42.64±10.77 42.64±10.81 41.63±10.50 41.75±10.55 41.17±10.29 40.98±10.27 40.64±10.10 40.00±9.96 39.95±9.96 39.73±10.05 39.47±9.76 39.79±10.26 39.79±10.18 39.45±9.74 39.35±9.88 38.51±9.43 38.20±9.52 38.11±9.29 38.51±9.39 37.78±9.30 35.56±8.43 35.80±8.73 34.68±8.14 35.11±8.43 34.82±8.33 33.76±7.97 33.53±8.07 32.57±8.19

42.61±11.01 42.03±10.64 41.99±10.78 41.77±10.75 41.13±10.41 41.72±10.61 40.90±10.22 40.91±10.25 40.39±10.00 39.84±9.92 39.80±9.92 39.87±10.28 39.52±10.03 39.71±10.20 39.38±10.24 39.18±9.79 38.74±9.71 38.40±9.47 37.72±9.47 38.12±9.48 38.00±9.37 37.07±9.36 32.52±7.38 35.43±8.67 31.51±6.98 – 34.05±8.15 32.65±7.39 33.36±7.99 32.56±8.26

42.76±10.98 42.38±10.82 42.67±10.91 42.74±10.90 41.66±10.53 41.85±10.81 41.10±10.50 41.12±10.35 40.57±10.12 40.06±10.12 40.03±10.17 39.87±10.37 39.44±9.83 39.70±10.21 39.86±10.24 39.54±9.83 39.22±9.87 38.37±9.53 38.16±9.56 38.28±9.51 38.51±9.52 37.58±9.36 35.89±8.47 35.94±8.92 35.19±8.28 35.10±8.40 35.13±8.43 34.01±8.05 33.61±7.98 32.83±8.23

42.62±10.83 42.22±10.67 42.24±10.65 42.16±10.69 41.43±10.44 41.70±10.73 41.26±10.39 40.95±10.28 40.45±10.07 39.97±10.15 39.82±10.07 39.89±10.34 39.44±9.93 39.78±10.38 39.35±10.22 39.34±9.84 38.86±9.73 38.41±9.52 37.83±9.55 38.06±9.42 38.02±9.44 37.06±9.24 35.64±8.32 35.51±8.68 34.97±8.23 – 34.31±8.30 33.36±7.87 33.35±7.92 32.52±8.12

11.95±6.36 11.44±6.27 11.38±6.29 11.35±6.31 11.23±5.97 10.94±6.11 10.82±6.07 10.44±5.75 10.28±5.78 10.08±5.45 10.01±5.44 9.84±6.03 9.41±5.58 9.35±6.26 9.30±5.97 9.20±4.91 8.97±5.16 8.51±5.03 8.13±5.48 8.10±4.77 8.08±4.90 7.40±4.63 5.97±3.59 5.84±3.40 5.75±3.53 5.13±2.99 4.77±3.08 4.75±3.50 4.12±2.51 3.91±2.54

29 26 25 25 25 23 23 22 21 18 18 18 15 14 14 14 13 12 9 9 9 8 6 5 5 4 2 2 1 0

Table 56: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 Hibou-L GPFM CONCH v1.5 UNI mSTAR CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

66.52±22.68 66.32±22.63 65.96±22.81 65.96±22.81 65.78±22.57 65.95±22.55 65.84±22.49 65.12±22.40 65.47±22.53 64.69±22.56 64.89±22.42 64.91±22.42 64.27±22.45 64.62±22.51 63.89±22.39 64.14±22.54 63.85±22.27 63.29±22.25 62.96±22.17 63.74±22.26 62.93±22.06 62.10±22.17 59.89±21.56 61.39±21.83 59.67±21.54 58.23±21.37 60.26±21.81 59.61±21.77 58.48±21.45 57.18±21.39

54.30±21.12 54.36±20.58 54.56±20.90 54.56±20.90 54.25±20.83 54.41±20.89 54.46±20.64 54.06±20.64 54.48±20.69 53.66±20.75 54.07±20.81 54.16±20.79 53.57±20.27 54.06±20.83 53.59±20.67 54.08±20.80 53.95±20.75 53.40±20.69 53.14±20.81 54.14±20.73 53.27±20.58 52.80±20.74 51.97±20.34 53.77±20.59 52.43±20.46 51.01±20.32 53.65±20.72 53.33±20.87 52.73±20.27 51.89±20.37

36.55±19.27 36.54±19.28 36.54±19.24 36.52±19.24 36.86±19.35 36.55±19.24 36.53±19.29 36.48±19.28 36.83±19.30 36.55±19.27 36.52±19.25 36.53±19.30 36.48±19.22 36.54±19.29 36.49±19.21 36.52±19.24 36.88±19.33 36.54±19.31 36.55±19.35 36.51±19.26 36.51±19.29 36.48±19.27 36.52±19.27 36.85±19.36 36.56±19.30 49.84±20.02 – 36.49±19.24 36.56±19.30 36.51±19.28

66.49±22.67 66.17±22.58 66.22±22.59 66.23±22.58 65.53±22.50 65.77±22.58 65.63±22.35 65.01±22.36 65.17±22.50 64.40±22.47 64.63±22.31 64.65±22.34 64.09±22.45 64.31±22.43 64.05±22.36 64.18±22.55 63.83±22.26 63.24±22.14 63.38±22.26 63.60±22.22 63.16±22.23 62.74±22.27 60.52±21.45 61.14±21.73 59.75±21.51 59.27±21.55 60.28±21.70 60.16±21.78 58.95±21.49 57.66±21.29

66.38±22.55 66.01±22.58 65.65±22.55 65.79±22.54 65.26±22.37 65.70±22.49 65.46±22.50 64.89±22.38 65.26±22.54 64.52±22.51 64.56±22.35 64.62±22.37 64.14±22.47 64.40±22.49 63.81±22.36 63.91±22.56 63.54±22.24 63.20±22.20 63.07±22.30 63.49±22.28 62.56±22.35 61.94±22.17 56.60±20.55 60.90±21.73 55.68±20.69 58.11±21.14 – 59.44±21.63 58.83±21.49 57.68±21.24

66.26±22.75 66.05±22.65 66.21±22.65 66.22±22.66 65.51±22.50 65.61±22.55 65.42±22.37 64.96±22.45 65.08±22.43 64.27±22.39 64.34±22.40 64.36±22.38 63.87±22.44 64.15±22.39 64.04±22.34 64.17±22.48 63.83±22.30 63.20±22.13 63.39±22.27 63.37±22.28 63.32±22.02 62.63±22.15 61.07±21.80 60.92±21.76 60.28±21.59 59.46±21.56 60.39±21.66 60.42±21.82 59.07±21.48 57.78±21.44

66.20±22.67 65.93±22.62 65.90±22.56 65.89±22.61 65.62±22.52 65.66±22.61 65.42±22.52 64.81±22.37 65.19±22.50 64.55±22.58 64.49±22.41 64.55±22.39 64.07±22.47 64.30±22.49 63.90±22.38 64.02±22.52 63.61±22.30 63.16±22.26 63.19±22.25 63.46±22.28 62.81±22.23 62.18±22.19 60.78±21.72 60.86±21.71 60.09±21.55 58.55±21.40 – 59.76±21.79 58.78±21.48 57.66±21.51

13.47±6.14 13.01±5.71 12.54±5.91 12.54±5.89 12.67±5.77 12.61±6.02 12.59±5.81 12.15±5.80 12.14±5.52 12.03±6.31 11.99±5.67 11.93±5.65 11.67±5.47 11.45±6.03 11.42±5.33 11.04±5.95 10.95±5.49 10.85±5.36 10.77±5.78 10.53±5.53 10.37±5.79 10.04±5.74 8.61±5.09 8.54±4.12 7.96±4.69 7.68±4.99 7.36±4.06 7.05±4.32 6.46±3.72 5.97±4.06

29 28 25 25 23 23 23 20 20 18 17 17 15 15 13 11 11 9 9 9 9 8 6 6 4 3 3 2 1 0

Table 57: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 CONCH UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM Virchow Hibou-L H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

37.11±9.58 36.45±8.61 36.30±8.81 36.48±9.12 36.26±8.78 36.30±8.81 36.02±8.72 36.04±9.06 35.38±8.69 35.45±8.62 35.61±8.57 34.97±8.65 34.94±8.30 34.95±8.72 34.72±8.20 34.37±8.40 34.59±8.18 33.88±8.06 33.68±8.15 33.27±8.06 33.10±7.83 32.85±7.82 29.71±6.60 30.91±7.42 30.68±7.49 30.91±7.51 30.70±7.07 29.74±7.11 28.85±7.02 28.89±7.50

24.13±6.73 24.37±6.56 24.28±6.30 24.25±6.51 24.32±6.55 24.36±6.68 24.29±6.49 24.30±6.74 23.87±6.49 24.13±6.54 24.34±6.52 23.82±6.11 24.30±6.37 24.20±6.49 24.46±6.48 24.28±6.68 24.59±6.49 24.29±7.05 24.90±6.97 24.13±6.73 24.00±6.44 24.34±7.08 21.38±6.18 22.49±6.00 22.89±6.21 23.97±6.75 24.20±6.29 24.10±6.39 23.16±6.78 23.31±6.77

15.87±6.93 15.73±6.86 15.46±7.00 15.58±6.99 15.30±7.23 15.49±7.26 15.72±6.83 16.50±6.79 15.66±7.03 15.95±6.78 15.76±7.03 15.71±6.98 16.00±7.03 16.29±6.84 15.82±7.06 15.97±7.04 15.84±7.02 15.39±6.83 16.24±6.96 15.84±6.94 16.26±6.88 16.36±6.94 23.09±7.05 15.73±6.95 15.80±6.77 – 15.44±6.94 16.13±6.84 15.77±6.89 16.13±6.94

37.13±9.22 36.81±8.49 36.46±8.58 36.76±8.84 36.55±8.50 36.48±8.49 36.16±8.47 36.84±8.68 35.77±8.29 36.08±8.36 36.00±8.32 35.02±8.30 35.03±7.99 35.85±8.38 34.48±7.92 34.98±8.12 34.42±7.95 33.97±8.01 34.76±7.97 33.65±7.88 33.62±7.72 33.83±7.61 31.23±7.00 32.10±7.49 31.07±7.42 31.28±7.49 30.87±6.84 31.10±7.11 29.76±6.71 30.26±7.30

37.80±9.40 36.93±8.35 36.73±8.55 37.22±9.00 36.85±8.70 36.86±8.69 36.59±8.54 37.03±8.94 35.98±8.38 36.20±8.44 36.28±8.23 35.28±8.26 35.61±8.15 35.66±8.54 35.01±7.89 35.07±8.13 34.94±7.95 34.19±8.05 34.66±8.05 34.32±8.04 33.88±7.80 33.74±7.72 28.53±6.45 30.27±6.30 29.65±6.09 – 31.27±6.98 31.07±7.05 29.71±6.85 30.27±7.33

37.70±9.55 37.07±8.32 36.43±8.74 37.00±8.96 36.64±8.58 36.62±8.63 36.10±8.65 37.01±9.12 35.82±8.51 36.05±8.50 36.10±8.27 34.93±8.33 35.28±8.09 35.94±8.71 34.91±8.24 34.91±7.99 34.73±8.07 34.23±7.94 34.68±8.04 34.08±8.14 33.68±7.66 33.45±7.78 30.92±6.83 32.37±7.54 31.85±7.56 31.39±7.29 31.03±6.89 31.31±7.10 30.06±6.83 30.53±7.47

37.90±9.33 37.17±8.30 36.52±8.49 37.21±8.89 36.88±8.58 36.91±8.64 36.43±8.53 37.06±9.06 36.08±8.50 36.32±8.48 36.46±8.54 35.52±8.37 35.66±8.07 35.89±8.36 35.06±8.17 35.12±8.16 35.04±8.13 34.40±8.02 34.59±8.01 34.24±8.09 34.00±7.93 34.05±7.88 29.96±6.94 32.29±7.53 31.88±7.52 – 31.16±6.90 31.15±7.17 29.79±6.69 30.55±7.21

12.53±6.45 12.02±5.74 11.91±5.39 11.85±5.89 11.83±5.58 11.78±5.58 11.53±5.11 11.56±6.37 11.30±4.84 11.22±5.10 11.17±5.63 11.07±5.04 10.51±5.19 10.49±5.62 10.19±5.10 10.08±5.21 9.99±5.11 9.56±4.84 9.01±5.06 9.07±4.20 9.04±4.42 8.65±4.57 8.26±3.84 8.17±3.87 7.65±3.76 7.17±3.28 6.76±3.41 6.02±3.56 5.78±2.59 5.73±3.12

28 26 22 22 22 22 21 19 18 18 18 17 15 13 13 13 13 12 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 3 3 0 0 0

Table 58: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Hibou-B Virchow GPFM H0mini UNI mSTAR Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) MUSK DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

59.14±12.82 58.51±12.58 58.42±12.44 58.86±11.97 58.27±12.81 58.47±12.74 58.46±12.74 58.53±12.11 56.60±12.83 57.16±12.06 57.89±12.16 57.61±12.79 57.17±12.28 57.61±11.91 57.64±11.95 57.62±12.70 57.56±12.21 55.80±12.44 56.19±11.68 54.96±12.05 56.11±12.28 55.80±12.13 52.68±10.05 53.41±11.31 53.54±10.85 53.27±11.59 54.15±10.76 52.43±11.47 50.50±10.97 51.83±10.31

44.85±10.61 45.03±9.74 44.38±10.33 46.53±9.87 45.35±10.11 46.49±10.56 46.54±10.55 46.22±9.57 46.10±9.86 43.54±10.50 46.28±9.95 45.61±10.08 45.73±9.66 46.49±9.52 46.52±9.59 47.53±9.65 45.63±10.52 44.76±9.94 44.40±10.06 44.22±9.65 46.60±9.26 45.48±9.89 42.09±9.29 44.04±9.33 45.32±9.25 44.87±10.37 47.19±9.52 44.20±9.55 43.94±9.43 45.91±9.00

35.80±5.61 35.92±5.78 36.20±5.99 35.59±5.36 36.17±5.72 35.56±5.76 35.65±6.01 35.71±5.33 36.00±5.78 35.72±5.26 36.15±5.85 35.82±5.75 35.82±5.35 35.31±5.23 35.37±5.25 35.93±5.71 35.80±5.38 35.58±4.93 36.10±5.84 36.18±5.87 35.73±5.78 35.68±5.30 44.13±7.80 36.18±6.09 35.45±5.16 – 35.40±4.85 36.38±6.00 36.21±5.93 35.49±5.26

59.77±11.00 59.30±11.22 58.70±11.09 59.21±10.57 59.45±11.31 58.58±11.80 58.62±11.81 58.98±10.86 57.73±11.87 57.88±10.77 58.64±10.54 58.14±11.83 57.86±10.88 58.16±10.35 58.18±10.43 58.43±11.24 58.13±10.71 57.39±10.77 57.01±10.35 56.40±11.59 56.26±11.93 56.90±10.35 54.16±9.20 54.90±10.30 53.14±9.90 53.25±11.00 54.24±9.41 54.09±10.70 53.07±9.12 52.38±9.45

60.38±11.27 59.65±11.51 59.35±11.12 59.70±10.67 59.33±11.60 59.02±11.69 59.00±11.76 59.31±10.70 58.15±11.40 58.22±10.43 58.87±10.60 58.49±11.72 58.18±10.76 58.43±10.86 58.47±10.82 59.02±11.22 58.76±10.75 57.58±10.67 57.51±10.36 56.60±10.95 56.86±11.18 57.41±10.49 51.03±8.19 52.35±6.82 51.51±6.33 – 54.79±9.54 54.36±10.04 53.46±9.26 52.58±9.30

59.74±11.12 59.26±11.25 59.07±10.90 59.34±10.65 59.47±11.25 58.66±11.81 58.65±11.83 58.92±10.62 58.06±11.29 57.85±10.66 58.63±10.55 58.48±11.37 57.79±10.76 58.02±10.58 58.03±10.61 58.54±10.68 58.22±10.57 57.67±10.37 57.01±10.10 56.30±11.24 56.79±11.47 57.25±10.26 54.09±8.91 55.28±10.25 54.66±9.67 53.41±10.61 54.39±9.51 53.96±10.73 53.86±8.87 52.91±9.16

60.41±11.02 59.73±10.84 59.46±10.46 59.85±10.22 59.77±10.89 59.20±11.19 59.14±11.29 59.35±10.57 58.80±10.87 58.52±10.31 59.24±10.40 58.80±11.32 58.28±10.70 58.50±10.43 58.51±10.36 59.40±10.50 58.71±10.56 57.97±10.15 57.54±10.22 57.16±10.52 57.10±11.21 57.32±10.43 53.37±8.89 55.17±10.22 54.67±9.62 – 54.94±9.25 54.17±10.31 53.81±8.99 52.91±8.96

14.82±6.25 14.12±6.24 14.63±5.07 13.53±6.72 13.98±5.66 13.13±6.70 13.07±6.71 13.05±6.00 12.65±6.71 13.59±4.68 13.30±5.66 12.83±5.55 12.83±5.71 12.74±5.90 12.66±5.78 12.37±6.93 12.21±6.37 12.09±4.69 11.87±4.92 11.78±5.24 11.28±6.03 11.18±5.58 10.96±5.53 10.62±5.04 9.68±5.05 8.82±4.65 8.68±4.89 8.30±5.02 8.03±4.35 7.38±3.98

29 25 24 24 23 22 21 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 3 2 0 0 0

Table 59: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 GPFM H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Hibou-L Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

77.03±11.73 76.62±11.37 76.56±11.00 76.18±11.61 75.48±11.14 76.55±10.89 76.53±10.89 75.96±10.99 76.26±10.99 76.16±10.95 75.34±10.79 75.83±10.97 75.65±10.89 75.33±10.97 74.97±10.87 74.70±10.90 74.84±10.88 74.57±10.49 73.73±10.89 73.89±10.45 73.85±10.36 73.31±10.47 71.48±9.54 71.34±9.47 71.67±9.43 68.93±8.66 69.44±9.07 70.04±10.05 70.70±9.57 69.55±8.87

65.32±6.55 65.61±6.45 65.82±6.51 65.24±6.73 64.50±6.66 66.21±6.52 66.21±6.54 65.32±6.98 65.86±6.68 66.00±6.45 65.21±6.57 65.79±6.48 65.74±6.55 65.39±6.73 65.38±6.55 65.22±6.41 65.43±6.56 65.20±6.54 64.91±6.63 65.06±6.64 65.20±6.44 64.67±6.74 63.80±5.83 63.42±6.27 65.25±6.42 62.85±5.91 63.64±6.15 64.70±6.82 65.65±6.73 64.40±6.25

50.12±0.18 50.06±0.17 50.12±0.26 50.18±0.39 49.98±0.17 50.08±0.22 50.11±0.20 50.10±0.22 50.07±0.19 50.03±0.24 50.07±0.28 50.06±0.22 50.13±0.20 50.09±0.23 50.06±0.14 50.09±0.27 50.06±0.19 50.12±0.19 50.05±0.24 50.05±0.18 50.03±0.27 50.02±0.18 50.00±0.20 50.10±0.20 – 61.55±5.13 50.12±0.33 50.12±0.22 50.09±0.21 50.07±0.10

76.45±11.59 76.18±11.23 75.93±10.86 76.18±11.56 75.59±11.15 76.27±10.77 76.35±10.79 75.76±10.85 75.74±10.92 75.72±10.70 74.63±10.60 75.39±10.82 75.44±10.82 74.62±10.83 74.12±10.62 74.69±10.70 73.94±10.70 74.31±10.31 73.99±10.59 73.52±10.11 73.42±10.08 73.75±10.46 71.80±9.78 70.87±9.48 71.31±9.15 69.81±8.84 69.41±9.07 70.88±9.66 70.14±9.24 69.55±8.60

76.85±11.73 76.62±11.43 75.96±11.17 76.02±11.66 75.42±11.26 76.18±10.97 76.16±10.95 75.76±11.08 75.86±11.09 75.76±11.10 74.79±10.87 75.47±10.99 75.44±10.93 75.00±11.01 74.42±10.99 74.48±10.93 74.37±11.06 74.35±10.53 73.78±10.74 73.67±10.49 73.94±10.41 73.29±10.50 69.18±8.95 68.37±8.67 – 67.47±7.91 69.65±9.13 70.63±9.71 70.22±9.49 69.46±8.75

76.64±11.77 76.24±11.37 76.25±10.87 76.13±11.57 75.48±11.17 76.27±10.98 76.31±10.93 75.76±10.97 75.60±11.09 75.64±10.91 74.65±10.73 75.36±10.85 75.51±10.83 74.62±10.80 74.46±10.78 74.46±10.78 74.30±10.72 74.33±10.44 73.87±10.65 73.38±10.32 73.61±10.37 73.34±10.54 72.10±9.95 71.45±9.71 71.42±9.13 69.80±8.85 69.67±9.16 71.06±9.49 70.29±9.22 69.64±8.61

76.73±11.72 76.30±11.41 76.03±10.97 75.99±11.52 75.27±11.31 76.05±11.04 76.13±11.00 75.77±11.07 75.55±11.01 75.53±10.98 74.97±10.75 75.36±11.00 75.51±10.91 74.80±10.97 74.36±10.95 74.41±10.93 74.28±10.92 74.26±10.53 73.63±10.84 73.56±10.56 73.61±10.44 73.34±10.57 71.98±9.95 71.43±9.67 – 68.82±8.72 69.63±9.20 70.56±9.74 69.99±9.25 69.41±8.63

11.06±6.59 10.59±6.24 10.52±5.85 10.54±6.30 10.57±6.12 10.15±5.61 10.13±5.60 10.31±5.60 10.07±5.55 9.91±5.61 9.88±5.56 9.86±5.82 9.77±5.64 9.69±5.55 9.42±5.49 9.37±5.65 9.32±5.52 9.19±5.27 8.94±5.60 8.71±5.13 8.56±5.14 8.46±5.11 7.65±4.85 7.67±4.87 6.51±4.22 6.15±4.29 5.88±4.15 5.62±4.25 5.49±3.92 5.46±3.80

29 25 25 23 22 21 21 20 20 17 17 17 16 16 13 13 12 12 10 9 8 8 7 6 5 3 0 0 0 0

Table 60: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow Kaiko ViT-S/8 UNI2 Virchow2 Hibou-L H-Optimus-0 mSTAR GPFM H0mini UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath MUSK CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

79.38±11.89 79.48±12.99 79.09±11.94 79.98±10.43 79.54±11.58 78.86±11.48 78.88±11.29 79.96±10.44 79.78±10.88 79.10±11.55 79.28±11.41 78.66±10.93 79.72±10.73 79.09±10.62 78.65±10.90 78.42±11.96 78.38±11.29 77.12±11.71 78.34±10.23 77.26±11.54 76.74±11.31 77.51±11.17 75.52±10.11 75.08±10.06 74.93±10.48 71.77±11.52 75.12±10.09 73.99±11.05 71.83±11.86 73.74±9.20

66.68±8.53 67.14±8.03 67.69±8.10 68.11±8.05 67.80±8.17 67.03±8.67 66.45±8.57 68.06±8.06 68.45±7.34 67.93±7.48 67.56±8.10 66.78±8.43 68.46±7.51 67.57±8.09 66.76±8.48 67.85±7.44 67.87±7.38 67.66±7.39 67.34±7.98 67.14±7.96 67.06±7.58 68.48±6.87 66.77±5.98 66.40±7.17 67.96±7.36 65.15±5.91 68.54±6.73 67.70±7.64 65.97±8.73 67.35±6.07

49.86±0.24 50.33±0.86 50.50±1.00 50.34±0.80 50.17±0.48 49.84±0.45 50.64±1.55 50.39±0.90 50.30±0.86 49.95±0.47 50.56±1.06 50.25±0.48 50.31±0.61 50.44±0.91 50.25±0.50 50.43±0.81 50.56±1.11 50.29±0.59 50.65±1.50 49.81±0.38 50.27±0.90 49.79±0.33 50.40±0.78 50.07±0.09 50.22±0.63 63.31±6.55 – 50.24±0.76 50.35±0.63 50.47±1.19

79.18±11.80 79.43±12.14 78.85±11.82 80.16±10.25 79.62±11.54 78.92±10.91 78.95±11.50 80.17±10.30 79.17±11.07 79.00±11.31 79.05±11.17 78.45±10.51 79.75±10.46 79.06±9.97 78.37±10.56 78.19±11.65 78.37±11.08 77.47±11.36 78.01±10.68 76.03±12.49 77.31±11.40 77.54±10.77 74.80±11.16 75.10±9.29 74.85±9.64 74.25±9.43 74.81±10.12 74.67±10.70 73.95±9.31 73.68±9.56

79.91±11.28 80.09±11.66 79.71±10.97 79.69±10.76 79.89±11.01 78.82±11.28 79.53±10.38 79.76±10.67 80.25±10.13 79.32±11.05 78.98±11.64 78.61±10.91 79.78±10.56 78.55±10.77 78.43±11.08 78.68±11.43 78.55±10.85 77.59±11.21 78.23±10.45 77.50±11.24 77.23±10.77 77.78±10.88 72.21±9.78 72.04±8.59 74.74±10.14 71.85±8.78 – 73.65±11.58 74.21±8.80 73.79±9.68

79.15±12.04 79.23±12.50 79.06±11.58 80.27±10.06 79.26±11.84 78.61±11.44 78.81±11.50 80.31±10.05 80.09±10.06 78.90±11.42 79.32±10.96 78.10±10.93 79.40±10.84 78.81±10.51 78.04±11.03 77.84±12.08 78.11±11.28 77.75±11.00 78.11±10.65 77.10±11.38 77.19±11.10 77.22±11.01 76.02±10.47 75.75±9.71 74.75±9.74 73.78±9.86 75.42±9.44 74.64±10.78 73.11±10.36 74.16±9.15

79.62±11.64 80.95±10.42 79.63±10.96 79.90±10.60 79.62±11.36 78.82±11.36 79.05±11.20 79.99±10.44 79.60±10.51 79.91±9.91 79.16±11.19 78.44±10.66 79.55±10.72 78.85±10.64 78.37±10.76 79.06±10.51 78.43±11.10 77.64±11.20 78.09±10.61 77.56±10.77 77.07±11.18 77.60±10.91 76.92±8.94 75.43±9.89 74.98±9.75 73.61±9.46 – 74.33±10.85 73.41±9.73 74.23±9.31

13.62±6.21 13.53±6.03 12.67±6.15 12.22±4.87 12.14±6.10 12.77±6.55 12.70±4.99 12.29±4.90 12.17±5.07 12.45±5.18 12.76±5.31 12.47±5.61 12.23±4.70 11.97±5.07 12.54±5.58 11.79±5.57 11.73±5.01 10.81±6.17 11.58±4.37 11.23±4.74 10.79±5.53 10.47±5.54 10.00±4.95 9.55±4.82 8.13±4.64 8.00±7.26 8.12±4.19 7.55±4.89 7.51±3.88 7.45±4.53

28 28 18 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 10 9 8 8 8 7 5 3 3 2 1 0 0

Table 61: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 CONCH SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 GPFM H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Hibou-L Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 H0mini mSTAR UNI Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

38.99±9.68 38.27±8.96 38.28±9.23 38.24±9.16 38.21±9.12 37.91±9.20 37.84±9.23 37.50±9.10 37.57±8.97 36.58±8.88 37.43±9.02 37.16±8.91 36.78±8.66 36.57±8.86 36.36±8.73 36.21±8.66 36.04±8.67 35.67±8.50 34.92±8.12 34.97±8.39 34.94±8.35 34.56±8.31 32.59±7.72 32.53±7.77 32.74±7.96 30.38±7.04 32.16±7.53 31.34±7.14 30.95±7.64 30.19±7.68

27.37±7.48 27.64±7.33 27.58±7.51 27.93±7.67 27.93±7.69 27.24±7.34 27.67±7.50 27.16±6.86 27.84±7.67 26.59±6.92 27.77±7.67 27.69±7.69 27.44±7.16 27.40±7.63 27.33±7.32 27.34±7.35 27.22±7.18 27.10±7.20 26.86±6.82 27.34±7.71 27.27±7.47 26.78±7.17 26.34±7.64 26.29±7.21 27.47±7.98 25.21±6.84 27.56±7.61 26.87±6.80 27.01±7.82 26.27±7.58

18.69±6.09 18.69±6.11 18.67±6.07 18.68±6.08 18.69±6.09 18.73±6.14 18.67±6.05 18.67±6.07 18.67±6.06 18.65±6.03 18.65±6.06 18.70±6.09 18.69±6.08 18.68±6.10 18.67±6.05 18.67±6.05 18.69±6.11 18.68±6.07 18.67±6.07 18.68±6.09 18.68±6.09 18.66±6.04 18.63±6.01 18.69±6.08 – 24.81±7.09 18.68±6.07 18.66±6.05 18.66±6.04 18.69±6.10

38.33±9.50 37.48±8.80 37.64±9.10 37.86±9.05 37.93±9.06 37.67±9.04 37.15±9.16 37.13±8.95 36.96±8.87 36.58±8.72 36.80±8.77 36.80±8.90 36.03±8.60 35.78±8.65 35.35±8.48 35.25±8.42 35.88±8.55 35.37±8.47 35.09±8.25 34.34±8.28 34.37±8.31 34.86±8.34 32.71±7.83 31.93±7.93 32.58±8.01 30.84±7.27 31.47±7.25 32.01±7.55 30.90±7.74 30.38±7.79

38.75±9.64 37.53±8.71 38.21±9.37 37.62±9.03 37.64±8.99 37.58±9.17 37.28±9.01 37.06±8.88 37.13±8.79 36.35±8.77 36.85±8.72 36.79±8.79 36.45±8.65 35.79±8.57 35.69±8.41 35.64±8.44 35.63±8.46 35.32±8.40 35.01±8.26 34.82±8.46 34.51±8.18 34.44±8.28 30.04±6.27 29.33±6.13 – 28.98±6.52 31.73±7.38 31.65±7.44 30.81±7.71 30.54±7.98

38.48±9.78 37.62±8.71 37.80±9.37 37.79±9.04 37.81±9.00 37.73±9.27 37.04±9.27 37.09±9.10 36.96±9.09 36.49±8.85 36.76±8.78 36.77±9.00 35.85±8.58 35.77±8.86 35.72±8.82 35.52±8.64 35.60±8.43 35.34±8.34 35.09±8.39 34.56±8.32 34.28±8.09 34.43±8.26 32.89±7.84 32.44±7.99 32.58±7.93 30.74±7.11 31.72±7.46 32.13±7.64 30.98±7.69 30.67±7.91

38.68±9.64 37.47±8.64 37.90±9.21 37.53±8.94 37.62±8.91 37.48±9.11 36.98±8.95 37.07±9.00 36.93±8.88 36.29±8.56 36.78±8.75 36.82±8.84 36.12±8.45 36.08±8.70 35.67±8.62 35.61±8.61 35.65±8.60 35.30±8.42 34.89±8.30 34.64±8.31 34.54±8.25 34.43±8.31 32.77±7.72 32.38±7.87 – 30.18±7.19 31.55±7.46 31.73±7.49 30.82±7.65 30.54±7.89

11.14±6.18 10.43±5.25 10.39±5.92 10.14±5.08 10.11±5.08 10.29±5.59 9.99±4.87 10.03±4.86 9.56±4.90 9.65±5.19 9.55±5.03 9.34±4.82 9.10±4.59 8.99±4.61 8.90±4.45 8.81±4.50 8.72±4.61 8.40±4.05 8.07±4.30 7.58±4.12 7.59±3.88 7.57±3.99 6.18±3.42 6.06±3.33 5.29±3.11 5.09±2.86 4.80±2.82 4.63±3.01 4.13±2.33 4.12±2.76

29 26 24 24 24 23 23 20 19 18 18 18 16 15 15 13 13 12 11 9 8 8 7 6 5 3 3 2 0 0

Table 62: Complete IS results, S15 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 UNI2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 H0mini Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK Prov-GigaPath CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

63.88±22.43 63.14±22.28 62.95±21.99 63.00±22.07 62.98±22.23 62.86±21.97 62.97±22.23 63.10±22.23 62.41±21.88 62.78±22.03 62.64±21.89 61.95±22.07 61.90±21.79 61.86±21.80 62.28±21.81 61.90±21.88 61.62±21.86 60.86±21.76 60.72±21.73 60.61±21.66 59.87±21.61 60.57±21.66 57.56±21.23 57.34±21.16 55.28±20.53 57.67±21.18 57.78±21.36 57.02±21.24 55.70±20.78 54.81±21.26

49.66±20.17 49.76±20.02 50.21±20.48 50.43±20.26 50.51±20.47 50.22±20.31 50.49±20.49 50.24±20.37 49.95±20.54 50.47±20.41 50.28±20.30 49.52±20.11 49.74±20.39 49.78±20.33 50.05±20.31 49.98±20.24 50.21±20.29 49.86±20.31 49.77±20.39 49.81±20.22 49.41±20.32 50.21±20.29 48.42±20.11 48.79±20.20 47.25±19.77 50.07±20.29 50.19±20.30 50.02±20.38 49.19±19.87 48.61±20.23

36.56±19.27 36.55±19.27 36.56±19.28 36.55±19.27 36.54±19.24 36.58±19.31 36.54±19.25 36.52±19.27 36.50±19.17 36.54±19.27 36.52±19.25 36.55±19.29 36.55±19.31 36.55±19.30 36.57±19.30 36.56±19.26 36.56±19.31 36.56±19.29 36.55±19.27 36.52±19.26 36.56±19.23 36.54±19.26 36.55±19.28 36.57±19.28 46.00±19.52 36.55±19.27 – 36.53±19.21 36.57±19.29 36.54±19.23

63.18±22.18 62.89±22.12 62.42±21.87 62.33±21.73 62.89±21.99 62.33±21.85 62.94±22.00 62.95±22.24 61.89±21.74 62.34±22.02 62.31±21.75 62.10±22.11 61.29±21.62 61.24±21.59 61.66±21.79 61.28±21.63 61.42±21.78 60.65±21.68 60.83±21.67 60.02±21.39 60.53±21.75 60.23±21.57 57.58±20.94 56.55±21.02 55.97±20.83 56.92±20.95 57.35±21.27 57.43±21.24 55.69±21.01 54.97±21.22

63.68±22.29 63.22±22.15 62.68±21.99 62.77±21.87 62.81±21.92 62.54±21.87 62.86±21.94 63.00±22.21 62.08±21.81 62.56±22.02 62.51±21.85 61.90±21.99 61.70±21.75 61.61±21.76 62.00±21.81 61.41±21.71 61.43±21.74 60.76±21.63 60.75±21.73 60.55±21.67 59.98±21.63 60.51±21.57 54.23±19.98 53.33±20.04 53.74±20.19 57.12±21.06 – 57.02±21.17 55.68±20.98 55.23±21.16

63.14±22.32 62.86±22.20 62.45±21.87 62.50±21.84 62.84±22.01 62.14±21.94 62.86±22.01 62.86±22.25 61.89±21.73 62.34±21.96 62.17±21.75 61.82±22.07 61.08±21.75 61.09±21.79 61.49±21.77 61.22±21.70 61.18±21.74 60.74±21.68 60.79±21.66 60.18±21.66 60.06±21.75 59.93±21.55 58.09±21.37 57.40±21.21 55.85±20.75 56.85±21.00 57.49±21.18 57.42±21.23 55.62±20.97 55.15±21.19

63.57±22.30 63.09±22.18 62.57±21.93 62.40±21.73 62.77±21.99 62.37±21.90 62.77±21.99 62.90±22.18 62.07±21.80 62.48±22.00 62.24±21.83 61.98±22.06 61.34±21.70 61.33±21.74 61.75±21.85 61.52±21.73 61.30±21.78 60.72±21.62 60.79±21.74 60.33±21.70 60.09±21.61 60.35±21.59 58.03±21.23 57.33±21.06 55.41±20.73 57.03±21.02 – 57.13±21.24 55.58±20.96 55.23±21.25

15.40±7.45 14.65±6.92 14.19±6.55 14.06±6.69 13.89±6.65 14.09±6.40 13.90±6.63 14.10±7.06 13.97±6.47 13.85±6.23 13.79±6.33 13.66±6.65 13.62±6.17 13.55±6.11 13.44±6.51 13.30±6.31 12.86±6.04 12.35±5.62 12.24±6.07 12.06±5.75 11.74±5.75 11.67±5.91 10.13±5.24 9.68±4.94 8.88±5.62 8.81±4.39 8.62±4.32 8.12±4.34 7.51±3.52 7.24±4.40

29 28 20 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 10 10 10 8 8 7 6 3 3 3 2 0 0

Table 63: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

46.39±11.25 46.51±11.26 46.49±11.25 45.22±10.67 45.58±11.15 45.01±10.97 44.63±11.14 44.32±10.74 43.91±10.37 43.74±10.66 43.74±10.66 42.59±10.65 42.79±10.30 42.00±10.44 42.15±10.30 41.57±10.20 41.57±10.28 40.99±10.18 40.88±10.35 41.32±10.29 39.10±9.60 37.40±8.80 39.22±9.64 39.59±9.28 37.36±8.76 37.94±9.22 36.55±8.71 37.17±9.18 35.83±8.34 35.49±8.85

33.36±7.55 33.76±7.96 33.86±8.12 32.73±7.32 33.49±8.01 32.97±7.63 33.10±8.10 32.91±8.15 32.83±7.68 32.80±8.09 32.89±8.12 31.90±7.65 32.28±7.78 31.96±7.87 32.30±7.86 31.75±7.80 31.87±8.07 31.71±7.93 31.68±7.94 32.25±7.89 31.11±7.77 29.61±7.20 31.26±7.72 32.51±7.97 29.84±7.29 30.64±7.64 29.12±7.38 31.01±7.65 30.24±7.87 30.09±8.22

15.22±7.26 15.11±7.48 15.11±7.36 15.57±7.01 15.58±7.10 15.39±7.28 15.95±6.91 14.96±7.04 15.11±7.03 15.37±7.06 15.39±7.26 15.70±6.55 14.89±7.20 15.47±6.98 15.86±7.16 15.90±7.26 15.55±7.17 16.01±6.90 15.51±6.97 15.99±7.02 15.96±6.88 15.53±7.24 15.74±6.81 15.34±7.26 15.31±7.09 – 30.71±8.09 15.62±6.88 15.50±7.10 16.20±7.16

46.89±11.26 46.94±11.20 46.89±11.18 46.40±10.65 46.38±11.26 45.55±10.83 45.74±10.97 45.11±10.66 44.92±10.39 44.38±10.55 44.39±10.56 43.61±10.51 43.66±10.40 43.31±10.38 43.11±10.12 42.88±10.17 42.43±10.09 42.78±10.08 41.64±10.15 42.63±10.14 40.73±9.61 39.45±8.90 40.93±9.70 40.30±9.14 38.49±8.67 39.01±9.05 39.52±8.91 38.68±9.12 37.32±8.38 37.55±8.81

46.70±11.29 46.31±11.15 46.18±11.08 45.51±10.46 45.99±11.03 45.30±10.89 45.52±11.01 44.64±10.63 44.41±10.32 43.83±10.47 43.93±10.49 43.19±10.43 42.96±10.20 42.29±10.16 42.71±10.00 42.22±10.05 42.33±10.33 41.59±9.82 41.37±10.15 42.07±10.18 39.89±9.48 36.36±8.89 39.81±9.51 39.64±9.10 35.34±8.53 – 38.43±9.19 37.79±8.92 36.78±8.34 37.01±8.68

46.99±11.26 47.10±11.25 47.08±11.24 46.63±10.77 46.19±11.16 45.73±11.03 45.69±11.05 45.19±10.69 45.10±10.25 44.48±10.63 44.47±10.62 43.80±10.38 43.82±10.52 43.48±10.32 43.28±10.17 43.23±10.28 42.76±10.24 42.83±10.13 42.00±10.11 43.07±10.33 41.28±9.84 39.86±8.92 41.39±9.84 40.47±9.26 39.06±8.79 39.27±9.21 39.43±8.97 39.44±9.23 37.59±8.38 37.89±8.85

46.68±11.10 46.73±11.17 46.67±11.00 46.16±10.66 46.18±11.04 45.80±10.98 45.61±11.08 44.97±10.74 44.68±10.28 44.26±10.57 44.24±10.60 43.27±10.40 43.49±10.39 42.67±10.35 42.96±10.25 42.60±10.12 42.38±10.18 42.25±10.07 41.76±10.17 42.32±10.24 40.33±9.60 39.25±8.78 40.45±9.62 39.96±9.16 38.78±8.77 – 38.99±8.97 38.26±9.26 37.01±8.32 37.31±8.74

12.16±5.76 11.90±5.59 11.86±5.68 11.55±5.39 11.30±5.68 11.20±5.52 10.83±6.10 10.63±5.43 10.34±5.04 10.17±5.27 10.09±5.33 9.84±5.30 9.72±4.79 9.26±4.88 9.14±4.99 9.00±4.58 8.92±5.14 8.48±4.96 8.34±4.70 8.30±5.13 7.13±4.87 7.03±3.86 7.12±4.80 6.79±3.98 6.80±3.58 6.63±3.44 6.55±4.71 5.54±3.58 5.18±3.48 4.94±3.23

29 27 27 25 25 24 22 22 19 19 19 17 17 15 14 13 13 10 10 10 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 64: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini GPFM SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 UNI mSTAR Hibou-L Phikon Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 CTransPath Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

65.88±10.19 64.58±10.38 64.90±10.18 65.25±10.25 64.63±10.76 64.25±10.70 65.47±10.56 65.48±10.56 64.00±10.73 64.04±10.73 63.91±10.47 63.30±10.63 62.88±10.88 62.54±10.69 63.46±10.74 62.43±10.83 62.51±10.60 62.19±10.63 62.12±10.82 62.12±10.59 59.21±9.72 61.51±10.27 60.46±10.58 58.83±10.23 60.33±10.98 59.88±10.60 59.20±10.63 59.66±8.94 57.93±10.08 59.05±9.29

56.19±8.37 54.07±9.25 54.49±9.19 55.27±8.73 55.23±9.00 54.14±9.73 56.15±8.75 56.08±8.81 54.04±9.63 54.09±9.58 54.92±8.70 53.94±9.27 53.90±9.54 53.67±9.30 55.32±8.64 54.22±9.07 53.87±8.87 53.82±8.85 53.79±9.27 53.92±9.18 50.99±8.81 54.18±9.22 52.63±9.20 51.75±8.91 53.34±9.00 53.88±8.51 52.58±9.72 53.41±6.46 51.67±9.41 52.95±8.23

34.91±5.27 35.42±5.40 35.08±5.12 34.96±4.67 34.54±4.67 34.66±4.59 34.89±5.51 34.37±5.50 34.47±4.46 34.44±4.58 35.06±5.05 34.83±4.84 34.11±4.90 34.83±4.39 34.85±4.60 35.08±5.39 34.70±4.38 35.54±5.47 35.13±4.80 34.95±5.02 34.99±5.15 34.88±4.93 35.27±5.07 34.41±4.36 34.83±4.70 – 35.32±5.28 51.94±7.49 35.44±5.15 34.68±4.51

66.43±9.82 65.64±9.71 65.91±9.43 65.89±9.80 65.29±10.21 64.93±10.37 65.97±10.27 65.88±10.35 64.57±10.16 64.54±10.12 64.99±9.95 64.21±9.90 63.64±10.75 63.71±10.04 64.38±9.90 63.52±9.85 64.01±9.64 64.14±9.26 63.98±9.74 62.95±9.97 61.15±9.67 62.37±9.68 62.48±9.95 60.71±9.32 62.01±10.04 60.81±10.16 60.94±10.11 61.42±9.00 60.52±8.80 60.06±9.19

66.36±9.64 65.67±9.38 65.67±9.28 65.79±9.64 65.15±9.86 64.84±10.17 65.28±10.36 65.44±10.28 64.50±9.98 64.56±9.93 64.86±9.82 64.10±9.78 63.59±10.45 63.32±9.72 64.30±9.80 63.30±10.04 63.82±9.56 63.35±9.59 63.34±9.73 62.95±9.72 57.70±8.29 61.97±9.50 61.77±9.80 57.03±7.94 61.64±9.79 – 60.20±9.79 60.33±9.19 59.96±8.89 59.79±9.23

66.52±9.70 65.86±9.64 65.82±9.61 66.03±9.74 65.56±10.00 65.23±10.15 66.17±10.24 66.25±10.22 64.94±9.98 64.92±9.97 65.07±9.75 64.42±9.86 64.07±10.56 63.97±9.88 64.50±9.78 63.72±9.70 64.14±9.67 64.32±9.21 64.15±9.71 63.26±9.87 61.62±9.58 62.60±9.68 63.07±9.67 61.28±9.36 62.71±9.78 60.95±10.18 61.48±10.05 61.43±8.88 60.76±8.92 60.60±8.90

