10 CFR Part 434 — Energy Code for New Federal Commercial and Multi-Family High Rise Residential Buildings

PART 434—ENERGY CODE FOR NEW FEDERAL COMMERCIAL AND MULTI-FAMILY HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6831-6832, 6834-6836; 42 U.S.C. 8253-54; 42 U.S.C. 7101, et seq. Source: 65 FR 60012, Oct. 6, 2000, unless otherwise noted. § 434.99 Explanation of numbering system for codes. (a) For purposes of this part, a derivative of two different numbering systems will be used. (1) For the purpose of designating a section, the system employed in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) will be employed. The number “434” which signifies part 434 in chapter II of Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, is used as a prefix for all section headings. The suffix is a two or three digit section number. For example the lighting section of the standards is designated § 434.401. (2) Within each section, a numbering system common to many national voluntary consensus standards is used. A decimal system is used to denote paragraphs and subparagraphs within a section. For example, in § 434.401, “401.2.1” refers to subsection 401, paragraph 2, subparagraph 1. (b) The hybrid numbering system is used for two purposes: (1) The use of the Code of Federal Regulations' numbering system allows the researcher using the CFR easy access to the standards. (2) The use of the second system allows the builder, designer, architect or engineer easy access because they are familiar to this system numbering. This system was chosen because of its commonality among the building industry. Subpart A—Administration and Enforcement—General § 434.100 Purpose. The provisions of this part provide minimum standards for energy efficiency for the design of new Federal commercial and multi-family high rise residential buildings, for which design for construction began before January 3, 2007. The performance standards are designed to achieve the maximum practicable improvements in energy efficiency and increases in the use of non-depletable sources of energy. This rule is based upon the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1989 and addenda b, c, d, e, f, g, and i. (This document is available from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA.) It is not incorporated by reference in this document, but is mentioned for informational purposes only. [71 FR 70283, Dec. 4, 2006] § 434.101 Scope. 101.1 This part provides design requirements for the building envelope, electrical distribution systems and equipment for electric power, lighting, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, service water heating and energy management. It applies to new Federal multi-family high rise residential buildings and new Federal commercial buildings, for which design for construction began before January 3, 2007. 101.1.1 (a) Except as provided by section 101.2, the provisions of this part apply if an agency is constructing: (1) A building that has never been in service; (2) An addition for which design for construction began before January 3, 2007, that adds new space with provision for a heating or cooling system, or both, or for a hot water system; or (3) A substantial renovation of a building for which design for construction began before January 3, 2007, involving replacement of a heating or cooling system, or both, or hot water system, that is either in service or has been in service. 101.2 The provisions of this part do not apply to: 101.2.1 Buildings, or portions thereof separated from the remainder of the building, that have a peak energy usage for space conditioning, service water heating, and lighting of less than 3.5 Btu/(h•ft 2 101.2.2 Buildings of less than 100 square feet of gross floor area. 101.2.3 Heating, cooling, ventilating, or service hot water requirements for those spaces where processes occur for purposes other than occupant comfort and sanitation, and which impose thermal loads in excess of 5% of the loads that would otherwise be required for occupant comfort and sanitation without the process; 101.2.4 Envelope requirements for those spaces where heating or cooling requirements are excepted in subsection 101.2.3 of this section. 101.2.5 Lighting for tasks not listed or encompassed by areas or activities listed in Tables 401.3.2b, 401.3.2c and 401.3.2d. 101.2.6 Buildings that are composed entirely of spaces listed in subsections 101.2.4 and 101.2.5. 