Nationally representative programmatic surveillance of mosquito and human behaviours that influence human exposure to malaria transmission and the impact of vector control across Tanzania

Nationally representative programmatic surveillance of mosquito and human behaviours that influence human exposure to malaria transmission and the impact of vector control across Tanzania | Research Square Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Method Article Nationally representative programmatic surveillance of mosquito and human behaviours that influence human exposure to malaria transmission and the impact of vector control across Tanzania Maneno E Baravuga, Praise Michael, Fadhila Kihwele, Brian Masanja, and 11 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8425978/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Integrated entomological and anthropological surveillance of interacting mosquito and human behaviours is critical for understanding malaria transmission risks and for tailoring intervention packages but has yet to be implemented at scale due to lack of practical, affordable procedures for nationally representative monitoring. This study in Tanzania introduces and field-tests the first such scalable framework design and reports summaries of the earliest data generated, thus demonstrating its feasibility and utility for generating programmatically informative indicators of both mosquito and human behaviours. Methods A single village was randomly selected from each of twenty-five ecologically and epidemiologically diverse sentinel districts distributed across Tanzania for simultaneous surveys of malaria vector and human behaviours, using a rolling cross-sectional design. Entomological and anthropological surveys were repeated approximately annually over three years, with each village surveyed on three separate occasions across wet and dry seasons to account for temporal variations between sites due to seasons. Mosquito electrocuting traps were employed for sampling mosquitoes both indoor and outdoor with human behaviour surveyed by standard questionnaire. Results Entomological and anthropological indicators were successfully and simultaneously measured in all 25 sentinel districts. Anopheles arabiensis was widespread across the country, whilst Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus were more localized. The vast majority of fed An. funestus and An. gambiae captured contained human blood, whereas An. arabiensis , An. quadriannulatus and An. leesoni all fed predominantly upon cattle. Higher proportions host-seeking Anopheles arabiensis were caught outdoors (64.9%) than An. gambiae (58.3%,) or An. funestus (42.4%,). Across all age groups, people were more likely to be outdoor during the early evening hours (18:00 to 21:00), with the highest proportions observed among adolescents (13-17yrs) and adults (≥ 18yrs) compared to under-fives (0-5yrs) and children (6-12yrs). Adolescent males were less likely to use bednet relative to other demographic group. The reported use of bednet increased during the rainy season and declined during the dry season Conclusion This national surveillance framework proved highly effective for measuring relevant metrics of mosquito and human behaviours that can inform optimization of malaria control strategies. vector surveillance malaria transmission human behaviours malaria vector behaviour vector control entomology outdoor exposure malaria transmission Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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