66.83±9.39 65.62±9.58 66.06±9.36 66.21±9.40 65.61±9.95 65.23±10.03 66.39±9.80 66.35±9.88 64.81±9.83 64.83±9.79 64.99±9.71 64.36±9.63 64.03±10.24 63.73±9.81 64.73±9.58 63.71±9.59 63.88±9.59 63.94±9.24 63.76±9.60 63.10±9.83 61.40±9.42 62.35±9.30 62.27±9.70 61.14±9.20 62.18±9.53 – 60.67±9.95 61.16±8.53 60.30±8.74 60.13±8.99

9.68±4.46 9.87±3.83 9.87±3.22 9.63±3.78 9.25±3.98 9.56±3.44 9.30±4.02 9.33±3.95 9.40±3.80 9.39±3.83 8.82±3.87 8.78±3.62 8.64±3.48 8.49±3.52 8.11±4.71 8.07±4.10 8.13±3.90 8.04±3.90 7.79±3.78 7.76±3.58 7.71±3.40 7.18±3.26 7.22±3.72 6.80±3.41 6.77±4.21 6.14±4.17 6.17±3.11 6.09±5.67 5.92±2.79 5.90±3.01

28 22 22 22 22 21 21 20 19 19 19 16 15 13 13 13 12 12 9 9 9 5 4 4 4 3 0 0 0 0

Table 65: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H0mini SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 UNI2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/16 PLIP CTransPath Prov-GigaPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S MUSK

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

85.42±7.00 84.83±7.02 84.82±7.19 85.33±7.37 84.90±7.25 85.38±7.32 84.53±7.32 84.45±7.22 84.18±7.24 83.52±7.17 83.83±7.21 83.86±7.21 83.14±7.75 82.79±7.42 82.51±7.29 82.86±7.65 82.58±7.39 82.07±7.61 82.03±7.29 82.25±7.66 79.48±6.73 80.87±7.59 79.61±6.33 80.89±7.50 79.04±6.21 80.17±6.51 81.06±7.01 78.65±6.19 79.42±7.35 77.70±7.08

75.59±5.42 75.19±5.36 75.27±5.49 75.81±5.54 75.59±5.07 75.98±5.32 75.17±5.23 75.34±5.34 75.35±5.24 74.67±5.37 75.08±5.19 75.11±5.22 74.75±5.53 74.36±5.23 74.28±5.20 74.87±5.06 74.61±5.06 74.27±5.45 74.26±4.99 74.68±5.31 71.94±4.55 73.68±4.85 72.19±4.48 73.53±5.43 72.29±5.29 73.55±4.84 74.59±4.98 72.39±5.07 73.19±5.84 71.64±4.66

50.02±0.22 50.09±0.21 50.13±0.20 50.13±0.24 49.92±0.17 50.17±0.25 49.98±0.14 50.09±0.18 49.99±0.15 50.15±0.36 49.94±0.17 50.08±0.20 50.12±0.09 49.79±0.44 50.10±0.29 50.01±0.17 50.05±0.15 49.94±0.19 50.04±0.13 49.97±0.09 50.09±0.24 50.02±0.13 50.10±0.21 50.03±0.17 50.09±0.17 – 50.00±0.20 50.20±0.19 50.05±0.12 71.38±4.36

85.16±7.12 84.77±7.06 84.47±7.31 85.58±6.87 84.78±7.33 85.57±6.88 84.55±7.34 84.45±7.23 84.19±7.36 83.82±7.06 83.62±7.27 83.60±7.31 83.11±7.64 83.13±7.34 82.42±7.31 82.88±7.55 82.82±7.21 82.54±7.37 81.96±7.41 82.47±7.69 80.73±6.65 81.48±7.34 79.95±6.61 81.72±7.46 79.48±6.43 80.54±6.49 81.12±7.26 79.21±6.24 80.24±7.25 79.56±6.78

84.93±7.33 84.31±7.24 84.22±7.44 84.76±7.20 84.40±7.45 84.92±7.19 84.22±7.49 84.21±7.37 83.76±7.41 83.37±7.17 83.18±7.56 83.25±7.51 82.86±7.84 82.38±7.44 82.36±7.38 82.62±7.63 82.40±7.40 81.86±7.51 81.79±7.36 82.08±7.57 77.79±6.92 80.81±7.47 76.77±6.75 80.72±7.56 79.21±6.41 – 80.53±7.20 78.93±6.20 79.32±7.27 79.00±6.62

85.18±7.09 84.79±6.99 84.49±7.34 85.57±6.97 84.63±7.28 85.61±6.97 84.41±7.36 84.57±7.12 84.26±7.24 83.75±7.19 83.66±7.40 83.69±7.40 83.12±7.65 83.19±7.32 82.51±7.29 82.84±7.62 83.05±7.09 82.69±7.41 82.17±7.24 82.69±7.56 81.04±6.77 81.61±7.47 80.44±6.64 81.80±7.41 79.74±6.41 80.67±6.62 81.25±7.13 79.31±6.32 80.60±7.33 79.83±6.86

84.89±7.22 84.54±7.00 84.61±7.34 85.03±7.17 84.52±7.39 85.22±7.04 84.25±7.47 84.34±7.33 83.96±7.43 83.47±7.27 83.58±7.39 83.55±7.39 82.88±7.78 82.53±7.57 82.39±7.34 82.68±7.75 82.59±7.43 82.15±7.62 81.93±7.41 82.15±7.61 80.63±6.80 80.93±7.58 80.19±6.58 80.96±7.55 79.32±6.33 – 80.73±7.20 79.06±6.29 79.62±7.32 79.32±6.93

8.69±3.93 8.53±3.94 8.41±3.86 8.41±3.94 8.32±3.94 8.30±4.01 8.25±4.14 8.11±3.89 7.82±4.05 7.79±4.07 7.71±4.05 7.70±4.06 7.46±4.05 7.44±4.02 7.31±3.94 7.15±4.14 7.10±4.04 6.82±4.01 6.83±4.01 6.65±4.01 6.58±4.29 6.27±4.46 6.47±3.95 6.25±4.22 5.82±3.49 5.75±3.50 5.69±3.77 5.40±3.55 5.17±3.94 4.83±4.72

28 25 23 23 23 23 22 22 20 18 17 17 16 16 14 13 13 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 3 3 3 0 0 0

Table 66: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 GPFM H0mini Phikon-v2 Hibou-L Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP MUSK CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

87.67±7.45 87.67±7.12 87.82±6.97 87.82±6.97 87.60±7.02 87.64±6.76 87.38±7.41 86.73±6.93 86.96±7.41 87.31±7.29 86.47±7.63 86.70±7.62 86.63±7.68 85.47±8.01 86.14±7.26 86.17±7.71 86.03±7.40 84.89±8.64 85.20±7.79 85.66±7.46 84.80±7.45 83.65±6.35 84.55±7.53 84.56±8.03 83.21±7.38 81.78±9.07 82.05±7.24 84.15±7.02 83.40±7.61 82.57±6.98

79.20±6.74 77.04±10.08 78.98±6.91 79.03±6.88 79.15±6.35 79.03±6.55 79.11±6.57 76.97±8.37 78.69±6.87 79.36±5.98 77.71±8.12 78.71±6.52 78.92±6.19 76.65±8.70 78.46±6.43 78.78±6.19 78.73±5.89 76.82±8.67 75.03±12.19 78.83±5.87 75.77±9.93 76.68±5.04 77.72±6.12 76.23±10.15 76.90±5.59 74.65±10.24 75.53±5.87 78.11±5.67 77.87±5.95 77.38±5.14

50.19±0.48 50.05±0.12 50.13±0.34 50.15±0.31 50.16±0.54 50.14±0.47 50.12±0.38 50.11±0.23 49.95±0.09 49.87±0.16 50.16±0.30 49.97±0.14 49.97±0.18 50.26±0.64 50.08±0.30 49.95±0.18 50.06±0.26 50.12±0.37 50.15±0.41 50.13±0.24 50.16±0.33 50.05±0.23 50.23±0.45 50.06±0.23 50.18±0.26 50.06±0.22 75.19±5.99 – 50.03±0.27 50.04±0.15

87.68±7.35 87.57±7.22 88.01±6.99 88.02±7.01 87.69±6.95 87.76±6.70 87.13±7.69 86.86±7.15 87.32±7.09 87.33±7.34 86.43±7.64 86.78±7.29 86.76±7.29 85.57±7.85 86.33±7.23 86.33±7.49 85.85±8.05 86.21±7.22 85.27±7.80 86.24±7.14 84.90±7.86 83.82±7.95 85.32±7.62 84.51±8.23 84.17±6.77 83.86±6.72 83.80±7.04 84.56±6.94 84.07±7.69 82.55±7.97

87.74±7.05 87.26±7.40 86.93±8.16 86.21±9.15 87.48±6.85 87.61±6.78 87.10±7.39 86.51±7.25 86.73±7.62 87.34±7.12 86.44±7.46 86.41±7.73 86.34±7.77 85.05±8.54 85.27±8.47 86.22±7.43 85.89±7.34 85.54±7.67 85.17±7.75 85.54±7.56 84.65±7.51 80.69±7.77 84.60±7.54 84.07±8.30 80.48±6.87 83.74±6.64 83.28±7.00 – 82.81±8.59 82.37±8.04

87.69±7.37 87.57±7.16 88.05±7.05 87.98±7.11 87.50±7.16 87.67±6.80 87.35±7.42 86.89±7.24 86.89±7.70 87.39±7.25 86.37±7.56 86.62±7.54 86.55±7.61 85.60±7.86 85.99±7.89 86.32±7.59 86.07±7.85 86.11±7.43 85.52±7.58 86.04±7.58 85.26±7.52 85.04±6.64 85.53±7.47 84.30±8.53 84.47±6.97 83.80±7.07 83.80±7.28 84.72±6.96 84.57±7.55 83.32±7.15

87.52±7.54 87.27±7.52 87.76±7.14 87.73±7.22 87.38±7.19 87.51±6.96 87.13±7.74 86.71±7.19 86.67±7.85 87.05±7.54 86.31±7.73 86.20±8.06 86.17±8.07 85.40±7.96 85.91±7.66 86.14±7.61 85.88±7.65 85.30±8.33 85.16±7.88 85.65±7.63 84.61±7.79 84.71±6.69 84.69±7.72 84.33±8.11 84.06±7.18 83.41±7.15 83.55±7.12 – 83.52±7.93 82.75±7.52

7.81±3.13 9.02±6.05 8.01±3.09 7.97±3.07 7.72±3.23 7.81±3.24 7.59±3.17 8.56±4.52 7.53±3.21 7.34±3.42 7.74±3.54 7.31±3.51 7.14±3.59 7.62±4.21 7.18±3.01 6.94±3.54 6.77±3.46 7.05±4.10 8.30±7.88 6.35±3.41 7.46±6.01 6.15±3.67 6.08±3.80 7.08±5.38 5.86±3.38 6.15±3.62 5.68±4.25 5.56±3.12 5.08±3.40 4.84±3.51

26 25 25 25 22 21 21 19 17 17 16 16 16 13 13 13 13 11 9 9 7 6 5 4 4 2 2 2 0 0

Table 67: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM Hibou-L UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

48.95±12.64 49.00±13.09 48.97±13.06 48.14±12.61 47.84±12.29 47.83±12.21 47.35±12.64 47.09±12.06 46.53±11.87 45.96±12.04 45.98±12.04 45.23±11.84 44.81±11.78 44.11±11.58 44.19±11.47 43.43±11.52 43.59±11.38 43.29±11.62 42.63±11.45 42.79±11.45 41.00±10.86 40.75±10.65 41.12±10.66 38.61±9.78 38.53±9.78 39.36±10.40 38.71±10.36 37.71±9.65 37.28±9.93 36.71±9.79

35.16±9.20 35.60±9.78 35.45±9.57 35.14±9.44 34.84±9.13 35.04±9.38 34.67±9.32 35.02±9.44 34.92±9.32 34.55±9.46 34.61±9.46 34.36±9.39 34.07±9.02 33.99±9.34 34.45±9.37 33.78±9.39 34.22±9.38 34.22±9.35 33.80±9.37 33.93±9.24 33.07±8.91 33.22±9.20 34.14±9.33 32.13±9.23 32.24±9.14 33.32±9.25 32.69±8.81 32.37±8.91 31.64±9.02 31.98±9.21

18.58±6.36 18.63±6.44 18.62±6.41 18.55±6.32 18.62±6.43 18.60±6.42 18.56±6.35 18.61±6.44 18.59±6.39 18.53±6.27 18.59±6.39 18.64±6.48 18.60±6.39 18.44±6.13 18.59±6.40 18.61±6.45 18.59±6.40 18.57±6.36 18.56±6.34 18.52±6.30 18.58±6.38 18.58±6.36 18.55±6.35 18.64±6.45 18.62±6.43 – 18.57±6.35 18.60±6.39 31.49±9.05 18.62±6.42

48.47±12.55 48.97±12.49 48.96±12.46 47.90±12.56 47.26±12.01 47.73±12.04 47.23±12.38 46.97±11.95 46.46±11.61 45.60±11.74 45.58±11.78 45.47±11.81 44.57±11.66 44.42±11.41 44.05±11.23 42.97±11.21 43.64±11.12 43.42±11.40 42.49±11.17 43.19±11.32 41.94±10.86 41.28±10.51 41.20±10.69 39.71±9.83 38.69±9.54 39.77±10.15 39.54±10.35 38.03±9.45 38.69±9.90 37.06±9.52

48.13±12.59 47.91±12.38 47.58±12.29 47.13±12.42 46.80±12.02 46.82±11.81 46.74±12.37 46.56±11.95 45.69±11.53 44.93±11.62 45.02±11.67 44.75±11.70 44.20±11.61 43.25±11.20 43.58±11.15 43.02±11.41 42.99±11.08 42.69±11.33 42.13±11.15 42.24±11.01 40.48±10.63 40.29±10.42 40.23±10.33 36.64±9.68 35.22±9.16 – 38.18±9.98 37.62±9.49 38.29±9.87 36.77±9.52

48.53±12.44 49.04±12.61 48.95±12.58 47.58±12.51 47.22±12.38 47.75±12.07 47.09±12.45 47.02±11.94 46.44±11.63 45.64±11.94 45.74±12.01 45.40±11.78 44.54±11.63 44.42±11.43 43.98±11.39 43.18±11.43 43.95±11.28 43.63±11.34 42.67±11.32 43.38±11.23 42.10±10.87 41.57±10.60 41.34±10.77 40.16±9.89 39.36±9.76 39.90±10.18 40.02±10.26 38.20±9.47 39.12±9.89 37.37±9.59

48.00±12.46 48.28±12.46 48.04±12.24 47.31±12.41 47.35±12.29 47.16±11.89 46.78±12.41 46.69±11.95 46.02±11.69 45.48±11.97 45.44±11.97 44.95±11.71 44.22±11.60 43.51±11.32 43.74±11.33 43.11±11.48 43.36±11.19 42.91±11.48 42.35±11.23 42.69±11.20 40.83±10.63 40.56±10.52 40.50±10.47 39.71±9.81 38.98±9.72 – 38.66±10.16 37.72±9.51 38.73±9.88 36.92±9.52

12.87±6.06 12.53±5.97 12.60±5.93 12.17±6.18 12.06±5.66 11.91±5.55 11.73±6.08 11.24±5.59 10.89±5.53 10.59±5.32 10.56±5.37 10.09±5.15 9.92±5.45 9.41±5.01 9.14±5.16 8.96±4.83 8.76±4.83 8.30±5.18 8.17±4.86 8.14±4.69 7.05±4.41 6.84±4.58 6.64±3.58 5.95±3.20 5.74±2.87 5.56±2.94 5.36±3.17 4.85±2.51 4.87±3.97 4.36±2.39

29 27 26 25 25 23 23 22 21 19 19 17 17 16 15 13 13 10 10 10 7 7 7 6 4 4 3 1 0 0

Table 68: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini Virchow2 Virchow GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK PLIP Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

77.94±12.50 77.51±12.73 77.71±12.97 77.72±12.97 77.34±12.61 77.26±12.61 77.04±12.90 77.06±12.83 76.41±12.97 76.39±12.96 76.55±12.78 75.66±13.23 75.93±13.25 74.90±13.34 74.76±13.68 75.50±13.15 74.94±13.45 74.29±13.62 73.98±13.82 74.38±13.76 73.32±13.57 72.80±14.26 72.78±14.19 70.37±14.94 70.98±13.98 71.68±14.53 69.71±14.52 70.52±13.98 71.13±14.57 69.74±14.54

67.12±14.66 66.78±14.11 67.48±14.39 67.54±14.42 67.11±14.57 67.28±14.50 67.04±14.63 67.22±14.32 66.71±14.75 66.70±14.76 66.95±14.46 66.23±14.50 66.58±14.61 66.05±14.97 65.79±14.82 66.74±14.63 66.32±14.61 65.68±14.65 65.64±14.01 66.50±14.66 65.95±14.44 65.28±14.39 65.07±15.03 63.60±15.14 64.44±14.95 65.69±14.98 63.26±15.37 64.55±14.29 65.36±15.01 64.45±15.22

43.64±19.58 43.63±19.51 43.64±19.57 43.67±19.56 43.61±19.54 43.62±19.64 43.59±19.50 43.62±19.58 43.62±19.47 43.64±19.47 43.60±19.50 43.62±19.50 43.66±19.57 43.62±19.55 43.63±19.60 43.60±19.52 43.61±19.54 43.61±19.57 43.65±19.56 43.66±19.58 43.62±19.53 43.64±19.58 43.65±19.57 43.61±19.50 43.67±19.56 – 63.17±14.93 43.63±19.54 43.64±19.59 43.63±19.50

77.77±12.65 77.46±12.63 78.01±12.43 78.04±12.39 77.20±12.63 77.33±12.56 77.14±12.75 77.14±12.79 76.18±12.96 76.15±12.94 76.85±12.60 76.00±13.10 75.82±13.14 75.16±13.05 74.72±13.45 75.51±13.10 75.22±13.24 74.92±13.43 74.15±13.54 74.90±13.58 73.35±13.38 73.37±13.80 73.94±13.64 71.99±13.59 71.55±13.83 72.29±14.03 71.37±14.14 71.20±13.97 72.17±14.20 70.34±14.18

77.58±12.65 77.08±12.81 77.28±12.50 77.04±12.51 76.82±12.73 76.82±12.76 76.87±12.84 76.91±12.91 76.03±12.93 75.95±12.92 76.33±12.83 75.52±13.22 75.65±13.25 74.70±13.18 74.59±13.49 75.19±13.22 74.61±13.46 74.40±13.60 73.81±13.78 74.21±13.72 72.73±13.54 72.63±14.21 72.71±14.23 68.13±14.33 67.14±14.62 – 71.03±14.06 70.96±14.21 70.99±14.43 70.13±14.28

77.76±12.59 77.36±12.87 78.17±12.43 78.13±12.41 77.17±12.75 77.23±12.67 77.07±12.87 77.06±12.82 76.10±13.12 76.06±13.14 76.75±12.58 76.15±13.07 75.62±13.37 75.29±12.94 74.68±13.48 75.48±13.16 75.37±13.15 74.93±13.42 74.28±13.54 74.96±13.42 73.29±13.56 73.70±13.78 74.09±13.69 72.58±13.66 72.12±13.70 72.47±13.95 71.79±13.88 71.37±13.80 72.67±13.99 70.70±14.18

77.61±12.66 77.14±12.82 77.65±12.57 77.64±12.57 77.15±12.67 77.01±12.73 76.78±12.93 76.95±12.90 75.97±12.97 75.95±13.00 76.44±12.79 75.76±13.24 75.66±13.34 74.89±13.18 74.53±13.58 75.27±13.10 74.87±13.43 74.53±13.44 73.94±13.78 74.48±13.67 72.87±13.59 72.84±14.07 73.11±14.06 72.10±13.73 71.72±13.78 – 71.44±13.87 70.93±14.06 71.44±14.46 70.21±14.31

10.74±5.26 10.40±4.92 10.11±4.98 10.06±4.97 10.08±5.11 9.84±4.91 9.82±5.35 9.70±4.87 9.50±5.17 9.47±5.23 9.44±4.92 9.31±4.45 9.04±4.99 8.81±4.33 8.63±5.00 8.63±4.81 8.48±4.79 8.18±5.01 7.97±4.30 7.61±4.74 7.21±3.91 7.11±4.71 7.20±5.13 6.47±4.46 6.42±4.00 5.81±3.90 5.93±4.78 5.77±3.47 5.57±4.07 5.11±3.73

29 26 26 26 25 22 22 22 18 18 18 17 16 13 13 13 13 12 10 9 7 7 6 6 5 2 1 1 1 0

Table 69: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 CONCH UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

45.27±10.42 44.37±10.08 44.93±10.35 44.85±10.34 44.84±10.34 44.24±10.16 43.72±10.05 43.11±9.99 43.13±9.73 42.51±10.14 42.31±10.21 42.49±9.75 42.61±9.77 42.01±9.91 41.85±10.17 41.55±9.63 41.23±9.91 40.46±9.60 40.72±9.46 40.25±9.66 40.01±9.73 38.88±9.36 36.31±8.58 35.17±7.93 36.03±8.38 36.60±8.85 37.69±8.66 35.56±8.53 34.19±8.93 34.33±8.38

30.38±7.78 29.50±7.46 30.02±7.62 30.02±7.59 30.22±7.79 29.89±7.78 29.46±7.22 29.58±7.69 29.47±7.48 29.15±7.93 28.91±7.72 29.24±7.39 29.43±7.44 28.61±7.17 28.89±7.37 28.78±7.54 29.16±7.99 28.92±7.59 29.23±7.57 28.79±7.57 28.46±7.72 28.70±7.78 26.46±6.80 25.90±7.92 26.94±7.09 28.11±7.78 29.39±7.46 28.38±7.52 27.00±8.02 28.28±8.53

15.30±7.19 15.47±7.12 15.34±7.20 15.01±7.21 14.90±7.17 15.26±7.07 15.15±7.06 14.99±7.12 15.23±7.20 15.45±7.24 15.39±6.95 15.21±7.19 15.22±7.20 15.82±6.75 16.07±7.20 14.55±6.97 15.38±6.69 15.55±7.08 15.69±7.17 15.96±7.02 15.81±6.91 15.86±6.84 15.40±7.28 27.44±8.53 15.28±6.85 – 15.08±7.22 15.74±6.74 16.02±6.96 15.46±7.06

45.72±10.52 44.84±10.22 45.32±10.43 45.03±10.35 45.13±10.37 44.87±10.23 43.84±10.08 43.39±9.80 43.76±9.81 42.85±9.75 42.74±10.09 42.88±9.73 42.95±9.72 42.46±9.64 42.75±9.92 41.69±9.51 42.14±9.88 40.82±9.20 41.11±9.32 41.61±9.34 41.20±9.38 39.97±9.08 38.00±8.51 37.28±8.55 36.91±8.50 36.98±8.60 38.05±8.79 36.80±8.51 35.61±8.78 35.15±8.09

45.72±10.57 44.56±10.08 45.16±10.22 44.96±10.37 44.92±10.28 44.86±10.28 43.90±9.97 43.29±9.82 43.57±9.70 43.29±10.12 42.73±10.04 42.80±9.66 42.90±9.67 42.46±9.74 42.58±10.10 41.69±9.52 41.55±9.71 41.12±9.41 41.21±9.42 41.07±9.50 40.69±9.57 39.76±9.36 35.03±8.24 35.07±8.08 33.72±7.77 – 37.97±8.77 36.33±8.35 35.36±8.70 34.94±8.16

45.62±10.60 45.14±10.41 45.37±10.53 45.25±10.34 45.34±10.36 45.14±10.52 43.88±10.20 43.60±9.91 43.78±9.67 43.33±10.07 43.00±10.14 42.94±9.93 42.99±9.99 42.48±9.65 43.14±10.19 41.89±9.59 42.30±9.85 41.43±9.65 41.32±9.40 41.68±9.59 41.25±9.61 39.99±9.50 38.39±8.51 36.79±8.45 37.66±8.59 37.04±8.68 38.58±9.30 37.44±8.65 35.78±8.72 35.37±8.13

45.72±10.42 45.12±10.34 45.37±10.26 45.16±10.21 45.15±10.25 44.87±10.27 44.11±10.06 43.44±9.86 43.74±9.62 43.32±10.14 43.07±10.16 42.84±9.71 42.94±9.73 42.62±9.86 42.74±10.12 42.03±9.65 41.87±9.79 41.20±9.55 41.56±9.53 41.27±9.47 41.02±9.56 39.93±9.45 38.21±8.48 36.05±8.53 37.38±8.55 – 38.00±8.86 36.79±8.70 35.64±8.57 35.00±8.20

14.30±5.97 14.19±5.50 14.17±5.66 14.09±5.31 13.95±5.37 13.66±5.77 13.48±5.11 12.90±5.07 12.93±5.04 12.62±5.42 12.64±5.47 12.61±4.87 12.55±4.89 12.54±5.06 12.26±5.83 11.91±4.25 11.46±4.90 11.04±4.43 10.90±4.57 10.88±5.01 10.83±5.74 9.68±5.10 9.19±3.71 8.51±3.77 8.50±3.45 8.22±2.81 8.21±3.20 7.05±3.36 6.77±2.83 6.19±3.05

27 26 25 25 25 23 23 20 18 16 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 9 9 9 9 7 6 3 3 3 3 1 0 0

Table 70: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model Virchow2 Virchow SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 mSTAR CONCH v1.5 H0mini UNI Hibou-L GPFM Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon-v2 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK Prov-GigaPath CTransPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

64.36±10.49 64.43±10.40 64.71±10.42 64.70±10.42 65.28±10.31 65.10±10.29 63.43±10.54 63.32±10.59 64.15±10.49 63.33±10.60 63.74±10.29 63.66±10.57 62.60±10.89 62.32±10.49 62.39±10.64 61.16±10.85 62.63±10.42 63.02±10.65 63.17±10.70 60.41±10.93 61.81±10.62 61.89±10.32 58.06±10.00 58.16±9.58 58.37±8.46 60.03±10.27 58.72±10.13 56.72±9.47 57.80±10.54 57.32±9.26

50.41±9.22 51.04±9.10 52.67±8.78 52.65±8.77 53.36±8.16 52.80±8.45 50.44±8.97 51.18±8.82 52.72±8.58 50.64±8.95 52.11±8.18 52.14±8.59 50.52±8.99 50.44±8.76 50.56±9.27 49.25±9.06 51.09±8.74 51.73±8.19 52.55±8.27 49.09±9.86 51.11±8.29 51.02±8.21 47.61±8.60 48.66±8.23 49.31±7.47 51.53±9.02 51.21±8.65 48.21±8.92 49.79±9.16 49.63±8.99

34.98±5.20 35.31±5.30 34.73±5.73 34.47±5.82 34.88±4.98 34.74±4.71 34.61±5.06 34.95±5.35 34.62±4.65 34.27±4.63 34.96±5.30 34.48±4.75 35.03±4.72 34.74±4.40 34.73±4.37 34.82±4.67 34.20±4.96 34.97±5.26 34.89±4.76 35.07±5.16 35.40±5.40 34.58±4.37 34.93±5.20 34.52±4.48 49.35±7.03 34.71±4.65 – 35.35±5.12 35.26±4.99 34.74±4.81

65.11±9.66 65.17±9.59 64.92±10.34 64.96±10.30 65.85±9.78 65.67±9.56 63.93±9.87 64.06±9.59 64.47±9.93 63.94±9.86 64.49±9.73 64.06±10.16 64.11±9.68 62.98±9.69 63.14±10.14 62.42±10.08 62.94±10.44 63.58±10.05 64.15±9.56 61.77±10.35 63.35±9.08 63.20±9.05 60.19±9.30 59.00±9.38 59.97±8.60 60.52±9.52 59.29±9.65 58.49±8.69 59.28±9.82 57.70±9.31

65.19±9.58 65.16±9.61 64.85±10.04 64.96±10.02 66.02±9.65 65.64±9.61 64.14±9.76 64.28±9.74 64.69±9.45 64.02±9.82 64.54±9.62 64.38±10.02 63.67±9.92 63.11±9.63 63.11±9.80 62.50±9.79 62.89±10.34 63.85±9.87 64.25±9.63 61.65±9.99 63.05±9.48 63.39±9.06 56.41±7.62 55.53±7.14 58.28±7.96 60.52±9.43 – 58.28±8.79 59.19±9.37 57.69±9.19

65.10±9.51 65.28±9.66 65.26±10.10 65.06±10.24 65.76±9.88 65.69±9.55 64.02±9.80 64.02±9.72 64.81±9.65 63.99±9.84 64.74±9.42 64.41±9.76 64.22±9.40 63.25±9.65 63.49±9.87 62.79±9.73 63.04±10.36 63.80±9.79 64.08±9.53 62.01±10.07 63.56±8.98 62.99±9.37 60.38±9.48 60.31±8.89 59.91±8.43 60.25±9.62 59.54±9.45 58.78±8.36 59.65±9.80 58.52±8.74

65.32±9.49 65.57±9.45 65.33±9.85 65.31±9.94 65.92±9.72 65.81±9.37 64.18±9.67 64.41±9.64 64.96±9.67 64.13±9.69 64.55±9.46 64.45±9.90 64.12±9.52 63.28±9.58 63.42±9.73 62.91±9.49 63.28±10.12 64.00±9.67 64.29±9.60 62.05±9.85 63.62±9.03 63.10±9.31 60.16±9.39 60.05±8.95 59.06±8.43 60.83±9.19 – 58.72±8.39 59.38±9.47 58.56±8.50

13.56±4.45 13.13±4.43 12.52±6.00 12.51±5.96 12.30±6.06 12.49±5.47 12.78±4.53 12.24±4.80 11.85±5.92 12.56±4.53 11.85±5.47 11.74±5.09 11.76±4.72 11.75±4.14 11.71±4.46 11.67±4.39 11.52±4.71 11.40±5.16 10.96±5.71 10.89±4.12 10.89±5.01 10.62±4.83 10.11±3.85 9.39±4.11 9.23±5.71 8.98±3.95 8.14±4.55 8.34±3.23 8.07±3.64 7.87±3.22

24 24 24 24 23 21 19 19 19 18 17 17 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 8 8 8 6 4 4 4 2 0 0 0

Table 71: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow H0mini UNI2 Hibou-L GPFM CONCH v1.5 mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B OmiCLIP CTransPath Prov-GigaPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

84.86±6.73 84.14±7.00 84.47±6.97 84.41±7.29 84.24±6.94 83.87±7.21 84.43±7.28 83.68±6.96 83.63±7.15 83.09±7.44 83.28±7.03 83.11±7.15 82.48±7.83 82.93±7.44 82.78±7.45 82.34±7.27 82.58±6.92 82.03±7.35 81.45±7.74 81.39±7.67 81.69±7.22 80.54±7.45 78.64±6.72 78.78±6.17 76.90±5.66 78.75±6.21 79.33±6.39 75.93±6.68 77.83±7.06 76.68±6.17

72.59±4.62 71.94±4.60 72.54±4.55 72.59±4.63 72.35±4.47 72.13±4.69 72.56±4.65 71.92±4.52 72.04±4.66 71.54±4.63 71.71±4.70 71.72±4.54 71.39±4.84 71.81±4.32 71.65±5.00 71.41±4.46 71.20±5.31 71.34±4.34 70.94±4.39 71.15±4.88 71.45±4.58 70.64±4.75 69.04±4.06 68.92±4.69 68.95±4.45 71.17±4.40 71.89±4.24 68.19±4.18 70.44±5.30 69.91±4.77

49.98±0.23 50.05±0.24 49.98±0.25 50.07±0.16 50.01±0.14 50.06±0.20 50.07±0.19 49.85±0.21 49.94±0.14 49.99±0.12 49.94±0.23 49.94±0.22 50.04±0.12 50.04±0.11 50.04±0.28 49.73±0.31 50.08±0.16 50.02±0.22 49.94±0.13 49.94±0.16 49.93±0.15 49.99±0.16 50.04±0.28 49.97±0.15 50.11±0.25 – 50.08±0.13 67.35±3.81 49.93±0.11 50.09±0.23

84.59±6.89 83.82±7.15 84.18±7.13 84.61±6.83 84.12±6.85 83.42±7.28 84.62±6.75 83.42±7.16 83.49±7.06 82.79±7.51 82.84±7.34 82.82±7.26 82.60±7.57 82.89±7.07 82.46±7.41 82.49±7.22 82.53±7.06 81.81±7.23 81.67±7.61 81.93±7.14 81.52±7.20 81.15±7.25 79.58±6.63 78.86±6.37 77.30±5.71 78.62±6.08 79.12±6.46 77.67±6.30 78.54±6.85 77.13±5.77

84.44±7.18 83.44±7.49 84.06±7.22 84.09±7.04 84.03±7.12 83.31±7.43 84.16±7.10 83.17±7.36 83.42±7.26 82.91±7.65 82.69±7.41 82.64±7.44 82.32±7.78 82.86±7.38 82.55±7.48 82.01±7.45 82.44±7.03 81.80±7.35 81.28±7.88 81.45±7.39 81.62±7.30 80.64±7.33 76.42±7.00 75.28±6.85 77.34±5.66 – 78.90±6.77 76.07±6.22 77.79±6.98 76.96±5.79

84.43±6.97 83.86±7.27 84.21±7.15 84.61±6.97 84.13±7.03 83.39±7.48 84.52±7.04 83.29±7.23 83.71±7.02 82.89±7.52 82.82±7.23 82.85±7.22 82.71±7.54 82.82±7.08 82.43±7.53 82.46±7.19 82.65±7.05 81.66±7.43 81.57±7.65 81.85±7.17 81.81±7.14 81.00±7.25 79.89±6.80 79.39±6.41 77.44±5.72 78.66±6.25 79.34±6.47 77.75±6.27 78.90±6.69 77.15±5.88

84.41±7.03 83.81±7.15 84.24±6.97 84.37±6.89 84.08±7.10 83.57±7.43 84.37±6.88 83.16±7.35 83.50±7.09 82.86±7.62 82.82±7.35 82.68±7.38 82.36±7.68 82.93±7.41 82.45±7.47 82.15±7.42 82.49±7.13 81.93±7.28 81.43±7.75 81.54±7.36 81.60±7.35 80.68±7.38 79.69±6.79 79.20±6.38 77.31±5.90 – 78.85±6.56 76.90±6.21 78.07±6.91 76.90±5.82

11.16±4.53 11.21±4.74 10.90±4.62 10.75±4.78 10.84±4.71 10.78±4.68 10.77±4.77 10.74±4.78 10.72±4.66 10.54±5.09 10.50±4.73 10.43±4.84 10.22±4.92 10.20±5.07 10.15±4.65 10.02±4.77 10.46±4.26 9.80±4.86 9.60±5.27 9.47±4.67 9.41±4.59 8.99±4.78 8.73±4.53 8.81±4.84 7.22±3.76 7.15±3.15 7.02±3.82 6.98±4.97 6.73±3.66 6.47±3.03

28 26 23 21 20 20 20 20 20 18 14 14 14 14 14 13 12 11 9 9 9 7 7 6 2 2 2 0 0 0

Table 72: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow Hibou-L H0mini CONCH v1.5 CONCH GPFM Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 UNI mSTAR SEAL(CONCH) Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath MUSK CTransPath OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

87.28±7.50 87.20±7.49 87.26±7.09 87.06±7.29 87.01±7.37 87.04±7.41 86.42±7.80 86.93±7.37 85.50±9.05 85.61±8.39 86.85±7.30 86.09±7.84 85.96±7.77 86.11±7.90 86.09±7.95 85.37±7.55 85.97±7.14 85.31±8.31 84.87±8.09 85.05±8.63 83.69±10.18 84.26±7.96 83.41±6.16 82.63±7.15 82.81±8.73 81.13±6.71 82.81±7.27 80.67±7.25 82.05±7.89 79.50±10.06

75.16±6.89 74.03±8.97 75.35±6.37 75.63±6.03 75.63±6.01 76.09±5.17 74.60±7.03 75.76±5.36 74.53±6.52 72.14±11.20 75.76±6.09 74.98±6.55 75.58±5.16 75.38±5.84 75.54±5.70 74.56±6.11 73.21±8.57 75.49±5.34 75.06±5.25 75.35±5.81 73.60±7.79 74.41±5.59 73.59±4.14 73.77±4.84 72.64±10.80 72.22±4.61 75.18±5.40 73.16±5.33 74.91±5.20 71.94±9.44

49.97±0.20 49.83±0.17 49.85±0.19 49.81±0.28 49.88±0.20 49.91±0.15 49.78±0.21 49.92±0.14 50.11±0.35 49.67±0.48 49.78±0.26 49.98±0.19 49.73±0.35 49.80±0.28 49.98±0.26 50.04±0.24 49.77±0.34 49.82±0.22 49.81±0.25 49.90±0.14 50.38±0.83 49.98±0.17 50.10±0.37 50.13±0.41 49.99±0.16 70.97±4.68 – 49.92±0.16 49.78±0.20 50.08±0.23

87.48±7.11 87.35±7.13 86.94±7.38 87.49±6.96 87.58±6.83 86.98±7.35 86.51±7.62 86.79±7.30 86.06±7.79 85.50±8.33 87.15±6.62 86.34±7.17 86.32±7.42 85.84±8.02 85.79±8.14 85.42±7.54 86.30±7.01 85.09±8.77 85.24±7.89 85.29±8.06 85.69±7.28 84.60±8.25 81.21±11.13 82.97±7.04 82.66±8.70 82.58±6.50 82.75±7.29 81.14±7.31 82.49±7.95 81.84±6.52

87.30±7.36 86.90±7.69 87.16±6.99 86.63±8.03 86.50±8.11 86.69±7.80 86.40±7.67 86.56±7.50 85.59±8.68 85.77±8.15 86.89±7.21 86.27±7.50 85.73±7.90 85.94±7.91 86.06±7.84 85.49±7.47 85.75±7.63 85.46±7.86 84.94±8.01 85.01±8.44 85.25±7.70 84.25±8.07 77.90±10.45 79.42±6.84 82.48±8.75 81.19±6.48 – 80.94±7.64 81.15±9.48 81.70±6.72

87.27±7.42 87.23±7.25 86.55±7.77 87.33±7.18 87.29±7.25 86.73±7.67 86.45±7.61 86.63±7.57 85.54±8.47 85.53±8.22 86.76±7.19 85.79±7.91 85.93±7.89 85.76±8.02 85.80±8.00 84.93±8.18 85.97±7.39 85.58±7.98 85.32±7.84 85.18±8.13 85.68±7.27 84.49±8.28 84.26±6.69 83.30±7.28 82.83±8.23 82.78±6.41 82.70±7.53 81.56±6.83 82.45±8.52 81.62±7.11

86.98±7.75 86.96±7.62 86.96±7.26 87.03±7.46 86.95±7.60 87.03±7.33 85.99±8.28 86.62±7.76 86.11±7.97 85.44±8.61 86.49±7.69 86.05±7.68 85.83±7.96 86.03±7.66 86.08±7.63 85.33±7.62 85.77±7.70 85.22±8.36 84.42±8.91 84.90±8.65 84.99±8.26 84.24±8.15 84.10±6.63 82.72±7.98 82.49±8.87 81.92±6.58 – 81.57±6.82 82.14±8.21 81.33±7.23

11.85±5.46 11.86±5.08 11.12±3.93 10.84±4.05 10.81±4.10 10.51±4.41 10.92±4.19 10.63±4.23 10.37±5.66 11.86±6.64 10.40±3.71 10.35±4.38 10.04±4.58 10.22±4.18 10.12±4.20 10.24±3.96 11.47±5.45 9.62±4.69 9.43±4.53 9.36±4.68 9.67±5.12 9.27±4.77 9.19±4.05 8.48±4.19 9.08±4.40 8.36±4.57 7.52±3.33 7.26±4.40 7.14±4.28 7.26±3.90

28 26 22 21 21 20 19 19 15 14 13 13 13 12 12 11 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 5 4 3 2 1 1 0

Table 73: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 Virchow H0mini GPFM Hibou-L mSTAR CONCH v1.5 UNI CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

47.33±11.65 46.75±11.41 46.78±11.93 46.77±11.93 46.14±11.30 46.14±11.39 45.67±11.15 45.26±11.13 45.03±10.88 44.48±10.98 44.31±11.10 44.29±10.90 43.95±11.10 43.81±10.89 43.61±11.14 43.28±10.83 42.97±10.83 42.34±10.54 41.63±10.66 41.76±10.48 41.51±10.42 40.52±10.41 37.64±9.49 38.92±9.88 37.35±9.51 37.86±9.98 37.00±9.48 35.01±8.84 34.81±9.77 35.64±9.29

32.45±9.11 32.38±9.27 32.44±9.44 32.47±9.48 31.95±8.96 32.33±9.13 32.00±9.07 32.20±9.23 32.02±9.32 31.64±9.02 31.62±9.31 31.69±9.12 31.82±9.39 31.73±8.92 31.56±9.06 31.64±9.28 31.67±9.10 31.50±9.07 30.95±9.01 31.58±9.39 31.34±8.94 30.88±8.84 29.89±9.11 31.90±9.42 29.79±8.76 31.54±9.36 30.79±8.59 29.10±9.03 29.56±9.19 30.64±9.20

18.59±6.39 18.55±6.33 18.54±6.32 18.55±6.33 18.58±6.38 18.55±6.32 18.57±6.35 18.52±6.30 18.51±6.26 18.55±6.34 18.56±6.36 18.55±6.34 18.56±6.34 18.60±6.42 18.57±6.36 18.58±6.37 18.47±6.22 18.60±6.42 18.58±6.37 18.51±6.28 18.52±6.28 18.53±6.29 18.61±6.44 18.58±6.36 18.57±6.35 – 18.55±6.30 28.44±8.90 18.61±6.42 18.61±6.41

46.95±11.71 46.28±11.38 46.79±11.42 46.81±11.46 45.63±11.27 45.73±11.30 44.85±11.04 44.73±11.06 44.54±10.78 43.69±10.80 43.63±10.77 43.60±10.81 43.80±11.08 43.04±10.62 43.51±11.08 42.92±10.63 42.93±10.82 41.81±10.38 41.74±10.37 41.30±10.28 41.86±10.31 41.01±10.34 38.38±9.59 38.48±9.96 37.23±9.40 37.76±9.73 37.51±9.47 36.23±9.29 35.01±9.58 35.85±9.49

46.76±11.68 46.00±11.29 46.13±11.37 45.95±11.30 45.07±11.16 45.70±11.29 44.71±10.88 44.73±10.92 44.28±10.62 43.55±10.69 43.92±11.00 43.49±10.70 43.73±10.96 43.27±10.80 43.20±11.10 42.73±10.66 42.28±10.63 41.80±10.35 41.18±10.43 41.53±10.43 41.37±10.30 40.34±10.47 34.78±8.67 38.19±9.83 33.43±8.30 – 36.61±9.27 34.79±8.71 35.08±9.63 35.67±9.40

46.71±11.78 46.35±11.52 46.78±11.55 46.86±11.53 45.65±11.32 45.87±11.65 44.80±11.32 44.92±11.17 44.41±10.86 43.69±11.10 43.86±11.21 43.68±11.12 43.64±11.06 43.00±10.74 43.64±11.14 43.11±10.73 42.81±10.84 41.70±10.54 41.65±10.44 41.63±10.54 41.92±10.51 40.75±10.51 38.72±9.62 38.68±10.20 37.85±9.50 37.71±9.74 37.79±9.63 36.49±9.39 35.26±9.63 35.91±9.36

46.60±11.54 46.18±11.34 46.32±11.19 46.27±11.22 45.38±11.20 45.69±11.52 45.06±11.08 44.71±11.05 44.32±10.73 43.68±11.05 43.85±11.14 43.51±10.95 43.87±11.18 43.00±10.79 43.22±11.05 42.83±10.72 42.45±10.61 41.94±10.37 41.40±10.44 41.46±10.34 41.45±10.37 40.28±10.28 38.42±9.46 38.18±9.94 37.58±9.44 – 36.96±9.44 35.62±9.26 35.02±9.47 35.60±9.33

14.17±5.70 13.69±5.55 13.64±5.48 13.62±5.50 13.49±5.21 13.15±5.34 13.01±5.35 12.51±5.10 12.47±4.98 12.17±4.65 12.03±5.59 12.03±4.74 11.56±6.03 11.47±4.89 11.41±5.66 11.09±4.11 10.79±4.62 10.37±4.50 10.02±5.37 9.81±4.32 9.75±4.46 9.00±4.30 7.28±3.30 7.04±2.85 7.00±3.31 6.18±2.54 5.98±2.65 5.67±3.62 5.01±2.21 4.96±2.27