101.2.7 Individual components of a building under renovation, if the building components are not in the scope of a renovation as defined by the agency. [65 FR 60012, Oct. 6, 2000, as amended at 71 FR 70283, Dec. 4, 2006; 72 FR 72571, Dec. 21, 2007] § 434.102 Compliance. 102.1 A covered building must be designed and constructed consistent with the provisions of subpart D of this part. 102.2 Buildings designed and constructed to meet the alternative requirements of subparts E or F of this part shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this part. Such designs shall be certified by a registered architect or engineer stating that the estimated energy cost or energy use for the building as designed is no greater than the energy cost or energy use of a prototype building or reference building as determined pursuant to subparts E or F of this part. § 434.103 Referenced standards (RS). 103.1 The standards, technical handbooks, papers and regulations listed in § 434.701, shall be considered part of this part to the prescribed extent of such reference. Where differences occur between the provisions of this part and referenced standards, the provisions of this part shall apply. Whenever a reference is made in this part to an RS standard it refers to the standards listed in § 434.701. § 434.105 Materials and equipment. 105.1 Building materials and equipment shall be identified in designs in a manner that will allow for a determination of their compliance with the applicable provisions of this part. Subpart B—Definitions § 434.201 Definitions. For the purposes of this part, the following terms, phrases, and words shall be defined as provided: Accessible Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE): Area of the space (A): Automatic: Automatic flue damper device: Automatic vent damper device: (1) Electrically operated: (2) Thermally actuated: Boiler capacity: Building: Building code: Building envelope: Check metering: Coefficient of performance (COP)—Cooling: Coefficient of performance (COP) heat pump—Heating: Commercial building: Conditioned floor area: Conditioned space: Cooled space: (1) Exceeds 5 Btu/(h·ft 2 (2) Is capable of maintaining a space dry bulb temperature of 90 °F or less at design cooling conditions. Daylight sensing control (DS): Daylighted space: Daylighted zone: (1) Under skylights: the area under each skylight whose horizontal dimension in each direction is equal to the skylight dimension in that direction plus either the floor-to-ceiling height or the dimension to an opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least. (2) At vertical glazing: the area adjacent to vertical glazing that receives daylighting from the glazing. For purposes of this definition and unless more detailed daylighting analysis is provided, the daylighting zone depth is assumed to extend into the space a distance of 15 ft or to the nearest opaque partition, whichever is less. The daylighting zone width is assumed to be the width of the window plus either 2 ft on each side, the distance to an opaque partition, or one half the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least. Dead band (dead zone): Degree-day, cooling: Degree-day, heating: Dwelling unit: Economizer, air: Economizer, water: Efficiency, HVAC system: Emergency system (back-up system): Emergency use: Energy efficiency ratio (EER): Fan system energy demand: Federal Agency: Federal Building: Fenestration: Fenestration area: Flue damper: Gross floor area: Gross lighted area (GLA): Heat capacity (HC): 2 Heat trap: Heated space: (1) Exceeds 10 Btu/(h·ft 2 (2) Is capable of maintaining a space dry-bulb temperature of 50 °F or more at design heating conditions. Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF): High rise residential building: Humidistat: HVAC system: Indirectly conditioned space: Infiltration: Integrated part-load value (IPLV): Lumen maintenance control: Manual: Marked rating: Multi-family high rise residential: Occupancy sensor: Opaque areas: Orientation: Outdoor air: Ozone depletion factor: Packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC): Packaged terminal heat pump: Plenum: Private driveways, walkways, and parking lots: Process energy: Process load: Programmable: Projection factor: Prototype building: Public driveways, walkways, and parking lots: Public facility restroom: Readily accessible: Recooling: Reference building: Reheating: Reset: Roof: Room air conditioner: Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER): Service systems: Service water heating: Shading coefficient (SC): 1/8 Shell Building: Single-Line Diagram: Skylight: Solar energy source: Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): Speculative building: System: Tandem wiring: Task lighting: Task location: Terminal element: Thermal conductance (C): 2 Thermal mass: Thermal mass wall insulation position: (1) Exterior insulation position: a wall having all or nearly all of its mass exposed to the room air with the insulation on the exterior of that mass. (2) Integral insulation position: a wall having mass exposed to both room and outside (outside) air with substantially equal amounts of mass on the inside and outside of the insulation layer. (3) Interior insulation position: a wall not meeting either of the above definitions, particularly a wall having most of its mass external to an insulation layer. Thermal resistance (R): 2 Thermal transmittance (U): 2 Thermal transmittance, overall o 2 o Thermostat: Unconditioned space: Unitary cooling equipment: Unitary heat pump: Variable-air-volume (VAV) HVAC system Vent damper Ventilation Ventilation air Visible light transmittance Walls Wall heat capacity 2 Window to wall ratio (WWR) Zone Subpart C—Design Conditions § 434.301 Design criteria. 301.1 The following design parameters shall be used for calculations required under subpart D of this part. 301.1.1 Exterior Design Conditions. Table 301.1—Exterior Design Conditions Winter Design Dry-Bulb (99%) Degrees F. Summer Design Dry-Bulb (2.5%) Degrees F. Mean Coincident Wet-Bulb (2.5%) Degrees F. Degree-Days, Heating (Base 65) HDD Base 65 °F. Degree-Days, Cooling (Base 65) CDD Base 65 °F. Annual Operating Hours, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. when 55 °F≤T≤69 °F Hours. [The exterior design conditions shall be added to Table 301.1 from the city-specific Shading Coefficient table from appendix A of RS-1 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). Copies of specific tables contained in appendix A of RS-1 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). can be obtained from the Energy Code for Federal Commercial Buildings, Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C, EE-43, Office of Building Research and Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-9127. Adjustments may be made to reflect local climates which differ from the tabulated temperatures or local weather experience as determined by the building official. Where local building site climatic data are not available, climate data from a nearby location included in RS-1, appendix C, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) and RS-4 Chapter 24, Table 1, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) shall be used as determined by the building official.] 301.2 Indoor Design Conditions. Subpart D—Building Design Requirements—Electric Systems and Equipment § 434.401 Electrical power and lighting systems. Electrical power and lighting systems, other than those systems or portions thereof required for emergency use only, shall meet these requirements. 401.1 Electrical Distribution Systems. 401.1.1 Check Metering. 401.1.1.1 Lighting and receptacle outlets 401.1.1.2 HVAC systems and equipment 401.1.1.3 Service water heating (SWH), elevators, and special occupant equipment or systems of more than 20 kW. 401.1.1.4 Exception to 401.1.1.1 through 401.1.1.3: 10 percent or less of the loads on a feeder may be from another usage or category. 401.1.2 Tenant-shared HVAC and service hot water systems in multiple tenant buildings shall have provision to be separately check metered. 401.1.3 Subdivided feeders shall contain provisions for portable or permanent check metering. The minimum acceptable arrangement for compliance shall provide a safe method for access by qualified persons to the enclosures through which feeder conductors pass and provide sufficient space to attach clamp-on or split core current transformers. These enclosures may be separate compartments or combined spaces with electrical cabinets serving another function. Dedicated enclosures so furnished shall be identified as to measuring function available. 401.1.4 Electrical Schematic. 401.2 Electric Motors. 