29 26 25 25 25 23 23 21 20 18 18 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 9 9 9 8 6 5 5 3 2 2 0 0

Table 74: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH v1.5 UNI2 Hibou-L GPFM CONCH UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK Lunit ViT-S CTransPath PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

77.25±12.21 77.08±12.26 76.48±12.62 76.73±12.42 76.65±12.40 76.56±13.16 75.81±12.80 76.56±13.17 76.01±12.53 76.33±12.65 75.34±12.99 75.66±12.70 75.68±12.68 75.52±12.99 75.27±13.21 74.63±13.47 74.74±13.01 74.04±13.40 73.79±13.17 73.82±13.61 74.52±12.96 72.84±13.83 70.38±13.87 71.75±13.37 70.12±13.89 68.47±14.29 70.01±14.18 70.71±14.16 68.83±13.92 67.73±14.82

63.39±16.05 63.54±14.85 63.39±15.47 63.61±15.48 63.58±15.29 63.76±15.48 62.76±15.49 63.77±15.47 63.12±15.26 63.75±15.04 62.47±14.87 63.20±15.47 63.30±15.46 63.19±15.54 63.29±15.52 62.64±15.36 63.33±15.36 62.36±15.78 62.32±15.73 62.44±15.40 63.36±15.20 61.88±15.79 60.73±15.68 62.87±15.06 61.40±15.70 59.86±16.00 62.40±15.88 63.08±15.40 61.82±14.84 60.86±15.74

43.59±19.53 43.60±19.54 43.58±19.52 43.59±19.48 43.56±19.57 43.58±19.48 43.58±19.52 43.57±19.49 43.55±19.53 43.56±19.47 43.54±19.45 43.58±19.50 43.59±19.56 43.59±19.55 43.58±19.49 43.54±19.44 43.59±19.50 43.61±19.58 43.64±19.62 43.58±19.54 43.57±19.50 43.58±19.53 43.58±19.54 43.62±19.55 43.61±19.56 58.82±15.94 43.55±19.49 – 43.64±19.55 43.60±19.53

77.29±12.16 76.95±12.18 76.17±12.64 76.58±12.47 76.41±12.33 77.09±12.27 75.46±12.85 77.06±12.30 75.91±12.50 76.00±12.73 75.12±13.05 75.38±12.57 75.43±12.53 75.17±12.92 75.27±13.15 74.85±13.14 74.72±12.95 74.00±13.11 74.23±13.18 74.10±13.52 74.29±13.04 73.51±13.55 71.03±13.22 71.43±13.32 70.30±13.79 69.66±14.09 70.59±13.94 70.72±13.86 69.23±14.20 68.20±14.52

77.08±12.28 76.81±12.22 75.95±12.60 76.43±12.44 76.31±12.55 76.46±12.30 75.62±12.88 76.58±12.27 75.75±12.69 76.12±12.71 75.31±12.99 75.32±12.73 75.41±12.70 75.36±12.94 74.99±13.40 74.64±13.16 74.48±13.11 74.01±13.32 73.99±13.39 73.65±13.66 74.25±13.09 72.82±13.76 66.55±13.87 71.18±13.47 65.52±14.71 68.28±13.96 69.90±13.87 – 69.12±14.30 68.23±14.58

77.08±12.44 76.85±12.44 76.13±12.66 76.40±12.53 76.21±12.26 77.06±12.30 75.30±12.88 77.06±12.35 75.84±12.71 75.87±12.73 75.05±12.99 75.12±12.91 75.18±12.85 74.97±13.06 75.13±13.07 74.79±13.14 74.74±13.08 73.92±13.06 74.19±13.32 74.11±13.54 74.17±13.13 73.31±13.42 71.77±13.64 71.27±13.56 70.90±13.59 69.91±14.00 70.84±13.86 70.77±13.87 69.33±14.08 68.28±14.49

76.92±12.44 76.68±12.41 76.31±12.61 76.45±12.59 76.26±12.54 76.69±12.38 75.67±13.08 76.69±12.43 75.67±12.62 76.01±12.65 75.21±12.92 75.24±12.83 75.29±12.78 75.20±13.04 75.11±13.23 74.70±13.13 74.54±13.07 73.95±13.33 74.04±13.25 73.79±13.53 74.22±13.05 72.94±13.76 71.39±13.64 71.18±13.35 70.62±13.66 68.99±14.24 70.25±14.03 – 69.06±14.21 68.34±14.55

14.04±6.38 13.47±5.90 13.09±6.03 13.08±6.33 13.15±6.06 12.88±6.21 12.88±6.71 12.87±6.18 12.82±6.09 12.58±5.81 12.68±5.52 12.52±5.99 12.48±5.95 12.15±6.42 11.90±6.25 11.95±5.61 11.43±5.87 11.59±5.59 11.32±6.24 11.24±6.20 11.13±5.89 10.62±6.26 9.47±5.43 9.01±4.24 8.68±5.02 8.32±5.24 7.72±4.57 7.71±4.33 7.10±3.84 6.94±4.18

29 26 22 22 21 20 20 20 19 18 17 16 16 14 13 11 10 9 9 9 9 8 6 5 4 4 2 2 0 0

Table 75: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L GPFM Virchow H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-S/8 mSTAR UNI Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

41.13±9.81 39.92±8.83 39.69±9.17 39.74±9.19 40.29±9.44 39.76±9.20 39.68±9.45 39.42±9.17 39.19±8.85 38.73±9.11 38.72±9.05 38.15±9.31 38.17±8.75 38.47±9.13 37.81±8.68 37.65±8.67 37.54±9.01 36.90±8.61 36.66±8.82 36.26±8.82 35.90±8.60 35.61±8.56 33.44±8.17 31.94±7.55 33.25±8.30 33.39±8.42 32.99±7.92 32.15±7.88 31.26±8.54 31.01±8.05

25.20±7.95 25.39±7.59 25.13±7.71 25.21±7.88 25.35±7.69 25.22±7.42 25.29±7.96 25.17±7.64 25.17±7.69 25.00±7.50 25.15±7.74 24.61±7.20 25.09±7.55 25.11±7.77 25.38±7.70 25.45±7.74 25.39±7.84 25.55±8.34 25.88±8.33 25.16±7.93 24.83±7.61 25.47±8.39 23.06±7.08 21.96±7.11 23.42±7.41 25.06±7.88 25.05±7.43 25.00±7.59 24.16±8.16 24.27±8.03

15.49±7.15 15.26±7.16 14.83±7.52 15.00±7.51 15.22±7.22 15.07±7.22 16.30±7.03 15.27±7.03 15.42±7.31 15.23±7.44 15.50±7.05 15.36±7.24 15.74±7.26 15.97±7.13 15.43±7.36 15.38±7.28 15.72±7.44 14.82±7.01 16.00±7.19 15.62±7.27 16.04±7.19 16.08±7.28 15.27±7.27 23.63±8.26 15.31±6.96 – 14.83±7.12 15.75±7.13 16.00±7.21 15.23±7.11

41.00±9.67 40.05±9.02 39.79±9.07 39.73±9.05 40.35±9.33 39.69±9.21 40.29±9.17 39.29±9.13 39.33±8.81 38.71±9.00 39.20±8.95 37.94±9.16 38.11±8.65 39.30±8.62 37.31±8.69 37.32±8.70 37.93±8.89 36.84±8.78 37.75±8.56 36.35±8.81 36.15±8.71 36.47±8.31 34.55±8.39 33.52±8.01 33.54±8.41 33.59±8.56 32.89±7.91 33.51±7.89 32.59±8.33 31.62±7.85

41.80±9.76 40.24±8.72 40.21±9.24 40.21±9.23 40.96±9.33 40.04±9.10 40.60±9.41 39.82±9.16 39.61±8.69 39.10±8.93 39.35±9.06 38.20±9.00 38.76±8.73 39.22±8.97 37.93±8.52 37.88±8.57 38.06±8.86 37.12±8.74 37.66±8.72 37.16±8.93 36.59±8.64 36.44±8.45 32.20±7.39 30.32±7.65 31.41±7.21 – 33.58±7.94 33.38±7.87 32.59±8.38 31.70±7.99

41.70±9.95 40.38±8.81 39.91±9.14 39.93±9.16 40.70±9.48 39.71±9.44 40.63±9.68 39.20±9.39 39.31±8.82 38.91±9.19 39.23±9.18 37.88±9.11 38.37±8.77 39.49±9.20 37.73±9.10 37.50±8.93 37.94±8.67 37.08±8.66 37.65±8.76 37.06±9.04 36.22±8.64 36.14±8.43 34.98±8.39 32.95±7.89 34.38±8.57 33.63±8.35 33.19±7.89 33.82±7.90 32.99±8.51 32.00±7.97

41.75±9.76 40.45±8.77 40.23±9.11 40.26±9.19 40.88±9.35 39.79±9.07 40.66±9.55 39.69±9.12 39.84±9.05 39.17±9.14 39.55±9.09 38.54±9.18 38.78±8.62 39.23±8.80 38.10±8.76 38.03±8.76 38.18±8.90 37.24±8.78 37.53±8.73 37.17±8.95 36.77±8.83 36.79±8.69 34.91±8.35 32.00±8.09 34.38±8.49 – 33.42±7.84 33.51±8.07 32.76±8.31 31.67±7.80

15.15±5.51 14.26±4.54 14.23±4.20 14.16±4.18 14.26±5.02 14.11±4.30 13.94±5.68 13.74±3.80 13.60±4.24 13.24±3.71 13.19±4.28 13.12±4.33 12.74±3.92 12.83±4.69 12.25±3.71 12.10±3.71 12.00±4.31 11.25±4.10 10.92±4.31 10.80±3.24 10.81±3.41 10.12±4.26 9.97±2.88 9.66±3.06 9.45±2.88 8.38±2.59 8.12±2.48 7.49±2.81 7.16±2.63 6.72±2.21

29 23 23 23 22 22 21 21 19 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 13 11 10 9 8 6 6 5 5 3 3 1 0 0

Table 76: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 Hibou-L Virchow H-Optimus-0 UNI H0mini GPFM mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon Phikon-v2 DINOv3 ViT-L SEAL(CONCH) MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP Prov-GigaPath CTransPath PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAF1

Wins

62.59±10.70 61.62±10.58 61.50±9.90 61.38±10.95 61.86±9.64 61.42±10.34 61.42±10.34 59.90±10.28 60.00±10.84 60.69±10.37 60.62±9.91 61.31±9.97 60.15±10.19 60.00±10.07 60.64±10.41 60.21±10.16 60.40±10.30 58.78±10.60 57.62±10.83 58.75±10.09 59.01±9.90 55.31±9.87 58.41±10.44 55.64±8.31 55.59±9.18 54.82±10.06 53.18±9.45 56.11±9.63 55.89±9.53 53.92±9.02

47.36±8.72 46.83±8.22 45.96±8.91 46.17±9.39 48.81±8.06 48.66±9.25 48.70±9.20 44.82±10.19 46.94±8.85 48.50±8.32 46.35±8.82 48.37±8.12 47.44±8.63 46.62±8.92 47.74±8.73 47.67±8.64 48.66±8.37 45.75±9.62 44.73±10.00 46.43±8.93 47.13±8.34 43.32±9.28 46.89±8.43 44.24±7.71 45.11±8.85 45.15±9.58 43.56±9.44 47.88±8.49 47.52±8.64 45.83±9.05

35.01±5.28 35.15±5.47 35.34±5.47 35.26±4.92 34.81±4.69 34.90±5.79 34.85±5.93 34.83±4.41 34.93±4.79 35.16±5.12 35.33±5.13 34.71±4.34 34.32±4.42 35.02±4.97 34.53±4.69 34.37±4.46 34.95±4.61 35.28±4.87 35.16±5.16 35.20±5.12 34.57±5.12 35.05±5.05 34.93±4.89 44.35±6.45 34.39±4.39 35.41±5.16 35.33±5.11 34.49±4.19 – 34.78±5.09

62.89±9.53 62.17±9.99 61.60±9.19 62.41±9.92 61.90±9.01 61.29±10.04 61.33±10.09 60.33±9.75 60.95±10.18 61.17±9.68 61.11±8.82 61.62±9.28 60.38±9.43 60.27±9.23 60.85±10.20 60.43±9.49 60.88±9.20 60.31±9.23 59.02±10.26 59.29±9.31 59.09±9.83 57.36±8.74 59.38±9.06 56.32±7.73 54.88±9.14 56.28±9.27 55.33±8.23 56.01±8.19 55.68±9.23 54.17±8.48

63.47±9.56 62.62±9.77 62.22±9.17 62.21±10.15 62.54±8.82 61.79±9.84 61.72±9.93 60.84±9.27 61.52±9.50 61.87±9.51 61.41±9.04 61.94±9.17 60.97±9.54 60.77±9.20 61.27±9.98 61.05±9.49 61.55±9.05 60.33±9.23 59.28±9.69 59.88±9.03 59.49±9.55 53.88±6.23 59.96±9.03 53.05±6.52 52.83±6.02 56.66±8.84 55.70±8.28 56.64±8.65 – 54.33±8.42

62.90±9.74 62.24±9.87 61.87±9.31 62.40±9.97 61.95±9.16 61.32±10.16 61.34±10.15 60.47±9.36 61.24±9.63 61.25±9.39 61.13±9.04 61.55±9.21 60.41±9.70 60.40±9.12 61.25±9.93 60.39±9.66 61.02±9.03 60.53±8.88 59.00±10.17 59.35±9.11 59.57±9.47 57.49±9.00 59.76±8.91 56.11±7.60 57.27±8.39 56.38±9.43 56.14±7.99 56.36±8.30 55.98±8.91 54.94±7.99

63.44±9.50 62.55±9.59 62.21±8.82 62.49±9.85 62.61±8.65 61.95±9.61 61.89±9.71 61.18±8.98 61.88±9.34 62.02±9.02 61.82±8.63 61.92±9.11 60.95±9.23 60.88±9.09 61.61±9.74 60.92±9.13 61.56±8.94 60.62±8.83 59.70±9.40 59.87±9.00 59.77±9.32 57.51±8.84 59.83±9.14 55.49±7.51 56.99±8.34 56.46±9.10 55.95±8.10 56.77±8.27 – 54.82±8.00

15.50±6.69 14.92±6.59 15.36±5.04 14.96±5.53 13.85±7.20 13.70±7.02 13.65±7.02 14.76±4.10 13.57±6.75 13.20±7.09 14.26±5.38 13.48±6.12 13.43±6.05 13.61±5.52 13.39±5.59 13.19±5.89 12.41±6.91 13.28±4.14 12.91±4.85 12.53±4.98 12.21±5.67 12.08±4.19 11.59±5.90 11.42±5.97 10.95±4.72 9.82±3.96 9.63±3.42 9.08±5.05 9.07±4.98 8.38±3.39

29 25 22 22 20 20 20 15 15 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 11 10 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 0

Table 77: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-S/8 GPFM H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Virchow H0mini Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

82.16±7.27 81.66±7.10 81.13±7.67 81.29±6.46 80.34±6.96 80.57±6.67 81.05±6.24 81.17±6.62 81.13±6.66 80.86±6.33 80.76±6.39 80.30±6.55 79.90±6.65 79.98±6.77 79.40±6.89 79.64±6.40 79.48±6.53 78.93±6.35 78.09±7.42 78.31±6.51 78.29±6.27 77.60±6.72 75.52±6.15 75.38±5.86 75.52±5.84 72.45±5.75 73.60±5.44 73.84±7.14 74.60±6.01 73.22±5.60

67.57±4.10 67.88±3.61 67.53±4.37 68.04±3.95 66.76±3.86 67.29±5.02 68.07±4.13 68.51±3.86 68.53±3.86 68.26±3.78 68.18±3.86 67.84±4.08 67.36±4.28 67.48±4.51 67.42±4.20 67.71±4.12 67.69±4.09 67.30±4.30 67.02±4.64 67.31±4.09 67.46±3.85 66.93±4.58 65.75±3.74 65.23±4.54 67.37±4.26 64.42±4.11 65.85±4.00 66.70±5.02 68.04±3.99 66.58±4.06

50.15±0.22 50.10±0.16 50.21±0.45 50.15±0.32 50.07±0.16 50.13±0.25 50.08±0.22 50.08±0.26 50.10±0.23 50.04±0.29 50.06±0.25 50.15±0.24 50.14±0.33 50.13±0.27 50.15±0.31 50.05±0.16 50.03±0.22 50.16±0.22 50.10±0.26 50.11±0.19 50.14±0.29 50.05±0.17 50.06±0.18 50.14±0.22 – 63.03±3.75 50.17±0.40 50.12±0.23 50.09±0.26 50.08±0.08

81.67±7.32 81.14±7.05 81.09±7.59 80.63±6.69 80.55±6.78 80.36±6.63 80.51±6.51 81.02±6.37 81.06±6.41 80.31±6.30 80.33±6.43 80.15±6.53 79.10±6.72 79.41±6.67 79.28±6.74 78.79±6.53 78.69±6.66 78.77±6.06 78.36±6.87 77.83±6.19 77.84±6.07 78.12±6.45 76.07±6.21 75.08±5.89 75.13±5.44 73.46±5.71 73.83±5.20 74.93±5.90 73.80±5.90 73.17±5.16

82.04±7.33 81.75±7.00 80.98±7.61 80.72±6.95 80.44±7.18 80.42±6.76 80.72±6.65 80.89±6.60 80.87±6.62 80.52±6.71 80.37±6.70 80.13±6.64 79.29±6.92 79.75±6.90 79.11±7.00 79.04±6.99 79.03±7.00 78.73±6.35 78.33±6.85 78.07±6.48 78.42±6.25 77.70±6.66 73.04±6.08 72.05±5.96 – 70.74±5.49 74.10±5.09 74.59±6.04 74.18±6.04 73.15±5.38

81.88±7.45 81.38±7.14 81.20±7.67 80.93±6.58 80.37±7.15 80.40±6.74 80.50±6.80 81.03±6.66 81.04±6.67 80.34±6.61 80.16±6.70 80.25±6.63 79.26±6.88 79.36±6.88 79.17±6.77 78.99±6.82 78.82±6.90 78.74±6.41 78.48±6.81 77.68±6.76 78.24±6.45 77.66±6.87 76.41±6.35 75.78±6.08 75.24±5.57 73.39±5.95 74.11±5.14 75.09±5.76 74.10±5.60 73.26±5.13

81.90±7.41 81.48±7.13 81.06±7.42 80.75±6.66 80.18±7.34 80.43±6.67 80.46±6.55 80.81±6.70 80.86±6.64 80.41±6.52 80.23±6.78 80.20±6.65 79.51±6.77 79.49±6.87 79.21±6.93 79.12±6.70 79.01±6.72 78.61±6.36 78.26±7.11 78.11±6.60 78.19±6.44 77.76±6.68 76.26±6.33 75.73±5.98 – 72.43±5.91 74.13±5.18 74.60±6.05 73.96±5.56 73.02±5.29

13.63±5.87 12.97±5.73 12.88±5.83 12.71±4.97 12.79±5.89 12.54±4.66 12.33±4.57 12.21±4.96 12.16±4.98 12.11±4.68 12.10±5.03 12.01±4.86 12.00±4.90 11.92±4.75 11.60±4.86 11.57±4.64 11.47±4.74 11.20±4.60 11.01±5.12 10.60±4.69 10.52±4.65 10.31±4.68 9.60±4.48 9.66±4.55 8.10±3.85 7.82±3.99 7.69±3.78 7.33±3.85 6.91±3.56 6.89±3.65

29 26 25 25 21 19 19 19 19 18 18 16 16 16 13 13 13 11 10 9 9 8 7 6 3 3 2 2 0 0

Table 78: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-S/8 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow Hibou-L H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow2 UNI mSTAR GPFM Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B H0mini SEAL(CONCH) Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Phikon DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK Prov-GigaPath CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUROC

Wins

84.60±8.48 85.48±8.04 84.00±7.98 84.23±8.24 84.34±9.05 83.77±8.08 84.39±7.67 84.19±7.99 84.33±7.80 84.31±7.83 84.42±7.89 82.72±9.00 82.65±9.16 84.55±7.33 83.61±8.41 83.32±8.26 83.69±7.63 82.31±8.13 82.86±7.28 81.62±9.66 81.37±8.71 80.52±6.23 82.14±8.42 79.88±6.63 75.06±11.11 78.61±8.87 79.23±7.81 78.58±8.13 78.08±6.54 76.29±9.48

68.49±8.29 69.58±6.85 69.48±6.39 70.69±6.07 71.50±4.60 70.33±6.03 70.47±5.97 69.83±7.30 71.32±5.32 71.22±5.45 71.56±4.65 69.50±7.06 69.55±6.93 71.51±4.92 70.70±5.37 70.69±5.50 71.14±4.33 69.80±6.38 70.00±6.30 70.43±5.44 69.90±5.49 69.16±4.26 71.33±4.31 69.28±4.71 66.91±4.94 70.63±5.61 71.03±5.08 70.73±4.94 69.64±4.48 67.97±8.52

49.88±0.24 49.96±0.11 50.02±0.21 50.14±0.36 50.01±0.22 49.71±0.52 49.74±0.38 50.20±0.44 50.01±0.15 50.01±0.15 49.93±0.11 50.11±0.36 50.13±0.36 50.13±0.30 50.15±0.31 50.20±0.53 50.07±0.18 49.93±0.14 50.03±0.17 50.10±0.21 49.85±0.29 50.14±0.31 49.84±0.24 50.07±0.10 65.35±5.28 49.94±0.12 – 49.91±0.25 49.96±0.10 50.11±0.25

84.17±8.83 84.95±8.03 84.21±7.88 84.09±7.92 84.66±8.44 83.70±7.48 84.21±7.61 83.96±7.75 84.71±7.34 84.73±7.38 83.99±7.81 82.36±8.76 82.40±8.75 84.68±6.83 83.38±8.00 83.22±8.24 83.29±7.41 80.36±10.83 82.83±7.33 82.31±8.51 81.98±8.67 78.44±10.53 82.20±7.71 79.49±6.50 78.65±6.33 78.57±7.63 79.30±6.95 79.16±7.85 78.34±6.58 78.61±5.59

84.94±8.09 85.19±8.27 84.15±7.93 84.64±7.41 84.55±8.49 83.62±7.99 84.28±7.77 84.06±7.95 83.89±8.61 83.97±8.48 84.82±7.08 82.90±8.53 83.03±8.38 84.53±7.34 83.74±7.94 83.32±8.04 82.90±8.45 82.36±8.23 82.98±7.17 82.32±8.52 81.60±8.62 75.08±9.77 82.59±7.57 75.64±7.26 75.89±5.87 78.46±8.35 – 78.07±9.22 77.93±7.79 78.56±5.63

84.61±8.26 84.99±8.11 84.09±7.87 84.22±7.78 84.09±9.27 83.65±7.74 84.19±7.49 84.40±7.16 84.71±7.31 84.78±7.25 84.56±7.24 82.48±8.70 82.43±8.68 84.24±7.62 83.06±8.53 83.01±8.28 83.40±7.60 81.97±8.22 82.97±7.22 82.45±8.30 81.79±8.56 81.31±6.46 81.95±7.94 80.45±6.71 77.98±7.44 78.54±7.93 79.74±6.55 78.89±8.50 78.69±6.41 78.09±6.39

84.90±8.02 85.64±7.47 84.10±8.04 84.51±7.60 84.15±9.21 83.80±7.73 84.05±7.88 83.93±8.06 84.59±7.49 84.60±7.48 83.99±7.92 82.32±8.92 82.44±8.69 84.20±7.78 83.31±8.36 83.49±7.72 83.43±7.73 82.09±8.14 82.85±7.42 82.28±8.63 81.56±8.81 81.13±6.52 82.22±8.01 79.79±7.55 78.00±6.54 78.53±8.14 – 78.78±8.23 78.92±6.21 77.97±6.39

15.00±6.11 14.79±5.71 13.78±5.06 13.66±6.40 12.89±6.65 13.66±7.05 13.41±5.07 13.81±5.16 12.82±5.11 12.91±5.13 12.79±5.35 13.32±5.90 13.22±5.99 12.83±4.84 12.68±5.69 12.57±5.07 12.51±5.43 12.24±4.59 12.36±4.41 11.49±6.69 11.52±5.88 11.31±4.63 11.15±5.82 10.65±4.92 8.83±7.96 8.65±4.94 8.55±4.25 8.46±5.09 8.64±4.52 8.39±3.53

28 28 26 18 18 17 17 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 10 8 8 7 7 7 5 3 1 1 1 0 0

Table 79: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 GPFM Kaiko ViT-S/8 Hibou-L H-Optimus-0 Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR H0mini UNI Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

42.50±10.53 41.58±10.15 41.35±9.91 41.11±10.16 41.27±10.23 41.22±10.19 40.84±10.31 40.38±10.23 39.62±9.95 40.57±10.03 40.46±10.05 39.96±10.05 39.56±9.75 39.10±9.86 39.21±10.15 38.89±9.80 38.81±9.86 38.15±9.80 37.29±9.33 37.45±9.72 37.00±9.61 37.38±9.66 34.73±9.12 34.61±9.19 34.83±9.47 32.02±8.51 33.16±8.42 34.12±8.90 32.03±9.18 32.81±9.19

28.56±9.12 28.75±9.17 28.80±8.91 28.40±8.94 29.18±9.36 29.21±9.38 28.86±9.16 28.10±8.33 27.62±8.41 29.07±9.34 29.06±9.36 28.85±9.41 28.50±8.73 28.45±8.92 28.57±9.32 28.44±8.97 28.35±8.72 28.15±8.77 27.82±8.29 28.52±9.42 27.90±8.70 28.42±9.09 27.35±9.30 27.16±8.77 28.68±9.75 25.88±8.30 27.83±8.28 28.86±9.24 27.33±9.22 28.21±9.54

18.62±6.44 18.60±6.41 18.64±6.47 18.67±6.53 18.61±6.42 18.62±6.44 18.60±6.41 18.62±6.43 18.59±6.39 18.59±6.41 18.61±6.43 18.63±6.44 18.62±6.44 18.59±6.39 18.64±6.49 18.58±6.37 18.65±6.49 18.63±6.45 18.62±6.44 18.64±6.47 18.60±6.40 18.63±6.45 18.59±6.39 18.64±6.45 – 25.47±8.48 18.59±6.39 18.61±6.42 18.66±6.51 18.59±6.38

41.80±10.43 40.84±10.08 40.34±9.93 40.80±9.98 40.79±10.18 40.86±10.19 40.04±10.36 39.83±10.18 39.63±9.71 39.75±9.86 39.61±10.10 39.57±10.12 38.76±9.80 37.91±9.73 38.29±10.03 37.82±9.64 38.51±9.80 37.81±9.84 37.54±9.50 36.62±9.71 37.27±9.63 36.61±9.76 34.92±9.23 34.00±9.43 34.69±9.56 32.48±8.77 34.02±8.89 33.13±8.68 32.39±9.26 32.71±9.34

42.29±10.48 41.66±10.27 40.48±9.68 40.76±10.12 40.59±10.10 40.59±10.06 40.26±10.08 39.82±10.01 39.45±9.79 39.84±9.74 39.92±9.88 39.50±9.97 39.22±9.76 38.27±9.54 38.29±9.83 38.25±9.56 38.26±9.63 37.74±9.69 37.54±9.45 37.31±9.81 36.95±9.55 36.83±9.50 31.63±7.54 30.73±7.41 – 30.28±7.95 33.60±8.76 33.65±8.75 32.61±9.48 32.66±9.29

41.92±10.80 41.12±10.41 40.52±9.77 40.92±10.32 40.77±10.12 40.75±10.09 39.96±10.53 39.80±10.38 39.50±9.94 39.63±9.96 39.67±10.36 39.58±10.27 38.50±9.83 38.24±10.17 38.29±10.29 37.99±9.99 38.22±9.66 37.75±9.67 37.71±9.61 37.03±9.69 36.78±9.58 36.46±9.48 35.14±9.21 34.58±9.47 34.62±9.49 32.29±8.59 34.14±9.05 33.52±8.92 32.75±9.39 32.79±9.29

42.12±10.57 41.24±10.13 40.34±9.64 40.63±10.09 40.50±9.98 40.54±9.95 39.89±10.07 39.81±10.17 39.26±9.55 39.72±9.82 39.78±10.03 39.58±10.04 38.77±9.56 38.32±9.81 38.61±10.03 38.25±9.81 38.42±9.79 37.68±9.72 37.48±9.49 37.09±9.65 36.90±9.58 36.95±9.58 34.97±9.07 34.51±9.32 – 31.73±8.69 33.74±8.81 33.42±8.91 32.58±9.37 32.60±9.24

13.40±5.31 12.46±5.26 12.29±4.08 12.26±4.82 11.91±4.02 11.85±4.05 11.79±3.62 11.84±3.54 11.50±4.56 11.37±3.95 11.26±3.76 10.97±3.87 10.80±3.43 10.56±3.17 10.45±3.77 10.43±3.36 10.35±3.59 9.78±2.99 9.49±3.56 8.90±3.48 8.90±3.18 8.87±3.08 7.34±2.98 7.24±2.82 6.21±2.75 6.00±2.53 5.63±2.54 5.62±2.35 5.01±2.72 4.85±2.02

29 27 26 23 23 22 22 19 19 19 19 17 17 14 13 13 13 11 11 9 8 8 7 6 4 2 2 2 0 0

Table 80: Complete IS results, S10 panel, 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-S/8 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Virchow UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Hibou-L GPFM Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI H0mini Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK Prov-GigaPath CTransPath Lunit ViT-S OmiCLIP PLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

CRAAUPRC

Wins

74.72±13.06 73.76±13.59 73.85±13.36 73.30±12.98 72.56±13.73 73.21±12.97 73.33±13.28 72.63±13.19 73.19±13.72 73.21±13.71 73.09±13.18 73.15±13.29 72.58±13.40 72.10±13.23 72.06±13.29 71.99±13.62 72.09±13.54 70.92±14.06 71.00±13.82 70.76±14.01 69.97±14.05 70.67±13.84 67.62±14.29 67.29±14.40 64.85±14.18 67.32±14.19 67.67±14.65 66.81±14.62 64.82±15.48 65.35±14.50

58.23±16.24 58.11±16.12 59.10±16.36 58.82±16.68 58.11±16.23 58.83±16.43 59.19±16.17 58.38±16.93 59.19±16.48 59.22±16.43 58.99±16.22 59.30±16.26 58.66±16.39 58.31±16.64 58.36±16.54 58.57±16.34 59.00±16.29 58.41±16.50 58.47±16.56 58.32±16.42 57.98±16.67 58.97±16.25 56.76±16.78 57.12±16.83 55.33±16.70 58.82±16.39 59.08±16.23 58.48±16.68 57.00±16.87 57.75±15.85

43.62±19.52 43.62±19.54 43.61±19.52 43.62±19.54 43.63±19.56 43.66±19.58 43.62±19.53 43.55±19.38 43.60±19.50 43.61±19.49 43.59±19.49 43.62±19.52 43.64±19.56 43.63±19.57 43.63±19.56 43.63±19.50 43.65±19.58 43.63±19.55 43.63±19.52 43.59±19.50 43.60±19.47 43.60±19.50 43.61±19.53 43.64±19.54 54.10±16.68 43.61±19.53 – 43.60±19.44 43.60±19.47 43.65±19.54

73.87±13.00 73.53±13.27 73.61±13.47 72.75±13.02 72.74±13.63 72.69±13.01 72.67±12.79 71.98±13.22 73.37±12.99 73.30±12.97 72.73±13.09 72.68±13.53 72.01±13.33 71.38±13.32 71.31±13.31 71.23±13.47 71.85±13.57 70.87±13.70 71.21±13.62 70.09±13.52 70.72±13.91 70.20±13.88 67.68±13.80 66.39±14.52 65.63±14.57 66.36±14.22 67.25±14.58 67.30±14.42 65.14±15.30 65.46±14.95

74.41±12.96 73.97±13.10 73.66±13.49 73.07±13.01 72.61±13.65 72.88±12.91 73.15±12.91 72.25±13.19 73.21±12.98 73.14±12.98 72.94±13.16 72.88±13.36 72.30±13.36 71.92±13.28 71.84±13.31 71.55±13.43 71.81±13.57 70.94±13.67 71.13±13.70 70.84±13.71 70.20±13.99 70.56±13.77 63.64±14.00 62.61±14.60 62.94±14.65 66.67±14.26 – 66.84±14.44 65.33±15.12 65.43±14.97

73.88±13.39 73.59±13.46 73.49±13.54 72.69±13.21 72.39±13.74 72.47±13.30 72.84±13.04 71.98±13.24 73.21±13.15 73.18±13.16 72.48±13.24 72.65±13.41 71.79±13.39 71.23±13.70 71.30±13.78 71.26±13.62 71.50±13.54 70.90±13.76 71.14±13.66 70.31±13.95 70.19±14.23 69.91±13.92 68.41±14.24 67.52±14.37 65.47±14.44 66.43±14.45 67.39±14.51 67.23±14.42 65.39±15.17 65.44±14.84

74.26±13.18 73.84±13.15 73.55±13.40 72.98±13.05 72.65±13.62 72.71±13.03 72.66±12.83 72.20±13.23 73.18±13.03 73.17±13.02 72.63±13.20 72.83±13.33 72.08±13.32 71.42±13.38 71.39±13.45 71.59±13.46 71.69±13.62 70.91±13.66 71.16±13.65 70.52±13.91 70.23±13.90 70.41±13.75 68.23±14.14 67.32±14.18 65.08±14.61 66.55±14.25 – 66.97±14.55 65.40±15.29 65.30±14.90

16.23±7.61 15.47±7.09 14.77±7.41 14.73±6.62 14.41±6.93 14.62±6.35 14.41±6.94 14.51±6.57 14.22±6.75 14.19±6.79 14.24±6.52 14.13±6.41 14.00±6.70 14.11±6.23 14.04±6.14 13.64±6.44 13.36±6.21 12.75±5.82 12.67±6.36 12.64±5.90 12.18±6.00 12.03±6.13 10.99±5.29 10.45±5.13 9.59±5.84 9.10±4.37 8.82±4.48 8.77±4.39 8.20±4.54 7.91±3.66

29 28 23 21 19 18 18 17 17 17 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 10 10 10 8 8 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 0

The following tables report the complete cross-section results for all 30 frozen pathology foundation models under the three transfer protocols. They are organised by protocol (IOCD, MOCV, LOOO), then by magnification (40×, 20×, 10×), then by metric (Macro-F1, Macro-AUROC, Macro-AUPRC), and finally by taxonomy (Tfine , Tcoarse ).

Protocols. IOCD is intra-organ cross-dataset transfer: training on the remaining sections of an organ and testing on one held-out section, over 23 held-out sections. MOCV is multi-organ cross-validation over five folds pooled across organs. LOOO is leave-one-organ-out transfer over 11 held-out organs. Every protocol is run with three seeds. Taxonomies. Tfine is the 9-class H&E-aligned taxonomy and Tcoarse its 3-class coarsening. Within an evaluation unit a class is scored only if it meets the minimum training and test cell counts, so the number of scored classes can vary by unit. Readouts (column headings). Each column is one way of turning a frozen encoder’s output into a per-cell vector. Nuc samples the dense feature map at the registered nuclear centre. Mean averages all spatial tokens of the patch. CLS uses the architecture’s native class token. N+M and N+C are additive fusions of the nucleus readout with the mean-pooled and the class-token readout respectively, whereas N∥M and N∥C are the corresponding concatenative fusions. A dash (–) marks a class-token-dependent readout that is structurally unavailable, which applies to the one model without a native class token. Aggregation. Each value is the balanced mean over the evaluation units of its protocol, with the dispersion reported as the sample standard deviation over those same units: organ-balanced for IOCD, fold-balanced for MOCV and held-out-organ-balanced for LOOO. All values are in percentage points. Significant wins (Wins). The last column counts how many of the other 29 models a given model significantly exceeds on the Nuc readout, by a two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test on their paired per-unit values over the common fold × seed units, at p < 0.05 and with a positive median difference. The maximum is therefore 29. The test uses the metric and the taxonomy of the table it appears in, so no value in a table depends on any other table. Row order. Models are sorted by Wins in descending order, with the unrounded Nuc mean as the tie-break. Highlighting. Within each readout column the best value is set in bold and the second best is underlined; higher is better throughout. The Wins column is not highlighted, because it is the sort key. Table 81: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 Hibou-L GPFM Virchow2 Virchow UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK CONCH Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/8 CTransPath OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

28.72±8.83 28.72±8.80 28.22±8.49 28.00±8.33 27.72±9.01 27.70±7.67 27.15±7.99 26.80±8.00 26.56±8.23 26.41±7.52 26.35±7.56 25.77±7.10 25.76±7.02 25.36±7.09 25.05±7.91 25.16±7.51 24.79±6.89 24.78±7.23 24.71±6.59 24.62±7.37 23.85±7.11 23.38±7.17 23.50±6.60 23.34±6.54 23.26±6.47 22.77±7.24 22.64±7.85 22.44±6.38 21.96±7.20 18.92±6.30

18.83±8.04 20.76±7.50 20.40±6.55 19.75±5.59 19.91±7.05 20.89±5.35 18.25±6.93 18.37±6.51 19.53±5.80 19.03±6.34 19.98±6.80 19.52±6.20 18.39±6.48 17.24±5.59 17.97±7.12 18.02±6.41 17.89±6.27 18.29±6.79 18.64±6.45 19.00±6.77 18.75±6.22 19.36±6.95 16.86±7.04 18.56±5.87 17.88±5.89 18.06±5.22 18.45±6.43 18.06±7.29 17.76±6.51 14.90±3.45

13.95±7.34 14.06±7.51 13.98±7.99 13.65±6.77 13.14±5.80 13.18±7.29 12.91±6.87 13.23±6.84 12.88±6.63 13.90±6.75 13.62±6.70 12.88±6.91 13.06±7.50 12.54±6.82 13.65±7.01 12.65±6.27 13.42±7.78 14.11±7.81 13.15±6.46 12.64±6.95 12.41±5.96 13.56±7.58 17.57±5.87 13.70±6.67 13.06±6.33 13.77±7.39 13.07±7.07 13.52±6.83 – 12.46±7.00

26.21±9.11 26.70±8.51 25.20±8.48 25.60±7.89 24.81±8.14 24.93±7.38 25.41±8.13 25.45±7.36 25.33±7.29 24.01±7.59 24.71±6.86 24.34±7.42 25.81±7.74 22.46±6.57 22.06±8.45 24.10±8.20 24.40±7.61 22.56±7.76 24.59±6.64 23.22±7.43 24.05±7.15 23.12±7.60 22.48±6.51 23.87±7.54 22.68±5.74 22.14±6.31 21.47±6.38 22.90±7.30 21.23±6.97 18.34±6.19

28.01±7.63 27.21±7.64 26.74±7.95 26.31±7.52 26.33±8.20 26.06±7.33 26.47±7.16 24.22±7.10 25.16±7.53 24.86±6.76 25.21±7.18 24.43±6.53 23.58±6.48 24.42±6.09 24.02±6.81 23.96±7.22 24.24±6.40 23.49±6.46 22.48±5.44 22.80±6.47 21.80±6.40 21.22±7.50 20.89±7.85 22.55±6.74 21.95±7.48 20.43±7.10 21.50±6.90 21.12±6.43 – 18.55±5.92

28.21±8.94 28.25±8.60 25.43±8.26 27.37±8.45 27.44±8.56 26.15±8.48 25.07±7.60 26.24±7.81 26.03±8.06 24.84±7.45 25.00±7.04 25.16±7.84 24.37±7.61 23.27±7.44 22.32±8.46 23.27±6.99 24.02±7.75 23.74±7.41 24.68±6.34 23.37±7.08 21.84±6.92 23.01±6.76 21.29±7.22 23.82±6.97 22.37±6.77 22.61±6.36 19.74±6.41 22.47±6.92 21.40±7.54 18.80±6.38

28.16±7.68 27.61±7.71 27.35±8.03 27.00±7.83 26.75±7.84 26.59±7.20 26.44±6.81 25.52±7.69 25.24±7.66 25.21±7.06 25.29±7.20 24.98±6.27 24.74±6.57 24.39±6.22 24.06±7.53 24.51±7.05 24.47±6.21 24.18±7.31 22.67±5.77 23.22±6.75 22.53±7.00 23.28±7.62 19.56±7.14 22.39±6.17 22.06±6.70 23.04±6.94 21.74±6.60 21.13±5.92 – 18.67±6.57

28 28 23 23 23 22 22 21 18 18 18 15 14 13 12 11 10 10 10 10 5 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 0

Table 82: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 GPFM Virchow2 Hibou-L Virchow Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Hibou-B DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CONCH MUSK Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 PLIP CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

49.80±8.18 49.79±8.31 48.71±8.27 48.35±7.97 48.26±9.09 48.22±8.67 47.77±10.01 47.59±8.48 47.30±7.62 47.27±8.12 47.06±8.66 47.04±8.69 47.03±8.05 46.33±7.12 45.91±8.32 45.83±7.71 45.81±7.86 45.73±7.87 45.61±7.86 45.44±8.02 45.26±8.06 44.96±6.27 44.74±8.28 44.84±7.60 43.69±6.77 43.47±6.69 43.45±8.73 42.84±7.92 42.60±8.24 38.95±10.16

38.33±6.77 40.33±6.21 38.43±8.18 39.05±7.14 37.58±9.22 35.93±8.24 37.87±8.07 40.27±9.56 37.17±7.19 39.93±7.58 36.37±9.27 39.55±8.78 36.00±9.78 38.00±6.49 37.77±9.63 35.99±8.78 36.31±8.82 36.59±8.23 36.86±8.40 34.32±10.15 38.34±8.64 36.01±7.58 37.53±8.49 34.75±7.96 37.10±9.06 35.20±8.96 37.84±9.57 36.65±9.44 35.81±9.97 32.22±9.47

28.95±8.40 28.94±8.46 28.66±8.68 28.64±8.44 29.21±7.93 27.35±8.90 26.93±9.22 27.82±9.03 27.14±9.54 27.47±8.90 27.53±8.90 27.83±8.83 29.21±8.00 26.36±9.50 28.60±8.42 27.34±8.94 28.25±8.51 28.32±8.70 27.99±8.73 28.24±8.47 26.74±9.50 28.51±8.72 29.08±8.21 34.13±9.38 27.66±8.48 28.14±8.47 27.50±8.94 – 28.23±8.51 27.09±8.82

46.10±9.92 46.98±9.13 44.91±9.10 45.55±7.92 45.33±8.83 46.26±9.51 44.48±9.47 44.43±8.51 45.54±7.97 46.18±8.70 43.37±8.02 44.67±9.18 45.94±8.95 43.35±5.71 43.61±9.23 42.58±8.32 44.92±8.55 41.07±9.21 45.26±8.29 40.80±10.32 43.14±9.41 42.46±7.73 43.81±9.12 41.98±8.15 43.59±8.75 42.85±8.31 40.04±10.17 40.11±9.81 43.66±9.15 36.44±9.37

48.24±8.38 47.50±8.00 46.96±7.97 47.16±8.30 46.35±9.39 47.05±9.61 45.80±9.68 45.32±8.54 45.78±7.62 46.30±7.71 44.27±8.79 44.62±8.80 45.61±8.15 41.46±6.15 45.12±8.82 44.92±7.79 43.63±7.37 43.58±8.11 44.91±8.28 45.13±7.94 43.82±7.84 39.97±6.44 43.40±8.35 40.41±8.18 41.39±6.71 41.65±6.35 41.38±9.95 – 41.32±7.05 38.69±9.71

49.53±8.48 49.71±8.92 46.26±8.96 47.33±8.69 47.80±9.50 46.01±9.19 46.94±10.48 46.04±9.44 46.13±6.98 45.10±9.90 45.32±8.74 45.04±8.21 45.44±9.58 43.52±6.95 43.96±8.44 42.68±10.21 45.28±7.81 44.65±8.69 45.20±8.19 41.78±8.43 43.75±8.33 42.06±7.72 45.32±8.59 40.81±7.27 42.71±8.65 42.72±8.53 40.44±9.64 40.43±9.55 42.69±8.77 36.73±10.18

48.74±8.60 48.38±8.56 47.92±8.35 47.36±8.03 47.09±8.98 47.43±8.86 46.75±9.60 46.20±8.72 46.14±7.15 46.65±7.92 45.46±9.21 45.57±9.03 45.90±7.73 45.12±6.82 44.93±8.82 44.74±7.54 44.07±8.46 45.11±8.16 44.70±8.30 44.58±7.79 44.00±7.57 43.92±6.39 43.20±9.11 40.76±8.03 42.37±8.29 40.23±6.93 41.77±9.38 – 41.07±7.87 38.15±10.38

28 28 23 23 23 22 21 19 18 18 16 16 13 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 2 1 1 1 1 0

Table 83: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H0mini H-Optimus-1 GPFM H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Virchow2 Virchow Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Hibou-B Phikon Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 DINOv3 ViT-L CONCH Prov-GigaPath PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

68.41±10.12 68.36±10.15 67.99±10.21 67.53±10.39 67.87±10.25 67.66±10.20 67.40±9.80 67.21±9.61 66.79±9.67 66.72±8.70 66.38±9.43 66.27±9.56 66.26±8.87 66.00±8.99 65.80±9.23 65.74±8.52 65.65±8.68 65.33±8.44 65.14±8.04 64.79±6.97 64.24±8.04 64.55±8.31 64.49±7.27 63.97±7.53 64.20±6.77 63.89±7.45 63.69±7.22 63.17±7.64 62.85±6.38 61.01±6.53

61.17±6.27 61.75±6.87 61.29±7.04 60.38±6.63 59.42±5.46 61.29±7.05 62.76±6.91 60.84±6.26 60.76±5.95 61.64±6.62 60.76±6.98 61.39±6.79 60.02±5.30 59.20±5.35 60.34±6.10 59.53±5.45 59.88±6.41 61.18±6.32 59.71±5.47 59.89±4.63 60.18±6.67 58.84±5.74 60.95±5.91 59.23±5.31 58.87±4.38 60.60±6.23 60.63±5.46 58.53±5.19 59.63±4.75 56.03±4.01

50.03±0.08 50.03±0.08 49.99±0.10 49.96±0.11 49.92±0.12 50.01±0.08 49.98±0.08 49.99±0.07 50.03±0.08 50.01±0.16 49.96±0.11 49.95±0.12 49.97±0.08 50.00±0.07 50.00±0.09 50.03±0.09 50.01±0.14 49.98±0.08 49.99±0.10 49.99±0.10 50.02±0.07 50.06±0.10 50.00±0.08 50.01±0.05 49.96±0.13 – 49.98±0.08 50.00±0.09 58.53±5.43 49.93±0.10

66.72±9.72 67.08±9.90 65.19±9.07 65.29±9.06 66.56±9.66 65.68±8.95 65.89±9.08 65.90±8.40 65.29±9.27 65.92±8.95 64.67±8.46 65.39±9.08 66.49±9.14 63.67±8.56 64.28±8.52 63.43±8.85 64.75±8.86 64.49±8.43 65.22±8.50 63.44±6.65 64.49±8.47 62.88±7.67 63.55±7.39 64.76±8.43 63.37±6.69 63.17±7.59 63.12±7.71 63.74±7.94 63.12±7.13 59.14±5.56

67.39±9.66 66.68±9.35 66.77±9.61 66.37±9.82 67.15±9.65 66.10±9.72 66.67±9.11 65.24±8.65 65.57±8.83 65.57±8.31 65.20±8.89 65.39±8.93 64.92±7.98 65.23±8.33 64.78±8.54 64.94±8.08 64.87±8.35 63.57±7.17 63.88±7.38 62.17±6.05 63.54±7.64 63.35±7.56 63.80±7.13 62.52±6.46 61.48±5.71 – 63.01±6.29 62.20±7.01 62.56±7.12 60.33±6.22

68.36±10.17 68.23±10.06 65.54±8.59 67.10±10.49 66.06±9.45 67.00±10.47 66.65±9.32 66.66±9.89 66.18±9.65 65.43±9.30 65.24±9.24 65.38±9.15 64.96±8.71 64.30±9.28 63.66±8.61 63.39±8.17 64.61±8.91 64.20±8.39 65.12±8.56 63.57±6.87 64.86±8.78 64.00±8.39 61.81±6.39 62.42±7.65 63.37±6.75 62.82±7.12 63.34±7.56 63.20±7.30 62.06±6.34 60.28±6.37

67.55±9.92 67.12±9.80 67.18±10.09 66.88±10.02 67.08±9.61 66.51±10.01 66.57±9.33 66.02±9.02 65.71±8.94 65.94±8.53 65.35±9.10 65.49±9.10 65.28±8.41 64.99±8.62 65.05±8.76 64.86±8.24 65.06±8.58 64.17±7.78 63.82±7.53 64.45±7.08 63.48±7.74 63.81±7.87 63.91±7.05 62.88±6.83 63.88±6.79 – 63.08±6.61 62.47±7.16 60.41±6.35 60.38±6.34

28 28 24 24 22 22 22 22 20 18 17 17 14 14 13 13 11 10 10 8 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 0

Table 84: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 GPFM Virchow2 H0mini Hibou-L H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Phikon-v2 mSTAR Virchow Hibou-B UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath CONCH PLIP Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

72.75±13.25 72.51±13.87 72.26±13.02 72.52±11.91 72.27±12.97 72.08±12.02 71.66±13.35 72.24±11.80 71.51±12.01 71.58±10.84 71.15±12.27 71.40±11.68 71.29±11.36 70.82±11.71 70.51±11.96 70.75±10.48 70.59±11.24 70.54±11.31 70.53±10.84 70.36±10.33 70.21±9.69 69.54±11.36 69.50±10.68 69.20±10.82 68.71±9.62 68.45±10.11 68.24±9.36 67.87±11.06 67.41±9.93 66.02±9.63

65.42±11.39 64.11±10.18 62.24±8.82 64.36±8.48 64.49±9.55 66.72±11.04 63.17±9.84 64.51±10.32 66.57±9.75 65.29±10.08 63.18±9.98 63.69±9.89 63.34±9.00 64.21±9.10 62.22±8.49 62.95±8.48 62.93±9.85 62.63±7.63 63.83±7.54 65.42±9.38 62.72±6.74 61.90±9.30 63.64±10.24 65.61±8.44 63.82±9.85 62.89±8.12 62.06±8.00 63.93±8.80 63.18±7.29 58.60±7.67

49.98±0.13 49.96±0.19 50.00±0.08 49.92±0.27 49.93±0.27 49.86±0.39 50.13±0.42 49.86±0.41 50.02±0.06 50.09±0.21 50.02±0.16 49.93±0.30 50.11±0.25 49.88±0.43 50.00±0.08 50.04±0.13 49.98±0.18 50.00±0.12 50.09±0.36 49.92±0.16 50.00±0.08 49.98±0.05 50.10±0.20 49.94±0.19 49.90±0.25 50.04±0.18 49.95±0.09 – 60.44±9.22 50.06±0.21

71.55±13.59 71.10±12.72 70.98±13.34 70.10±11.46 69.83±12.38 69.85±12.63 70.67±11.25 70.57±11.75 71.16±11.94 70.13±11.37 70.57±12.06 71.36±11.93 69.04±10.34 69.21±11.02 67.93±10.74 70.16±11.29 70.43±11.38 68.13±10.69 68.48±9.76 68.90±10.39 68.52±9.67 65.72±11.22 69.90±10.37 66.82±10.62 68.41±10.80 69.44±10.69 69.51±9.51 66.93±10.38 67.76±9.79 62.67±9.12

71.39±11.96 71.82±12.45 71.97±12.26 70.44±12.36 70.98±12.19 70.60±12.29 71.66±11.62 70.95±12.14 70.96±10.89 70.16±11.10 70.39±11.87 70.30±11.28 69.87±11.12 69.92±11.39 70.19±10.77 69.04±10.15 69.57±11.71 69.98±10.95 67.41±9.22 68.74±10.21 66.31±8.99 68.30±10.69 68.42±10.50 68.57±10.30 67.68±9.53 67.41±9.48 67.39±9.25 – 66.30±10.68 65.86±9.06

72.73±14.18 72.80±13.95 70.53±13.70 71.56±12.92 70.11±13.14 70.68±13.33 71.72±12.58 71.25±12.99 69.91±12.48 69.19±11.90 70.28±12.97 70.28±12.82 69.47±12.09 68.50±12.90 68.64±12.31 70.35±11.16 70.38±11.30 68.90±11.14 69.03±9.76 69.80±10.17 68.18±10.16 69.03±12.16 69.93±11.97 67.02±10.22 68.07±11.29 68.01±10.34 68.46±10.16 66.72±11.04 67.27±9.39 64.22±9.68

72.13±12.97 72.34±13.01 71.51±13.13 71.24±12.34 71.81±12.53 70.98±12.68 71.61±11.93 70.98±12.74 70.85±11.82 70.27±11.94 70.31±12.37 70.17±12.05 70.14±11.95 69.72±12.12 70.00±11.45 69.10±11.13 69.56±12.02 69.99±11.25 70.05±10.32 69.28±10.63 69.29±10.36 68.54±11.84 68.73±10.67 68.23±11.18 67.92±10.02 67.27±9.92 67.41±9.30 – 66.44±10.98 65.59±10.17

28 28 23 22 22 22 22 21 18 16 16 15 15 11 11 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 6 3 2 2 2 1 1 0

Table 85: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H0mini GPFM H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Virchow UNI mSTAR SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

32.35±8.58 32.31±8.56 31.17±8.60 30.99±8.11 30.95±7.87 30.77±8.16 30.55±7.82 30.53±7.70 30.11±7.76 29.89±7.97 29.76±7.80 29.65±7.73 29.23±7.39 29.13±6.90 29.06±7.43 28.96±7.31 28.85±7.20 28.33±6.77 28.18±7.06 27.82±6.97 27.73±6.82 27.50±6.85 27.33±7.18 27.26±6.53 26.92±6.60 26.87±6.92 26.65±6.33 26.63±6.19 26.53±6.48 25.00±6.21

25.10±6.24 25.84±6.15 24.68±6.29 24.99±5.86 23.79±5.97 25.09±5.64 24.94±6.33 26.38±6.14 25.75±6.16 24.97±5.99 25.10±5.88 25.63±6.40 24.33±6.36 24.40±6.35 24.62±6.70 24.12±5.85 24.35±6.29 24.25±6.19 25.31±6.65 24.54±5.80 23.76±5.96 24.46±6.31 25.09±6.74 23.71±6.21 24.02±6.03 24.65±6.00 23.50±6.38 24.79±5.79 24.18±6.41 22.36±5.78

19.27±6.52 19.26±6.52 19.26±6.52 19.26±6.51 19.24±6.50 19.27±6.53 19.27±6.52 19.27±6.53 19.27±6.54 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.52 19.27±6.52 19.29±6.54 19.25±6.51 19.27±6.51 19.28±6.55 19.28±6.56 19.27±6.54 19.27±6.52 19.28±6.54 19.29±6.56 19.26±6.51 19.26±6.51 19.25±6.48 19.28±6.55 – 19.25±6.49 19.26±6.49 23.46±6.15 19.25±6.51

30.39±8.10 30.60±7.90 28.54±7.47 28.49±7.90 29.63±7.74 29.06±7.17 28.74±7.28 28.72±7.11 29.16±7.66 28.64±7.33 27.84±7.40 28.62±6.65 27.08±6.91 29.19±7.13 27.80±7.38 27.08±6.27 28.51±6.90 28.31±7.08 27.44±6.85 28.10±6.92 26.39±7.19 26.59±6.52 26.67±6.55 26.46±6.28 27.39±6.57 26.37±6.46 27.12±6.63 26.45±5.90 26.57±6.08 24.01±6.33

31.03±7.74 30.40±7.68 29.92±7.82 29.83±7.66 30.20±7.52 29.46±7.57 28.88±7.28 29.76±7.40 28.79±6.97 28.92±7.64 28.60±7.23 28.77±7.35 28.38±7.11 28.11±6.62 28.18±7.23 28.16±6.93 28.27±7.01 27.28±6.67 26.95±6.72 27.10±6.68 26.71±6.69 25.88±6.88 26.89±7.10 25.36±6.48 26.08±6.54 – 25.92±6.25 26.14±6.35 26.15±6.50 24.56±6.33

32.34±8.69 32.21±8.70 30.82±8.36 28.56±7.61 29.27±7.07 30.16±8.04 30.20±7.81 29.68±7.92 28.63±7.55 29.55±7.87 28.43±7.12 28.64±7.04 27.21±7.32 27.87±6.83 27.47±6.48 27.56±6.75 28.38±7.37 28.23±6.78 27.41±6.95 28.23±7.01 27.39±7.07 26.58±6.22 25.65±6.53 26.45±6.41 25.79±6.03 26.13±6.75 26.39±6.56 26.40±6.48 25.85±6.69 24.56±6.25

31.44±8.13 30.98±8.12 30.47±8.28 30.24±7.79 30.28±7.55 29.86±8.00 29.51±7.64 29.89±7.69 29.19±7.24 29.11±8.05 28.91±7.66 29.01±7.74 28.42±7.10 28.41±6.83 28.33±7.34 28.06±6.76 28.37±6.91 27.32±6.61 27.30±6.95 27.30±6.65 27.18±7.14 27.34±6.95 26.90±7.18 26.98±6.61 26.13±6.57 – 26.02±6.22 26.28±6.17 24.63±6.61 24.62±6.29

28 28 24 23 23 22 22 22 20 18 18 18 15 14 13 13 13 11 10 7 6 6 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 0

Table 86: Complete IOCD results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) GPFM H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Virchow mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Prov-GigaPath CONCH PLIP Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

49.09±20.25 49.01±20.26 48.07±19.75 47.64±19.86 48.02±19.85 47.55±19.60 47.52±19.52 47.51±19.45 47.10±18.76 46.77±18.90 46.45±18.92 46.64±18.83 46.40±18.91 46.05±18.70 45.87±18.44 45.76±18.34 45.37±18.21 45.51±18.38 45.43±17.90 44.90±17.90 44.88±17.58 44.61±17.85 44.59±17.85 44.44±17.81 43.30±16.77 43.18±16.91 43.09±16.89 42.91±16.82 42.60±16.68 41.32±16.33

40.63±15.89 41.74±16.38 38.43±14.73 39.61±15.61 40.38±15.91 39.92±15.41 40.71±15.96 42.72±17.00 41.72±16.54 39.50±15.30 41.10±16.15 39.96±15.70 39.37±15.18 39.85±15.75 38.96±14.97 38.65±14.76 39.11±15.24 39.58±15.33 39.42±15.02 40.73±16.05 38.29±14.54 38.45±14.82 39.86±15.80 40.99±15.92 40.34±15.64 39.78±15.37 38.94±15.07 39.01±14.89 38.17±14.53 35.34±13.73

29.71±10.90 29.71±10.90 29.72±10.90 29.70±10.90 29.71±10.90 29.72±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.71±10.89 29.69±10.89 29.72±10.91 29.72±10.92 29.72±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.72±10.91 29.71±10.90 29.71±10.90 29.71±10.91 29.69±10.88 29.69±10.90 29.70±10.90 29.70±10.90 29.72±10.90 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.91 – 29.71±10.88 37.24±14.29 29.70±10.90 29.70±10.89

47.01±19.53 47.65±19.90 46.95±19.54 45.86±18.84 45.21±18.71 45.25±18.50 45.99±18.86 45.54±18.45 46.62±18.89 45.80±18.92 45.35±18.53 46.55±19.03 43.93±17.72 44.13±18.43 43.61±17.83 43.06±17.29 45.32±18.33 45.61±18.58 43.23±16.83 44.00±17.65 43.20±16.95 41.57±16.70 44.55±17.98 42.18±17.02 43.47±17.31 42.49±16.86 44.11±17.83 42.31±16.73 43.86±17.40 38.43±15.40

47.72±19.64 47.10±19.18 47.33±19.56 46.77±19.23 46.54±19.00 45.77±18.78 46.35±19.00 46.17±18.80 45.87±18.26 45.73±18.46 45.16±18.28 45.34±18.26 44.89±18.14 44.86±18.20 45.11±18.11 44.85±17.98 43.77±17.37 44.85±18.06 42.36±16.48 43.49±17.19 41.46±16.05 43.10±17.09 43.44±17.29 43.52±17.45 42.46±16.33 – 42.01±16.26 41.75±16.46 41.93±16.30 40.76±16.06

49.22±20.42 49.17±20.48 46.46±19.23 47.24±19.74 45.95±19.07 47.07±19.69 47.16±19.47 46.61±19.42 45.69±18.77 46.19±18.85 44.98±18.18 46.07±18.98 44.90±18.47 44.11±18.01 44.24±18.03 44.19±18.36 45.26±18.29 45.35±18.52 43.56±17.04 44.40±17.81 43.09±17.05 44.46±17.89 45.39±18.42 42.21±16.72 43.31±17.46 42.30±16.77 42.86±17.27 41.95±16.43 42.99±17.05 39.84±15.83

48.40±19.96 48.19±19.87 47.29±19.48 47.00±19.35 47.38±19.55 46.46±19.21 46.66±19.19 46.79±19.13 46.12±18.57 45.84±18.56 45.60±18.62 45.60±18.48 45.40±18.57 45.13±18.32 45.22±18.20 44.98±18.12 44.11±17.77 44.92±18.22 44.85±17.61 43.99±17.56 44.27±17.33 43.73±17.59 43.80±17.43 43.63±17.49 42.76±16.61 – 41.93±16.40 41.81±16.61 41.80±16.26 41.04±16.37

28 28 23 23 22 22 22 22 19 19 17 15 15 15 13 13 11 10 8 7 6 6 6 5 3 1 1 1 1 0

Table 87: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow GPFM Virchow2 Hibou-L Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

28.85±8.28 28.82±8.28 28.75±8.72 28.22±9.03 28.12±8.10 27.99±7.99 27.08±7.97 26.90±8.14 27.09±7.80 26.45±7.78 26.32±8.02 26.28±8.05 26.40±7.80 26.24±7.69 25.81±6.98 25.71±8.10 25.60±6.89 25.10±7.25 24.87±7.21 24.38±7.81 24.52±7.41 24.08±6.82 24.03±7.46 23.92±6.95 23.73±6.66 22.89±6.76 22.78±6.25 22.54±6.62 21.52±6.63 19.39±6.05

20.33±7.20 20.47±7.27 19.63±6.06 19.55±7.23 20.34±6.57 19.78±7.15 19.79±5.73 19.14±7.25 18.95±6.10 19.79±6.20 19.46±7.21 19.26±6.91 19.42±6.86 19.11±5.60 19.65±5.78 18.73±7.08 19.03±5.98 18.31±6.61 18.47±6.35 18.33±6.96 18.50±6.61 19.27±6.68 18.98±7.17 18.62±7.06 17.90±5.87 16.86±7.04 18.59±5.95 18.69±7.00 17.83±5.93 15.94±3.76

13.46±7.09 13.30±7.06 13.38±7.41 13.28±7.31 13.99±7.58 13.24±6.42 13.44±7.30 13.24±6.15 12.96±6.46 13.26±7.71 13.89±7.50 13.99±7.46 13.84±7.29 13.34±6.44 13.44±7.42 12.23±6.52 12.79±6.96 12.26±7.23 12.70±6.95 13.12±7.09 13.22±7.24 13.72±6.91 13.68±7.42 12.67±6.46 11.88±6.78 16.09±4.63 13.65±7.05 – 12.50±7.06 12.04±7.00

28.07±8.49 28.03±8.44 28.30±8.81 27.65±8.85 27.28±7.57 27.43±7.87 25.91±7.72 26.18±8.14 26.38±7.50 26.15±7.91 25.53±7.91 25.47±7.90 25.79±7.75 25.43±7.65 25.33±6.48 24.43±8.14 24.80±6.95 24.21±6.90 24.42±7.10 23.57±7.82 23.89±7.60 23.52±7.16 23.76±7.25 23.31±7.31 23.36±6.01 22.17±7.32 22.32±6.60 21.89±6.95 20.78±6.21 18.78±5.89

26.92±8.33 26.15±7.60 27.07±7.76 26.15±8.30 25.99±7.57 26.28±7.12 26.68±7.31 24.06±7.49 25.23±7.48 24.63±6.61 25.12±7.44 24.87±7.30 25.27±7.19 25.26±7.75 23.32±6.51 24.17±7.05 23.92±7.36 24.02±6.46 23.55±6.67 23.60±8.14 22.97±7.11 22.40±6.08 21.67±7.12 22.05±6.78 21.93±6.41 19.70±6.55 19.69±6.32 – 21.20±5.47 18.82±5.99

28.10±8.37 28.03±8.42 27.94±8.71 27.86±8.63 27.57±8.32 27.24±7.81 26.18±7.88 26.52±8.34 26.00±7.91 26.31±7.62 25.95±7.79 25.80±7.71 25.63±8.11 25.86±7.96 25.34±6.42 24.75±8.17 25.07±7.01 24.65±6.92 23.80±6.73 23.98±8.31 24.27±7.77 23.53±7.14 23.83±7.31 23.64±7.47 22.85±5.93 21.63±7.33 22.62±6.28 22.42±7.40 21.22±6.55 18.49±5.20

27.60±7.46 27.32±7.59 27.43±7.92 27.14±8.35 26.80±7.76 27.01±7.25 26.70±6.78 26.08±7.62 25.83±7.33 25.45±6.89 25.54±7.17 25.28±7.34 25.44±7.17 25.65±7.94 23.51±6.39 24.61±6.74 24.50±7.17 24.17±7.12 22.90±5.39 24.15±8.16 23.51±6.92 23.09±6.67 23.97±7.46 22.63±6.84 22.16±6.35 20.20±5.94 22.36±6.33 – 20.88±5.87 18.87±5.42

27 27 25 25 24 24 21 20 19 17 16 16 13 13 13 13 13 9 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 0

Table 88: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 GPFM Phikon-v2 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-L mSTAR CONCH v1.5 CONCH UNI SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-B/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK CTransPath PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

49.57±9.67 49.20±8.84 49.09±8.87 48.95±9.74 48.61±9.50 48.34±8.84 47.76±8.91 47.50±9.22 47.08±8.52 47.35±8.87 47.08±8.50 47.04±9.07 46.32±8.56 46.55±8.58 46.69±8.38 46.19±8.61 45.58±8.61 45.55±8.87 45.15±8.63 45.58±7.24 44.79±8.71 44.64±8.22 44.32±8.58 44.64±7.29 44.30±7.62 44.24±6.76 43.50±8.05 42.72±8.95 41.95±8.86 38.05±10.29

38.22±7.42 38.98±6.80 38.84±6.87 37.91±7.88 38.41±8.15 37.07±9.08 37.77±8.15 37.62±8.33 38.33±9.02 37.84±9.54 38.19±9.13 37.72±8.44 36.77±8.40 37.50±8.46 38.35±7.54 36.89±8.19 35.71±10.74 38.17±8.27 35.62±10.02 38.46±6.05 36.04±9.44 37.69±7.78 36.61±9.29 36.93±9.26 35.07±10.04 37.63±6.63 34.72±7.97 36.39±8.72 36.50±8.82 33.56±10.79

27.31±8.82 27.58±8.88 27.89±8.38 28.71±8.09 27.76±8.62 28.57±8.13 27.97±8.77 26.68±8.84 27.20±9.15 27.81±8.68 26.67±9.48 26.71±9.15 25.77±9.30 28.11±8.47 28.26±8.04 26.26±9.22 28.85±8.23 27.95±8.62 26.89±9.32 26.55±9.83 26.64±9.13 28.47±8.38 27.48±8.21 26.18±7.27 27.80±7.95 27.45±9.40 34.61±8.33 – 26.51±9.60 26.57±9.33

49.00±9.41 47.85±9.53 47.81±9.41 48.15±9.19 46.78±9.36 47.59±8.75 46.46±8.70 46.81±9.33 46.46±9.02 45.98±9.02 45.84±8.64 46.54±9.00 45.22±8.08 45.52±8.51 45.84±8.32 45.63±8.16 43.95±9.43 44.39±8.79 44.12±8.78 44.77±7.31 43.71±8.22 43.36±8.33 44.08±8.63 43.99±7.67 42.87±8.31 43.18±6.83 42.13±7.69 40.64±9.54 41.00±9.36 37.01±10.72

48.14±9.15 46.76±8.37 47.81±8.92 47.56±9.95 47.35±8.82 47.45±9.21 44.93±8.39 47.36±10.20 46.86±8.94 45.16±9.45 45.14±8.21 45.50±9.22 44.24±9.99 45.66±8.70 45.27±8.04 44.11±9.96 44.77±9.10 45.21±8.26 43.27±9.47 41.42±6.50 43.08±8.24 42.23±7.35 42.61±8.62 42.33±7.44 43.46±8.41 40.03±6.50 39.75±8.53 – 41.65±9.12 37.06±9.60

48.62±9.36 48.83±9.28 48.69±9.17 48.24±9.18 47.59±9.41 47.77±8.62 47.19±8.50 46.49±9.77 46.92±8.64 45.94±9.20 46.26±8.19 46.98±9.13 45.77±8.32 45.79±8.72 45.86±7.96 45.86±8.26 44.36±9.24 44.90±8.91 44.11±9.59 44.54±7.47 44.09±7.78 43.53±8.49 44.83±7.64 43.23±8.34 43.01±8.21 43.46±7.10 41.44±6.96 41.42±9.04 40.98±9.58 37.17±10.89

48.03±9.62 48.26±8.72 48.53±8.98 47.65±9.21 47.83±9.09 48.01±8.96 45.71±9.84 46.91±10.01 47.19±8.67 46.26±8.74 45.35±9.09 46.31±9.74 45.27±9.12 46.18±8.38 45.47±8.49 45.53±8.42 44.53±9.56 44.03±9.36 43.38±9.34 45.21±7.46 43.68±8.42 43.75±7.99 42.00±8.57 43.51±8.05 41.23±8.69 43.16±7.03 40.87±6.82 – 41.23±9.06 38.09±9.73

25 25 25 25 23 23 22 20 15 14 14 14 14 13 12 11 10 9 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 0

Table 89: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 GPFM H0mini Virchow Hibou-L Virchow2 Phikon-v2 mSTAR Hibou-B UNI CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

68.19±10.21 68.14±10.18 67.88±10.78 67.89±10.61 67.70±10.14 67.56±10.38 67.62±10.53 67.15±9.99 66.92±9.44 66.70±9.33 66.23±9.88 66.66±9.23 66.23±9.87 65.93±9.44 65.72±8.84 65.49±9.16 65.51±8.71 64.99±8.85 65.27±9.03 65.00±8.84 64.74±8.21 64.42±8.16 64.00±7.68 63.89±8.72 64.06±7.26 63.80±6.86 63.50±7.76 62.91±6.85 61.83±6.48 60.52±6.32

61.76±6.72 61.73±6.75 60.90±7.07 60.93±6.81 61.50±6.62 61.24±7.06 60.94±6.10 60.75±6.58 61.36±6.18 60.85±6.26 60.71±6.57 61.07±5.97 60.50±6.50 60.34±6.37 60.37±6.56 60.28±6.20 60.62±5.82 60.34±6.46 59.48±6.03 60.37±5.67 59.36±5.52 59.21±5.59 60.61±5.47 59.76±6.67 59.55±4.90 59.66±4.70 60.20±6.11 60.05±5.31 59.63±4.75 57.42±4.79

50.02±0.08 50.02±0.09 50.02±0.10 50.03±0.06 50.03±0.09 49.93±0.33 50.00±0.10 50.01±0.06 50.00±0.03 50.03±0.08 50.01±0.09 49.95±0.25 50.00±0.07 50.02±0.07 50.03±0.05 50.00±0.05 49.97±0.07 50.04±0.07 50.01±0.06 50.03±0.06 50.00±0.07 50.00±0.04 49.97±0.06 50.02±0.09 49.97±0.09 50.00±0.11 – 49.97±0.12 57.91±4.89 50.01±0.12

68.28±10.11 68.18±10.22 67.83±10.73 67.96±10.72 67.17±9.68 67.30±10.29 67.30±10.43 66.99±9.96 66.75±9.36 66.76±9.57 65.96±9.66 66.56±9.21 65.86±9.69 65.61±9.32 65.35±9.05 64.94±8.95 65.62±8.66 64.59±8.88 64.69±9.02 64.90±8.83 65.16±8.78 64.24±8.26 64.01±7.89 63.67±8.63 64.06±7.23 63.43±6.75 63.40±7.88 62.83±6.70 63.14±6.96 60.16±6.52

66.68±9.44 67.21±9.67 66.96±10.16 66.99±9.96 67.17±9.76 66.57±9.47 66.78±9.75 66.74±9.48 65.21±8.51 65.58±8.45 65.22±9.17 65.74±8.57 65.07±9.02 65.76±8.97 64.92±8.65 64.91±8.63 64.45±8.08 64.56±8.59 64.75±8.56 63.31±7.65 63.47±7.38 63.05±7.45 63.17±6.96 62.46±7.61 61.83±6.02 61.18±5.66 – 63.08±6.57 61.40±7.10 59.99±5.99

67.92±10.24 68.04±10.21 67.66±10.99 67.62±10.56 67.25±9.67 67.45±10.05 67.13±10.15 66.60±9.76 66.98±9.46 66.67±9.41 66.03±9.72 66.11±9.25 65.94±9.70 65.66±9.39 65.23±9.28 64.90±9.02 65.60±8.74 64.55±9.03 64.93±9.26 64.99±8.71 64.21±8.52 64.11±8.07 64.02±7.85 63.47±8.48 63.99±7.18 63.56±6.93 63.44±8.06 62.77±6.83 62.83±7.12 60.33±6.37

67.13±9.84 67.50±9.62 67.35±10.56 67.12±10.24 67.39±9.59 66.97±9.90 67.10±9.93 66.53±9.60 66.06±9.12 65.99±8.70 65.31±9.31 66.09±8.77 65.12±9.28 65.79±9.01 65.09±8.55 64.98±8.85 64.37±8.37 64.56±8.74 64.54±8.83 63.93±8.11 63.35±7.56 63.24±7.56 62.92±7.17 62.99±7.98 63.90±7.19 63.37±6.78 – 62.83±6.50 61.48±6.94 60.16±6.19

27 27 24 23 23 23 22 21 19 17 16 15 15 13 13 13 12 11 10 8 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 0

Table 90: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 GPFM H0mini Virchow Hibou-L Virchow2 Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR SEAL(CONCH) UNI Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath PLIP CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

73.04±13.06 72.62±13.11 72.62±13.13 72.90±12.59 71.82±13.03 72.07±13.60 72.02±12.96 71.83±12.41 72.12±12.34 71.84±11.76 71.51±12.17 71.40±11.09 71.21±11.79 71.19±11.38 71.00±11.25 70.75±11.28 70.61±11.72 70.60±11.42 70.24±11.03 70.21±11.76 69.84±11.10 69.84±9.64 69.32±11.01 69.19±10.03 68.99±10.48 68.54±11.22 68.26±10.10 67.85±10.50 67.05±9.74 64.52±8.95

64.56±10.83 65.19±10.94 65.13±10.92 64.52±10.46 64.51±9.96 64.57±9.55 63.91±9.73 64.60±10.59 64.27±8.58 64.68±10.18 64.68±10.17 64.34±8.59 63.48±9.92 64.37±9.56 64.59±9.06 63.71±8.37 63.62±9.39 63.73±8.38 63.92±7.83 63.46±9.15 64.34±6.75 62.56±8.44 62.41±8.41 63.76±7.09 63.89±9.78 63.32±10.24 64.25±7.87 63.81±8.47 63.19±7.29 60.56±7.51

49.85±0.44 49.96±0.14 50.08±0.18 49.93±0.23 49.83±0.35 49.90±0.42 49.83±0.58 49.91±0.35 49.85±0.48 49.92±0.39 49.94±0.16 49.93±0.21 49.95±0.19 49.97±0.09 49.92±0.15 49.96±0.17 49.98±0.06 49.97±0.17 49.86±0.41 49.98±0.14 50.17±0.52 49.97±0.12 49.92±0.19 50.15±0.45 49.92±0.19 49.86±0.49 49.98±0.08 – 60.77±8.35 50.16±0.46

72.62±13.77 72.15±13.91 72.15±13.90 72.71±12.40 71.21±13.41 71.45±13.30 71.88±12.67 71.01±13.52 72.00±11.56 71.39±11.97 71.33±12.11 70.91±11.41 70.51±12.07 71.14±11.07 70.58±11.11 70.29±11.30 69.80±11.73 70.45±11.46 69.79±11.15 69.68±11.79 69.96±10.69 69.99±9.60 69.38±11.20 68.71±9.55 68.66±10.61 67.81±12.14 68.12±10.11 67.48±10.49 68.25±10.07 63.91±9.13

72.20±12.46 70.99±12.27 71.66±12.49 72.08±12.18 71.82±12.47 71.01±12.91 71.46±12.76 70.75±12.99 70.67±11.28 70.68±11.79 71.07±11.19 69.96±10.97 70.94±11.38 70.58±10.88 70.44±11.34 69.59±11.73 70.11±11.41 69.56±11.63 68.74±10.53 69.83±11.39 67.35±9.45 68.46±9.42 68.60±10.46 66.63±8.46 68.37±9.83 67.00±10.49 68.47±9.93 – 65.94±10.80 64.28±8.41

72.23±14.13 72.62±13.72 72.58±13.71 71.83±14.05 70.85±14.30 71.11±14.63 71.72±13.53 71.22±13.64 72.01±12.01 71.12±12.21 71.00±13.23 71.04±11.65 71.07±11.36 70.73±11.85 70.48±11.42 70.55±11.71 70.15±11.99 70.63±11.59 70.34±10.64 69.74±12.48 70.10±9.93 69.69±10.47 68.70±11.37 69.01±9.83 68.85±11.05 67.83±12.31 67.80±10.51 67.37±11.22 67.97±9.81 63.79±9.79

72.65±12.38 71.98±12.46 72.16±12.49 71.88±12.91 71.47±13.02 71.46±13.28 71.37±13.25 71.28±12.61 71.46±11.34 71.07±11.73 71.30±11.98 70.37±11.27 71.07±11.46 70.73±10.94 70.10±11.58 70.07±11.33 70.05±11.70 70.16±11.10 69.28±10.92 69.77±11.66 70.07±10.35 68.25±9.68 67.81±10.49 69.03±9.50 68.38±10.37 67.45±11.33 68.03±10.51 – 66.67±10.63 64.45±9.17

27 26 26 25 22 21 21 20 19 18 18 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 9 6 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 0

Table 91: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 GPFM H0mini Virchow Virchow2 Hibou-L mSTAR Phikon-v2 UNI CONCH v1.5 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

32.05±8.48 32.01±8.52 31.44±8.71 31.40±8.44 30.91±8.09 30.87±8.05 30.86±7.97 30.28±7.91 30.18±7.72 29.76±7.96 29.83±7.64 29.69±7.90 29.60±7.77 29.40±7.29 29.13±7.65 29.00±6.84 28.89±7.18 28.63±7.37 28.35±6.82 28.13±7.16 27.74±6.97 27.53±6.78 27.26±6.47 27.09±6.50 26.85±6.46 26.81±6.09 26.65±6.62 26.22±6.50 25.78±6.48 24.69±6.64

25.62±6.04 25.60±6.02 24.94±5.94 24.98±5.90 25.44±5.77 24.96±5.89 25.04±5.97 25.31±6.23 25.09±5.72 24.98±6.13 25.13±6.04 24.84±6.13 24.81±6.13 25.16±5.82 24.63±6.32 24.68±6.19 24.74±5.94 24.65±6.35 24.34±5.84 24.65±6.35 23.95±6.14 23.89±6.03 24.40±5.84 24.20±6.12 24.18±6.26 24.78±5.80 24.61±6.19 24.67±6.48 24.18±6.41 23.19±5.69

19.27±6.54 19.28±6.56 19.28±6.53 19.27±6.53 19.29±6.51 19.26±6.56 19.28±6.55 19.27±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.51 19.27±6.53 19.27±6.51 19.28±6.53 19.27±6.55 19.28±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.26±6.52 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.52 19.27±6.53 19.30±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.53 19.25±6.49 – 19.28±6.55 22.99±5.97 19.28±6.55

31.91±8.31 31.89±8.36 31.24±8.39 31.30±8.37 30.42±7.71 30.42±7.63 30.51±7.81 30.04±7.72 29.98±7.41 29.36±7.59 29.72±7.49 29.32±7.65 29.37±7.52 29.27±7.14 28.54±7.30 28.69±6.89 28.79±6.86 28.25±7.04 27.84±6.58 27.97±7.05 27.54±6.93 27.68±6.62 27.08±6.37 26.98±6.40 26.52±6.34 26.87±5.97 26.61±6.62 26.16±6.37 26.52±6.57 24.61±6.46

30.31±7.67 30.95±8.30 30.27±8.01 30.53±7.92 30.29±7.73 29.85±7.39 30.05±7.54 28.62±7.24 29.78±7.49 28.67±7.35 28.84±7.04 28.48±7.20 29.31±7.55 28.48±6.74 28.47±7.25 28.40±6.87 27.84±6.84 28.12±6.95 27.83±6.49 26.85±6.67 26.73±6.72 26.58±6.51 26.09±5.93 25.59±6.36 25.14±6.37 26.23±5.93 – 26.33±6.38 25.37±6.21 24.37±6.48

31.63±8.41 31.71±8.39 31.18±8.49 31.09±8.45 30.43±7.75 30.61±8.26 30.36±7.73 30.28±8.01 29.71±7.42 29.39±7.54 29.72±7.62 29.29±7.49 29.53±7.58 28.98±7.30 28.65±7.41 28.66±6.99 28.76±6.90 28.30±7.30 28.06±6.66 28.04±7.27 27.35±6.87 27.16±6.34 26.94±6.36 27.02±6.42 26.69±6.44 26.98±6.12 26.67±6.84 26.12±6.54 26.28±6.52 24.69±6.47

30.94±7.90 31.24±7.83 30.76±8.18 30.75±8.35 30.56±7.53 30.27±7.72 30.33±7.71 29.45±7.61 29.60±7.31 28.90±7.56 29.32±7.38 28.64±7.45 29.42±7.62 28.81±7.07 28.60±7.23 28.61±6.88 27.95±6.99 28.23±7.10 27.76±6.61 27.23±6.99 26.70±6.83 26.51±6.35 26.54±6.40 26.96±6.57 26.59±6.55 26.24±5.90 – 26.19±6.34 25.37±6.41 24.46±6.51

28 28 26 26 23 23 22 21 21 18 17 16 16 14 13 12 12 12 10 10 7 5 5 4 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 92: Complete IOCD results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 H0mini GPFM Virchow Virchow2 Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Hibou-B mSTAR CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH SEAL(CONCH) UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S Prov-GigaPath PLIP CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

48.62±20.23 48.61±20.25 48.56±20.42 48.21±20.18 47.75±20.10 47.73±19.92 47.59±19.83 47.31±19.48 47.27±19.55 47.14±19.19 46.94±19.14 46.00±18.86 46.53±18.94 46.38±18.91 46.25±18.87 46.11±18.82 45.88±18.82 45.59±18.84 45.24±18.35 45.13±18.29 44.75±17.70 44.36±17.80 44.20±17.49 43.84±17.20 43.82±17.24 43.59±17.55 43.27±17.18 43.27±17.27 42.04±16.60 39.69±15.79

41.47±16.19 41.43±16.16 40.76±16.08 40.61±15.85 40.46±15.93 40.63±15.89 40.18±15.72 39.95±15.54 40.87±16.09 40.87±16.02 40.86±15.95 39.38±15.16 39.90±15.48 40.34±15.76 40.35±15.87 40.15±15.87 39.38±15.14 40.04±15.79 39.58±15.44 39.36±15.30 39.50±14.99 38.49±15.00 38.65±14.83 39.10±14.84 40.40±15.62 39.63±15.45 39.87±15.37 39.83±15.32 39.01±14.90 36.88±14.28

29.71±10.90 29.73±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.71±10.90 29.73±10.92 29.69±10.89 29.71±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.90 29.72±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.90 29.70±10.90 29.71±10.91 29.69±10.90 29.71±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.90 29.70±10.91 29.70±10.90 29.70±10.90 29.69±10.90 29.74±10.93 29.70±10.91 – 37.27±14.28 29.71±10.90

48.40±20.28 48.38±20.28 48.36±20.59 47.89±20.09 47.13±19.87 47.36±19.81 47.15±19.86 46.79±19.29 47.04±19.50 46.89±19.21 46.60±19.09 45.59±18.78 46.05±18.76 46.08±18.83 46.04±18.83 45.40±18.67 45.79±18.82 45.27±18.66 44.69±18.13 44.80±18.30 44.68±17.69 44.35±18.00 44.19±17.45 43.35±16.94 43.78±17.29 43.30±17.57 43.14±17.17 42.98±17.22 42.88±17.00 39.46±15.75

46.73±19.24 47.44±19.64 47.68±19.66 47.25±19.68 46.59±19.25 47.40±19.64 47.00±19.50 45.38±18.20 46.49±19.11 46.24±18.53 45.76±18.53 44.92±18.37 46.06±18.67 44.75±18.06 45.63±18.42 45.46±18.44 44.81±18.29 45.08±18.53 44.57±18.12 43.54±17.40 42.23±16.50 43.28±17.22 42.92±16.84 41.27±16.07 42.98±16.78 42.04±16.65 43.45±17.27 – 41.40±16.50 39.25±15.47

48.70±20.32 48.66±20.29 48.15±20.47 47.84±20.09 47.36±20.03 47.17±19.82 47.42±19.88 47.01±19.40 47.16±19.65 46.93±19.25 46.51±19.00 46.02±18.93 46.19±18.79 46.25±18.86 46.05±18.80 45.77±18.84 46.07±18.90 45.30±18.67 45.14±18.41 44.95±18.31 44.55±17.54 43.81±17.81 44.24±17.48 43.61±17.08 44.05±17.50 43.39±17.62 43.01±17.13 43.10±17.27 42.70±16.92 39.50±15.88

47.78±19.76 48.00±19.91 48.01±20.00 47.39±19.79 47.06±19.67 47.40±19.70 46.97±19.63 46.10±18.80 46.80±19.35 46.85±18.87 46.20±18.85 45.33±18.48 46.27±18.73 45.32±18.49 45.71±18.43 45.47±18.60 45.36±18.36 44.95±18.41 44.73±18.22 44.08±17.82 44.66±17.63 42.74±17.06 42.65±16.75 43.51±17.03 43.20±16.99 42.74±17.10 43.25±17.16 – 41.90±16.57 39.72±15.75

27 27 26 24 22 22 21 20 20 19 16 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 6 6 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 0

Table 93: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM CONCH H-Optimus-1 Hibou-L Hibou-B H0mini Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S Phikon Prov-GigaPath SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

26.57±8.06 26.41±8.01 25.54±8.38 25.04±7.55 25.37±7.45 25.41±7.40 24.98±7.80 24.93±8.02 24.62±8.66 24.82±8.11 24.80±7.20 24.65±7.29 24.51±6.84 24.22±7.80 23.96±7.67 23.89±7.70 23.73±7.35 23.48±6.78 23.05±7.97 23.34±7.63 22.79±6.31 22.34±6.42 22.26±6.90 21.94±6.79 21.91±8.36 21.46±5.39 21.29±6.15 20.84±7.14 18.75±5.61 18.25±5.22

17.24±8.48 17.22±8.38 16.34±6.85 16.70±6.41 16.28±6.47 18.52±6.83 18.25±6.93 16.66±6.35 17.43±8.27 17.09±6.91 17.35±6.68 17.94±6.63 17.45±5.29 17.44±7.21 16.89±6.80 16.77±6.90 16.83±7.42 16.09±7.20 16.40±8.16 16.16±6.57 17.86±6.38 16.56±7.27 15.66±5.92 17.19±6.35 15.78±7.93 16.79±4.73 16.75±4.54 14.79±6.27 15.71±6.41 14.98±4.84

12.63±7.94 12.75±8.16 13.58±7.68 12.77±7.29 13.18±7.57 12.63±7.33 12.16±7.36 12.13±5.78 12.50±7.15 12.04±6.22 13.68±7.16 13.49±7.50 12.62±6.49 11.71±6.63 13.03±6.66 12.54±6.25 12.97±7.09 12.13±6.27 12.34±6.68 12.62±7.42 12.82±7.07 12.19±7.24 12.73±6.32 13.29±6.94 13.03±6.81 12.74±7.21 – 14.61±6.08 12.15±6.52 12.26±8.21

25.45±8.51 25.38±8.47 24.08±8.92 24.53±7.09 24.29±7.35 24.72±7.71 23.87±8.11 23.41±7.87 23.76±8.19 24.12±7.95 23.86±7.20 23.94±6.87 23.60±6.60 22.94±7.60 23.33±7.69 23.25±7.50 22.56±7.21 22.82±6.82 22.30±7.95 22.04±7.41 22.21±6.18 21.92±6.16 21.09±6.55 21.38±6.73 21.10±8.69 21.10±5.05 20.32±5.85 19.52±7.44 18.39±6.14 17.17±4.96