401.2.1 Efficiency. (a) Multispeed motors used in systems designed to use more than one speed. (b) Motors used as a component of the equipment meeting the minimum equipment efficiency requirements of subsection 403, provided that the motor input is included when determining the equipment efficiency. Table 401.2.1—Minimum Acceptable Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for Single-Speed Polyphase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Having Synchronous Speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200 and 900 rpm 1 HP 2-Pole 4-Pole 6-Pole 8-Pole Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Full-Load Efficiencies—Open Motors 1.0 82.5 81.5 80.0 78.5 74.0 72.0 1.5 82.5 81.5 84.0 82.5 84.0 82.5 75.5 74.0 2.0 84.0 82.5 84.0 82.5 85.5 84.0 85.5 84.0 3.0 84.0 82.5 86.5 85.5 86.5 85.5 86.5 85.5 5.0 85.5 84.0 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.0 7.5 87.5 86.5 88.5 87.5 88.5 87.5 88.5 87.5 10.0 88.5 87.5 89.5 88.5 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5 15.0 89.5 88.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5 20.0 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 25.0 91.0 90.2 91.7 91.0 91.7 91.0 90.2 89.5 30.0 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 92.4 91.7 91.7 90.2 40.0 91.7 91.0 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.0 90.2 50.0 92.4 91.7 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.7 91.0 60.0 93.0 92.4 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0 92.4 91.7 75.0 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0 100.0 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 125.0 93.6 93.0 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 150.0 93.6 93.0 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6 93.0 200.0 94.5 94.1 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6 93.0 Full-Load Efficiencies—Enclosed Motors 1.0 75.5 74.5 82.5 81.5 80.0 78.5 74.0 72.0 1.5 82.5 81.5 84.0 82.5 85.5 84.0 77.0 75.5 2.0 84.0 82.5 84.5 82.5 86.5 85.5 82.5 81.5 3.0 85.5 84.0 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 84.0 82.5 5.0 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 87.5 86.5 85.5 84.0 7.5 88.5 87.5 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 85.5 84.0 10.0 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 89.5 88.5 88.5 87.5 15.0 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 88.5 87.5 20.0 90.2 89.5 91.0 90.2 90.2 89.5 89.5 88.5 25.0 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 91.7 91.0 89.5 88.5 30.0 91.0 90.2 92.4 91.7 91.7 91.0 91.0 90.2 40.0 91.7 91.0 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.0 90.2 50.0 92.4 91.7 93.0 92.4 93.0 92.4 91.7 91.0 60.0 93.0 92.4 93.6 93.0 93.6 93.0 91.7 91.0 75.0 93.0 92.4 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 93.0 92.4 100.0 93.6 93.0 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.0 92.4 125.0 94.5 94.1 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.6 93.6 93.0 150.0 94.5 94.1 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 94.1 93.0 200.0 95.0 94.5 95.0 94.5 95.0 94.5 94.1 93.6 1 401.3 Lighting Power Allowance. 401.3.1 Building Exteriors. Table 401.3.1—Exterior Lighting Power Allowance Area description Allowance Exit (with or without canopy) 25 W/lin ft of door opening. Entrance (without canopy) 30 W/lin ft of door opening. Entrance (with canopy): High Traffic (retail, hotel, airport, theater, etc.) 10 W/ft 2 Light Traffic (hospital, office, school, etc.) 4 W/ft 2 Loading area 0.40 W/ft 2 Loading door 20 W/lin ft of door opening. Building exterior surfaces/facades 0.25 W/ft 2 Storage and non-manufacturing work areas 0.20 W/ft 2 Other activity areas for casual use such as picnic grounds, gardens, parks, and other landscaped areas 0.10 W/ft 2 Private driveways/walkways 0.10 W/ft 2 Public driveways/walkways 0.15 W/ft 2 Private parking lots 0.12 W/ft 2 Public parking lots 0.18 W/ft 2 401.3.1.1 Trade-offs of exterior lighting budgets among exterior areas shall be allowed provided the total connected lighting power of the exterior area does not exceed the exterior lighting power allowance. Trade-offs between interior lighting power allowances and exterior lighting power allowances shall not be allowed. 401.3.2 Building interiors. (a) Lighting power that is an essential technical element for the function performed in theatrical, stage, broadcasting, and similar uses. (b) Specialized medical, dental, and research lighting. (c) Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums, and monuments. (d) Lighting solely for indoor plant growth (between the hours of 10:00 pm and 6:00 am). (e) Emergency lighting that is automatically off during normal building operation. (f) High-risk security areas. (g) Spaces specifically designed for the primary use by the physically impaired or aged. (h) Lighting in dwelling units. 