24.06±7.73 23.86±7.37 24.68±8.15 21.55±7.67 23.71±7.89 22.73±7.40 24.56±6.93 23.19±8.04 22.61±8.15 22.62±7.86 23.85±6.27 21.91±7.54 22.88±6.35 22.64±6.99 21.65±7.52 21.37±7.93 22.03±6.95 20.85±6.88 22.50±7.16 20.96±6.85 20.60±5.81 20.14±5.54 21.45±6.52 20.23±6.68 21.34±8.28 18.58±4.42 – 17.84±6.05 18.75±5.63 17.87±5.45

25.13±8.89 25.14±8.82 24.48±8.52 24.88±7.37 24.24±7.78 24.57±6.98 24.19±7.95 23.80±8.16 24.05±8.46 24.59±7.67 23.95±7.35 24.40±7.10 23.87±6.55 23.05±7.61 23.53±7.68 23.57±7.74 22.66±7.32 21.90±6.91 22.56±8.15 22.52±7.63 22.45±6.33 21.52±6.99 21.79±7.11 21.16±6.94 21.10±8.53 21.47±5.33 20.62±6.27 19.53±7.19 18.41±5.81 17.36±5.32

25.44±7.85 25.25±7.53 24.80±8.46 22.87±7.20 23.86±8.20 22.40±7.23 24.27±7.34 23.09±8.49 23.85±8.06 23.59±7.22 24.03±6.87 23.61±7.38 23.68±6.46 22.50±6.27 22.66±7.31 22.65±7.33 21.57±6.94 20.43±6.45 22.54±7.12 21.80±7.28 22.37±6.07 20.74±5.57 21.96±7.13 20.97±6.29 21.33±8.19 21.02±5.58 – 17.66±6.26 18.64±6.01 17.98±4.53

28 28 22 20 19 18 18 16 16 14 14 14 14 14 13 12 9 9 9 8 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 1 0

Table 94: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 CONCH v1.5 GPFM CONCH H0mini Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow2 Virchow Hibou-B H-Optimus-1 mSTAR Hibou-L UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon SEAL(CONCH) DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK CTransPath Prov-GigaPath PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

46.50±8.63 46.27±8.81 45.98±8.26 45.87±8.53 45.73±9.09 45.58±9.65 45.45±9.17 45.81±9.02 45.19±8.62 44.65±9.01 45.10±9.00 44.32±9.09 44.45±8.66 44.11±9.54 44.08±9.13 44.13±8.53 43.64±8.72 43.07±9.83 43.23±6.24 43.07±8.19 43.06±7.83 42.49±9.65 42.14±9.36 41.28±9.36 41.85±6.88 41.32±7.61 40.59±9.06 40.47±8.36 39.26±8.53 37.43±7.75

35.17±7.53 35.25±7.50 33.42±10.09 34.14±8.71 35.93±8.24 34.00±8.81 35.51±7.72 34.44±8.95 33.40±9.25 34.10±8.08 34.07±8.42 33.30±9.40 34.99±7.90 33.79±8.64 35.05±8.00 35.21±8.84 35.12±9.94 33.56±8.13 35.53±6.97 33.33±9.85 35.30±7.42 32.33±10.48 33.42±10.18 31.93±10.49 34.13±7.50 31.72±9.03 33.84±8.34 33.74±8.66 34.18±8.77 32.13±8.42

27.72±8.57 28.06±8.60 26.95±9.16 26.11±9.49 25.68±9.65 27.78±8.42 28.81±8.50 26.84±9.14 26.45±9.14 26.09±9.94 27.50±9.04 27.12±9.07 26.80±9.24 27.74±8.63 27.02±9.22 26.97±9.26 27.66±8.78 26.04±9.03 26.31±9.97 27.39±8.03 24.93±7.41 26.30±7.76 26.41±9.42 28.27±8.57 27.42±9.05 31.90±9.10 – 27.63±8.84 26.24±9.16 26.72±9.12

44.80±8.94 44.74±8.97 44.44±8.49 44.45±8.45 44.36±8.44 44.24±9.79 44.52±9.36 44.48±9.28 43.70±8.96 42.96±9.04 43.35±9.07 43.23±9.15 43.16±8.73 43.12±9.94 43.23±8.47 42.73±8.68 42.51±9.60 41.82±9.96 42.33±6.37 41.61±8.35 42.25±8.51 40.76±9.55 40.67±9.40 39.33±10.38 40.57±7.59 39.34±8.22 38.89±9.63 39.70±8.83 38.35±9.19 35.20±8.88

44.52±8.62 45.36±8.88 44.04±9.98 44.30±7.93 45.65±10.08 43.82±9.35 43.80±9.70 44.10±8.94 42.69±9.87 42.28±9.66 42.98±9.17 42.99±9.80 41.92±10.59 43.23±9.81 41.67±10.39 42.97±9.47 43.05±10.06 39.99±8.19 39.75±5.93 41.66±8.76 39.58±8.62 39.52±9.07 41.09±10.08 40.08±9.23 38.39±6.33 36.81±7.85 – 37.65±8.96 38.85±8.54 36.49±7.35

45.09±8.93 45.08±9.06 44.91±8.75 44.98±7.93 45.01±8.99 44.91±9.69 44.18±9.23 45.06±9.22 43.95±8.93 43.92±8.36 43.73±9.09 43.47±8.85 43.68±8.77 43.36±9.78 43.83±8.84 43.25±8.87 43.27±9.57 42.23±9.93 42.67±6.50 42.62±8.58 41.49±8.55 41.04±9.66 41.63±9.64 40.05±9.62 40.70±7.60 38.86±7.55 39.96±8.71 39.67±8.42 38.41±9.31 35.34±8.31

45.24±8.97 45.72±9.14 44.02±9.64 44.74±8.31 45.37±9.82 44.78±9.42 44.40±9.98 43.39±9.62 43.09±9.99 44.20±9.13 43.82±9.56 43.64±9.32 42.66±8.94 42.74±10.37 42.58±9.37 43.17±9.46 43.11±10.33 41.75±9.64 42.58±6.68 38.91±9.19 41.14±8.69 39.81±10.37 41.19±10.00 41.21±9.31 41.26±7.20 37.34±8.20 – 39.41±9.12 38.78±8.78 36.83±7.28

28 24 19 19 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 12 11 11 10 8 8 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 0

Table 95: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) GPFM CONCH v1.5 Hibou-L CONCH H-Optimus-0 Hibou-B Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Kaiko ViT-B/8 mSTAR Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 UNI Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Prov-GigaPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

66.15±9.42 66.07±9.51 65.67±9.16 65.68±9.33 65.46±9.14 65.08±8.80 65.09±8.93 65.07±8.69 64.95±8.62 64.84±9.42 64.61±8.73 64.69±8.72 64.00±8.63 64.38±8.49 64.22±8.76 64.17±8.31 63.92±8.71 63.36±7.77 63.40±8.54 63.51±7.82 63.04±7.85 63.02±7.80 62.89±6.52 62.22±7.19 62.31±6.37 62.09±7.24 61.51±7.43 60.18±5.74 59.65±5.71 58.55±5.47

59.62±5.54 59.55±5.49 59.42±5.46 58.30±5.00 59.25±4.99 58.21±5.42 58.38±5.04 59.26±4.94 58.86±5.01 58.46±5.35 57.99±4.90 59.24±4.86 58.83±4.98 58.60±4.74 58.94±5.36 58.78±5.12 58.79±5.08 57.28±4.23 58.04±5.03 57.59±4.12 58.16±4.86 57.87±4.62 57.85±3.81 58.67±4.93 57.42±3.83 58.70±5.04 57.86±5.29 57.85±4.16 57.59±3.59 55.55±3.49

49.94±0.08 49.92±0.08 49.99±0.08 49.95±0.04 50.01±0.07 50.02±0.08 49.98±0.11 50.02±0.07 50.01±0.12 49.97±0.11 50.01±0.09 49.99±0.09 50.01±0.06 50.00±0.08 50.04±0.06 49.99±0.06 50.02±0.06 50.00±0.05 50.01±0.06 49.96±0.05 50.02±0.11 50.03±0.08 49.95±0.08 49.98±0.04 49.97±0.14 – 49.98±0.11 49.94±0.08 55.55±3.10 50.02±0.06

66.03±9.50 66.14±9.54 65.17±8.96 65.08±9.15 65.33±9.00 64.45±8.81 64.77±8.61 64.68±8.59 64.98±8.27 64.33±9.06 64.11±8.70 64.97±8.58 63.91±8.60 64.32±8.62 63.55±8.36 64.09±8.34 63.84±8.52 63.66±7.83 63.18±8.56 63.39±7.75 62.41±7.61 62.42±7.67 62.54±6.32 62.04±7.15 61.84±6.07 61.81±7.02 61.42±7.41 60.25±5.60 60.56±5.92 58.06±5.33

64.78±9.03 64.61±8.73 65.39±8.85 65.16±8.89 64.76±8.33 64.16±8.51 64.22±8.48 64.21±7.99 63.19±8.12 63.69±8.68 63.24±7.75 63.42±7.70 62.71±7.94 63.72±8.04 63.11±8.01 63.58±7.76 62.47±7.75 61.72±6.78 61.46±6.99 62.12±7.39 62.52±7.51 62.47±7.04 60.72±5.59 61.42±6.59 59.88±5.28 – 60.21±6.50 60.47±5.57 58.87±5.71 58.14±5.39

65.73±9.65 65.79±9.59 65.11±9.02 65.15±9.27 65.45±9.16 64.63±8.91 64.62±8.86 64.57±8.58 65.25±8.44 64.47±9.12 64.06±8.66 64.80±8.74 64.09±8.49 64.22±8.50 63.26±8.62 63.93±8.47 64.04±8.57 62.51±7.57 63.28±8.46 63.14±7.48 62.52±8.00 62.59±7.80 62.81±6.43 61.91±7.05 62.07±6.29 61.60±6.87 61.14±7.50 60.13±5.69 60.65±6.12 58.39±5.45

65.66±9.00 65.37±9.12 65.26±8.74 65.17±8.88 64.73±8.46 64.40±8.64 64.42±8.53 64.34±8.40 63.97±8.43 64.34±8.95 63.89±8.37 63.30±8.12 62.97±8.15 63.99±8.32 63.22±8.10 63.57±7.85 62.91±8.12 61.41±6.88 62.22±7.82 62.16±7.19 62.38±7.41 62.47±7.57 62.58±6.48 61.23±6.57 61.97±6.28 – 60.66±6.92 60.07±5.48 59.19±5.59 58.24±5.53

27 27 24 23 21 19 17 17 17 16 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 9 8 7 7 7 4 4 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 96: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 CONCH v1.5 GPFM H-Optimus-0 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-L Virchow2 H0mini Hibou-B mSTAR UNI Virchow Phikon-v2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Phikon Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Prov-GigaPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

70.65±12.70 70.46±12.85 70.82±11.39 70.27±12.60 70.26±11.91 70.26±12.40 70.23±11.09 69.66±12.15 69.69±11.69 69.85±11.62 69.76±11.57 69.62±10.14 69.39±10.27 69.36±11.86 69.12±11.38 68.80±12.40 68.56±11.82 68.66±10.70 67.87±10.88 68.28±10.28 68.10±10.23 67.88±10.07 67.81±9.03 67.06±11.55 67.59±9.55 66.77±9.53 65.26±9.71 65.25±8.83 64.85±8.48 62.90±7.87

62.01±9.66 61.97±9.65 60.75±8.57 62.22±8.82 61.09±8.56 61.11±8.97 62.13±7.40 61.96±8.70 60.78±7.52 61.98±7.03 61.70±8.20 61.29±7.84 61.27±7.74 60.87±8.68 62.00±8.21 60.43±8.52 60.90±8.22 61.76±6.61 61.19±6.88 59.19±6.74 60.37±6.73 61.82±5.87 61.58±5.52 60.16±8.46 61.92±8.78 61.97±7.07 60.06±9.07 60.71±7.39 60.77±5.42 57.86±7.00

49.73±0.89 49.75±0.84 49.88±0.28 49.85±0.48 49.90±0.44 49.86±0.50 49.95±0.20 49.95±0.23 49.82±0.50 49.99±0.16 49.98±0.11 49.97±0.25 49.97±0.20 49.73±0.85 50.01±0.05 49.91±0.39 49.93±0.20 49.82±0.50 49.88±0.37 49.87±0.35 49.99±0.05 50.15±0.52 50.08±0.27 49.82±0.48 49.89±0.32 – 49.84±0.52 49.85±0.49 57.18±7.08 49.99±0.05

69.71±13.65 69.70±13.65 70.26±10.90 69.46±12.66 69.60±12.12 70.02±11.47 69.89±11.25 68.75±12.81 69.33±11.26 69.41±11.69 69.45±10.86 68.59±10.74 68.82±10.38 68.69±12.36 68.97±11.09 68.28±12.64 68.06±11.09 68.16±10.90 67.38±10.25 67.67±10.16 68.17±10.35 67.78±9.67 67.32±8.79 66.40±11.16 67.12±9.87 66.12±9.84 64.69±10.50 64.78±9.31 65.73±8.61 61.54±8.33

69.01±11.99 69.58±11.79 69.98±11.35 70.25±12.26 69.49±11.52 69.30±11.85 69.04±10.77 68.98±12.38 67.84±11.66 69.02±11.28 68.90±11.11 67.75±10.77 67.68±10.45 68.47±11.63 69.22±10.26 68.68±11.47 68.19±11.35 66.49±9.27 67.44±10.56 66.54±9.71 66.95±9.56 65.84±8.70 65.54±7.87 66.91±10.84 66.31±9.22 – 63.87±9.19 65.42±9.14 63.10±9.67 62.22±7.89

69.66±14.04 69.67±14.09 69.95±12.44 69.36±13.57 69.19±12.87 69.30±13.73 70.27±11.34 69.19±12.46 68.78±12.09 68.33±13.03 69.08±12.02 68.44±11.73 68.53±11.60 68.53±13.17 68.62±12.02 68.50±12.58 67.70±12.75 68.62±10.99 67.70±10.69 67.60±10.42 67.93±10.33 68.06±9.54 67.45±8.64 66.69±11.92 66.97±10.24 66.09±10.83 64.40±11.16 64.82±9.06 65.78±8.60 61.74±8.60

69.92±12.28 70.02±12.47 69.93±11.79 70.28±12.45 69.60±11.56 69.61±12.34 68.94±11.14 68.96±12.13 68.39±11.94 68.85±12.04 69.23±11.58 68.34±10.53 68.20±10.62 68.85±12.18 68.90±11.03 68.72±11.85 68.22±11.62 67.29±10.74 67.81±10.49 66.25±10.31 65.91±10.08 67.93±9.54 67.76±8.51 66.83±11.13 66.62±9.67 – 64.47±9.37 65.26±8.91 63.52±9.55 62.06±8.28

25 25 24 24 20 20 19 19 16 15 15 13 13 13 12 12 12 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 2 1 1 0

Table 97: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH v1.5 GPFM H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L CONCH H-Optimus-1 Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H0mini Hibou-B mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Virchow Phikon-v2 UNI Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Prov-GigaPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

29.53±7.50 29.46±7.39 29.08±7.44 28.77±7.52 28.43±7.14 28.40±7.27 28.32±7.42 28.20±7.72 28.16±6.98 28.09±7.07 27.80±6.99 27.81±6.81 27.35±6.83 27.54±6.92 27.45±6.89 27.34±6.87 27.27±6.80 26.69±6.70 26.76±6.72 26.57±6.78 26.32±6.09 26.25±6.74 26.13±5.83 25.71±6.06 25.61±5.88 25.57±5.88 25.31±6.19 24.43±5.69 24.39±6.36 23.55±6.15

24.30±6.32 24.27±6.32 23.34±5.93 23.79±5.97 23.35±5.91 23.78±6.16 23.16±6.20 23.50±6.59 23.41±5.83 23.80±6.36 23.28±5.92 23.75±6.13 23.43±6.24 23.72±6.57 23.56±6.12 23.81±6.66 23.36±6.24 23.31±6.57 22.98±6.97 23.26±6.40 22.58±6.26 23.16±6.22 23.23±6.19 22.90±6.25 23.43±6.23 23.63±6.13 23.14±5.87 23.27±6.66 23.01±6.93 22.12±6.28

19.25±6.50 19.25±6.50 19.26±6.51 19.27±6.53 19.26±6.51 19.27±6.53 19.27±6.53 19.26±6.50 19.27±6.52 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.52 19.27±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.29±6.56 19.28±6.54 19.26±6.51 19.27±6.53 19.28±6.54 19.26±6.51 19.28±6.52 19.28±6.54 19.28±6.50 19.27±6.51 19.28±6.54 19.27±6.52 – 19.27±6.52 19.27±6.53 21.81±6.54 19.27±6.53

29.32±7.46 29.44±7.41 28.58±7.29 28.18±7.13 28.03±6.85 28.16±6.95 27.80±7.34 27.77±7.27 28.02±6.76 28.08±7.04 27.46±6.82 27.42±6.51 27.24±6.83 27.01±6.58 27.34±6.52 27.26±6.87 27.17±6.80 26.44±6.52 26.57±6.63 26.21±6.83 26.40±6.18 25.87±6.64 25.86±5.81 25.31±6.07 25.50±5.90 25.40±5.89 25.24±6.08 24.45±5.90 24.86±6.37 23.30±6.20

28.20±6.80 28.01±6.65 28.57±7.21 28.47±7.23 27.59±7.17 27.89±6.85 27.62±7.14 27.20±7.00 26.83±6.59 26.78±6.77 26.77±6.56 27.19±6.33 26.45±6.52 26.56±6.28 26.91±6.49 26.74±6.55 26.25±6.56 25.40±6.27 25.77±6.20 26.27±6.59 25.31±5.85 25.75±6.50 24.81±5.77 24.22±5.93 25.03±5.86 – 24.41±5.88 24.54±5.73 23.79±5.97 23.22±5.87

29.17±7.58 29.13±7.52 28.72±7.40 28.27±7.11 27.99±7.09 28.23±6.83 27.96±7.25 27.83±7.32 28.30±6.99 27.99±7.02 27.35±6.76 27.38±6.63 27.26±6.81 26.85±6.74 27.26±6.49 27.18±6.96 27.23±6.83 26.60±6.97 26.20±6.47 26.33±6.63 25.80±6.02 26.02±6.65 26.10±5.91 25.49±6.09 25.46±6.19 25.31±6.04 25.15±6.06 24.39±5.78 24.84±6.30 23.48±6.35

29.12±7.40 28.80±7.08 28.64±7.26 28.46±7.29 27.93±7.10 27.83±6.80 27.84±7.28 27.72±7.38 27.31±6.53 27.04±6.93 27.33±6.95 27.31±6.50 26.58±6.46 26.68±6.34 27.09±6.57 26.92±6.67 26.47±6.47 25.87±6.71 25.55±6.29 26.15±6.52 24.91±5.86 25.83±6.59 25.97±5.87 25.47±6.12 24.98±5.74 – 24.77±6.02 24.37±5.80 23.85±6.59 23.29±6.14

27 27 26 23 20 20 20 20 19 17 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 10 9 9 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 0

Table 98: Complete IOCD results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 GPFM CONCH CONCH v1.5 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-B/8 H0mini Hibou-B Virchow H-Optimus-1 mSTAR Phikon-v2 UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Phikon DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Prov-GigaPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

46.53±19.09 46.32±19.10 46.01±18.94 45.85±19.11 45.84±18.84 45.76±18.63 45.12±18.30 45.03±18.59 44.93±18.34 44.92±18.32 44.84±18.32 44.73±18.32 44.44±18.35 44.38±17.98 44.67±18.00 44.16±17.96 43.75±18.18 43.21±17.70 43.35±17.68 42.88±17.14 42.75±16.76 42.75±17.11 42.55±17.42 42.35±16.54 42.25±16.66 41.97±16.57 40.67±16.00 40.41±15.79 39.94±15.56 37.83±14.85

38.94±14.99 38.92±14.98 38.41±14.73 37.61±14.75 37.69±14.47 37.75±14.53 37.11±14.17 38.42±14.78 38.01±14.72 37.90±14.45 38.02±14.64 37.82±14.51 37.18±14.37 37.42±14.24 38.38±14.79 37.39±14.23 37.40±14.55 37.35±14.20 37.42±14.33 36.80±14.09 37.42±14.08 35.86±13.48 37.06±14.41 37.22±13.93 38.38±14.69 37.94±14.45 37.06±14.25 37.31±14.18 36.85±13.79 34.59±13.38

29.72±10.91 29.72±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.72±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.72±10.91 29.70±10.92 29.71±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.72±10.92 29.71±10.91 29.71±10.92 29.72±10.91 29.72±10.91 29.71±10.90 29.71±10.91 29.70±10.91 29.71±10.91 29.69±10.91 29.70±10.90 29.71±10.89 29.69±10.90 29.70±10.91 29.71±10.90 29.70±10.91 – 29.71±10.92 29.71±10.91 34.79±13.11 29.69±10.90

46.12±18.92 46.08±18.87 45.45±18.76 45.24±18.94 45.20±18.49 45.32±18.57 44.52±18.15 44.56±18.39 44.72±18.29 44.56±18.28 44.47±18.12 44.41±18.24 44.23±18.18 43.65±17.76 44.39±17.90 43.66±17.68 43.07±17.83 42.63±17.49 42.99±17.75 42.99±17.27 42.52±16.63 42.29±16.84 41.95±17.15 41.89±16.31 42.16±16.79 41.58±16.58 40.42±15.99 40.21±15.81 40.48±15.72 36.98±14.66

44.75±18.12 45.26±18.35 45.82±18.81 44.91±18.50 45.16±18.27 44.63±18.18 43.29±17.37 44.60±18.12 43.75±17.68 44.00±17.73 43.98±17.82 43.86±17.91 44.07±17.95 43.04±17.41 44.24±17.62 42.81±17.30 43.10±17.77 42.85±17.38 41.22±16.22 41.56±16.55 40.85±15.83 41.26±16.34 42.06±16.94 40.35±15.60 41.23±16.13 – 39.36±15.38 40.79±15.95 38.76±15.13 37.37±14.62

46.01±18.96 46.03±19.02 45.48±18.73 45.50±19.04 45.53±18.73 45.03±18.64 44.51±18.06 44.72±18.38 45.00±18.47 44.15±18.21 44.47±18.18 44.58±18.35 44.24±18.27 43.82±17.88 44.29±17.98 43.86±17.89 43.39±17.88 43.02±17.57 43.34±17.88 42.82±17.26 42.69±16.76 42.26±16.83 42.42±17.36 41.92±16.41 41.99±16.81 41.66±16.65 40.36±16.00 40.11±15.73 40.61±15.80 37.41±14.83

45.67±18.76 45.87±18.90 46.03±18.97 45.15±18.65 45.29±18.30 44.95±18.32 43.94±17.80 44.45±18.30 43.81±17.80 44.25±18.14 44.38±18.19 44.43±18.21 44.17±18.13 43.42±17.58 44.35±17.81 43.29±17.59 43.28±17.77 42.99±17.49 42.09±17.13 40.92±16.36 42.58±16.71 41.09±16.35 42.09±17.27 42.08±16.43 41.51±16.36 – 39.90±15.61 40.57±15.80 39.33±15.38 37.40±14.64

28 25 24 24 23 22 20 18 17 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 10 9 7 7 6 5 4 4 4 2 1 1 0

Table 99: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 Hibou-L H0mini H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 SEAL(CONCH) Virchow GPFM mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 CONCH DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK Kaiko ViT-S/8 PLIP OmiCLIP DINOv3 ViT-B

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

29.36±6.09 29.34±6.08 28.59±6.01 27.43±4.94 27.15±6.01 26.94±6.10 26.93±5.98 25.62±4.65 25.84±6.42 25.63±5.81 24.98±4.48 24.93±4.53 24.73±2.93 24.72±5.30 24.30±4.70 24.04±4.31 23.92±5.31 23.87±3.50 23.80±4.13 23.64±4.98 23.35±4.63 21.02±4.44 20.75±4.08 20.68±4.22 20.83±4.59 20.30±4.65 20.12±4.08 19.87±3.97 18.87±4.48 18.80±3.59

20.53±4.33 21.71±4.55 22.52±6.11 22.02±5.16 19.60±4.58 21.59±6.54 22.07±4.47 20.77±4.89 21.16±5.21 20.36±4.33 20.93±3.46 20.47±3.72 21.23±3.74 19.48±5.13 21.02±4.78 19.85±3.88 20.63±4.33 20.66±2.05 20.45±4.93 19.37±2.44 20.49±4.25 17.97±3.08 19.25±5.19 18.88±3.03 17.53±4.71 17.80±2.80 19.93±2.99 17.94±4.25 16.78±4.70 16.45±3.56

9.86±2.39 10.00±2.09 10.12±2.99 9.54±3.25 9.85±2.31 10.04±2.11 9.40±2.12 9.83±2.88 9.56±1.46 9.93±1.81 10.49±2.61 10.38±2.66 8.83±2.86 10.08±2.31 9.69±2.47 9.22±1.24 8.91±1.05 9.26±2.06 9.60±2.36 9.23±0.99 9.53±2.15 9.35±1.26 – 9.40±1.83 9.51±2.37 18.14±3.28 8.76±0.81 9.06±2.02 8.36±2.29 9.22±1.95

27.37±5.79 27.67±5.90 27.16±6.06 26.26±5.64 23.78±3.22 25.66±4.64 27.74±5.68 23.06±5.07 25.19±6.46 24.07±4.33 26.10±4.93 25.43±4.18 24.21±5.33 24.29±5.21 24.17±4.43 24.29±5.30 23.08±5.38 24.94±3.61 25.19±4.40 25.26±5.53 23.81±4.05 21.51±4.83 21.71±5.36 20.95±3.80 21.58±4.84 21.82±3.75 22.74±5.39 19.52±4.47 18.67±4.54 19.81±4.67

28.72±5.70 28.21±5.49 27.51±5.44 27.08±5.55 26.05±5.84 25.96±5.06 26.83±5.67 24.92±4.79 25.50±5.14 24.95±6.77 25.08±5.02 25.00±5.09 25.45±3.01 24.84±5.10 24.44±5.47 22.92±3.72 21.89±5.19 23.48±3.19 23.28±3.83 23.00±5.76 22.83±4.19 19.43±4.37 – 19.69±4.67 20.22±3.64 20.33±3.40 18.12±4.77 19.53±4.23 17.72±4.17 16.66±3.37

27.50±5.92 27.38±5.95 27.57±6.20 25.70±4.83 24.11±7.09 26.02±6.76 27.60±5.99 24.40±4.57 25.18±6.25 24.55±5.05 24.58±3.97 24.37±4.82 24.17±3.84 23.78±5.09 23.18±5.11 23.30±4.65 23.94±4.41 24.89±4.20 24.31±4.04 25.86±5.43 24.52±3.93 20.54±3.64 22.19±4.94 21.88±3.63 22.85±4.59 20.90±4.87 23.12±4.72 19.47±3.88 18.76±4.85 20.54±4.72

29.05±5.91 29.12±5.66 27.78±5.45 27.78±5.38 26.19±6.13 26.30±5.34 27.18±5.12 25.14±4.86 25.85±4.89 25.64±5.69 25.54±5.08 25.70±4.98 25.46±3.31 24.56±5.04 23.76±4.91 23.58±3.77 22.88±5.55 24.01±3.33 23.37±3.72 23.33±5.64 23.02±4.63 21.06±4.39 – 20.66±4.14 20.91±4.84 21.36±4.50 19.38±4.30 19.29±4.30 17.64±4.32 18.82±3.72

28 28 27 23 23 22 21 18 16 16 16 16 12 12 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

Table 100: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H0mini H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 GPFM Hibou-L Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI Phikon Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) Virchow Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 DINOv3 ViT-L CONCH Prov-GigaPath PLIP Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

60.81±8.17 60.76±8.11 60.43±8.58 59.51±8.28 59.67±8.85 59.71±8.95 59.03±8.49 59.25±8.52 58.64±9.42 58.54±7.85 58.47±7.87 57.06±7.96 57.25±8.13 57.17±7.85 57.64±9.04 56.79±8.17 56.65±8.48 56.59±8.19 56.70±7.52 55.43±8.99 56.39±8.14 55.51±7.16 55.11±7.25 54.39±8.88 54.23±8.95 54.15±7.95 53.53±7.81 53.11±7.24 52.58±8.37 50.65±8.66

50.63±4.84 49.94±5.84 51.04±5.70 50.62±6.46 52.67±6.20 51.82±6.94 47.94±8.07 48.61±7.01 50.96±6.83 50.26±6.00 50.65±4.19 51.02±6.56 48.80±6.83 47.44±7.93 51.08±5.63 49.96±7.81 50.22±6.73 50.98±8.21 49.14±5.81 49.77±7.17 49.79±5.59 49.63±5.82 51.52±7.38 49.29±7.11 48.39±8.70 45.22±4.35 48.23±7.13 49.74±6.11 49.30±7.40 46.44±7.93

30.51±3.16 30.18±2.44 28.20±4.59 30.25±4.05 27.97±2.98 27.99±5.06 30.17±4.23 27.23±5.45 30.75±4.71 28.60±4.73 28.08±3.97 29.88±6.10 28.89±5.26 28.77±1.35 29.88±4.41 28.18±3.62 28.39±3.87 29.72±3.85 29.27±5.73 30.88±5.32 29.79±2.56 32.14±4.08 32.32±5.08 30.84±2.23 30.34±6.25 31.59±5.99 47.21±5.62 – 27.78±3.03 30.88±3.92

59.42±7.50 58.76±6.62 59.16±6.15 57.74±8.74 58.29±8.73 58.93±8.94 57.41±8.28 56.73±7.48 57.12±6.51 57.37±7.03 57.04±5.48 55.81±6.65 57.40±7.49 55.94±6.94 59.18±7.36 56.34±7.35 55.92±6.83 57.20±5.85 57.70±7.03 54.80±7.65 57.03±7.17 55.67±6.41 54.95±7.02 54.24±7.70 53.05±7.69 54.80±6.45 54.27±7.62 54.05±6.52 53.10±8.19 50.23±7.02

58.61±7.43 58.69±7.13 58.98±7.77 57.86±7.54 57.69±7.87 59.22±8.02 56.74±6.54 56.98±7.41 57.71±8.68 56.66±7.11 56.29±6.84 56.48±6.74 55.50±7.27 55.88±7.02 56.36±7.94 54.43±6.72 54.06±7.41 54.27±6.47 56.50±7.04 51.01±7.69 54.54±6.01 52.81±6.49 54.48±6.28 51.21±7.60 50.50±8.41 52.50±7.33 52.10±7.04 – 50.05±8.56 49.57±6.99

59.74±6.62 59.77±6.49 59.50±7.59 57.59±7.19 59.01±8.14 59.49±8.22 57.90±6.60 57.34±7.34 56.67±7.33 57.20±5.69 56.74±5.04 55.44±5.62 56.71±6.56 55.36±6.86 57.59±8.13 56.77±7.11 56.75±7.09 56.65±7.01 56.54±5.87 55.29±7.54 56.53±6.09 55.33±6.26 54.69±7.43 54.60±6.15 53.75±7.65 55.22±6.14 53.28±6.09 53.40±6.41 55.90±6.97 49.51±7.12

58.89±6.03 59.21±6.47 59.00±7.68 58.37±7.05 58.58±7.40 58.78±7.23 57.05±5.39 57.70±7.30 58.51±8.11 56.62±5.65 56.74±5.96 56.05±6.05 55.74±5.49 55.53±6.93 56.47±7.78 55.04±6.34 55.47±7.41 55.08±6.54 55.76±6.20 54.03±7.42 55.42±6.97 54.13±5.29 54.95±6.48 52.92±6.65 53.69±7.80 53.03±6.46 51.66±6.87 – 50.75±6.81 49.64±6.70

27 27 27 23 22 21 19 18 18 18 18 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 7 6 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 0 0

Table 101: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L GPFM SEAL(CONCH) Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Virchow Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH v1.5 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

74.83±4.98 74.81±4.96 74.55±4.94 73.74±4.34 73.52±4.41 73.41±4.61 73.31±4.26 72.99±4.08 72.22±3.45 72.07±4.07 71.80±4.07 71.76±4.10 72.25±5.46 71.51±4.85 70.96±4.05 70.93±3.45 70.73±4.21 70.85±4.40 70.76±3.05 70.40±4.49 70.27±3.81 69.26±4.53 68.88±3.82 68.25±4.63 68.25±3.56 68.16±3.95 67.88±3.85 67.82±4.40 66.80±2.69 65.82±4.96

67.64±4.42 68.49±3.65 68.98±5.45 66.56±3.98 69.00±4.00 67.84±4.56 68.01±4.07 67.04±3.53 67.45±3.88 68.56±4.72 67.16±4.12 66.96±3.68 67.56±3.09 66.41±4.43 67.24±4.00 66.71±5.61 66.77±5.88 67.52±4.24 67.99±2.97 66.22±4.38 66.36±3.32 65.21±4.32 65.68±4.52 65.02±4.80 65.70±4.04 64.10±3.86 64.72±3.91 65.73±4.57 65.49±4.50 62.80±5.64

56.61±3.83 56.66±3.97 56.01±3.82 55.07±2.68 56.46±3.81 56.05±2.87 55.81±2.65 55.54±2.60 56.33±1.93 54.81±3.06 56.44±2.98 57.00±3.35 55.31±3.66 56.01±3.73 55.97±2.82 55.73±4.45 56.40±3.03 56.73±4.50 55.80±2.71 55.11±3.37 55.56±2.62 54.99±3.53 54.96±4.10 54.85±4.22 – 54.39±3.51 54.26±2.83 53.83±2.44 64.79±3.39 53.66±3.11

74.01±4.19 73.97±4.42 73.45±4.79 70.80±3.83 73.20±4.12 72.75±3.83 72.40±3.89 71.31±3.00 70.13±3.49 70.92±3.39 71.36±3.94 71.76±4.01 71.91±4.51 71.24±4.24 71.10±3.98 71.37±3.50 71.25±4.01 70.41±3.98 71.20±2.57 69.69±4.02 71.33±4.42 69.02±3.68 69.10±3.25 68.81±3.39 68.42±3.40 67.73±3.74 67.57±3.98 69.37±4.79 68.23±3.25 66.20±4.58

74.32±3.97 73.85±3.75 73.89±4.19 73.16±3.46 72.55±3.20 72.68±3.64 72.45±3.56 71.56±3.20 72.55±2.61 72.36±3.12 71.89±3.25 72.08±3.31 71.67±4.81 71.57±4.08 70.55±3.51 70.12±2.69 70.55±3.54 70.99±3.95 70.60±2.32 69.68±3.49 70.31±3.88 67.37±3.82 68.27±2.60 67.68±4.37 – 65.74±3.30 68.00±3.36 66.51±4.56 67.78±2.85 65.46±3.81

73.89±4.54 73.85±4.49 73.90±4.61 71.70±4.84 73.60±4.31 72.79±4.58 72.36±3.63 71.29±3.21 71.05±3.39 71.04±3.23 71.06±4.05 71.16±3.69 71.14±4.44 71.21±3.80 71.21±3.84 70.26±3.49 71.06±4.03 70.38±3.74 72.08±3.04 70.33±4.17 72.04±4.19 67.77±3.57 69.27±3.61 70.15±4.16 68.49±3.78 68.53±3.42 67.81±3.75 69.68±4.13 68.54±3.25 65.40±5.02

74.70±4.26 74.72±4.14 73.70±3.50 73.27±3.44 72.74±2.80 73.04±3.13 72.70±3.29 71.89±2.74 71.90±2.73 72.69±4.39 72.18±3.27 72.39±3.37 71.56±4.28 71.38±3.65 71.03±2.85 70.38±2.77 70.86±3.88 71.12±3.51 70.48±2.45 70.30±4.00 70.43±3.66 69.26±3.61 68.52±3.07 68.36±4.27 – 67.94±3.12 67.97±3.22 67.03±3.77 68.40±3.25 65.34±3.89

27 27 27 24 22 22 21 21 17 16 16 16 14 13 11 10 10 9 9 9 9 7 6 2 2 2 2 1 0 0

Table 102: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 H0mini Hibou-L GPFM mSTAR UNI Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Virchow SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 CONCH Prov-GigaPath PLIP DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

79.79±5.67 79.76±5.66 79.50±6.45 79.20±7.04 79.02±6.33 79.04±6.14 78.49±5.58 78.37±6.57 78.06±5.98 77.97±5.95 78.16±7.57 77.39±6.87 77.93±8.04 77.42±5.85 77.10±6.77 77.02±7.09 76.84±6.52 76.70±7.10 76.86±5.99 76.66±6.04 75.84±6.34 75.70±6.54 75.60±6.87 75.24±7.12 75.04±6.88 74.87±6.45 74.76±7.15 73.48±7.52 73.47±5.89 73.06±6.13

72.82±3.74 72.34±5.19 72.44±6.33 73.70±6.49 72.84±7.21 72.38±5.24 70.80±5.96 70.93±5.00 71.23±6.36 72.25±4.12 72.48±6.70 70.84±5.76 72.77±5.66 70.90±5.94 72.31±6.03 72.00±5.05 71.76±6.63 72.57±7.48 71.85±6.01 71.55±5.20 71.81±6.37 72.50±6.35 70.71±6.45 70.41±7.14 70.66±6.89 71.39±5.12 68.89±4.44 71.27±5.33 69.53±5.70 67.70±6.87

52.43±4.85 52.68±4.29 49.39±6.04 50.40±4.00 50.25±6.07 51.94±3.58 47.92±5.84 50.67±6.62 51.03±5.95 50.71±5.47 52.69±5.49 50.27±7.28 50.07±7.26 50.15±3.96 52.39±6.38 52.01±5.41 49.04±3.46 52.63±4.52 48.75±6.44 49.32±3.84 51.30±3.66 52.89±3.95 50.94±5.45 50.56±5.60 51.51±4.54 – 52.85±4.43 47.63±3.97 68.89±5.80 51.03±5.67

78.94±5.16 78.61±4.67 79.18±4.92 78.17±6.95 78.45±5.84 77.35±6.17 76.91±4.83 77.27±5.84 77.05±5.90 76.97±4.22 76.82±4.79 77.25±6.24 78.93±5.64 76.65±5.18 76.22±5.98 76.69±5.57 76.69±6.15 77.42±4.68 78.38±5.11 77.57±4.95 76.21±5.47 75.58±6.26 75.28±6.38 74.28±6.49 75.06±6.22 75.17±5.70 75.19±5.70 74.25±6.71 74.23±6.27 72.26±5.21

78.77±5.09 79.08±4.87 78.96±6.18 78.22±6.86 78.71±5.93 77.80±5.58 77.08±4.69 77.27±5.52 77.16±5.80 77.01±5.81 78.32±6.70 76.33±6.45 77.14±7.46 77.04±5.18 77.30±5.40 75.26±6.07 75.71±5.82 75.65±6.12 76.63±5.71 75.55±4.52 74.20±6.05 75.50±5.59 72.15±6.81 71.69±7.68 73.02±5.56 – 73.41±6.84 71.77±7.20 73.68±6.34 72.08±4.41

79.39±5.03 79.46±4.95 79.11±6.01 78.97±6.65 78.91±5.93 77.75±5.77 77.55±4.78 77.80±4.86 77.19±4.62 76.74±4.12 76.65±5.16 77.04±6.03 77.80±7.38 76.36±4.86 75.86±4.98 77.54±5.43 77.24±6.10 77.79±5.17 78.22±4.48 77.02±4.67 76.17±5.72 75.47±6.46 75.64±6.26 74.92±6.50 75.46±5.37 74.98±5.37 76.57±4.99 76.83±5.11 74.27±5.59 72.28±5.19

79.18±4.64 79.32±4.73 79.05±5.95 78.96±6.24 78.51±5.28 78.52±5.16 77.88±4.80 77.66±4.85 77.66±5.02 77.60±5.02 78.79±6.28 76.97±5.66 77.43±7.12 76.42±5.01 77.10±5.85 76.75±6.33 76.22±5.49 76.55±6.51 76.34±5.65 76.25±5.10 75.05±4.74 75.90±5.83 74.90±6.01 74.83±6.49 74.32±5.23 – 74.41±6.26 72.68±6.50 72.84±5.66 72.49±4.70

24 24 24 22 22 21 18 18 18 17 13 13 12 12 11 10 10 10 9 9 7 7 3 3 3 3 2 0 0 0

Table 103: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow2 Hibou-L H-Optimus-0 GPFM SEAL(CONCH) Virchow Phikon-v2 UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B CONCH Prov-GigaPath CONCH v1.5 CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP DINOv3 ViT-B

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

29.12±7.02 29.09±7.03 28.50±7.15 27.54±6.61 27.31±6.52 27.27±5.93 27.21±6.68 26.39±6.37 25.97±5.51 26.37±6.80 25.77±4.75 25.35±5.40 25.30±5.37 25.48±5.98 25.03±5.50 24.56±5.62 24.47±4.56 24.34±4.22 24.31±4.98 24.22±4.65 24.19±5.36 22.05±4.49 21.98±4.81 21.72±4.26 21.71±4.03 21.41±4.78 21.02±3.15 20.96±4.37 20.65±4.52 19.96±3.17

22.03±4.73 22.61±4.45 22.95±5.88 20.48±3.76 23.33±4.27 22.62±4.42 22.62±5.67 21.25±4.49 22.08±4.25 22.12±4.54 22.07±4.00 21.39±3.61 21.56±3.34 20.92±4.59 21.87±4.67 21.69±3.70 21.62±5.19 21.50±2.78 21.94±3.24 20.93±4.23 21.10±3.35 20.83±4.81 19.23±3.16 20.52±3.42 19.82±3.50 19.77±4.00 21.12±3.52 20.49±3.45 18.68±3.96 18.01±3.01

14.20±2.16 14.11±2.06 13.88±2.40 13.32±1.96 13.70±2.60 13.85±1.72 13.53±1.58 13.63±1.42 13.90±2.06 13.85±2.29 13.83±2.10 14.04±2.03 14.26±2.20 14.09±2.48 14.12±2.95 13.44±1.88 14.30±1.58 13.81±2.07 13.43±1.63 13.49±1.98 13.57±1.66 – 12.87±2.02 13.84±2.57 13.01±1.94 13.72±2.35 12.28±1.17 19.39±2.61 13.04±2.33 12.25±1.81

27.58±6.40 27.84±6.59 27.05±6.94 24.06±3.57 27.23±6.47 26.15±6.00 25.83±4.99 24.73±5.44 24.15±5.27 25.98±6.65 24.45±5.14 25.23±5.16 25.85±5.65 25.17±5.62 24.59±4.96 23.99±5.87 25.43±5.34 24.90±4.07 24.69±3.71 24.62±5.44 25.80±5.97 22.76±5.55 22.26±4.77 22.16±3.81 21.45±3.97 22.44±4.46 23.72±5.44 21.95±4.17 20.63±4.29 20.61±3.96

28.63±6.28 28.22±6.23 27.77±6.17 26.69±6.13 26.24±5.85 27.30±5.84 26.08±5.48 25.54±6.66 25.93±4.62 26.01±5.15 26.09±4.40 25.39±5.09 25.39±5.01 25.17±5.70 25.00±6.04 23.09±4.37 24.26±4.03 24.21±3.43 23.95±4.06 23.68±3.60 24.13±5.60 – 20.84±3.90 21.62±3.62 21.67±3.94 20.92±3.44 19.70±2.84 21.46±3.44 20.06±3.87 18.42±2.64

27.65±6.41 27.61±6.45 27.66±6.84 24.86±7.16 27.57±6.40 25.64±4.84 26.96±6.94 24.96±5.71 25.06±4.99 25.64±6.31 24.20±3.79 24.73±5.19 24.72±4.55 24.41±5.22 23.95±5.05 24.60±4.83 25.10±4.81 25.08±4.27 25.50±3.66 23.90±4.76 26.20±6.31 22.73±5.44 21.14±3.74 23.29±3.39 21.44±3.30 24.05±4.27 23.52±4.90 22.67±4.53 20.66±4.84 21.59±4.04

29.03±6.45 29.03±6.41 27.73±6.19 27.00±6.20 26.68±5.01 27.74±5.61 26.63±5.54 25.98±5.77 25.94±4.98 25.95±4.99 26.14±4.76 25.84±5.19 25.81±5.18 25.28±5.25 24.90±5.28 24.23±5.42 24.27±4.36 24.59±3.16 23.97±4.27 23.86±3.74 24.32±5.39 – 21.91±3.80 22.00±3.48 21.33±3.04 22.16±4.43 20.54±3.26 21.82±3.87 19.96±4.07 19.86±2.22