401.3.2.1 Trade-offs of the interior lighting power budgets among interior spaces shall be allowed provided the total connected lighting power within the building does not exceed the interior lighting power allowance. Trade-offs between interior lighting power allowances and exterior lighting power allowances shall not be allowed. 401.3.2.2 Building/Space Activities. (a) Food service, fast food, and cafeteria: (b) Garages: (c) Leisure dining and bar: (d) Mall concourse, multi-store service: (e) Offices: (f) Retail: (g) Schools: (h) Service establishment: (i) Warehouse and storage: 401.3.2—Tables and Figures Table 401.3.2 a 2 Building space activity 1 Gross lighted area of total building 0 to 2,000 ft 2 2,001 to 10,000 ft 2 10,001 to 25,000 ft 2 25,001 to 50,000 ft 2 50,001 to 250,000 ft 2 250,000 ft 2 Food Service: Fast Food/Cafeteria 1.50 1.38 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.30 Leisure Dining/Bar 2.20 1.91 1.71 1.56 1.46 1.40 Offices 1.90 1.81 1.72 1.65 1.57 1.50 Retail 3 3.30 3.08 2.83 2.50 2.28 2.10 Mall Concourse Multi-store Service 1.60 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.43 1.40 Service Establishment 2.70 2.37 2.08 1.92 1.80 1.70 Garages 0.30 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 Schools: Preschool/Elementary 1.80 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.57 1.50 Jr. High/High School 1.90 1.90 1.88 1.83 1.76 1.70 Technical/Vocational 2.40 2.33 2.17 2.01 1.84 1.70 Warehouse/Storage 0.80 0.66 0.56 0.48 0.43 0.40 1 2 3 Table 401.3.2 b Common area/activity 1 UPD W/ft 2 Auditorium 2 1.4 Corridor 3 0.8 Classroom/Lecture Hall 2.0 Electrical/Mechanical Equipment Room: General 3 0.7 Control Rooms 3 1.5 Food Service: Fast Food/Cafeteria 1.3 Leisure Dining 4 1.4 Bar/Lounge 4 2.5 Kitchen 1.4 Recreation/Lounge 0.7 Stair: Active Traffic 0.6 Emergency Exit 0.4 Toilet & Washroom 0.8 Garage: Auto & Pedestrian Circulation Area 0.3 Parking Area 0.2 Laboratory 2.2 Library: Audio Visual 1.1 Stack Area 1.1 Card File & Cataloging 0.8 Reading Area 1.1 Lobby (General): Reception & Waiting 1.0 Elevator Lobbies 0.4 Atrium (Multi-Story): First 3 Floors 0.7 Each Additional Floor 0.2 Locker Room & Shower 0.8 Office Category 1 Enclosed offices, all open plan offices w/o partitions or w/partitions 6 5 Reading, Typing and Filing 1.5 Drafting 1.9 Accounting 1.6 Office Category 2: Open plan offices 900 ft 2 1 3.5 to 4.5 ft below the ceiling. Offices less than 900 ft2 shall use category 1 3 Reading, Typing and Filing 1.5 Drafting 2.0 Accounting 1.8 Office Category 3: Open plan offices 900 ft 2 6 Offices less than 900 ft 2 3 Reading, Typing and Filing 1.7 Drafting 2.3 Accounting 1.9 Common Activity Areas Conference/Meeting Room 2 1.3 Computer/Office Equipment 1.1 Filing, Inactive 1.0 Mail Room 1.8 Shop (Non-Industrial): Machinery 2.5 Electrical/Electronic 2.5 Painting 1.6 Carpentry 2.3 Welding 1.2 Storage and Warehouse; Inactive Storage 0.2 Active Storage, Bulky 0.3 Active Storage, Fine 0.9 Material Handling 1.0 Unlisted Space 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 401.3.2 c Specific building area/activity 1 UPD W/ft 2 Airport, Bus and Rail Station: Baggage Area 0.8 Concourse/Main Thruway 0.9 Ticket Counter 2.0 Waiting & Lounge Area 0.8 Bank: Customer Area 1.0 Banking Activity Area 2.2 Barber & Beauty Parlor 1.6 Church, Synagogue, Chapel: Worship/Congregational 1.7 Preaching & Sermon/Choir 1.8 Dormitory: Bedroom 1.0 Bedroom w/Study 1.3 Study Hall 1.2 Fire & Police Department: Fire Engine Room 0.7 Jail Cell 0.8 Hospital/Nursing Home: Corridor 3 1.3 Dental Suite/Examination/Treatment 1.6 Emergency 2.0 Laboratory 1.7 Lounge/Waiting Room 0.9 Medical Supplies 2.4 Nursery 1.6 Nurse Station 1.8 Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy 1.4 Patient Room 1.2 Pharmacy 1.5 Radiology 1.8 Surgical & Obstetrics Suites: General Area 1.8 Operating Room 6.0 Recovery 2.0 Hotel/Conference Center: Banquet Room/Multipurpose 2 1.7 Bathroom/Powder Room 1.2 Guest Room 0.9 Public Area 1.0 Exhibition Hall 1.8 Conference/Meeting 2 1.5 Lobby 1.5 Reception Desk 2.4 Laundry: Washing 0.9 Ironing & Sorting 1.3 Museum & Gallery: General Exhibition 1.9 Inspection/Restoration 3.0 Storage (Artifacts): Inactive 0.6 Active 0.7 Post Office: Lobby 1.1 Sorting & Mailing 2.1 Service Station/Auto Repair 0.8 Theater: Performance Arts 1.3 Motion Picture 1.0 Lobby 1.3 Retail Establishments—Merchandising & Circulation Area (Applicable to all lighting, including accent and display lighting, installed in merchandising and circulation areas): Type 1: Jewelry merchandising, where minute examination of displayed merchandise is critical. 