28 28 27 23 23 23 23 19 18 17 16 15 15 14 13 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 4 3 3 2 1 0 0 0

Table 104: Complete MOCV results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 H0mini GPFM mSTAR UNI Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-L/14 Virchow SEAL(CONCH) CONCH Phikon-v2 Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP Kaiko ViT-S/8

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

62.92±9.41 62.87±9.36 62.81±10.04 62.26±10.47 61.58±9.86 61.52±9.39 61.11±9.82 60.67±8.76 60.65±8.76 61.19±8.78 60.18±9.38 60.60±10.65 59.88±8.24 59.54±8.17 60.11±10.25 59.37±9.03 59.17±8.80 59.12±9.49 58.86±7.83 58.62±9.11 57.55±7.33 57.32±8.57 56.92±7.87 57.02±7.14 56.47±8.15 55.75±8.21 55.33±6.58 54.83±7.31 54.44±7.54 54.41±8.45

54.75±4.45 53.96±5.71 53.91±6.30 55.50±6.73 54.02±7.38 53.95±5.37 52.84±4.60 52.67±7.21 53.12±4.63 52.15±5.41 52.92±6.01 54.17±6.36 52.77±5.85 53.42±5.54 53.76±7.10 53.80±6.28 53.77±7.11 53.55±5.40 53.07±6.13 54.05±7.69 52.81±6.57 52.37±6.65 52.09±7.15 53.79±7.05 51.58±7.21 50.65±5.46 52.51±5.48 51.21±5.59 48.97±6.77 52.06±5.75

36.42±5.10 36.54±5.46 34.79±4.73 35.41±4.99 35.94±6.42 35.38±2.80 35.66±5.68 36.12±5.78 35.82±5.54 33.78±4.13 35.83±6.68 34.82±5.33 34.89±4.92 34.42±3.05 37.08±6.05 36.57±6.53 34.62±4.95 36.19±5.32 34.07±5.81 37.15±5.17 35.74±3.68 35.33±4.42 36.68±5.66 36.30±3.51 34.95±4.17 36.49±3.99 – 51.09±5.81 35.46±2.92 33.06±2.43

61.96±8.57 61.27±7.83 62.07±7.55 61.33±9.85 60.94±9.54 59.49±9.45 60.21±9.08 59.21±8.43 58.66±6.47 58.51±6.86 60.02±8.85 61.28±8.64 58.94±7.15 60.15±7.13 59.12±7.58 58.31±8.12 58.99±8.43 58.69±7.75 60.39±7.34 59.68±7.44 57.87±6.31 57.26±7.59 56.82±7.37 57.29±7.06 55.67±7.16 56.40±7.10 56.27±7.44 55.23±7.30 53.45±6.10 55.33±8.00

62.08±8.33 62.51±8.20 61.69±9.33 60.95±10.02 61.97±9.27 60.11±8.33 59.88±8.33 59.55±7.96 59.32±7.95 59.49±7.23 58.82±8.16 59.72±9.55 59.55±7.00 57.94±6.28 61.09±9.27 59.65±7.88 58.17±7.77 57.13±7.65 58.82±7.72 58.00±7.67 55.69±6.47 54.26±7.57 55.10±6.92 56.98±6.45 53.38±7.92 54.35±7.63 – 55.55±7.34 53.38±6.01 52.02±8.39

62.68±8.75 62.73±8.62 62.56±9.32 62.31±10.18 61.58±9.11 60.16±8.32 60.45±8.35 59.71±7.24 59.06±6.72 59.98±7.63 59.70±8.41 60.78±10.11 58.73±6.80 59.49±6.64 59.32±8.34 57.95±7.70 60.12±8.76 59.81±7.88 60.75±7.11 60.06±8.22 58.04±7.15 57.77±7.56 57.43±6.81 57.22±7.75 56.19±7.43 58.81±6.73 56.73±6.86 55.39±6.53 53.39±6.31 58.82±7.43

62.19±7.59 62.48±7.93 62.33±9.24 62.27±9.24 61.11±8.44 60.81±8.06 60.35±7.53 60.19±7.37 60.17±7.24 60.54±7.38 59.46±7.69 60.11±9.35 58.61±7.00 58.81±7.23 61.18±8.88 59.53±7.87 58.45±7.23 58.59±8.14 58.32±7.14 58.66±7.98 56.82±5.94 56.79±7.42 56.67±6.24 57.18±6.47 56.13±7.22 55.69±7.32 – 54.75±6.55 53.69±6.28 53.54±7.43

26 26 25 23 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 11 10 10 10 9 7 6 6 5 4 0 0 0 0 0

Table 105: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow Hibou-L Virchow2 CONCH mSTAR Phikon-v2 UNI CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 GPFM Prov-GigaPath Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

29.14±5.30 29.09±5.18 28.58±5.73 28.17±5.91 27.93±5.64 27.17±5.78 27.06±5.07 27.28±5.40 26.79±4.84 26.51±5.49 26.41±5.33 26.39±5.52 26.26±5.65 26.22±5.06 26.19±5.80 25.67±6.35 25.44±4.97 25.41±2.91 25.37±4.75 24.92±4.56 24.62±5.15 22.73±4.13 22.41±4.66 22.23±3.33 21.82±4.54 21.75±5.54 21.15±4.86 20.87±4.47 20.78±3.68 18.90±4.13

21.37±4.12 21.32±3.86 22.12±5.22 21.53±4.87 21.86±4.95 21.01±3.45 20.02±2.67 20.80±4.81 20.40±4.28 20.01±2.85 21.23±3.62 20.09±2.70 20.96±3.71 20.82±4.62 19.68±4.86 20.78±5.40 20.57±4.50 19.89±2.65 20.05±2.83 19.85±5.00 20.28±4.19 19.93±3.94 20.38±5.00 19.80±3.95 18.88±4.23 19.06±5.38 18.15±4.65 17.27±4.15 18.42±2.50 17.99±5.74

10.94±2.58 10.27±2.67 10.52±3.74 9.44±2.32 9.71±1.37 10.41±1.97 10.75±2.78 9.43±1.47 10.15±1.72 9.75±2.65 9.43±1.41 10.01±2.55 9.87±2.01 9.92±1.67 9.67±2.94 8.07±1.65 9.80±0.92 9.55±1.18 9.54±2.40 8.53±0.98 9.87±1.78 9.58±2.48 10.68±2.12 9.17±2.70 9.68±2.24 – 9.37±1.24 9.74±2.44 18.81±2.92 8.70±2.04

27.94±4.91 27.92±4.93 28.02±5.58 28.07±6.43 27.34±5.01 26.66±5.72 26.70±4.47 26.89±5.56 26.29±4.77 26.29±4.97 26.27±5.56 26.23±4.94 26.33±5.52 25.80±4.95 25.89±6.32 25.49±6.04 24.43±5.29 25.57±3.23 25.23±4.99 24.38±4.88 24.31±5.32 22.76±4.41 23.05±5.21 21.65±3.27 21.83±4.75 21.97±5.83 20.24±4.95 20.50±4.69 22.11±3.45 19.00±4.71

28.40±5.39 28.42±5.08 29.10±5.79 27.39±5.44 27.16±5.36 27.58±4.55 27.66±5.07 27.13±5.40 27.26±4.44 26.17±4.52 26.96±5.20 26.11±4.44 26.35±5.62 25.58±4.24 26.32±4.72 25.20±6.34 23.95±4.99 25.74±2.29 26.27±4.18 25.93±5.44 22.97±3.19 22.37±3.19 21.69±3.46 20.91±3.34 20.61±4.35 – 20.06±4.36 19.08±4.08 21.42±4.06 17.83±4.05

27.21±5.02 27.24±4.99 28.10±6.17 27.21±6.69 26.76±5.57 26.51±5.47 26.10±4.42 26.81±5.91 25.51±5.09 24.99±4.46 25.99±5.25 24.82±4.17 26.34±5.28 25.16±4.92 24.27±6.20 25.91±6.16 23.82±5.17 24.74±4.17 25.42±4.34 24.25±5.55 24.20±5.29 23.52±4.16 23.93±5.17 22.37±4.42 22.11±4.78 21.79±5.73 19.88±4.59 20.62±5.02 22.26±3.61 19.61±5.57

29.31±5.45 29.21±5.45 28.97±6.26 28.09±5.50 28.18±5.65 27.25±5.18 27.94±5.13 27.44±4.87 27.29±4.73 26.23±4.85 26.65±5.24 26.29±4.69 26.52±5.51 25.66±4.72 25.56±5.15 25.31±6.08 23.91±5.81 25.77±3.04 26.03±4.25 24.39±5.14 24.34±4.78 22.89±3.82 22.88±4.53 21.67±3.58 21.83±4.62 – 19.80±4.29 20.85±4.70 21.65±4.33 17.95±4.40

27 27 27 24 24 19 18 14 14 13 13 13 13 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 0

Table 106: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow H0mini Phikon-v2 GPFM CONCH v1.5 Hibou-L Virchow2 CONCH UNI Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) mSTAR Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S PLIP CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

60.68±7.67 60.58±8.43 60.19±7.49 60.06±7.40 59.75±7.86 59.75±8.41 58.75±8.15 58.87±7.06 58.76±6.78 58.81±8.58 58.59±8.12 58.49±7.55 58.46±6.64 58.31±7.52 58.07±7.52 57.97±7.47 58.46±6.34 57.74±7.48 57.32±7.60 57.22±7.87 56.74±7.48 55.92±6.84 55.59±7.73 55.16±6.80 55.05±7.28 54.90±8.05 54.82±8.25 54.56±8.17 52.51±7.26 51.07±6.56

52.29±5.19 51.59±6.69 50.50±4.27 50.30±4.38 50.41±4.13 50.64±9.60 50.04±5.96 48.78±7.73 49.99±5.73 49.68±5.58 51.04±6.88 49.68±5.69 50.59±4.29 51.01±8.21 50.82±8.07 48.02±7.54 50.43±4.55 50.23±6.34 49.92±7.65 49.73±8.70 49.66±6.04 49.16±6.88 50.43±6.53 51.43±7.58 49.32±6.12 49.62±7.49 48.49±8.89 49.26±8.29 47.82±8.08 48.30±8.04

29.10±2.97 29.30±1.57 30.87±2.16 31.33±2.74 28.62±2.85 30.40±4.00 29.81±3.39 30.55±3.60 27.44±3.39 30.73±3.75 26.72±3.10 31.82±3.66 30.50±4.60 30.14±6.87 31.13±4.26 31.96±4.66 29.58±5.27 31.92±4.24 28.82±2.82 32.02±5.99 28.57±4.52 29.91±5.36 29.74±3.15 31.74±4.05 – 29.03±3.48 30.59±5.78 30.00±3.20 46.97±3.96 31.58±4.05

60.12±6.54 60.28±8.06 59.77±6.70 59.56±6.74 59.52±6.73 59.27±8.32 58.29±7.61 58.50±6.52 58.18±6.55 58.32±7.33 58.90±7.92 57.77±7.15 58.26±5.94 57.98±7.07 57.82±7.35 57.02±6.77 57.83±5.16 57.50±6.88 57.06±7.75 57.03±7.47 56.27±6.72 55.28±5.73 55.30±7.27 55.05±6.86 54.64±6.92 54.81±7.52 54.33±8.05 54.05±8.22 54.54±8.02 50.97±6.92

59.27±7.69 59.30±7.63 57.60±8.33 57.66±8.94 58.29±8.08 57.97±6.84 59.14±7.23 57.90±6.02 58.80±6.11 58.21±6.87 57.93±7.02 58.20±7.14 58.12±6.38 56.45±6.22 56.77±6.57 57.49±6.06 57.98±6.19 57.25±6.64 56.10±6.00 54.73±7.58 54.41±7.43 53.23±5.31 53.16±7.31 54.31±6.70 – 52.16±7.23 51.37±7.85 52.72±7.65 53.02±6.73 49.80±5.23

60.39±6.63 59.82±7.50 58.96±6.29 58.95±6.07 59.32±6.04 59.44±8.12 57.48±7.02 58.14±6.51 57.03±6.30 58.12±6.55 59.45±7.72 57.72±7.14 57.61±5.39 57.12±7.11 57.07±7.61 56.84±7.21 57.96±5.63 57.25±6.13 57.64±7.33 56.47±7.85 54.93±6.62 55.28±5.90 55.17±6.05 55.21±7.11 54.61±6.35 55.22±7.31 54.49±7.93 55.53±6.90 53.83±7.43 50.50±7.71

59.78±7.44 59.15±7.01 58.82±6.58 59.04±6.73 59.18±7.29 58.84±7.20 58.63±6.85 57.86±6.05 57.77±5.77 58.36±7.01 57.73±7.43 57.81±6.87 58.51±6.72 56.85±5.64 57.56±5.61 57.26±6.16 58.45±6.53 56.34±6.30 56.00±5.91 56.33±7.05 54.86±7.41 55.09±5.26 53.86±5.16 54.75±6.29 – 54.75±6.90 54.47±7.11 53.56±6.36 52.36±6.31 50.18±5.63

26 26 24 24 23 19 15 14 14 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 7 5 4 2 2 2 2 1 0 0

Table 107: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 Hibou-L CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI SEAL(CONCH) Prov-GigaPath Hibou-B Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

74.91±4.38 74.85±4.36 74.71±4.89 74.41±4.43 73.94±4.14 73.87±4.17 73.43±3.96 73.42±3.79 73.07±3.56 72.77±4.45 72.68±4.11 72.50±4.91 72.46±3.97 72.24±3.45 72.17±4.31 72.11±4.19 72.04±3.51 71.90±4.03 71.59±3.96 71.29±3.45 70.84±3.58 69.64±3.69 69.33±3.75 69.07±4.79 68.82±3.79 68.80±3.75 68.52±2.97 67.87±3.73 66.74±2.30 66.55±4.68

68.30±3.73 68.25±3.76 69.51±4.75 68.85±4.52 68.02±4.75 68.30±2.78 68.33±4.28 68.14±4.18 67.98±3.12 66.81±3.97 68.24±4.48 67.11±5.74 67.31±4.39 67.77±3.91 67.14±3.72 67.16±3.70 67.58±3.88 67.44±4.10 67.27±3.58 67.05±3.85 65.84±4.15 66.57±4.35 65.94±3.73 65.55±4.77 65.11±3.70 66.25±4.94 65.90±3.71 64.70±3.90 65.88±4.63 63.97±5.97

57.61±4.32 57.53±4.05 57.59±3.09 56.84±3.61 56.34±4.37 58.00±3.36 56.90±2.91 57.80±3.34 57.16±2.85 56.30±4.23 57.53±4.35 57.51±4.08 55.39±3.61 56.36±3.20 56.95±4.19 56.90±4.16 57.54±3.94 56.48±4.17 57.15±3.37 55.38±3.62 56.15±4.59 55.74±4.01 56.10±3.27 55.77±3.05 55.97±2.63 55.82±5.07 – 54.75±2.90 65.34±3.67 55.52±4.19

74.37±3.96 74.37±3.94 74.79±4.66 74.74±4.63 73.25±3.76 74.08±3.69 73.07±3.82 73.28±3.30 73.21±3.55 72.58±4.34 72.77±4.25 72.31±5.07 71.90±4.03 72.13±3.50 72.35±4.28 72.27±4.24 72.15±3.57 71.67±3.69 71.63±3.80 71.77±3.81 70.70±3.74 69.59±3.65 69.57±3.67 69.50±4.92 68.71±3.81 69.12±3.64 69.00±2.95 67.81±3.91 68.57±2.86 66.89±4.81

73.74±3.59 73.88±3.53 74.94±4.71 74.02±3.29 73.25±3.60 74.02±3.48 72.82±2.87 73.70±3.54 73.95±2.92 72.30±4.22 73.48±3.51 72.59±4.12 72.22±3.41 72.97±3.13 72.80±3.99 72.67±3.82 72.95±2.88 71.93±3.64 71.63±2.80 71.41±3.53 70.06±3.00 69.42±3.14 68.25±3.51 68.62±3.67 67.42±3.23 68.56±3.35 – 67.99±3.33 68.72±2.73 66.43±4.27

73.70±3.87 73.69±3.89 74.79±4.52 74.16±4.78 72.96±4.08 73.29±3.17 73.04±3.92 72.86±3.64 72.54±3.05 71.52±3.70 72.71±4.24 71.63±4.77 71.95±3.95 71.99±3.78 71.67±3.71 71.66±3.69 72.20±3.48 70.83±3.51 71.35±3.62 71.83±3.67 70.29±3.68 69.83±3.85 69.66±3.59 70.10±4.19 68.85±3.63 70.52±3.87 69.12±3.03 67.66±3.69 69.39±4.06 66.81±5.21

74.65±3.44 74.53±3.30 74.96±4.65 74.59±3.85 73.84±3.85 74.10±3.22 73.34±2.75 73.18±3.13 73.39±3.10 72.46±3.61 73.27±3.93 72.27±4.30 72.27±3.00 72.62±2.92 73.00±3.50 72.97±3.43 72.64±3.08 71.53±3.56 71.81±2.63 70.73±2.31 71.26±3.28 69.62±3.23 69.82±3.51 69.04±3.04 69.18±3.39 69.83±3.37 – 68.23±3.36 68.43±3.22 66.82±4.42

27 27 26 25 22 22 18 18 16 14 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 9 9 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 0 0

Table 108: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow UNI2 Virchow2 CONCH v1.5 H0mini CONCH Hibou-L GPFM Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 UNI SEAL(CONCH) mSTAR Phikon-v2 Phikon Prov-GigaPath Hibou-B Lunit ViT-S CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L Kaiko ViT-S/16 PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

79.69±5.59 79.54±5.98 79.53±5.20 79.33±5.42 79.47±5.18 78.80±5.67 78.61±4.81 78.68±5.28 78.16±5.03 78.25±5.51 78.25±5.21 77.95±5.98 77.50±5.65 78.08±6.50 78.03±5.08 77.77±5.45 77.98±5.10 77.83±5.53 77.48±5.52 76.94±5.75 76.93±6.08 75.98±6.25 75.80±5.98 75.73±6.74 75.46±6.27 75.59±5.46 75.44±6.17 74.64±6.88 72.90±5.53 72.84±5.10

73.41±5.46 73.39±6.11 72.83±4.46 72.50±3.98 72.76±4.42 72.69±5.80 72.59±5.23 72.99±6.10 71.70±5.35 71.58±5.92 70.96±5.65 71.84±7.48 71.48±6.39 72.43±7.49 72.09±4.27 71.02±5.40 72.01±4.27 71.63±5.19 71.40±5.26 71.27±6.15 72.01±6.61 71.98±6.38 71.54±5.22 70.51±7.07 70.73±6.55 71.50±5.56 72.35±6.54 70.37±6.09 68.95±6.38 69.32±6.70

51.69±3.96 50.36±3.80 51.93±3.87 50.89±5.45 53.08±5.36 49.35±5.07 49.93±6.26 52.81±5.00 52.14±3.41 51.13±5.22 50.80±4.03 51.17±5.27 51.65±5.28 49.80±7.77 51.51±5.71 52.15±6.89 51.14±6.78 51.31±5.10 51.67±6.36 50.59±5.46 50.18±5.89 48.89±5.08 – 51.30±4.75 49.38±3.79 49.16±4.69 50.66±6.68 49.81±3.73 68.02±4.98 52.03±5.26

79.74±4.91 79.57±5.60 79.35±4.63 79.16±4.98 79.25±4.58 79.00±5.80 78.55±4.63 78.42±5.40 77.80±4.75 77.82±5.09 77.93±4.70 77.72±5.75 77.46±5.03 78.08±6.39 77.73±4.71 77.37±5.14 77.62±4.43 77.50±5.51 77.23±5.14 76.77±5.42 76.81±6.30 75.92±6.02 75.70±5.78 75.54±6.85 75.47±6.18 75.47±5.10 75.71±6.29 74.63±6.83 74.70±6.21 72.84±5.35

79.41±5.76 78.96±5.09 78.16±4.84 78.65±5.43 78.39±4.67 78.29±5.48 78.87±4.46 77.96±4.87 78.36±5.02 78.04±4.87 77.95±5.01 77.57±4.41 75.47±5.87 77.63±5.79 77.91±5.17 77.39±4.74 77.79±5.19 78.56±4.98 77.19±4.82 75.97±5.01 76.25±5.60 74.61±5.73 – 72.62±7.41 72.91±6.41 73.71±4.46 74.86±5.95 73.56±5.84 74.36±6.09 71.93±4.02

79.90±4.81 79.48±5.40 79.02±4.31 78.89±4.68 79.01±4.23 79.03±5.77 78.24±4.63 79.24±5.12 77.74±5.26 78.11±4.83 77.80±4.76 77.13±6.39 77.18±4.92 77.64±6.03 77.75±4.32 77.37±5.10 77.76±4.24 77.28±5.06 77.18±5.05 75.88±5.00 77.53±5.90 76.01±5.33 75.87±5.11 75.67±6.39 75.86±6.01 76.74±5.01 76.10±6.11 76.21±5.92 74.60±6.27 72.82±5.92

79.72±5.02 79.25±4.98 79.05±4.15 79.03±4.65 79.14±4.14 78.30±5.26 78.56±4.54 78.46±4.71 78.08±4.52 78.32±4.72 78.10±4.28 78.03±4.70 77.11±5.83 77.65±5.43 78.22±4.89 77.43±4.95 78.23±4.72 78.08±4.87 76.66±4.57 76.19±5.27 76.86±4.88 74.73±4.32 – 75.44±6.08 75.46±5.64 75.49±4.76 75.44±5.63 74.55±5.37 73.46±5.32 72.54±4.27

25 24 24 23 22 18 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 0 0

Table 109: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 CONCH Hibou-L CONCH v1.5 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-B Prov-GigaPath Phikon Kaiko ViT-B/16 GPFM Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

28.49±6.36 28.44±6.25 28.01±6.26 28.12±6.91 27.52±6.16 27.46±6.30 27.48±6.47 27.05±5.48 26.77±5.45 26.61±6.09 26.32±5.69 26.46±6.61 26.17±6.28 26.16±6.22 26.10±6.10 25.91±5.33 25.19±4.10 25.13±5.43 24.99±5.02 24.88±5.50 25.50±7.24 23.09±4.59 22.59±4.70 22.26±4.63 22.48±3.82 21.64±4.04 22.65±5.78 22.08±4.71 21.05±3.86 20.61±4.28

22.31±4.23 22.27±4.16 22.78±4.46 23.05±5.21 21.83±4.14 21.92±3.83 22.72±4.28 22.29±3.45 21.45±3.21 21.92±3.81 21.94±3.93 21.12±4.54 20.99±3.06 21.04±3.06 21.90±5.03 21.81±3.49 20.93±2.99 21.71±4.40 21.19±4.50 21.14±3.63 21.53±5.02 21.46±4.58 21.46±3.62 20.09±3.85 21.37±3.69 18.96±3.31 20.79±4.79 19.99±3.82 20.60±3.38 19.75±4.82

14.90±2.61 14.87±2.63 14.08±2.01 14.87±2.69 13.54±2.08 14.52±2.58 13.90±2.24 14.52±2.39 14.93±2.14 14.43±2.57 14.05±2.10 13.90±2.65 13.87±2.72 13.91±2.72 14.97±3.12 14.43±2.90 14.29±2.37 13.85±1.60 13.47±2.63 13.78±2.54 13.37±2.12 14.17±2.20 13.68±2.91 13.48±2.22 13.60±2.72 13.18±1.93 – 13.31±1.68 19.72±2.40 13.44±2.45

27.73±5.88 27.72±5.89 28.19±6.81 27.85±6.87 27.00±5.46 26.95±6.23 27.20±6.21 27.11±5.38 26.27±4.74 26.74±6.08 26.20±5.68 26.29±6.82 26.17±5.92 26.15±5.94 25.91±5.99 25.92±5.49 25.25±3.86 24.84±5.45 24.86±5.56 24.82±5.67 25.26±7.06 23.86±5.39 23.12±4.50 22.55±4.68 22.52±3.53 21.60±4.08 23.00±6.02 22.00±4.48 22.31±4.17 20.87±4.51

28.17±5.56 28.21±5.12 27.23±5.02 29.22±6.50 26.92±5.84 27.51±4.64 27.21±6.29 27.70±4.85 27.71±5.38 27.05±5.52 26.85±5.21 26.23±5.76 26.17±5.03 26.07±4.94 26.04±5.36 26.66±4.98 25.38±3.08 24.91±4.86 26.02±5.89 23.40±2.99 25.52±6.73 22.42±3.14 22.32±3.36 21.80±4.11 22.13±3.23 20.75±3.25 – 21.75±3.85 22.27±3.94 20.42±3.93

27.06±5.65 27.08±5.64 27.64±6.65 28.18±6.95 26.38±5.74 26.35±5.81 27.21±6.27 26.55±4.95 25.83±4.77 26.65±6.13 25.83±5.40 24.77±6.23 25.29±5.09 25.28±5.02 25.51±5.88 25.98±5.12 24.83±4.15 24.45±5.17 24.85±5.85 24.80±5.44 25.47±7.01 24.51±5.70 24.46±4.16 22.81±4.71 23.60±4.00 21.79±4.18 22.95±5.80 21.70±4.21 23.18±4.11 21.30±4.96

28.97±5.92 28.99±5.67 28.08±5.26 28.94±6.58 27.61±6.20 27.59±5.21 27.37±5.31 27.44±5.13 27.66±5.50 26.98±5.74 26.75±5.38 25.98±5.81 26.34±5.21 26.38±5.20 26.24±5.52 26.60±5.04 25.66±3.39 24.36±5.14 25.06±4.92 25.06±4.77 25.67±6.34 23.51±4.89 23.66±3.27 22.78±4.25 22.81±3.21 22.06±3.62 – 21.55±3.08 22.08±3.92 20.76±4.11

26 26 25 24 21 21 20 18 15 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 9 9 9 9 8 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

Table 110: Complete MOCV results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 Virchow Virchow2 CONCH CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 H0mini GPFM UNI mSTAR Phikon-v2 Hibou-L SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Hibou-B Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP MUSK

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

62.98±9.11 62.77±8.77 62.66±8.74 62.78±9.63 62.29±9.13 60.99±8.76 61.08±8.24 60.95±7.76 60.83±9.00 61.20±9.06 60.89±8.88 60.55±8.14 60.51±8.11 60.69±8.79 60.46±8.60 60.41±8.22 60.24±9.11 59.74±8.35 59.70±8.35 59.11±8.53 58.72±7.39 57.72±7.77 57.50±7.70 57.26±7.65 57.01±7.11 56.97±7.99 56.82±7.16 55.89±8.50 54.14±5.79 53.98±6.88

55.44±5.42 54.72±5.29 54.64±5.22 55.22±6.19 53.93±5.21 54.02±5.85 53.54±5.39 53.90±5.33 53.93±7.51 54.60±6.52 52.66±5.35 52.85±5.07 52.81±5.09 53.65±6.24 53.20±5.33 53.01±5.69 54.07±7.81 53.70±5.99 53.16±5.79 53.94±6.99 52.87±5.93 53.54±6.21 51.86±7.13 52.33±6.67 53.55±7.25 52.36±5.61 53.23±6.27 51.18±6.34 50.92±6.89 50.38±6.50

36.52±5.09 36.30±5.41 37.15±6.88 35.15±3.62 35.27±5.28 34.71±4.90 36.38±4.48 35.51±6.03 36.36±6.64 36.68±4.27 35.64±5.18 36.29±6.60 36.07±7.24 36.62±5.77 36.16±5.19 37.06±7.19 35.71±8.12 36.54±5.56 36.83±6.87 35.93±6.55 35.85±5.53 35.21±5.77 35.70±4.16 34.20±3.13 35.69±5.64 – 34.63±4.90 34.27±2.85 36.00±3.91 50.19±5.32

63.12±8.09 62.37±7.88 62.19±7.87 62.89±9.21 61.85±8.11 61.29±8.82 60.48±7.65 60.85±7.65 60.69±8.63 60.87±8.96 60.54±8.40 59.74±7.40 59.58±7.01 60.39±8.81 59.99±7.70 59.87±7.64 60.30±8.62 59.99±8.03 59.43±8.02 59.06±8.74 58.54±6.70 57.73±7.58 57.15±7.59 57.37±7.38 57.31±7.54 56.89±7.58 56.73±6.66 55.89±8.52 54.03±5.85 55.77±7.47

62.44±9.34 61.55±8.15 61.91±7.93 61.85±8.60 61.38±8.84 60.68±8.32 61.21±8.02 61.46±7.29 60.05±7.41 60.58±8.43 60.68±7.91 60.36±7.90 60.14±7.74 61.78±8.11 60.44±7.03 59.97±7.08 60.17±7.91 57.70±7.17 59.58±7.84 58.91±7.27 57.62±6.05 56.62±7.29 54.36±7.60 55.07±7.30 56.25±7.12 – 54.97±5.56 54.31±7.77 52.88±4.72 55.89±6.88

63.45±8.31 61.90±7.57 61.88±7.48 62.90±9.09 61.93±8.23 61.55±9.15 60.59±8.30 60.87±7.97 60.16±9.50 62.00±8.77 60.38±8.38 60.05±7.13 60.13±7.09 60.36±8.62 60.38±7.48 59.99±7.60 60.39±8.82 60.06±7.69 59.67±7.93 60.26±8.58 57.67±6.33 58.28±6.71 57.47±7.26 57.89±7.31 57.75±7.67 57.22±6.93 58.87±7.31 57.90±7.86 53.99±6.67 55.93±7.29

63.08±8.46 62.43±7.28 62.41±7.29 62.25±8.11 61.91±8.09 60.19±8.79 60.92±7.43 60.92±7.05 60.77±7.46 60.95±8.23 61.07±7.73 60.57±8.02 60.67±7.75 61.03±7.95 61.02±7.25 59.91±7.09 60.22±7.51 59.34±7.84 58.99±7.17 59.30±6.90 57.79±6.65 56.92±5.54 57.10±6.81 57.37±6.93 56.89±6.59 – 57.37±6.14 55.96±7.10 53.49±5.22 55.24±6.38

26 26 25 24 24 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 5 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 0

Table 111: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 CONCH CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 UNI mSTAR H-Optimus-0 Hibou-B Hibou-L GPFM Kaiko ViT-B/16 Virchow H0mini Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Prov-GigaPath Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

27.24±4.39 27.20±4.38 26.92±3.62 25.86±4.54 25.78±4.18 25.77±4.21 26.06±5.47 25.47±4.93 25.05±4.25 25.04±4.16 25.12±4.49 24.96±2.85 24.59±4.15 24.14±5.10 24.00±4.64 24.10±3.63 23.77±3.52 23.48±3.80 23.47±4.84 23.14±5.18 23.06±4.46 22.26±4.89 22.24±3.95 22.18±4.67 21.88±3.40 20.35±3.37 20.19±3.91 19.72±4.26 20.26±5.21 17.96±4.37

19.39±2.50 19.24±2.53 19.75±2.83 18.73±4.55 18.90±4.44 17.49±2.67 18.20±1.56 18.58±5.77 19.89±2.07 19.98±2.19 18.08±4.26 18.97±2.29 16.95±2.71 18.55±2.67 18.18±4.00 18.32±4.09 17.36±4.88 17.50±2.71 17.48±3.43 18.15±3.01 18.73±4.16 17.99±5.03 17.58±5.14 18.77±4.85 18.63±3.39 16.83±3.20 16.21±3.74 16.27±4.22 17.18±4.27 16.45±5.30

11.76±3.03 11.21±3.28 9.76±2.67 8.44±1.60 10.45±4.04 9.80±2.57 8.85±1.66 8.97±1.54 9.78±2.61 9.98±2.49 9.27±1.77 9.44±1.74 10.69±2.55 8.47±1.68 9.09±2.30 9.54±1.79 9.69±2.74 8.31±1.10 9.16±1.80 10.32±2.32 8.56±1.37 10.22±3.37 10.12±3.85 – 9.53±3.53 9.49±2.03 9.49±2.10 16.34±2.54 9.99±1.41 8.81±1.71

26.67±4.26 26.64±4.10 26.30±3.47 25.24±4.31 25.37±4.18 25.02±3.16 25.63±4.32 25.16±4.98 25.19±3.35 25.45±3.66 24.86±4.26 24.63±2.35 24.14±3.56 23.61±4.80 22.92±5.01 23.25±3.28 23.15±3.45 23.16±3.65 22.90±4.64 23.20±4.23 22.57±4.26 22.42±5.09 21.37±4.59 22.03±5.24 21.80±2.71 20.37±3.64 19.85±4.07 20.95±4.86 19.68±5.36 17.47±4.18

26.67±4.25 26.78±3.98 25.50±3.48 23.37±3.89 24.91±4.80 25.53±3.85 26.15±4.77 24.29±4.02 23.82±5.58 23.59±5.82 24.46±3.79 25.17±1.67 25.04±4.18 23.33±4.43 22.32±2.68 23.16±3.72 23.18±3.38 23.32±3.83 23.62±4.33 21.83±5.21 22.62±4.17 22.57±3.03 22.30±2.49 – 20.54±1.90 19.24±3.39 19.59±3.31 19.68±3.63 19.58±4.96 17.15±4.02

25.35±3.68 25.62±3.75 26.17±4.20 24.23±4.28 25.10±4.97 24.70±3.51 24.70±4.20 23.14±6.04 25.16±3.62 25.20±3.70 24.28±4.46 24.18±2.09 22.93±3.14 24.24±4.43 22.77±4.90 23.17±4.64 21.91±4.56 22.61±3.62 23.03±4.95 21.77±3.85 22.79±4.76 22.39±4.63 21.26±5.38 22.02±5.28 21.71±3.45 20.54±3.64 20.12±4.22 20.15±4.90 19.26±5.02 18.57±4.74

27.71±4.42 27.77±4.33 26.16±3.52 24.15±3.81 25.02±4.31 26.04±4.15 26.22±4.99 23.89±5.16 24.05±4.48 24.03±4.66 25.14±3.91 24.53±2.36 24.98±4.86 23.93±4.81 22.21±3.97 23.59±3.69 23.80±3.05 22.82±3.49 23.66±3.59 22.36±4.21 21.51±4.01 22.54±3.63 22.24±3.65 – 20.63±1.91 20.22±3.46 20.49±3.83 19.76±3.44 19.76±4.54 17.05±4.05

27 26 23 18 18 18 16 15 15 15 14 14 13 10 10 9 9 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 0 0

Table 112: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM Hibou-B H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Phikon-v2 CONCH v1.5 Hibou-L Virchow2 mSTAR UNI Virchow SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

58.61±7.17 58.60±7.05 58.22±6.79 58.05±7.21 58.02±6.45 57.97±7.11 57.69±7.40 57.86±8.47 57.69±7.25 57.59±7.68 57.05±6.93 57.37±6.48 57.20±8.36 56.95±6.12 56.68±6.59 56.59±6.52 56.88±7.66 56.31±7.28 55.96±6.72 55.78±6.48 55.31±6.78 54.10±7.22 54.40±8.08 54.74±6.86 54.40±7.80 54.32±6.94 53.57±6.64 53.37±7.39 51.87±6.88 49.04±5.54

48.16±6.68 47.99±6.33 46.15±5.23 48.26±7.24 48.28±6.60 46.78±7.82 49.10±5.48 47.17±10.26 48.29±6.22 48.09±7.36 48.41±5.33 46.19±4.16 46.96±8.13 47.67±4.89 48.14±3.98 48.80±4.18 47.89±5.16 45.09±8.69 46.62±7.53 48.38±5.41 45.22±4.35 48.85±6.82 48.70±7.52 49.01±7.42 47.65±8.24 46.98±5.80 48.69±6.03 46.56±7.91 44.85±6.55 45.33±7.16

32.48±3.79 32.01±3.01 30.90±2.91 30.81±7.83 29.46±9.00 31.01±5.10 30.61±4.79 29.75±2.34 29.59±4.33 30.61±5.40 31.30±6.39 27.99±5.61 29.98±6.13 31.56±3.26 28.91±4.64 28.93±3.29 29.96±3.86 29.73±5.65 30.05±6.10 32.50±5.52 30.35±7.69 28.67±3.51 29.56±4.70 – 30.25±6.08 32.64±6.26 31.02±5.71 29.84±4.32 41.94±7.24 29.95±2.90

58.17±5.97 58.06±5.83 57.33±6.04 57.50±7.31 57.36±6.00 56.54±7.08 56.93±6.37 57.23±9.11 57.50±6.55 56.82±7.46 56.74±5.99 57.60±6.17 56.28±8.26 55.72±5.84 55.73±4.90 56.02±5.02 55.59±6.61 55.10±6.90 54.92±6.03 55.23±6.14 54.89±4.90 54.02±7.04 54.17±7.67 54.28±6.74 53.92±8.37 53.60±5.93 53.62±6.49 52.87±7.24 53.61±7.33 48.61±5.88

55.89±7.05 55.40±8.14 57.56±6.19 55.12±7.55 55.46±5.60 56.32±5.78 56.59±5.68 56.42±8.38 56.49±9.34 56.28±7.53 57.05±5.93 57.81±6.01 56.85±6.17 53.36±7.51 54.84±6.90 55.44±6.59 55.91±7.73 55.41±5.77 53.29±6.53 54.39±5.41 52.46±5.26 51.40±7.17 51.47±7.32 – 52.91±4.92 53.80±4.64 53.12±6.69 49.73±7.67 50.03±6.45 47.66±5.46

57.55±6.50 57.48±6.68 57.25±6.18 57.04±7.17 56.60±6.08 56.53±7.28 57.17±6.50 57.19±8.68 57.83±6.87 56.05±7.95 55.60±5.88 56.82±6.65 56.60±7.15 56.21±5.45 56.42±4.94 56.39±5.05 56.08±6.17 55.01±7.56 53.59±7.85 54.94±5.62 54.15±4.99 54.43±6.73 54.60±6.31 53.84±6.95 55.77±7.12 52.98±4.86 53.38±5.86 52.97±7.04 51.35±7.09 49.08±6.11

57.37±5.86 57.52±5.72 56.83±5.70 55.45±6.17 57.23±4.55 57.42±6.45 56.35±5.34 57.42±8.31 57.41±7.30 57.48±7.76 56.39±5.49 57.36±6.31 56.02±7.46 54.68±6.23 55.21±5.85 55.76±6.02 55.79±5.56 56.42±6.14 53.54±6.58 54.97±5.42 53.22±4.92 53.55±6.46 52.98±5.13 – 53.34±5.52 53.73±6.34 52.87±5.76 52.89±7.05 48.26±6.21 47.91±5.32

22 22 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 0

Table 113: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/8 UNI mSTAR GPFM Hibou-L Virchow H0mini Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Prov-GigaPath Phikon Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

73.25±3.67 73.23±3.69 72.80±4.17 72.66±3.92 72.58±4.23 71.91±4.07 71.86±4.59 72.12±3.76 71.71±3.83 71.74±3.99 71.35±4.19 71.30±4.15 71.57±3.48 71.44±3.50 70.74±3.91 70.54±4.27 70.17±3.53 70.00±3.61 69.93±4.06 70.17±4.64 69.34±3.62 69.39±3.29 68.93±3.31 68.76±4.14 68.50±3.34 67.72±3.51 67.49±3.99 67.33±3.75 65.63±2.81 65.39±4.93

66.84±4.17 66.79±4.27 66.76±4.44 66.16±4.60 67.16±4.32 65.78±5.09 65.43±5.05 65.38±4.55 66.82±4.69 65.18±5.09 66.21±3.96 66.33±4.21 65.54±3.39 64.54±4.86 64.98±3.27 64.48±3.96 64.89±4.18 64.43±4.39 65.38±3.91 65.33±4.57 64.85±5.10 65.20±4.62 64.97±4.93 63.99±3.64 64.59±5.18 63.69±3.88 63.64±4.12 65.00±4.38 64.91±4.11 62.45±5.71

57.96±4.28 58.80±4.12 57.73±5.98 57.69±4.44 58.39±4.35 57.78±4.26 57.23±5.13 56.96±3.90 58.29±4.40 56.11±4.34 56.63±3.65 56.45±3.49 55.46±3.57 59.00±3.04 57.40±3.72 55.10±4.60 56.50±2.62 56.17±4.51 57.91±5.26 57.67±6.13 55.67±4.45 55.34±6.22 56.53±4.91 56.21±4.68 – 56.70±4.03 55.63±3.32 57.01±2.97 64.23±3.97 56.19±4.99

72.73±3.47 72.73±3.50 72.52±4.16 72.82±4.20 72.12±3.88 71.85±4.03 71.82±4.27 72.02±3.43 71.75±3.85 71.35±3.93 71.34±4.00 71.52±4.12 71.07±3.32 71.08±3.13 70.43±3.39 70.31±3.88 70.03±3.33 69.95±3.75 69.74±3.61 70.11±4.14 69.25±3.61 69.37±2.98 69.36±3.15 69.19±3.95 68.67±3.63 67.52±3.46 67.78±3.90 67.53±4.23 67.41±3.46 65.16±5.00

72.54±3.39 72.72±3.09 73.78±3.86 72.75±3.33 71.48±2.62 72.23±4.13 71.87±3.74 71.52±4.10 71.84±3.93 70.90±2.90 71.63±3.85 71.53±4.03 70.72±2.75 72.02±3.15 70.46±3.79 70.07±3.86 70.49±3.15 69.51±2.37 70.71±3.46 70.17±4.61 69.16±3.53 68.99±2.99 68.59±2.90 69.29±3.41 – 66.99±3.34 66.78±3.82 67.68±3.77 67.43±3.06 65.49±5.00

72.17±3.32 72.38±3.53 71.94±3.57 72.26±3.86 72.36±3.58 71.71±4.00 71.30±4.32 70.78±3.34 71.52±3.93 70.71±3.45 71.17±3.25 71.24±3.50 71.27±3.10 70.48±3.50 70.49±2.86 69.61±3.40 69.96±3.56 69.62±3.75 70.16±3.13 68.98±3.73 69.62±3.87 68.64±3.37 69.71±3.63 69.35±3.21 68.05±4.28 67.71±3.35 67.77±3.57 67.76±3.95 68.33±3.54 65.50±4.98

73.21±3.12 73.32±3.33 73.40±4.15 73.22±3.54 72.36±2.79 71.88±3.27 71.96±3.96 71.45±3.01 71.34±3.85 70.58±3.26 71.59±3.14 71.57±3.18 71.45±3.20 71.79±2.68 70.72±3.39 70.51±4.03 70.38±3.01 69.52±2.38 71.06±3.71 69.91±4.21 69.09±2.80 68.50±3.35 69.62±3.31 69.32±2.21 – 68.50±3.42 68.04±3.80 68.17±3.75 67.31±3.43 65.75±5.55

25 25 23 23 18 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 14 13 10 9 8 8 8 6 6 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 0 0

Table 114: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 H-Optimus-1 H0mini GPFM Phikon-v2 Virchow2 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Virchow Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Phikon Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

78.39±4.72 78.34±4.44 78.26±5.26 78.23±5.21 78.02±6.12 77.73±4.91 77.57±5.47 77.45±5.62 77.60±6.14 77.37±5.22 77.10±5.23 77.24±4.80 77.19±5.84 76.84±4.82 76.75±5.51 76.54±4.87 77.19±5.30 76.42±5.55 76.38±5.51 75.83±5.02 74.92±6.41 75.09±5.38 75.22±5.27 75.10±5.41 74.67±6.06 74.40±6.22 74.40±6.22 74.15±6.14 71.72±5.02 71.12±4.36

69.28±5.24 69.97±4.58 71.15±5.55 70.85±5.21 70.91±7.08 70.09±5.12 70.24±6.22 71.02±5.91 70.25±6.05 69.24±5.49 69.71±5.16 69.63±4.91 71.00±5.99 69.38±5.52 68.53±5.02 68.52±5.38 69.16±6.57 69.42±4.56 69.81±4.57 69.61±5.26 70.48±7.01 68.86±4.47 69.89±6.24 69.50±5.63 68.63±6.06 68.51±6.94 69.34±6.99 70.49±6.52 66.72±5.44 66.18±6.24

51.44±8.12 51.47±8.61 53.69±6.09 53.06±5.48 49.85±2.72 49.51±10.77 49.90±9.96 52.17±4.48 53.00±5.79 51.57±5.91 51.11±7.92 54.31±6.71 51.35±7.97 50.84±8.11 52.75±6.32 50.72±7.54 51.81±7.11 50.40±7.87 51.02±6.01 51.89±8.67 48.51±7.86 49.20±7.84 – 48.37±8.79 52.65±6.58 49.95±5.01 48.72±4.36 50.87±6.94 64.72±5.76 50.95±4.09

77.96±4.64 78.50±4.67 78.15±4.57 78.06±4.50 77.78±6.01 77.47±4.66 77.38±5.22 77.28±5.44 77.45±5.91 76.68±4.73 76.94±4.89 76.42±4.55 76.73±5.52 76.35±4.90 75.91±4.61 76.03±4.10 76.55±5.27 75.74±4.19 75.86±4.40 75.49±4.90 74.69±6.26 75.42±4.76 74.92±5.22 75.25±5.11 74.25±5.57 74.04±6.33 74.56±6.18 74.34±6.31 73.34±6.27 70.75±4.55

77.70±5.29 78.50±4.44 76.68±4.78 76.46±5.31 76.29±6.12 76.32±4.29 76.15±4.63 76.69±6.62 76.79±6.02 76.50±3.91 77.20±4.64 74.51±4.98 76.50±5.15 76.11±4.57 76.10±5.47 74.86±4.33 77.12±4.19 75.72±5.14 76.08±5.18 74.32±3.85 73.04±4.95 73.13±3.99 – 74.40±3.11 74.61±4.79 71.33±6.69 71.96±6.52 73.86±5.94 72.31±5.80 69.93±3.64

77.77±4.80 78.35±4.71 77.81±4.59 77.78±4.63 77.63±5.92 77.48±4.33 77.09±5.53 77.85±5.23 77.08±5.81 76.74±4.87 76.08±4.65 76.83±4.12 77.19±5.29 76.23±4.93 76.21±4.35 75.34±4.39 77.01±4.90 76.11±4.22 76.16±4.24 75.28±4.69 74.96±5.41 75.43±4.18 74.54±5.27 76.65±5.19 73.91±4.75 74.32±5.96 74.79±5.99 74.38±5.76 72.58±5.82 71.03±4.99

77.52±4.32 78.30±4.29 77.55±4.09 77.54±4.28 77.43±5.99 77.66±4.11 76.18±4.04 77.34±5.45 77.39±6.00 77.16±4.48 76.65±4.57 75.81±4.64 76.66±4.44 76.90±4.94 76.08±4.26 75.12±4.22 76.89±4.38 75.73±4.69 75.90±4.93 75.45±3.94 74.15±4.26 73.58±4.80 – 74.13±3.68 74.37±5.70 74.28±5.83 74.07±5.63 73.75±5.44 70.48±4.98 70.21±3.90

21 20 20 20 19 17 16 16 14 14 13 11 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 6 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0

Table 115: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH v1.5 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 CONCH Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-L/14 H-Optimus-0 Hibou-B UNI mSTAR Hibou-L GPFM Kaiko ViT-B/16 SEAL(CONCH) Virchow H0mini Phikon-v2 Phikon Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

26.50±5.66 26.43±5.04 26.40±5.02 26.39±4.91 26.28±5.21 25.54±5.42 25.35±4.59 25.41±5.44 25.03±4.73 24.84±3.39 24.79±4.90 24.77±4.84 24.67±4.36 24.71±5.87 24.28±5.16 24.18±5.15 24.10±4.08 23.88±3.76 23.43±3.39 23.27±4.57 23.04±5.24 22.91±4.57 22.78±4.88 22.66±4.10 22.39±3.37 21.15±4.80 21.01±3.73 20.81±3.59 20.23±3.75 19.37±3.88

20.67±3.11 21.29±3.87 21.25±3.93 20.16±3.08 21.57±4.28 20.39±4.79 20.19±4.31 20.00±5.04 19.79±3.79 19.90±3.28 20.84±3.28 20.90±3.33 18.49±2.97 20.25±3.64 19.80±3.44 20.21±3.30 19.70±3.81 18.67±3.69 19.31±2.54 20.49±4.13 19.73±3.50 19.18±3.99 20.04±5.09 19.65±4.44 20.26±3.60 19.30±3.63 18.06±3.22 18.14±3.21 19.50±3.52 18.33±4.07

14.26±3.20 15.22±2.86 15.62±3.03 14.27±2.95 14.71±2.54 13.72±3.08 14.85±3.34 13.89±2.60 14.11±2.66 14.74±2.94 13.48±2.57 13.45±2.50 15.39±2.30 13.65±2.38 13.53±2.92 14.06±3.25 14.07±2.68 13.12±2.71 13.83±2.30 13.33±2.92 14.19±3.09 13.94±3.08 – 14.16±3.19 13.57±3.53 14.37±1.96 13.28±2.40 13.05±2.04 18.27±2.53 13.33±2.73

26.11±4.89 25.98±4.92 25.99±4.80 25.98±3.92 25.85±5.11 25.43±5.38 25.15±4.86 25.23±5.47 24.88±4.69 24.53±2.86 25.01±4.48 25.27±4.90 24.11±4.02 24.43±5.77 23.88±5.44 23.92±4.96 23.48±3.73 23.67±3.85 23.32±3.24 23.16±4.29 23.16±4.87 23.17±5.03 22.86±5.41 22.62±4.26 22.49±2.98 21.14±4.90 20.77±3.86 21.02±3.68 21.49±4.38 19.28±3.94

27.10±4.64 26.58±4.59 26.70±4.29 26.45±4.13 25.94±3.78 24.32±4.43 25.76±3.97 24.73±4.33 24.74±3.39 25.20±2.50 24.68±5.18 24.67±5.42 25.69±4.08 24.56±5.21 23.05±3.14 24.54±4.50 23.74±3.38 23.47±3.40 23.50±3.46 23.33±4.04 22.85±4.53 23.34±3.49 – 22.43±2.84 22.02±2.52 21.27±4.39 20.59±3.24 20.51±3.21 21.05±3.35 19.24±3.91

25.63±4.90 25.35±3.98 25.48±4.09 25.80±3.52 26.03±5.43 24.84±5.62 25.01±5.32 23.75±6.10 24.66±4.66 24.20±2.68 25.08±4.41 25.15±4.52 23.25±3.25 24.98±5.18 23.74±5.13 24.32±4.47 23.53±4.62 22.45±3.89 23.14±3.22 23.59±4.57 22.43±4.10 22.92±4.63 22.53±5.74 22.91±4.72 22.75±3.46 21.06±4.27 21.03±3.91 21.14±3.74 22.16±4.29 20.04±3.70

26.94±5.18 27.37±5.21 27.47±5.01 26.62±4.29 26.02±3.95 24.72±4.34 25.64±4.21 24.55±4.42 25.46±3.96 25.00±2.38 24.67±4.35 24.75±4.48 25.78±4.15 25.11±5.24 23.19±4.19 24.55±4.00 24.09±3.29 23.85±2.94 23.58±2.83 22.95±3.87 23.11±3.70 23.30±4.02 – 23.25±3.80 21.99±2.58 21.55±3.79 21.54±3.40 21.27±3.19 20.49±2.81 19.39±3.92

25 25 25 25 22 18 18 16 14 14 12 12 12 11 11 8 8 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 0 0

Table 116: Complete MOCV results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 CONCH CONCH v1.5 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-L/14 GPFM H0mini Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon-v2 Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Virchow Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

60.91±8.34 60.90±8.44 60.94±7.55 60.29±7.27 60.11±7.62 60.19±8.52 60.10±8.27 60.04±8.26 59.66±8.38 59.62±7.91 59.45±7.57 59.33±8.18 59.03±6.95 58.24±7.65 58.71±6.77 58.15±6.94 58.41±7.69 58.17±7.76 58.04±7.65 57.45±7.23 56.27±6.99 55.94±7.43 56.75±7.56 56.61±7.64 56.28±7.92 56.03±7.16 55.67±7.02 55.34±7.08 52.53±5.93 51.72±4.44

52.16±5.81 52.40±5.96 51.10±5.71 51.27±4.83 52.20±4.86 52.36±5.05 52.08±6.17 51.00±5.20 51.81±6.13 51.53±6.19 51.20±6.19 52.34±6.03 51.32±5.53 50.41±4.81 50.18±4.96 50.76±5.46 50.38±5.88 50.51±5.58 50.76±5.24 51.37±6.51 50.69±5.43 49.94±6.53 51.57±6.85 50.66±5.69 51.89±7.17 50.80±7.06 49.83±7.28 51.32±6.72 48.30±5.46 47.94±6.18

37.18±6.61 37.86±7.04 36.82±8.28 36.56±7.78 36.62±5.23 34.40±2.72 36.01±9.09 36.95±6.95 36.87±5.56 35.37±9.52 36.79±8.13 36.49±8.05 36.12±8.38 37.07±6.17 38.57±7.76 35.87±7.13 36.44±6.64 35.85±8.08 36.10±6.75 36.93±8.63 35.49±7.96 37.26±6.44 – 34.11±6.76 35.12±7.33 33.66±3.50 34.91±4.33 36.46±6.66 46.94±6.09 35.27±3.47

60.43±7.28 60.43±7.30 60.29±6.67 60.51±7.10 59.70±6.92 59.92±7.94 60.03±7.86 59.33±7.90 59.43±8.09 59.51±7.70 59.14±7.16 58.76±7.37 58.41±6.62 57.32±6.73 57.58±6.27 57.73±6.31 57.98±7.25 57.25±6.37 57.40±6.59 57.27±7.50 56.69±6.38 55.35±6.62 56.69±7.55 57.18±7.77 55.99±7.99 56.17±6.94 55.21±7.00 55.52±7.42 54.21±6.98 51.49±4.88

58.99±7.88 59.34±7.57 60.24±7.77 60.63±7.18 59.42±8.65 57.91±8.40 58.13±6.69 58.98±6.66 58.30±7.87 58.31±7.18 59.72±6.64 58.81±6.43 58.12±6.67 57.88±7.81 55.38±6.68 56.67±6.21 58.17±5.99 57.84±6.86 58.25±7.04 56.44±6.22 54.17±5.05 55.90±5.96 – 56.40±5.31 55.00±5.98 53.74±7.08 52.77±7.28 55.09±7.18 53.96±6.41 50.59±3.90

60.21±7.47 60.19±7.25 60.54±6.87 61.02±7.58 60.48±6.98 59.99±7.62 59.69±8.31 59.45±7.95 59.37±8.14 59.55±7.70 58.20±6.97 59.54±7.47 58.44±6.70 57.93±6.91 57.95±6.00 57.71±6.93 58.81±7.02 58.50±7.13 58.47±7.17 57.45±7.50 57.47±6.39 55.34±6.02 56.54±7.65 58.72±7.49 56.78±7.22 56.35±6.75 55.59±6.79 55.59±6.99 53.74±6.37 51.93±5.37

60.24±7.36 60.22±7.34 59.82±6.48 60.12±6.70 60.21±7.52 59.68±8.31 58.78±6.73 59.92±7.30 59.73±8.34 59.98±6.24 58.92±6.57 58.98±5.92 58.88±6.82 57.90±5.87 57.06±6.52 57.13±6.09 58.47±6.24 57.42±6.40 57.55±6.77 57.21±6.17 55.16±6.08 55.40±6.86 – 55.88±5.23 56.20±5.46 55.61±6.40 55.42±6.59 54.98±6.30 52.04±5.55 50.68±4.33

24 24 23 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 14 10 9 9 8 8 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0

Table 117: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H0mini Hibou-L H-Optimus-0 Virchow2 GPFM Virchow SEAL(CONCH) UNI mSTAR Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Phikon Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-B/16 CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L MUSK PLIP CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

24.67±7.75 24.65±7.70 23.81±7.65 23.21±7.36 23.28±7.63 23.32±6.40 22.43±7.11 22.38±7.50 22.23±6.68 21.61±6.34 21.32±6.26 21.31±6.36 21.27±6.39 21.41±6.09 21.15±6.82 20.54±6.00 20.82±6.25 20.53±5.76 20.42±5.91 19.44±5.55 20.13±5.51 19.17±4.35 19.00±4.62 17.95±4.28 17.89±3.85 17.78±4.37 17.59±5.40 17.31±4.98 17.27±4.60 15.92±4.94

17.56±5.51 15.41±5.99 16.40±6.10 16.33±5.40 18.89±7.17 17.15±5.73 15.84±4.89 15.84±4.45 17.96±6.45 16.87±5.08 17.05±5.53 16.92±5.83 15.76±5.23 16.05±4.29 15.25±5.14 15.68±5.48 16.40±6.01 15.89±5.22 16.14±5.11 16.08±5.24 15.39±4.03 15.07±4.83 15.16±5.45 14.15±4.13 14.40±5.12 15.26±4.33 15.44±4.99 15.63±4.51 14.11±4.17 13.37±4.66

8.78±2.70 8.65±2.74 9.21±2.77 9.64±2.38 8.47±2.36 7.88±2.36 7.97±3.05 7.50±2.93 8.68±2.41 8.15±2.83 7.79±2.74 7.80±2.76 8.41±3.11 7.81±2.89 8.35±3.09 7.56±2.71 7.69±2.79 8.65±2.39 7.97±3.12 8.48±2.60 7.91±2.56 9.32±2.31 7.73±2.13 8.81±2.23 14.43±4.38 7.57±3.13 – 8.59±2.79 8.47±2.85 7.88±2.96

22.68±7.45 21.46±7.21 22.47±7.53 21.31±7.11 20.55±7.20 21.21±6.88 21.19±7.10 20.18±6.27 22.07±6.80 18.27±5.45 20.10±6.95 20.56±7.03 21.39±6.75 19.88±6.42 20.67±6.58 20.25±6.58 19.88±6.77 20.01±6.17 19.59±6.81 20.33±6.02 19.73±5.79 18.74±5.18 18.87±5.09 17.58±4.63 17.96±5.04 17.44±4.63 17.53±5.26 18.15±5.45 16.51±4.71 15.14±4.08

22.68±6.30 22.82±6.37 23.42±6.48 21.43±6.39 21.73±6.39 21.93±5.68 21.20±6.01 20.04±5.55 22.16±6.64 20.96±6.19 20.54±4.84 20.35±4.87 20.28±5.51 21.24±5.78 21.11±5.70 19.55±5.63 19.87±5.06 19.12±5.09 19.53±5.47 18.83±5.18 19.28±4.83 17.82±4.45 17.74±4.12 16.82±4.19 15.97±5.45 17.40±4.22 – 15.54±5.05 15.74±3.96 14.89±4.65

22.93±7.16 22.97±7.22 23.38±7.06 19.37±5.71 21.13±7.01 22.30±6.47 21.84±7.45 20.50±6.29 21.69±6.89 19.57±5.52 20.60±6.76 20.70±6.88 20.37±6.47 20.13±5.86 19.35±6.17 19.57±6.03 18.95±6.74 19.79±5.92 18.84±5.82 19.83±6.41 18.99±5.40 19.03±6.30 17.91±5.95 17.53±5.10 16.53±5.26 16.99±4.51 17.46±5.18 18.74±5.92 17.29±4.33 15.42±4.77

23.09±6.77 23.23±6.98 23.51±6.83 22.00±6.88 21.86±6.52 21.92±5.61 22.19±6.74 20.73±6.54 21.85±6.81 20.50±6.03 20.67±5.35 20.88±5.30 20.48±5.91 20.64±4.74 20.91±5.87 19.46±5.52 19.04±5.41 19.30±5.74 19.33±5.66 18.95±5.53 19.57±5.30 18.13±4.44 17.68±4.68 18.11±4.59 16.58±4.85 16.86±4.10 – 16.76±4.82 17.29±4.42 15.23±4.62

28 28 27 24 23 21 21 20 20 16 15 15 14 13 12 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Table 118: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini H-Optimus-0 GPFM UNI mSTAR Virchow2 Virchow Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S PLIP Kaiko ViT-S/16 MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

53.90±10.24 53.86±10.40 53.83±10.37 53.37±9.88 53.28±9.68 52.09±9.59 52.21±9.88 52.16±9.88 51.91±10.68 51.80±9.31 51.70±9.26 51.66±10.04 51.23±9.39 50.90±9.34 50.84±9.34 50.56±8.59 50.53±8.84 50.38±8.41 50.27±8.20 50.38±8.60 49.46±8.95 49.12±8.34 48.66±8.10 48.65±8.53 47.84±7.21 47.79±7.01 47.77±7.69 47.49±7.43 46.71±7.55 43.64±9.84

45.14±9.68 43.64±10.30 44.65±10.61 44.39±8.72 47.16±8.84 42.57±11.13 44.06±9.74 45.35±9.70 43.46±9.40 44.42±9.30 44.30±8.60 44.65±9.38 42.92±10.33 43.35±9.16 44.07±8.90 44.91±9.32 44.21±9.44 44.36±9.35 43.04±8.51 43.58±8.83 44.55±9.24 43.51±7.96 43.91±9.85 45.22±8.05 43.83±9.06 42.89±8.19 43.43±7.50 45.00±7.31 42.95±7.91 40.06±9.58

28.48±5.25 29.80±9.04 29.03±9.18 28.96±6.05 28.42±5.95 25.72±7.68 26.98±7.64 26.40±6.63 29.83±6.56 28.89±6.15 26.62±6.67 26.78±10.62 29.86±6.53 27.89±5.68 29.12±7.99 26.88±9.52 25.65±5.99 27.03±6.11 24.98±7.73 27.20±6.45 29.38±7.26 27.25±5.71 26.38±6.75 26.45±9.73 29.43±5.15 41.90±8.62 26.08±6.49 – 27.66±6.11 26.70±9.27

51.81±9.52 51.71±9.68 51.97±9.83 52.90±10.00 52.08±9.59 50.66±10.08 50.84±10.08 51.33±10.44 50.67±11.20 51.06±8.96 50.65±9.76 51.15±9.99 50.51±9.82 49.69±8.88 50.31±9.68 50.73±9.07 51.08±10.55 49.89±9.83 50.39±8.93 50.90±8.89 48.80±8.88 48.50±7.82 48.80±9.12 48.27±8.36 48.54±9.13 48.06±7.38 47.49±8.18 47.54±8.38 47.64±7.90 43.60±8.63

53.00±10.25 51.57±9.53 51.80±9.68 52.12±9.50 52.45±9.83 49.92±9.25 51.40±9.08 51.29±9.24 51.52±9.87 51.80±9.58 50.75±9.44 51.02±9.63 50.54±8.50 50.90±9.27 50.69±9.46 49.94±8.44 50.16±9.38 49.03±7.46 48.93±8.81 49.79±8.50 47.87±9.11 46.13±8.60 46.06±8.96 47.91±8.69 46.19±5.93 45.77±7.44 44.88±8.24 – 42.65±8.08 42.55±10.73

53.10±9.79 53.25±10.31 53.27±10.24 51.43±9.67 52.95±9.84 49.86±10.12 51.53±10.34 51.13±9.91 51.75±11.01 50.88±9.27 50.84±8.67 50.44±9.93 50.17±9.93 51.22±9.77 49.64±10.75 50.44±9.43 50.32±10.15 48.26±9.48 49.71±8.56 50.79±9.73 48.79±8.96 48.41±8.32 48.65±8.82 48.19±7.93 48.71±8.72 46.56±7.35 48.11±8.15 47.64±7.78 48.91±7.85 41.96±9.73

53.33±10.06 53.37±10.26 53.30±10.27 53.29±9.96 53.19±9.80 51.24±9.60 51.53±9.75 51.47±9.74 51.58±10.97 51.95±9.16 51.43±9.36 50.74±9.96 50.39±9.81 50.62±9.38 50.24±10.10 49.93±9.13 49.75±8.49 49.12±8.20 49.26±8.27 49.74±8.99 48.67±9.27 48.57±8.40 47.57±8.65 47.94±9.06 46.85±8.14 45.83±7.00 47.91±7.81 – 46.08±7.25 42.24±11.11

27 27 26 25 24 19 18 18 18 17 17 16 13 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 7 6 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

Table 119: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-1 H0mini H-Optimus-0 Hibou-L Virchow2 GPFM Virchow Phikon-v2 mSTAR UNI SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 DINOv3 ViT-L CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B Lunit ViT-S PLIP CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

69.21±8.25 69.20±8.31 69.20±8.12 68.62±8.75 68.39±7.78 68.29±8.32 68.08±7.92 68.21±8.75 67.53±8.04 66.80±7.22 66.82±7.92 66.75±7.94 66.76±7.70 66.50±7.97 66.09±7.28 66.15±7.71 65.82±7.58 65.76±7.18 65.73±7.07 65.56±7.37 65.40±6.62 65.47±6.90 64.72±5.89 64.48±6.07 64.45±6.04 63.84±5.84 63.39±6.88 63.22±5.74 63.16±5.88 60.63±6.29

60.87±7.35 62.55±7.47 61.74±7.08 61.78±6.73 62.26±7.12 63.44±7.67 61.20±6.04 60.96±7.01 62.09±6.80 61.41±7.39 61.88±8.58 61.77±8.00 61.65±6.72 61.08±7.33 60.09±6.65 60.29±7.10 61.00±7.25 60.68±6.48 60.12±6.61 60.94±7.10 58.54±5.37 60.81±6.42 59.83±7.22 58.85±5.10 59.15±6.49 59.83±5.21 59.02±6.79 59.88±6.72 59.72±5.86 56.87±6.05

50.84±3.08 50.88±3.25 50.94±2.66 50.92±2.61 50.80±2.66 50.44±2.85 51.88±3.41 51.26±2.93 51.60±3.44 50.82±2.70 51.18±2.28 51.17±2.27 51.11±2.37 50.30±2.80 50.84±2.80 49.87±2.96 50.38±3.23 51.31±2.53 50.34±2.87 51.50±2.40 51.00±2.30 51.03±2.11 50.82±2.56 50.39±2.14 50.53±2.19 50.18±2.40 – 50.51±1.81 58.29±5.46 49.87±2.55

67.31±8.84 68.12±8.81 68.12±7.85 66.76±8.05 67.41±8.26 65.38±7.93 66.48±7.98 65.64±7.79 66.81±7.68 64.92±7.17 65.67±8.70 65.20±8.74 64.32±6.69 65.27±7.87 66.04±8.01 65.80±7.91 65.06±7.99 65.41±7.67 65.98±7.35 66.21±7.48 63.14±5.95 66.13±7.59 64.91±6.71 61.85±6.26 64.48±6.92 62.74±5.77 62.51±6.76 64.32±7.58 62.69±6.29 59.10±5.47

68.32±7.93 68.17±7.84 68.76±7.96 67.87±8.09 67.79±7.52 67.21±7.50 67.65±8.20 67.08±7.92 67.79±8.44 66.58±7.42 66.08±6.90 66.12±6.96 66.78±7.80 65.67±7.20 65.70±6.68 66.00±7.62 64.67±6.96 64.89±6.70 65.02±7.18 65.51±6.83 63.47±6.34 65.28±6.57 63.09±5.30 62.00±5.35 63.55±6.24 63.29±5.61 – 62.22±5.74 61.76±6.37 59.73±5.91

68.22±8.39 68.21±8.33 68.67±8.07 65.17±6.83 67.56±7.71 66.25±8.07 67.77±8.08 65.86±7.51 66.69±7.47 65.95±8.03 65.97±8.66 65.49±8.21 65.27±7.11 64.42±7.35 65.30±7.64 65.13±8.31 64.03±6.94 64.96±7.51 65.18±7.28 65.65±7.89 62.82±6.59 65.38±7.18 64.45±7.74 62.84±5.96 63.27±6.89 61.75±5.54 62.40±6.61 64.25±7.92 62.67±6.54 59.98±6.96

69.01±8.48 68.86±8.38 68.64±8.04 68.38±8.51 67.79±7.57 67.21±7.74 68.52±8.59 66.98±8.22 67.39±8.12 66.07±7.42 66.53±7.62 66.47±7.70 66.48±7.95 65.48±7.48 65.80±7.09 65.43±7.80 64.92±7.47 65.09±6.94 64.89±6.99 65.31±7.30 64.96±6.83 65.17±6.78 63.58±5.82 63.67±5.92 63.65±6.53 62.72±5.69 – 62.95±5.78 61.41±5.57 59.98±5.90

27 27 27 22 22 22 21 20 20 18 16 16 15 14 12 10 8 8 8 8 8 7 5 5 5 2 1 1 1 0

Table 120: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 H0mini H-Optimus-1 UNI2 Virchow mSTAR UNI GPFM Hibou-L Phikon Phikon-v2 SEAL(CONCH) Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

74.62±9.19 74.90±8.28 74.88±8.77 74.74±8.52 74.58±9.20 73.71±8.05 73.53±8.87 73.48±8.97 73.47±8.71 73.35±7.60 73.04±8.44 73.32±8.39 72.85±8.19 73.22±8.82 72.86±7.73 72.38±7.36 72.08±7.99 72.20±7.61 71.80±7.58 71.78±6.95 71.50±7.74 70.98±6.96 70.73±8.03 70.63±6.79 70.71±6.46 70.44±6.90 69.85±6.56 69.75±6.08 69.48±6.77 68.16±6.40

66.37±7.45 69.06±7.03 66.48±8.05 66.32±7.25 66.86±6.99 67.03±6.62 66.42±9.06 65.54±8.45 64.45±8.50 66.69±6.10 66.68±7.57 66.53±6.48 65.74±6.14 65.50±7.98 65.81±5.89 66.97±6.41 66.09±8.46 66.52±6.93 66.39±6.76 64.70±6.55 66.18±6.59 64.59±6.74 66.35±7.65 65.56±8.00 65.03±7.58 65.27±6.70 66.79±6.56 65.78±6.84 63.59±7.54 63.01±7.25

50.75±1.90 51.87±3.19 51.05±1.91 51.23±1.68 51.02±1.79 50.90±1.19 51.74±2.78 52.38±3.12 52.16±3.19 49.80±2.35 53.08±3.51 51.95±3.18 51.17±2.70 52.73±2.63 51.61±4.21 51.81±3.22 51.69±3.85 51.31±2.03 51.85±2.89 51.22±2.63 52.31±2.64 51.42±3.04 52.79±3.49 51.72±2.73 52.03±2.75 51.07±2.20 – 52.22±2.63 62.78±6.80 52.27±4.18

73.84±8.37 73.66±8.82 73.97±8.97 73.29±8.48 73.88±8.51 73.18±7.58 72.94±9.37 72.66±9.11 72.65±8.52 72.63±7.86 72.84±8.42 72.88±8.20 71.91±7.80 72.29±9.71 72.80±7.99 72.11±7.86 71.85±9.00 73.29±8.79 72.80±7.74 72.15±7.21 70.95±7.37 70.01±6.61 69.94±8.05 70.72±8.05 70.89±7.90 69.48±7.74 69.86±7.08 71.05±7.52 69.12±7.86 66.47±6.52

73.57±9.02 74.57±8.74 74.56±9.06 74.47±9.06 73.85±9.16 73.55±9.05 72.69±8.89 72.70±8.95 73.51±8.70 72.80±7.70 73.58±8.54 73.26±8.20 73.11±8.48 72.71±8.84 72.60±7.92 71.41±6.91 72.25±8.09 72.34±8.20 71.93±7.10 71.62±7.46 70.77±8.09 69.08±6.37 71.29±7.80 69.75±7.26 69.38±6.20 68.20±6.57 – 68.50±6.79 67.53±7.32 68.05±6.58

74.87±8.79 74.79±8.44 73.11±8.21 74.41±8.30 74.84±8.87 73.30±7.23 72.73±9.18 73.01±9.49 71.67±8.34 72.87±7.51 72.54±8.94 73.00±8.91 73.13±8.52 73.70±9.27 72.79±8.09 71.41±7.24 72.02±8.21 72.89±8.44 72.92±8.33 71.79±7.11 71.36±7.36 69.80±7.32 69.41±8.35 71.19±7.62 70.82±8.09 70.36±7.47 69.78±7.22 71.11±7.67 68.59±7.16 66.23±7.00

74.74±9.49 74.83±8.75 75.17±9.23 74.59±8.05 74.83±9.72 73.67±8.39 73.17±9.12 73.14±9.22 73.95±8.54 73.22±7.77 73.27±8.42 73.45±8.20 73.07±8.20 73.17±9.16 72.83±7.95 72.24±7.36 72.14±8.33 72.27±7.86 72.37±7.60 71.76±7.04 71.63±7.96 71.22±6.81 71.21±8.06 70.73±7.15 70.51±6.71 70.52±7.36 – 70.01±6.40 68.11±5.69 67.99±6.77

26 25 25 25 25 18 18 18 16 16 15 14 14 13 12 12 10 9 9 8 8 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 0

Table 121: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 Hibou-L H0mini H-Optimus-0 GPFM Virchow2 Virchow SEAL(CONCH) Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Phikon UNI Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S CTransPath PLIP MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

27.96±6.01 27.93±5.98 27.45±5.87 26.87±5.77 26.84±5.62 26.62±5.12 26.73±5.76 26.31±5.20 25.96±5.21 25.27±4.56 25.24±4.71 25.04±5.18 24.93±4.88 24.91±4.57 24.90±4.81 24.56±4.50 24.56±4.59 24.26±4.27 24.06±4.05 23.83±3.95 23.88±3.86 23.21±3.30 22.94±2.71 22.69±3.52 22.37±4.17 22.25±3.05 22.18±3.37 22.13±2.99 22.09±3.35 21.06±3.77

22.28±3.84 21.10±3.80 21.59±4.11 23.13±4.46 21.66±3.80 22.16±3.73 21.55±3.46 21.65±3.28 22.00±4.12 21.62±3.43 22.02±4.02 20.88±3.46 21.68±4.10 21.59±3.69 21.65±3.93 20.77±3.81 21.33±4.13 20.87±3.51 20.88±3.67 21.04±3.85 21.18±3.25 20.61±3.52 19.31±2.63 20.36±3.95 20.16±4.25 20.33±2.98 20.91±3.47 19.28±2.74 20.91±3.52 18.83±3.97

15.97±3.01 15.91±3.14 15.77±3.25 16.02±3.02 15.86±3.14 15.94±3.02 16.13±2.95 16.22±3.05 16.21±3.22 15.97±2.98 16.07±3.06 15.63±3.24 16.00±3.17 15.56±3.28 16.03±3.11 16.13±2.91 15.73±3.25 15.89±3.02 16.10±3.12 16.13±3.02 15.93±3.21 16.03±3.08 15.74±3.13 15.97±3.09 – 15.50±3.34 19.73±2.89 15.48±3.19 15.62±3.05 15.48±3.46

26.79±5.71 25.84±5.61 26.79±5.41 24.70±5.36 25.64±5.58 26.19±5.86 25.00±5.14 25.36±5.15 25.87±5.24 23.01±4.39 23.91±4.86 24.94±5.16 25.11±5.47 24.16±4.93 24.63±5.37 24.79±4.84 24.44±5.27 24.92±4.98 23.90±4.13 24.69±4.47 24.26±4.15 23.45±3.90 21.81±2.78 22.86±3.86 22.18±3.81 21.78±3.03 22.11±3.50 20.92±2.89 23.30±4.16 20.08±3.38

26.87±5.40 27.06±5.53 26.92±5.64 26.17±4.74 25.96±5.17 25.87±4.67 25.63±5.03 25.79±5.09 26.29±5.60 25.34±4.31 25.14±4.21 24.84±4.77 24.54±4.19 24.60±4.23 24.64±4.20 24.59±3.97 23.70±4.16 24.09±4.36 23.44±3.47 23.76±3.61 23.73±3.55 22.36±2.95 21.75±2.54 22.00±3.43 – 21.93±2.63 21.47±3.31 20.67±2.45 21.25±2.76 20.72±3.27

26.84±5.64 26.82±5.69 27.15±5.83 25.43±5.24 23.89±4.24 26.50±5.21 25.34±5.02 26.18±5.17 25.64±5.03 23.96±4.10 25.19±5.21 24.36±4.97 24.89±5.28 23.54±5.17 24.63±5.18 24.36±4.65 23.80±4.56 24.36±4.51 23.96±4.35 24.26±4.65 24.06±4.12 23.41±4.60 21.77±3.44 22.61±4.30 21.98±4.17 21.40±3.06 22.37±3.69 21.45±2.53 23.76±4.60 20.54±3.93

27.52±5.79 27.60±5.89 27.01±5.90 26.45±5.00 26.38±5.24 26.07±4.92 25.87±5.40 26.79±5.52 26.11±5.53 25.25±4.61 25.17±4.28 24.74±4.75 25.04±4.33 24.10±4.40 24.98±4.34 24.78±4.34 24.11±4.52 23.93±4.04 23.79±3.97 23.91±3.93 23.76±3.81 22.85±3.13 22.76±2.82 22.43±3.39 – 21.86±2.73 21.15±3.47 21.75±2.62 21.92±2.82 20.81±3.51

28 28 27 22 22 22 21 21 20 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 11 11 9 9 8 7 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 0

Table 122: Complete LOOO results at 40× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H0mini H-Optimus-0 UNI mSTAR Virchow GPFM SEAL(CONCH) Virchow2 Phikon Hibou-L Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B CONCH v1.5 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Prov-GigaPath PLIP DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath MUSK Kaiko ViT-S/8 OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

55.82±23.45 55.78±23.45 55.68±23.70 55.66±23.41 55.60±23.52 54.58±23.14 54.56±23.16 54.43±23.29 54.39±23.05 54.10±23.03 54.42±23.38 53.96±22.97 54.08±22.92 53.94±23.06 53.18±22.75 53.51±22.99 52.86±22.71 53.13±22.74 53.12±22.85 52.39±22.61 52.22±22.70 52.00±22.63 51.56±22.65 51.39±22.59 51.31±22.51 51.07±22.41 50.74±22.42 50.64±22.41 50.13±22.40 49.08±22.48

48.28±22.43 48.59±22.35 48.53±22.59 48.79±22.31 50.33±22.83 47.98±22.25 48.85±22.46 48.74±22.62 47.03±22.56 47.63±22.63 48.37±22.36 48.80±22.28 48.34±22.38 48.80±22.48 48.43±22.27 47.91±22.42 48.26±22.39 48.27±22.67 48.26±22.40 46.57±21.98 47.72±22.20 48.33±22.21 46.83±22.10 47.98±22.39 47.40±22.16 47.06±22.15 48.32±22.02 46.73±22.12 47.29±22.07 45.83±22.35

36.92±22.16 36.96±22.12 36.97±22.20 36.75±22.20 37.39±22.17 37.74±22.08 37.25±22.12 36.89±22.12 37.54±22.11 37.08±22.18 37.64±22.08 38.05±22.11 36.58±22.14 37.51±22.16 37.22±22.15 37.40±22.18 37.57±22.11 36.99±22.12 37.32±22.14 37.03±22.19 37.53±22.16 37.80±22.10 37.10±22.13 37.37±22.06 37.23±22.12 37.00±22.14 – 45.88±22.19 37.69±22.09 37.68±22.17

55.02±23.56 55.17±23.49 54.40±23.56 55.60±23.61 55.24±23.59 54.43±23.50 54.48±23.55 53.89±23.14 54.18±23.43 53.40±23.22 54.09±23.25 53.70±23.05 53.69±23.33 54.12±23.18 53.12±23.04 53.87±23.23 53.26±23.02 54.42±23.52 53.95±23.05 52.54±22.80 51.67±22.71 51.20±22.51 50.82±22.41 51.92±22.91 52.06±22.82 50.44±22.28 50.90±22.59 50.63±22.28 51.94±22.86 47.90±22.33

54.96±23.29 55.26±23.42 55.68±23.76 55.48±23.39 55.48±23.51 54.20±23.06 54.17±23.10 54.87±23.39 54.43±23.12 54.45±23.15 54.29±23.35 54.67±23.10 53.85±23.06 53.84±22.92 52.02±22.56 53.48±22.97 53.34±22.79 53.64±22.88 53.20±22.88 52.37±22.85 51.69±22.55 52.17±22.72 49.65±22.42 50.51±22.59 49.95±22.36 49.05±22.31 – 49.39±22.34 49.65±22.43 49.04±22.43

55.78±23.62 55.79±23.59 55.18±23.56 54.35±23.48 55.87±23.57 54.63±23.42 54.36±23.29 53.91±23.26 53.32±23.36 54.36±23.45 55.02±23.61 53.83±23.38 53.42±22.95 54.54±23.45 52.56±22.71 53.82±23.20 53.09±23.02 54.06±23.43 54.15±23.35 52.69±22.63 52.00±22.55 50.87±22.54 50.90±22.46 51.96±22.83 51.83±22.62 51.24±22.60 50.79±22.47 50.00±22.40 52.07±22.81 47.75±22.43

56.01±23.57 56.21±23.63 55.50±23.59 56.38±23.65 55.79±23.71 54.72±23.18 54.73±23.22 54.58±23.36 54.88±23.27 54.13±23.14 54.75±23.48 54.25±23.12 54.11±23.02 54.16±23.18 53.09±22.71 53.54±23.14 53.18±22.78 53.33±22.76 53.41±22.93 52.37±22.81 52.43±22.75 52.38±22.77 51.68±22.58 51.46±22.67 50.96±22.47 51.32±22.45 – 49.37±22.18 50.62±22.49 48.84±22.56

26 25 25 25 25 17 17 17 16 15 14 14 13 12 12 11 10 9 9 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 0 0

Table 123: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 Virchow H0mini UNI mSTAR Hibou-L Virchow2 Hibou-B GPFM Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH CONCH v1.5 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Prov-GigaPath Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP MUSK CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

23.67±7.35 23.65±7.41 23.96±6.90 23.68±8.06 23.67±7.66 23.01±7.63 22.58±7.28 22.57±7.28 22.45±7.37 22.34±7.41 21.89±7.04 21.16±6.77 21.85±6.93 21.38±6.62 21.31±6.22 21.01±6.20 21.63±7.04 21.20±6.93 20.79±6.73 20.49±5.69 20.26±6.42 20.05±5.40 19.45±5.13 18.52±5.15 18.42±5.13 18.01±4.70 17.96±4.72 17.78±5.54 17.40±4.88 15.90±4.74

16.33±5.28 16.40±5.40 15.66±4.84 16.47±5.81 17.18±6.05 15.40±5.24 16.22±4.98 16.14±4.85 16.83±5.54 16.38±5.08 16.64±6.22 15.81±5.00 17.33±6.07 16.30±5.57 15.22±4.19 15.63±5.30 15.36±5.17 16.63±5.85 16.39±5.90 16.08±4.28 15.56±5.39 15.50±5.43 16.22±5.75 15.21±4.86 15.26±4.82 15.23±4.31 14.07±5.24 15.72±5.69 14.31±4.00 14.09±4.70

8.16±3.07 8.12±3.22 7.77±2.57 8.17±2.69 9.16±2.83 8.64±2.89 7.89±2.93 7.79±3.09 8.56±2.22 7.73±2.45 8.64±2.85 7.69±3.02 8.28±2.45 7.74±2.84 7.70±2.63 7.97±2.87 7.43±2.66 8.28±2.54 7.34±2.61 7.85±2.25 8.17±3.15 8.64±2.74 8.48±3.01 8.17±2.96 8.85±2.16 7.57±3.10 14.40±4.62 – 8.63±2.79 8.06±2.78

22.78±6.78 22.78±6.82 23.35±6.23 23.00±7.60 23.37±7.73 22.03±6.69 22.16±7.18 22.11±7.14 22.06±7.19 21.64±6.93 21.61±7.16 20.75±6.54 21.55±6.98 20.90±6.78 20.67±6.16 20.80±6.26 21.10±6.91 20.68±6.89 20.49±6.86 19.95±5.55 20.29±7.12 20.13±6.22 19.08±5.68 18.16±5.46 18.46±5.38 17.82±4.97 18.36±5.84 17.54±5.75 17.12±4.79 15.82±4.66

21.72±6.23 21.82±6.31 22.26±6.07 23.22±7.51 22.83±7.07 21.57±6.22 21.81±6.11 21.80±6.06 20.57±6.17 21.07±6.09 20.79±6.76 19.56±5.82 21.51±6.91 19.99±6.08 21.12±6.44 20.84±6.26 21.98±5.89 19.31±5.63 20.18±5.72 20.24±5.84 19.29±5.47 17.96±4.97 18.26±4.86 16.97±5.33 16.50±4.30 16.96±4.78 16.94±5.92 – 15.33±4.38 14.94±4.42

22.62±7.08 22.62±7.15 22.14±6.00 22.40±6.75 22.26±7.45 20.59±6.30 21.22±6.85 21.32±6.82 21.80±7.12 21.41±6.73 20.99±7.16 20.64±6.51 21.37±7.20 20.27±6.56 19.86±5.83 20.40±6.48 19.57±6.10 20.00±6.76 20.47±6.88 20.07±5.22 19.87±6.66 19.43±6.81 18.64±6.39 18.88±5.87 18.55±5.45 17.35±4.93 17.15±5.63 17.74±5.82 17.42±4.72 15.77±4.92

22.34±7.23 22.51±7.16 22.83±5.95 23.68±7.45 22.88±7.29 21.85±6.63 21.83±6.15 21.69±6.14 21.66±6.84 20.92±6.03 20.39±6.90 19.49±5.87 20.95±6.69 20.81±6.24 21.23±6.27 20.69±6.58 20.55±5.21 19.75±6.04 19.36±5.52 20.78±6.26 19.45±6.45 18.28±5.95 18.24±5.31 17.92±5.52 17.79±4.75 16.65±4.91 16.68±5.18 – 17.00±4.58 15.35±4.41

25 25 24 24 24 20 20 20 18 15 14 12 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 0

Table 124: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow mSTAR UNI H0mini Phikon-v2 CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 Hibou-L CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 GPFM Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

54.59±10.32 53.81±9.87 53.51±10.30 53.50±10.29 53.61±9.90 52.70±10.85 52.57±10.83 52.42±9.66 52.12±10.05 52.08±9.83 51.67±11.14 51.03±9.93 52.03±9.83 51.56±8.33 51.71±9.55 51.29±10.61 50.95±9.14 51.19±9.64 50.29±8.71 50.39±10.18 49.77±9.30 49.36±8.92 48.71±8.98 48.62±7.65 48.73±9.17 48.25±8.26 48.19±8.39 48.09±7.80 47.78±7.17 44.70±8.38

45.14±10.31 45.62±9.20 44.78±10.28 44.53±10.20 45.04±8.48 45.46±10.11 45.36±10.06 43.30±9.67 45.91±9.89 45.29±9.80 44.54±9.67 43.63±9.00 45.37±9.27 44.32±9.26 44.41±9.01 42.68±11.35 44.76±9.07 43.43±10.57 42.49±9.70 44.26±10.04 43.26±10.48 45.69±8.41 43.13±8.42 42.43±7.31 43.67±9.03 43.61±7.78 44.84±7.86 45.07±7.39 43.24±8.00 40.34±9.37

26.76±4.13 27.91±6.03 29.90±10.59 29.99±10.27 26.68±5.74 28.51±7.62 28.23±7.07 26.61±6.98 28.01±8.31 27.08±8.64 26.79±5.31 28.30±6.31 26.36±8.51 27.18±6.18 26.45±6.73 28.26±10.60 28.38±9.08 27.00±7.12 28.60±5.51 28.68±6.99 28.52±5.29 26.41±7.40 29.71±5.02 27.84±6.81 27.38±5.57 26.01±8.01 – 26.64±9.80 41.59±7.82 27.49±7.71

54.17±10.33 53.27±9.65 52.67±9.85 52.65±9.84 52.79±9.52 52.51±11.29 52.41±11.12 51.42±9.62 52.21±10.29 51.70±10.18 51.68±11.33 50.42±9.99 51.53±9.67 51.23±8.29 51.36±9.64 50.07±11.02 50.70±9.16 51.43±9.54 49.65±9.29 50.17±10.72 49.13±9.94 49.70±9.31 48.67±9.80 47.62±7.99 48.57±9.23 47.94±8.45 47.58±8.41 48.18±7.93 48.17±8.02 44.44±8.86

52.46±10.44 52.28±9.95 50.96±10.12 50.93±10.43 52.43±9.96 51.45±9.37 52.06±9.18 51.83±9.42 52.41±10.26 52.07±10.04 50.61±8.86 50.21±9.66 52.36±9.74 49.88±8.69 49.97±9.48 51.12±10.33 50.98±9.03 51.12±10.34 49.05±7.19 50.56±10.63 48.81±8.94 48.41±9.45 46.80±8.45 45.36±9.79 45.94±9.01 45.37±8.78 – 46.82±9.54 46.56±7.59 43.51±10.12

53.74±10.41 53.69±9.67 52.70±11.02 52.62±11.02 51.90±9.59 51.93±10.49 51.56±10.69 51.79±9.45 51.86±10.23 51.75±10.47 51.93±11.77 51.29±9.12 51.65±10.01 50.75±8.92 50.69±9.21 49.60±11.05 51.35±9.43 50.54±9.76 48.84±9.54 50.07±10.64 48.92±10.00 49.44±9.17 48.77±8.70 48.62±7.24 48.80±9.25 48.37±8.38 48.45±8.35 48.54±7.93 47.53±7.89 43.43±9.06