5.6 Type 2: Fine merchandising, such as fine apparel and accessories, china, crystal, and silver art galleries and where the detailed display and examination of merchandising is important. 2.9 Type 3: Mass merchandising, such as general apparel, variety goods, stationary, books, sporting goods, hobby materials, cameras, gifts, and luggage, displayed in a warehouse type of building, where focused display and detailed examination of merchandise is important. 2.7 Type 4: General merchandising, such as general apparel, variety goods, stationary, books, sporting goods, hobby materials, cameras, gifts, and luggage, displayed in a department store type of building, where general display and examination of merchandise is adequate. 2.3 Type 5: Food and miscellaneous such as bakeries, hardware and housewares, grocery stores, appliance and furniture stores, where pleasant appearance is important. 2.4 Type 6: Service establishments, where functional performance is important. 2.6 Mall Concourse 1.4 Retail Support Areas 2.1 Tailoring 1.1 Dressing/Fitting Rooms 1 2 3 Table 401.3.2 d Indoor athletic area/activity 1 2 UPD W/ft 2 Seating Area, All Sports 0.4 Badminton: Club 0.5 Tournament 0.8 Basketball/Volleyball: Intramural 0.8 College 1.3 Professional 1.9 Bowling: Approach Area 0.5 Lanes 1.1 Boxing or Wrestling (platform): Amateur 2.4 Professional 4.8 Gymnasium: General Exercising and Recreation Only 1.0 Handball/Racquetball/Squash: Club 1.3 Tournament 2.6 Hockey, Ice: Amateur 1.3 College or Professional 2.6 Skating Rink: Recreational 0.6 Exhibition/Professional 2.6 Swimming: Recreational 0.9 Exhibition 1.5 Underwater 1.0 Tennis: Recreational (Class III) 1.3 Club/College (Class II) 1.9 Professional (Class I) 2.6 Tennis, Table: Club 1.0 Tournament 1.6 1 2 Figure 401.3.2e—Area Factor Formula Area Factor Formula: Area Factor (AF) = 0.2 + 0.8(1/0.9 n Where: AF = area factor, CH = ceiling height (ft), A r 2 If AF <1.0 use 1.0; if AF >1.8 use 1.8 401.3.3 Lighting Power Control Credits. (a) It is limited to the specific area controlled by the automatic control device. (b) Only one lighting power adjustment may be used for each building space or luminaire, and 50 percent or more of the controlled luminaire shall be within the applicable space. (c) Controls shall be installed in series with the lights and in series with all manual switching devices. (d) When sufficient daylight is available, daylight sensing controls shall be capable of reducing electrical power consumption for lighting (continuously or in steps) to 50 percent or less of maximum power consumption. (e) Daylight sensing controls shall control all luminaires to which the adjustment is applied and that direct a minimum of 50 percent of their light output into the daylight zone. (f) Programmable timing controls shall be able to program different schedules for occupied and unoccupied days, be readily accessible for temporary override with automatic return to the original schedule, and keep time during power outages for at least four hours. Table 401.3.3—Lighting Power Adjustment Factors Automatic control devices PAF (1) Daylight Sensing controls (DS), continuous dimming 0.30 (2) DS, multiple step dimming 0.20 (3) DS, ON/OFF 0.10 (4) DS continuous dimming and programmable timing 0.35 (5) DS multiple step dimming and programmable timing 0.25 (6) DS ON/OFF and programmable timing 0.15 (7) DS continuous dimming, programmable timing, and lumen maintenance 0.40 (8) DS multiple step dimming, programmable timing, and lumen maintenance 0.30 (9) DS ON/OFF, programmable timing, and lumen maintenance 0.20 (10) Lumen maintenance control 0.10 (11) Lumen maintenance and programmable timing control 0.15 (12) Programmable timing control 0.15 (13) Occupancy sensor (OS) 0.30 (14) OS and DS, continuous dimming 0.40 (15) OS and DS, multiple-step dimming 0.35 (16) OS and DS, ON/OFF 0.35 (17) OS, DS continuous dimming, and lumen maintenance 0.45 (18) OS, DS multiple-step dimming and lumen maintenance 0.40 (19) OS, DS ON/OFF, and lumen maintenance 0.35 (20) OS and lumen maintenance 0.35 (21) OS and programmable timing control 0.35 401.3.4 Lighting controls. 401.3.4.1 Type of Lighting Controls. 401.3.4.2 Number of Manual Controls. 2 401.3.4.2.1 Continuous lighting for security; 401.3.4.2.2 Systems in which occupancy sensors, local programmable timers, or three-level (including OFF) step controls or preset dimming controls are substituted for manual controls at the rate of one for every two required manual controls, providing at least one control is installed for every 1500 watts of power. 401.3.4.2.3 Systems in which four-level (including OFF) step controls or preset dimming controls or automatic or continuous dimming controls are substituted for manual controls at a rate of one for every three required manual controls, providing at least one control is installed for every 1500 watts of power. 401.3.4.2.4 Spaces that must be used as a whole, such as public lobbies, retail stores, warehouses, and storerooms. 401.3.4.3 Multiple Location Controls. 401.3.4.4 Control Accessibility. 401.3.4.5 Hotel and Motel Guest Room Control. 401.3.4.6 Switching of Exterior Lighting. 401.3.5 Ballasts. 401.3.5.1 Tandem Wiring. 401.3.5.2 Power Factor. § 434.402 Building envelope assemblies and materials. The building envelope and its associated assemblies and materials shall meet the provisions of this section. 402.1 Calculations and Supporting Information. 402.1.1 Material Properties. 402.1.1.1 The shading coefficient (SC) for fenestration shall be obtained from RS-4 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) or from manufacturer's test data. The shading coefficient of the fenestration, including both internal and external shading devices, is SC X 402.1.2 Thermal Performance Calculations. Where: U o i.e., 2 A o 2 U i i.e., 2 U i i i A i 2 The thermal transmittance of each component of the building envelope shall be determined with due consideration of all major series and parallel heat flow paths through the elements of the component and film coefficients and shall account for any compression of insulation. The thermal transmittance of opaque elements of assemblies shall be determined using a series path procedure with corrections for the presence of parallel paths within an element of the envelope assembly (such as wall cavities with parallel paths through insulation and studs). The thermal performance of adjacent ground in below-grade applications shall be excluded from all thermal calculations. 402.1.2.1 Envelope Assemblies Containing Metal Framing. The thermal transmittance of the envelope assembly containing metal framing shall be determined from one of three methods: (a) Laboratory or field test measurements based on RS-5, RS-6, RS-7, or RS-8 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). (b) The zone method described in Chapter 22 of RS-4 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) and the formulas on page 22.10. (c) For metal roof trusses or metal studs covered by Tables 402.1.2.1a and b, the total resistance of the series path shall be calculated in accordance with the following Equations: Where: R t R i R e c c Table 402.1.2.1 a Effective framing cavity R-values Correction c Equivalent e 1 R-0 1.00 R-0 R-5 0.96 R-4.8 R-10 0.92 R-9.2 R-15 0.88 R-13.2 R-20 0.85 R-17.0 R-25 0.81 R-20.3 R-30 0.79 R-23.7 R-35 0.76 R-26.6 R-40 0.73 R-29.2 R-45 0.71 R-32.0 R-50 0.69 R-34.5 R-55 0.67 R-36.0 1 Table 402.1.2.1 b Size of members Spacing of Cavity Correction c Equivalent e 2 × 4 16 O.C. R-11 0.50 R-5.5 2 × 4 24 O.C. R-11 0.60 R-6.6 2 × 6 16 O.C. R-19 0.37 R-7.1 2 × 6 24 O.C. R-19 0.45 R-8.6 2 × 8 16 O.C. R-25 0.31 R-7.8 2 × 8 24 O.C. R-25 0.38 R-9.6 402.1.2.2 Envelope Assemblies Containing Nonmetal Framing. 402.1.2.3 Metal Buildings. 402.1.2.4 Fenestration Assemblies. (a) The following equation 402.1.2.4a shall be used. Where: U of 2 i = numerical subscript (1, 2, . . .n) refers to each of the various fenestration types present in the wall n = the number of fenestration assemblies in the wall assembly U cg 2 A cg 2 U eg 2 A eg 2 U f 2 A f 2 (b) Values of U of (1) Results from laboratory test of center-of-glass, edge-of-glass, and frame assemblies tested as a unit at winter conditions. One of the procedures in Section 8.3.2 of RS-1 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) shall be used. (2) Overall generic product C (commercial) in Table 13, Chapter 27, of the RS-4 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). The generic product C in Table 13, Chapter 27, is based on a product of 24 ft 2 (3) Calculations based on the actual area for center-of-glass, edge-of-glass, and frame assemblies and on the thermal transmittance of components derived from 402.1.2.4a, 402.1.2.4b or a combination of the two. 402.1.3 Gross Areas of Envelope Components. 402.1.3.1 Roof Assembly. 402.1.3.2 Floor Assembly. 402.1.3.3 Wall Assembly. 402.2 Air Leakage and Moisture Mitigation. 