53.48±10.12 53.41±10.14 53.24±10.25 53.22±10.00 53.34±10.08 51.93±10.32 52.13±10.35 51.98±9.72 51.59±10.77 51.98±9.58 50.99±11.88 51.16±9.59 51.79±9.79 50.64±8.49 50.93±9.58 50.46±11.06 50.68±9.32 51.44±9.67 48.04±9.19 49.84±10.81 48.80±9.78 49.75±9.49 48.76±9.34 47.94±8.15 48.75±8.91 48.35±8.40 – 47.08±9.45 45.86±8.02 43.72±8.74

29 25 25 25 24 15 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 10 9 8 6 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

Table 125: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-0 H0mini Virchow Virchow2 Hibou-L GPFM mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 CONCH Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Hibou-B Phikon Prov-GigaPath SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 DINOv3 ViT-L Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP CTransPath MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

69.35±8.23 68.98±8.36 68.94±8.28 69.28±7.97 68.56±9.42 67.94±8.25 67.91±8.64 67.54±8.44 67.37±8.24 67.05±8.28 67.02±8.27 66.92±7.82 66.95±8.31 66.76±7.97 66.76±7.98 66.45±7.60 66.32±8.01 66.21±7.81 66.18±8.33 66.02±7.47 65.49±7.51 65.14±6.66 64.71±7.04 64.54±6.98 64.45±7.30 63.59±6.40 62.93±5.62 62.68±6.45 62.22±6.19 59.85±5.40

62.91±8.22 62.31±7.56 62.33±7.50 62.41±6.76 61.61±6.86 61.47±7.17 61.71±6.78 62.19±7.15 60.88±7.60 60.68±7.60 60.55±7.64 61.23±6.55 60.95±6.63 61.98±7.39 60.93±7.45 60.75±7.23 60.73±7.43 61.02±7.09 61.94±7.42 60.92±5.59 60.22±7.08 60.42±7.89 60.48±6.15 60.15±6.58 59.37±7.16 59.18±5.30 59.67±5.25 59.99±6.50 59.62±5.92 57.45±5.97

51.38±2.99 51.39±3.52 51.25±3.47 51.64±3.45 51.43±3.19 51.49±3.11 51.71±3.31 51.57±3.36 51.49±4.09 51.53±2.48 51.57±2.63 51.86±3.09 52.16±3.10 51.44±2.84 51.11±3.07 50.16±2.67 51.35±3.60 50.41±3.19 51.62±2.70 51.50±3.16 50.86±3.00 50.97±2.61 51.29±2.75 51.37±2.64 51.35±1.99 50.83±2.00 50.41±2.61 – 58.00±5.69 49.80±2.98

69.47±8.42 68.86±8.46 68.88±8.43 69.26±7.72 68.29±8.86 68.13±8.55 67.75±8.53 67.75±8.74 66.41±7.90 66.97±8.42 66.94±8.42 66.82±7.83 66.56±8.21 66.90±8.29 66.54±7.76 66.28±7.92 66.17±8.47 66.08±7.94 66.05±8.76 65.81±7.36 65.74±8.09 65.69±7.84 64.51±7.12 64.44±7.47 64.36±7.63 63.03±6.28 62.73±5.74 62.83±6.76 63.34±7.08 59.91±5.69

69.35±8.46 68.03±7.80 68.14±7.91 68.78±8.18 67.95±8.22 68.30±8.51 67.47±8.39 67.61±8.48 67.20±7.84 67.19±7.77 67.11±7.91 67.53±8.11 67.33±8.51 67.13±8.47 66.36±8.02 66.43±7.65 66.35±7.62 65.68±7.10 65.59±7.95 66.71±7.77 64.98±6.63 63.88±5.78 63.26±6.77 63.92±7.25 63.88±6.67 61.92±6.02 62.57±5.66 – 62.70±6.43 59.03±5.33

69.07±8.28 68.45±8.61 68.42±8.57 68.76±7.89 67.88±8.34 67.44±7.71 67.61±8.34 67.53±8.28 66.10±7.64 66.01±8.22 65.91±8.25 66.54±7.89 66.17±7.80 66.81±8.20 66.03±7.86 65.97±7.96 65.73±7.96 66.15±7.84 65.41±8.28 65.54±7.02 65.05±7.38 65.19±8.53 64.59±7.13 63.74±7.54 64.38±7.90 63.19±6.11 62.35±5.56 62.87±6.66 63.30±6.53 60.14±5.91

69.15±8.35 68.67±8.43 68.66±8.53 69.09±8.21 68.50±8.83 67.74±8.10 68.07±8.60 67.98±8.62 66.76±7.66 67.41±8.13 67.31±8.08 67.24±8.06 67.26±8.52 66.69±8.15 66.23±7.81 65.97±7.66 66.16±7.63 65.28±7.39 65.25±7.82 66.88±8.17 65.11±7.26 64.48±6.66 64.73±7.05 64.06±7.75 64.14±7.29 63.56±6.33 62.32±5.97 – 61.72±5.82 59.40±5.46

26 26 26 25 22 21 21 20 16 15 15 14 13 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 5 5 5 4 3 1 1 1 0

Table 126: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Virchow SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H0mini GPFM mSTAR UNI CONCH v1.5 CONCH Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-L/14 SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-B/8 Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-B Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

75.32±8.66 75.02±8.53 74.96±8.92 74.59±9.05 74.61±8.98 74.17±8.65 73.31±8.00 74.00±9.27 73.86±9.46 73.79±8.31 73.76±8.67 73.43±8.36 73.31±8.52 73.19±8.21 73.08±8.81 72.92±7.67 72.89±7.65 73.12±9.57 71.90±7.61 71.85±9.42 71.41±7.64 71.37±7.58 71.19±7.20 71.30±7.94 70.48±7.73 70.39±7.00 70.14±7.09 69.40±8.63 68.15±7.60 67.59±6.05

67.45±6.61 67.26±7.05 66.86±6.41 67.95±6.74 67.85±6.69 65.75±8.42 64.55±8.87 66.77±9.17 66.69±9.45 67.18±7.30 67.09±7.05 67.19±6.87 66.77±6.14 66.42±6.40 67.11±7.47 65.76±6.53 65.55±6.57 66.15±8.50 65.83±6.00 65.64±8.41 67.08±6.56 65.45±8.51 64.59±6.28 66.34±6.11 64.85±7.17 65.49±6.23 66.40±6.29 65.85±8.25 63.62±7.41 63.61±6.81

50.57±2.00 51.71±2.49 50.08±2.66 51.47±2.41 51.27±2.17 50.63±2.60 52.32±3.55 51.92±4.16 52.27±3.68 50.53±2.30 50.78±3.68 52.59±4.31 51.48±3.76 51.85±3.79 52.75±3.68 49.85±1.57 51.15±3.57 51.03±1.82 51.79±3.29 51.40±3.40 52.23±2.00 51.68±2.35 51.76±2.95 51.99±2.03 51.43±2.83 51.08±2.75 – 53.07±3.47 61.87±6.88 52.36±3.78

75.26±8.65 74.92±8.29 74.56±8.67 74.62±8.67 74.57±8.63 73.61±8.18 72.62±8.22 74.29±9.57 74.25±9.72 73.94±8.30 73.69±8.43 73.40±8.44 73.48±8.12 73.26±8.08 73.13±8.25 72.79±7.45 72.75±7.06 73.32±10.10 72.37±7.55 71.89±9.08 71.65±7.98 71.77±7.79 71.10±7.42 71.25±7.78 70.48±7.78 70.27±7.18 70.26±7.12 69.31±8.68 69.59±7.98 67.50±6.68

74.30±8.85 74.92±8.84 74.07±9.72 73.21±8.58 73.26±8.58 73.55±9.19 74.32±8.85 73.32±8.99 73.44±9.11 74.04±8.55 73.61±9.00 73.66±8.55 72.91±8.81 73.57±8.99 73.68±8.86 72.66±8.76 72.71±8.08 72.51±8.89 71.15±6.79 72.57±8.80 70.98±8.13 69.63±7.49 70.59±6.91 71.11±8.26 68.74±7.24 68.24±7.03 – 69.87±8.42 67.99±7.68 67.23±6.50

75.07±8.79 74.73±8.49 73.92±8.28 74.86±9.11 74.77±9.19 73.73±9.16 72.05±8.40 73.40±9.54 73.41±9.55 73.68±8.74 73.68±8.81 73.38±8.63 73.08±8.26 72.84±8.04 73.38±8.32 73.22±7.65 72.19±7.55 73.55±10.30 72.14±7.38 72.60±8.52 71.38±8.05 71.38±8.25 71.21±7.69 71.14±7.64 70.56±7.98 70.70±7.12 70.44±7.41 69.50±8.71 69.25±7.21 67.18±6.96

75.04±8.47 74.98±8.76 75.23±9.26 74.80±9.02 74.79±9.09 74.58±8.88 73.99±8.05 73.81±9.21 73.96±9.34 73.78±8.31 73.84±8.58 73.84±8.65 73.29±8.46 73.29±8.39 73.40±8.49 73.39±7.96 73.05±7.67 73.33±10.02 71.85±7.61 72.25±8.76 71.64±8.15 71.66±8.19 71.57±7.32 71.21±8.03 70.94±7.62 70.83±7.24 – 70.06±8.56 67.31±7.09 67.58±6.09

25 25 25 23 22 19 16 15 15 14 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 8 8 6 6 5 4 2 2 2 2 0 0

Table 127: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow H0mini Virchow2 Hibou-L mSTAR GPFM UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 Phikon-v2 CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH v1.5 Phikon Hibou-B SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/16 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath PLIP MUSK DINOv3 ViT-B OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

27.92±6.05 27.70±6.06 27.34±6.04 27.29±5.98 26.98±6.31 26.98±6.22 26.56±5.73 26.44±5.63 26.13±5.79 26.13±5.60 26.06±5.73 25.84±5.53 25.78±5.35 25.55±4.73 25.42±4.82 25.41±4.74 25.22±5.18 25.12±4.96 24.85±4.26 24.80±4.99 24.83±5.21 23.93±4.05 23.21±3.79 23.32±4.22 22.74±3.39 22.22±3.73 22.08±3.22 21.91±3.50 21.76±2.88 20.23±3.40

22.58±3.70 22.05±3.44 21.81±3.68 21.81±3.62 21.55±3.90 21.31±3.39 21.99±3.52 21.92±3.92 21.42±3.69 21.69±3.73 21.40±3.65 21.05±3.55 21.73±4.10 21.22±3.29 21.57±4.19 21.09±3.31 21.41±3.69 21.01±4.17 21.14±3.15 21.01±4.50 21.62±3.88 21.14±4.30 21.02±4.03 20.82±3.90 20.38±3.17 20.60±4.04 20.33±2.91 20.85±3.53 19.45±2.67 19.22±3.89

16.32±3.00 16.04±3.28 15.99±3.11 15.82±3.18 15.88±3.17 15.98±3.18 16.04±2.99 16.40±2.96 16.12±3.00 15.93±3.24 16.07±2.96 15.68±3.13 16.12±3.09 16.37±3.14 16.00±3.06 16.21±3.21 15.70±3.26 16.01±2.93 16.10±3.09 15.89±3.38 16.16±3.05 15.89±3.28 16.04±3.31 16.08±3.25 15.76±3.23 – 15.55±3.25 19.66±3.08 15.66±3.06 15.44±3.46

27.88±5.92 27.53±5.86 26.99±5.81 26.97±5.75 26.62±6.12 26.69±5.79 26.46±5.48 26.33±5.66 26.16±5.84 25.65±5.56 26.15±5.76 25.60±5.57 25.78±5.43 25.14±4.59 25.28±5.00 25.13±4.74 25.06±4.99 25.02±5.24 24.58±4.11 24.99±5.52 24.73±5.11 24.45±4.80 23.27±4.28 23.27±4.22 22.72±3.58 22.31±3.99 22.04±3.24 22.67±3.98 21.49±2.91 20.35±3.56

28.01±5.74 27.34±5.61 26.63±5.28 26.70±5.36 26.84±6.00 26.46±5.68 26.30±5.18 26.74±5.28 26.15±5.18 25.91±5.26 26.08±5.23 25.90±5.25 25.96±5.44 26.10±5.06 25.09±5.11 25.72±4.86 25.35±4.83 25.42±4.69 25.63±4.41 24.03±4.25 24.30±4.65 23.13±3.32 22.97±3.89 22.81±3.52 21.70±2.71 – 21.82±2.99 22.17±3.60 20.77±2.25 20.06±3.25

27.57±5.70 26.94±5.57 26.81±5.71 26.78±5.71 26.16±5.50 26.20±5.26 26.48±5.58 26.08±5.45 25.38±5.32 25.58±5.53 25.30±5.30 24.77±4.80 25.66±5.41 24.94±4.52 25.13±5.20 25.05±4.75 24.90±4.86 24.66±5.17 24.55±4.22 24.47±5.14 24.35±5.10 24.31±5.41 23.15±4.59 23.84±4.69 22.88±3.69 22.26±3.99 21.86±3.12 22.87±3.90 21.61±2.84 20.54±3.68

28.03±5.94 27.65±6.13 27.36±6.05 27.31±6.12 26.70±6.06 26.81±5.74 26.62±5.43 27.19±5.85 26.27±5.10 25.67±5.05 26.24±5.03 25.26±4.71 25.91±5.13 26.08±5.07 25.45±5.00 25.58±5.00 24.61±4.68 25.24±4.85 25.75±4.80 24.38±4.76 24.17±4.60 23.60±3.86 23.34±4.15 23.63±4.35 22.86±3.29 – 21.93±3.04 21.35±3.50 21.94±2.59 20.27±3.35

28 28 25 25 22 21 20 20 17 17 16 14 13 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 6 5 4 1 1 1 1 0

Table 128: Complete LOOO results at 20× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-0 H-Optimus-1 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 Virchow H0mini GPFM mSTAR CONCH Phikon-v2 UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 Hibou-L Phikon SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B Kaiko ViT-B/16 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath Kaiko ViT-S/8 DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

56.13±23.63 56.20±23.80 55.93±23.71 55.86±23.73 55.59±23.68 55.41±23.43 54.40±23.69 55.29±23.65 55.03±23.38 54.74±23.35 55.27±23.63 54.46±23.24 54.81±23.45 54.60±23.51 54.23±23.35 54.26±23.33 54.26±23.41 53.53±22.85 53.52±22.96 52.98±22.68 52.25±22.91 52.22±22.69 52.12±22.72 51.95±22.84 51.32±22.67 51.03±22.53 50.96±22.39 50.90±22.44 49.80±22.28 48.79±22.41

49.45±22.60 48.94±22.46 49.58±22.63 49.42±22.62 48.30±22.29 48.97±22.21 47.47±22.69 49.19±22.54 49.12±22.71 49.25±22.46 49.16±22.48 48.60±22.42 48.98±22.90 49.14±22.63 48.01±22.40 49.30±22.64 48.25±22.96 47.51±22.07 48.11±22.35 47.56±22.19 48.73±22.42 47.95±21.94 47.69±22.59 46.57±22.00 47.28±22.19 47.96±22.18 48.24±22.09 47.05±22.17 46.64±22.16 46.22±22.34

37.20±22.22 36.79±22.20 37.16±22.19 36.97±22.19 36.70±22.21 36.61±22.22 37.84±22.19 37.49±22.31 37.06±22.32 37.91±22.26 37.65±22.25 37.37±22.21 36.80±22.21 36.63±22.22 36.15±22.22 37.95±22.08 37.61±22.26 36.90±22.23 37.33±22.20 37.15±22.19 37.46±22.09 37.07±22.13 37.29±22.09 37.15±22.18 37.08±22.17 – 37.64±22.15 36.88±22.13 45.06±21.98 37.64±22.17

56.14±23.80 56.12±23.85 55.80±23.71 55.71±23.69 55.11±23.59 55.04±23.41 54.01±23.71 55.73±23.86 54.72±23.41 54.86±23.40 55.75±23.83 54.56±23.42 54.71±23.49 54.85±23.66 53.92±23.44 54.22±23.43 54.25±23.43 53.11±22.78 53.41±23.04 53.20±22.82 52.54±23.08 52.56±22.72 52.12±23.07 51.88±22.85 51.43±22.67 51.02±22.57 50.91±22.40 50.87±22.45 50.95±22.40 48.94±22.58

56.28±23.77 55.75±23.74 54.76±23.40 54.88±23.46 55.49±23.70 55.01±23.28 55.29±23.85 54.93±23.29 55.40±23.43 54.95±23.25 55.03±23.31 54.25±23.26 55.32±23.45 54.15±23.22 54.33±23.23 55.10±23.32 54.99±23.60 53.50±23.06 53.92±22.88 52.00±22.52 51.87±23.06 50.82±22.57 52.19±22.80 51.21±22.54 49.69±22.50 – 51.20±22.45 49.17±22.39 49.94±22.27 48.53±22.46

56.15±23.79 55.83±23.83 56.07±23.81 55.96±23.81 54.62±23.46 55.79±23.51 53.57±23.68 55.04±23.61 54.81±23.60 55.06±23.39 54.96±23.57 54.17±23.28 54.82±23.70 55.43±23.79 53.86±23.19 54.28±23.46 53.95±23.55 53.10±22.75 53.62±23.10 52.88±22.92 52.33±22.94 52.47±22.57 51.84±23.15 51.98±22.63 51.57±22.66 51.29±22.56 51.15±22.46 51.18±22.53 50.64±22.42 48.77±22.49

56.38±23.77 56.11±23.74 56.27±23.80 56.18±23.70 56.27±23.87 55.95±23.56 54.88±23.63 55.46±23.48 55.28±23.44 55.32±23.44 55.63±23.54 54.27±23.15 55.09±23.45 55.26±23.60 54.70±23.31 54.57±23.34 54.59±23.52 53.65±22.88 53.55±22.85 52.92±22.65 52.74±23.10 52.56±22.71 52.44±22.86 52.39±22.84 51.73±22.72 – 51.50±22.45 51.47±22.55 49.22±22.32 48.57±22.40

26 25 24 23 21 19 17 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 6 6 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 0

Table 129: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) Virchow2 Hibou-B H-Optimus-1 CONCH v1.5 Virchow Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-L mSTAR UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 H-Optimus-0 H0mini GPFM CONCH Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon Prov-GigaPath SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK PLIP OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

21.24±6.70 21.14±6.66 21.23±6.63 21.01±6.94 20.91±6.65 20.95±6.24 20.76±7.07 20.71±6.86 20.53±6.64 20.23±6.75 20.13±6.73 20.36±7.20 20.14±7.31 19.99±7.03 19.65±6.26 19.33±5.83 19.65±6.80 19.48±6.52 19.03±5.44 19.24±6.72 18.85±6.11 18.69±5.56 18.79±5.70 18.26±5.33 17.47±4.73 17.90±6.25 17.07±4.90 16.80±4.50 16.71±3.90 14.66±4.31

14.67±5.92 14.71±6.02 13.87±5.10 15.34±4.79 15.07±5.33 13.57±4.16 13.40±4.05 14.53±5.38 14.42±4.17 14.54±4.28 14.41±4.29 13.75±5.13 14.26±5.54 13.57±4.13 14.36±3.63 13.34±4.38 13.88±4.06 14.66±3.90 14.22±4.89 14.33±5.44 14.77±4.97 13.87±3.80 14.15±4.11 14.38±5.47 13.74±3.64 14.72±5.32 13.69±3.70 12.26±4.13 13.68±3.25 12.59±4.38

9.09±3.83 8.81±3.39 7.94±3.18 8.58±3.31 7.76±2.90 7.92±2.78 7.70±2.83 7.08±3.06 8.61±2.21 7.88±2.91 8.11±2.56 7.67±2.51 7.54±3.14 8.78±3.35 7.18±2.95 8.09±2.77 8.28±3.20 7.79±2.94 8.64±2.88 7.54±2.84 8.21±2.34 7.80±2.86 8.95±3.19 8.91±3.21 8.45±2.75 – 9.25±2.81 11.50±3.61 8.20±3.52 8.16±3.23

20.35±6.52 20.44±6.54 20.65±6.80 20.79±7.07 20.71±6.59 20.81±6.69 19.60±6.54 20.15±6.60 20.40±7.01 19.87±6.70 19.93±6.76 20.04±6.98 19.73±7.06 19.84±7.12 19.12±6.15 19.22±5.91 19.43±6.76 19.23±6.34 18.68±5.57 18.70±6.94 18.51±6.24 18.00±5.80 18.51±5.86 17.67±5.88 17.14±4.88 17.45±6.04 16.61±4.68 16.36±5.22 16.20±3.94 14.47±4.34

20.12±5.88 20.27±5.54 19.05±6.31 19.97±6.91 19.83±6.85 20.80±6.26 19.54±6.26 18.88±6.55 19.72±6.61 19.05±5.19 19.13±5.10 19.88±6.27 18.85±6.45 18.90±6.35 18.35±5.13 19.61±6.16 18.32±6.96 18.20±5.15 17.76±5.13 18.59±5.43 16.68±4.59 18.10±5.29 17.56±5.79 17.18±5.70 15.71±4.29 – 15.32±4.24 14.39±4.27 15.52±4.09 13.44±4.20

20.03±6.96 20.00±6.92 19.65±7.07 19.68±6.04 20.09±6.54 19.48±6.10 18.79±5.91 19.59±6.38 19.56±6.36 19.62±6.60 19.60±6.62 18.96±6.19 19.45±6.82 18.51±5.95 19.29±6.20 18.85±5.52 18.41±5.80 18.81±5.59 18.23±6.10 18.33±6.85 17.75±5.59 17.82±5.38 18.68±5.99 17.03±5.99 17.13±4.80 17.23±5.98 16.76±4.78 15.57±4.83 16.39±4.21 14.54±4.58

20.30±6.74 20.34±6.63 19.00±5.94 19.44±6.68 19.95±6.68 20.41±6.63 18.09±6.15 18.92±5.85 20.11±6.78 18.36±5.50 18.72±5.62 19.32±5.63 19.15±6.89 19.05±6.93 18.15±5.25 19.74±5.85 18.38±6.35 18.27±6.04 17.12±5.39 18.07±5.46 17.05±5.18 19.03±6.35 18.00±5.54 17.02±6.19 16.63±4.48 – 16.54±4.53 14.46±3.95 15.78±4.32 13.77±4.41

22 22 21 19 19 17 17 16 14 12 12 11 11 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 2 1 1 1 1 0

Table 130: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-F1. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-0 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 CONCH Hibou-B Phikon-v2 H-Optimus-1 Virchow CONCH v1.5 UNI Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Kaiko ViT-B/8 GPFM H0mini SEAL(CONCH) Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-B/16 Phikon Lunit ViT-S CTransPath Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP DINOv3 ViT-B MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

51.41±9.17 51.07±9.63 51.04±9.60 51.53±9.60 51.08±9.12 51.18±9.37 50.63±9.24 50.83±8.23 50.70±10.45 50.62±9.86 50.60±9.84 50.60±9.97 50.53±9.45 49.44±10.91 50.76±8.94 49.95±9.21 49.27±10.44 49.59±8.91 49.44±9.82 48.27±8.65 48.24±8.53 49.31±10.29 48.50±8.95 48.31±8.51 47.92±8.51 47.68±7.93 47.33±7.80 47.24±7.33 45.64±6.64 43.05±8.53

40.81±10.15 41.58±9.63 41.50±9.45 40.93±11.12 43.35±10.17 44.09±8.71 42.99±9.33 41.48±9.16 41.80±11.20 41.55±10.77 40.31±10.67 41.61±10.59 41.45±8.27 41.07±11.11 42.57±9.80 41.02±11.18 41.03±9.30 40.76±10.76 42.28±9.80 42.63±10.35 42.64±8.77 39.97±11.49 42.92±10.29 41.53±10.73 41.29±10.34 43.06±7.91 44.20±8.37 42.39±7.07 40.63±9.75 39.93±9.38

29.63±9.35 29.35±8.47 29.13±7.31 26.74±7.18 30.37±10.19 30.15±9.32 28.28±4.14 29.47±5.32 27.10±9.43 31.62±6.95 28.23±6.93 31.08±7.14 26.82±7.01 28.68±7.16 28.17±6.56 27.08±7.59 28.35±8.16 29.30±6.94 30.70±6.46 28.55±9.54 – 27.17±5.84 28.89±4.90 29.40±6.70 30.77±6.27 25.57±6.87 25.20±9.78 28.19±6.39 38.21±7.86 26.93±7.28

50.11±10.10 49.98±9.91 49.86±10.01 51.47±9.58 51.10±9.46 51.02±9.44 49.99±9.46 49.65±8.09 50.64±10.72 50.31±10.20 49.96±9.82 50.15±10.36 49.86±9.35 49.26±11.10 50.70±9.25 49.21±9.77 48.98±10.63 48.68±9.84 49.09±10.11 48.32±9.15 47.56±8.40 48.14±10.82 48.99±9.57 48.21±9.28 46.65±9.92 47.82±7.83 47.36±7.53 47.16±7.26 46.90±7.14 43.72±7.91

50.29±9.19 47.79±10.77 48.07±11.14 51.55±10.22 50.81±9.60 50.97±8.74 49.05±9.94 49.20±7.79 50.65±10.39 50.00±10.39 50.01±9.82 49.21±10.56 48.91±9.48 49.34±11.13 50.64±8.76 49.86±10.17 49.10±9.87 47.98±8.68 48.70±10.48 47.32±9.35 – 48.03±7.73 46.65±9.07 46.27±9.02 48.49±8.09 45.54±7.88 46.23±8.60 44.39±7.74 44.08±7.41 41.49±8.92

49.57±9.96 50.15±10.43 49.86±10.43 50.45±10.34 50.63±9.52 50.36±9.00 50.39±9.69 49.22±9.62 50.61±11.19 50.19±10.52 48.82±10.33 50.16±10.47 49.83±8.86 48.57±11.00 49.90±8.61 49.16±10.34 48.81±9.75 47.27±10.55 48.22±10.30 47.79±9.44 47.42±8.19 48.94±11.32 48.98±9.69 49.68±9.63 46.46±9.58 47.96±7.80 47.51±7.59 47.48±7.45 45.66±7.19 43.03±9.15

49.43±10.27 49.21±10.26 49.40±10.23 51.31±10.55 50.49±9.02 50.39±10.48 49.83±9.18 49.72±8.79 50.64±10.32 50.36±9.63 49.50±9.63 49.74±10.16 49.59±9.35 48.56±11.96 50.18±8.60 49.96±10.58 49.47±9.61 48.00±9.59 49.09±10.32 47.30±10.55 – 49.54±9.95 47.31±9.40 48.33±8.84 46.97±9.05 47.37±7.67 46.77±8.03 47.37±6.93 42.44±7.29 41.94±9.34

21 18 17 14 14 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 9 7 5 5 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 0

Table 131: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model H-Optimus-1 UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH v1.5 CONCH Virchow2 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 Hibou-B GPFM Kaiko ViT-L/14 mSTAR Hibou-L H0mini UNI Phikon-v2 Virchow SEAL(CONCH) Kaiko ViT-B/16 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Phikon Kaiko ViT-S/8 Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L CTransPath PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

66.81±7.36 66.80±8.15 66.77±8.15 66.67±8.05 66.46±7.88 66.38±8.19 66.37±8.34 65.88±7.63 65.71±8.13 65.40±7.95 65.43±7.90 65.09±8.51 65.11±7.74 64.97±7.62 64.93±8.38 64.47±7.74 64.49±7.28 64.47±6.78 64.31±7.77 64.06±6.65 63.92±7.67 63.82±7.21 63.70±7.53 63.07±7.39 62.18±6.52 62.17±6.19 62.05±7.18 61.31±5.20 60.23±5.96 57.79±5.49

59.89±6.12 60.37±7.06 60.38±7.08 59.60±6.31 59.28±5.75 59.38±6.10 59.50±5.92 59.17±6.62 59.90±6.03 58.37±6.96 58.77±6.30 58.94±6.75 59.10±5.76 58.12±4.78 58.66±6.62 59.06±5.79 58.31±5.37 58.65±5.00 58.68±5.93 58.29±6.59 58.69±6.51 58.21±6.87 59.45±5.98 58.81±6.53 58.02±5.14 57.96±5.06 58.54±5.90 58.34±4.21 57.72±5.54 55.22±5.08

51.48±3.69 52.02±3.56 52.08±3.65 51.33±3.71 52.10±3.39 51.33±3.15 51.32±3.12 50.45±3.45 51.63±3.80 51.19±3.42 50.77±3.68 50.86±2.76 51.65±3.45 50.81±3.81 50.77±3.03 51.07±2.83 50.49±3.15 51.49±3.19 51.88±3.53 50.95±3.09 51.13±3.39 52.27±3.42 51.62±2.98 51.35±2.91 51.09±2.13 50.78±1.44 – 51.39±3.37 56.35±4.88 49.95±2.98

66.44±7.10 66.62±8.46 66.68±8.48 66.77±8.34 66.73±7.82 66.10±7.83 66.11±8.14 65.49±7.25 65.63±8.21 64.44±7.61 65.43±7.83 65.07±8.53 65.10±7.80 64.89±7.43 65.01±8.52 64.39±7.52 64.01±6.83 64.11±6.78 64.45±7.83 64.29±7.23 63.99±7.77 64.24±7.67 63.81±7.63 62.97±7.78 61.88±6.34 62.15±6.40 62.08±7.19 61.05±5.04 61.08±6.64 57.86±5.71

66.40±7.05 66.68±7.22 66.54±7.18 67.26±8.35 66.93±8.19 65.57±7.54 65.91±7.68 65.31±7.63 65.99±8.17 64.94±7.35 64.94±7.74 65.33±7.74 65.96±7.95 64.73±7.04 65.28±7.72 63.94±7.89 64.14±7.01 64.80±7.04 64.10±7.37 63.54±6.78 63.48±7.17 63.96±7.19 63.08±6.59 62.63±7.72 61.08±6.48 61.07±5.96 – 61.13±5.44 60.38±5.90 57.21±5.33

66.15±7.08 66.33±8.47 66.24±8.41 66.18±8.30 65.61±7.10 65.66±7.65 65.77±7.15 65.25±7.49 65.23±7.11 64.13±7.58 64.81±7.69 64.42±8.35 64.56±7.33 63.93±6.11 64.26±8.22 64.61±7.44 64.36±6.72 63.97±6.65 63.92±6.98 63.64±7.67 63.70±7.40 64.09±7.72 62.83±6.96 62.41±7.49 62.00±6.22 62.09±6.16 61.86±6.58 60.98±4.96 61.58±6.28 58.08±5.72

66.42±7.36 66.75±8.05 66.70±8.06 66.99±8.53 66.88±8.12 66.34±7.77 65.94±7.78 64.87±7.50 65.08±7.77 64.96±7.06 65.21±7.96 65.15±7.96 65.70±7.83 64.34±7.21 65.18±7.88 64.58±7.88 63.97±7.14 65.20±7.82 64.10±7.85 63.20±6.76 63.15±7.07 63.83±7.15 63.31±7.18 62.52±7.98 62.34±6.70 62.08±6.07 – 61.46±5.85 59.95±5.44 57.66±5.70

23 23 23 23 22 21 20 19 16 16 14 13 12 11 11 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 5 2 2 2 2 1 0

Table 132: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUROC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 SEAL(UNI2) UNI2 H-Optimus-1 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-L/14 Kaiko ViT-B/8 H0mini SEAL(CONCH) GPFM UNI mSTAR Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Virchow Phikon Virchow2 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-L Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

73.70±8.54 73.03±8.84 72.59±8.25 72.58±8.24 72.65±8.22 72.61±8.34 72.31±8.48 72.12±8.16 72.10±8.68 71.91±8.27 70.78±8.48 71.93±9.79 71.92±9.78 71.88±9.01 71.86±8.69 71.74±7.53 71.24±9.21 71.18±9.45 71.02±7.62 70.65±7.92 70.75±8.93 69.92±8.35 69.77±8.43 69.47±7.43 69.29±7.82 69.02±7.38 68.76±7.15 68.16±7.84 66.25±7.08 64.88±7.19

64.82±6.05 64.99±7.29 64.64±7.21 64.50±7.39 63.54±8.26 63.79±6.72 63.35±6.11 63.72±6.29 64.12±7.99 64.41±5.67 62.02±8.89 63.64±8.41 63.59±8.06 65.17±7.90 64.43±5.85 64.41±6.05 64.36±8.74 63.23±7.30 64.66±7.38 62.26±6.91 62.99±6.07 64.87±8.64 63.25±8.02 63.56±5.84 64.59±5.91 64.21±7.42 63.99±6.80 64.58±7.10 60.97±8.31 61.65±6.90

51.92±4.57 50.84±3.53 51.40±4.41 51.42±4.28 50.63±3.19 51.10±3.99 51.65±3.93 52.16±4.17 51.28±2.26 52.68±4.95 52.40±3.48 52.71±2.91 52.60±3.00 52.26±4.50 52.75±3.63 52.21±3.75 52.50±3.03 52.28±3.52 52.49±3.12 52.34±4.03 49.29±1.73 52.70±3.04 51.94±2.02 53.01±3.05 – 52.17±2.85 51.98±1.91 52.45±3.65 58.61±7.44 51.79±3.29

73.94±8.57 73.29±9.03 72.34±8.37 72.32±8.40 71.85±8.43 71.97±8.07 72.18±7.84 72.00±7.59 71.58±9.27 71.63±8.21 70.25±9.47 71.64±9.86 71.63±9.88 71.89±9.25 71.70±8.04 71.23±7.02 71.36±8.56 70.59±9.08 71.43±7.84 70.45±8.01 70.78±8.54 70.03±8.73 70.03±8.97 68.98±7.09 69.45±7.42 68.77±7.84 68.97±7.49 67.99±7.50 67.48±7.58 65.20±6.98

73.19±9.18 73.60±8.73 71.41±7.81 71.51±7.77 71.82±8.38 72.44±8.68 72.33±8.73 71.62±8.56 71.89±8.36 71.79±8.87 71.85±7.94 70.95±8.65 70.78±8.72 72.20±9.33 71.61±8.77 70.26±7.93 71.33±8.86 69.11±7.86 70.77±7.02 69.98±7.76 71.53±9.17 69.67±8.64 68.78±8.59 69.80±7.70 – 67.01±7.66 67.49±6.91 68.37±8.12 65.47±6.61 64.82±7.18

73.41±8.43 73.41±9.29 73.05±8.35 72.80±8.65 71.53±9.37 72.07±7.86 71.59±7.77 71.69±7.90 71.38±8.25 71.60±7.95 69.61±9.67 71.54±9.55 71.49±9.53 72.02±8.45 71.37±7.91 72.11±7.34 71.31±8.55 71.40±9.20 72.35±8.36 69.94±7.49 71.03±7.19 69.52±9.11 69.69±9.00 68.49±6.97 69.07±7.10 69.12±7.90 69.16±7.30 68.18±7.40 66.94±7.42 65.22±7.30

73.81±8.70 73.33±8.93 72.84±8.77 72.95±8.58 71.64±7.90 72.26±8.13 72.05±8.29 71.83±7.89 71.94±8.95 72.23±8.36 71.61±7.86 71.81±9.80 71.75±9.63 71.96±9.01 72.18±8.56 71.85±7.69 71.27±8.80 71.29±9.36 71.27±7.43 70.44±7.39 71.73±8.78 70.26±9.04 69.63±8.57 69.29±7.30 – 69.29±7.75 69.18±7.07 68.77±7.71 64.23±7.17 64.93±7.27

25 20 18 18 15 15 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 0

Table 133: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tfine taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model UNI2 SEAL(UNI2) CONCH v1.5 Virchow2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-L/14 H-Optimus-0 Kaiko ViT-B/8 CONCH Hibou-L GPFM mSTAR Hibou-B UNI Virchow Kaiko ViT-B/16 H0mini SEAL(CONCH) Phikon Phikon-v2 Kaiko ViT-S/8 Kaiko ViT-S/16 Prov-GigaPath Lunit ViT-S CTransPath DINOv3 ViT-L DINOv3 ViT-B PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

25.50±5.18 25.47±5.18 25.38±5.19 25.19±5.02 25.11±4.74 25.05±5.74 25.02±5.65 24.93±5.04 24.67±4.57 24.65±4.95 24.62±5.02 24.51±5.31 24.61±5.05 24.38±5.23 24.21±5.39 23.99±5.14 24.17±5.25 23.61±4.41 23.65±4.94 23.53±4.74 23.06±4.30 22.96±4.00 22.96±4.17 22.53±3.94 22.26±4.34 21.42±2.96 21.12±2.91 21.04±2.71 20.79±3.19 19.03±3.11

20.86±3.76 20.87±3.77 19.84±3.21 20.52±3.47 20.32±3.13 20.14±3.47 20.43±3.71 20.16±3.68 19.55±3.31 20.04±3.74 20.50±3.19 20.35±3.50 20.49±3.67 20.29±3.42 19.62±3.58 20.10±4.03 19.10±2.90 19.47±3.31 20.08±3.99 20.02±3.12 19.57±3.34 19.44±3.66 20.12±3.57 20.19±3.98 20.12±3.81 18.99±2.71 18.91±2.81 19.22±2.72 19.33±2.98 18.09±3.77

16.39±3.10 16.49±3.14 15.98±3.40 16.15±3.00 16.11±3.29 15.62±3.26 15.96±3.25 15.97±3.03 16.24±3.14 16.26±3.03 16.03±3.06 15.81±3.04 16.01±2.91 15.86±2.98 15.64±3.17 16.01±3.22 15.66±3.42 15.99±3.10 15.77±3.31 15.72±3.14 16.60±3.09 16.00±3.16 15.99±2.92 16.26±3.11 – 15.50±3.26 15.67±3.21 15.82±2.94 18.20±3.02 15.37±3.50

25.37±5.26 25.41±5.31 25.18±5.22 24.86±4.85 25.03±4.61 25.07±5.68 24.94±5.49 24.68±5.02 24.64±4.48 24.55±5.21 24.18±4.80 24.65±5.30 24.51±5.23 24.67±5.31 23.67±5.23 24.10±5.12 23.89±5.12 22.94±4.40 23.55±4.99 23.51±4.59 23.11±4.48 23.18±4.29 22.90±4.32 22.56±4.44 22.26±4.44 21.35±2.98 21.05±2.83 20.87±2.75 21.10±3.47 19.24±3.43

25.53±4.66 25.35±4.64 25.80±5.15 24.95±4.69 25.07±4.65 25.06±5.43 24.82±4.83 24.16±4.61 25.70±4.77 25.33±5.38 24.46±4.35 24.35±4.37 24.79±5.28 24.26±4.34 24.08±5.25 23.63±4.67 23.77±4.67 24.10±4.31 23.54±4.72 23.28±3.95 23.45±3.66 23.14±4.08 22.31±3.51 22.70±4.31 – 20.70±2.47 20.66±2.48 20.99±2.55 20.04±3.24 18.90±3.11

25.07±5.28 25.04±5.25 24.32±4.72 24.71±4.98 24.77±4.58 24.16±4.83 24.68±5.14 24.52±5.01 23.94±4.41 24.12±5.12 24.22±4.98 23.97±5.04 24.20±4.66 23.90±5.00 23.50±4.66 23.65±4.67 22.87±4.17 23.00±4.19 23.14±4.87 23.63±4.49 23.40±4.52 22.82±4.72 22.28±4.15 22.47±4.46 22.06±4.16 21.43±3.08 21.10±2.75 20.74±2.95 21.54±3.31 19.46±3.52

25.62±5.28 25.56±5.36 25.50±5.50 25.16±4.70 25.14±4.78 24.61±4.91 24.92±5.14 24.68±4.78 25.59±4.73 25.15±5.32 24.46±4.08 24.56±4.58 24.46±5.13 24.60±4.63 23.72±5.35 23.59±4.92 23.79±4.98 24.44±4.68 23.16±4.44 23.74±4.46 23.73±4.05 22.52±3.84 22.47±3.78 22.81±4.63 – 21.51±2.81 21.58±2.71 21.30±2.62 19.98±2.86 19.15±3.45

23 23 21 19 19 17 17 16 16 14 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 9 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 2 1 1 1 0

Table 134: Complete LOOO results at 10× magnification, Tcoarse taxonomy, Macro-AUPRC. See the shared legend above. Model CONCH CONCH v1.5 SEAL(UNI2) H-Optimus-0 UNI2 H-Optimus-1 Kaiko ViT-L/14 UNI mSTAR Kaiko ViT-B/8 SEAL(CONCH) GPFM H0mini Hibou-B Phikon-v2 Phikon Virchow2 Virchow Kaiko ViT-B/16 Hibou-L Kaiko ViT-S/8 Lunit ViT-S Kaiko ViT-S/16 CTransPath Prov-GigaPath DINOv3 ViT-B DINOv3 ViT-L PLIP MUSK OmiCLIP

Nuc

Mean

CLS

N+M

N+C

N∥M

N∥C

Wins

54.87±23.39 54.49±23.72 53.83±23.36 53.81±23.16 53.81±23.35 53.65±23.30 53.90±23.35 53.94±23.51 53.92±23.55 53.05±22.87 53.37±23.36 52.64±23.34 53.45±23.10 53.39±23.13 53.30±23.07 52.94±22.95 53.17±23.21 52.50±22.73 52.19±22.66 52.72±23.17 52.04±22.95 51.34±22.78 51.33±22.60 50.76±22.46 50.72±22.46 50.29±22.37 50.05±22.30 49.81±22.35 48.17±22.10 47.10±22.30

46.67±22.75 47.36±22.88 46.76±22.02 46.39±22.36 46.70±21.95 46.60±22.30 46.25±22.34 46.59±22.26 46.46±22.25 45.87±21.99 46.58±22.52 45.47±22.02 46.76±22.23 47.53±22.56 46.74±22.08 47.22±22.30 46.63±22.24 46.33±22.25 45.33±22.24 45.38±22.17 46.93±22.48 47.60±22.31 46.14±22.34 46.56±22.08 45.73±22.36 46.60±22.29 46.44±22.20 46.61±22.31 44.67±22.24 44.61±22.19

37.66±22.33 36.86±22.35 37.21±22.34 36.85±22.22 37.23±22.31 36.62±22.22 37.14±22.18 37.52±22.18 37.45±22.16 37.43±22.21 37.93±22.35 37.63±22.18 36.65±22.20 37.83±22.29 37.79±22.12 37.54±22.12 37.87±22.13 37.77±22.18 37.42±22.28 36.13±22.23 37.51±22.07 37.86±22.12 37.13±22.14 – 37.95±22.04 37.54±22.07 37.03±22.10 37.68±22.21 43.07±21.99 37.41±22.20

54.90±23.52 54.60±23.83 53.74±23.38 53.53±23.33 53.70±23.41 53.16±23.42 53.33±23.25 53.76±23.57 53.75±23.56 52.67±22.93 53.31±23.47 52.48±23.50 53.27±23.07 53.50±23.29 53.05±22.93 52.82±23.07 52.49±23.03 52.08±22.70 52.15±22.75 52.70±23.39 52.35±23.11 51.53±22.93 51.70±22.84 50.67±22.53 50.05±22.68 50.35±22.40 50.31±22.33 49.56±22.36 49.04±22.18 47.19±22.43

55.00±23.43 55.18±23.69 52.59±23.17 53.92±23.23 52.82±23.18 53.35±23.22 53.66±23.20 53.31±23.18 53.14±23.15 52.99±22.90 53.67±23.46 53.29±23.57 52.97±22.93 54.05±23.31 53.51±23.09 53.25±22.94 51.21±22.55 51.68±22.50 51.82±22.49 53.58±23.25 51.40±22.66 51.10±22.98 50.74±22.62 – 51.31±22.64 48.68±22.34 48.88±22.23 50.14±22.44 47.64±22.10 46.97±22.46

54.50±23.66 54.67±23.91 53.83±23.42 53.17±23.13 53.79±23.43 53.24±23.33 52.92±23.44 53.49±23.53 53.47±23.50 52.73±22.87 53.05±23.48 51.78±23.41 52.63±22.92 53.37±23.34 52.69±22.90 52.49±23.00 53.20±23.23 52.67±22.97 51.57±22.82 52.16±23.01 53.25±23.25 51.39±22.74 51.39±23.05 50.27±22.38 49.60±22.65 50.62±22.35 50.38±22.32 49.62±22.40 48.77±22.23 47.37±22.34

55.34±23.66 55.08±23.63 54.19±23.44 53.35±23.24 54.27±23.49 53.07±23.04 53.44±23.01 54.19±23.31 54.17±23.34 52.89±22.88 53.84±23.51 53.26±23.31 53.59±22.94 53.55±23.15 53.80±23.08 53.14±22.85 53.44±23.03 52.89±22.98 51.98±22.55 53.63±23.22 52.10±22.91 52.03±23.07 51.12±22.51 – 50.73±22.36 50.77±22.45 50.36±22.38 50.38±22.46 46.97±22.06 47.11±22.37

26 21 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 0 0

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