402.2.1 Air Barrier System. (a) The air barrier shall be continuous at all plumbing and heating penetrations of the building opaque wall. (b) The air barrier shall be sealed at all penetrations of the opaque building wall for electrical and telecommunications equipment. Table 402.2.1—Air Leakage for Fenestration and Doors Maximum Allowable Infiltration Rate Component Reference cfm/lin ft Sash 2 Fenestration Aluminum: Operable RS-11* 0.37 cfm/lin ft. Jalousie RS-11* 1.50 cfm/ft 2 Fixed RS-11* 0.15 cfm/ft 2 Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC): Prime Windows RS-12* 0.37 cfm/ft 2 Wood: Residential RS-13* 0.37 cfm/ft 2 Light Commercial RS-13* 0.25 cfm/ft 2 Heavy Commercial RS-13* 0.15 cfm/ft 2 Sliding Glass Doors: Aluminum RS-11* 0.37 cfm/ft 2 PVC RS-12* 0.37 cfm/lin ft. Doors—Wood: Residential RS-14* 0.34 cfm/ft 2 Light Commercial RS-14* 0.25 cfm/ft 2 Heavy Commercial RS-14* 0.10 cfm/ft 2 Commercial Entrance Doors RS-10* 1.25 cfm/ft 2 Residential Swinging Doors RS-10* 0.50 cfm/ft 2 Wall Sections Aluminum RS-10* 0.06 cfm/ft 2 Note: * Incorporated by reference, see § 434.701. 402.2.2 Building Envelope. (a) Intersections of the fenestration and door frames with the opaque wall sections. (b) Openings between walls and foundations, between walls and roof and wall panels. (c) Openings at penetrations of utility service through, roofs, walls, and floors. (d) Site built fenestration and doors. (e) All other openings in the building envelope. Exceptions are as follows: Outside air intakes, exhaust outlets, relief outlets, stair shaft, elevator shaft smoke relief openings, and other similar elements shall comply with subsection 403. 402.2.2.1 Fenestration and Doors Fenestration and doors shall meet the requirements of Table 402.2.1. 402.2.2.2 Building Assemblies Used as Ducts or Plenums. 402.2.2.3 Vestibules. (a) The door is a revolving door. (b) The door is used primarily to facilitate vehicular movement or material handling. (c) The door is not intended to be used as a general entrance door. (d) The door opens directly from a dwelling unit. (e) The door opens directly from a retail space less than 2,000 ft 2 2 (f) In buildings less than three stories in building height in regions that have less than 6,300 heating degree days base 65 °F. 402.2.2.4 Compliance Testing. 2 2 (a) The measured envelope air leakage shall not exceed 1.57 pounds per square foot of wall area at a pressure difference of 0.3 inches water. (b) At the time of testing, all windows and outside doors shall be installed and closed, all interior doors shall be open, and all air handlers and dampers shall be operable. The building shall be unoccupied. (c) During the testing period, the average wind speed during the test shall be less than 6.6 feet per second, the average outside temperature greater than 59 °F, and the average inside-outside temperature difference is less than 41 °F. 402.2.2.5 Moisture Migration. (a) A vapor retarder shall be installed to retard, or slow down the rate of water vapor diffusion through the building envelope. The position of the vapor retarder shall be determined taking into account local climate and indoor humidity levels. The methodologies presented in Chapter 20 of RS-4 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) shall be used to determine temperature and water vapor profiles through the envelope systems to assess the potential for condensation within the envelope and to determine the position of the vapor retarder within the envelope system. (b) The vapor retarder shall be installed over the entire building envelope. (c) The perm rating requirements of the vapor retarder shall be determined using the methodologies contained in Chapter 20 of RS-4, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) and shall take into account local climate and indoor humidity level. The vapor retarder shall have a performance rating of 1 perm or less. 402.3 Thermal Performance Criteria. 402.3.1 Roofs; Floors and Walls Adjacent to Unconditioned Spaces. or (a) The opaque roof thermal transmittance is less than the criteria in Table 402.3.1b. (b) Skylight areas, including framing, as a percentage of the roof area do not exceed the values specified in Table 402.3.1b. The maximum skylight area from Table 402.3.1b may be increased by 50% if a shading device is used that blocks over 50% of the solar gain during the peak cooling design condition. For shell buildings, the permitted skylight area shall be based on a light level of 30 foot candles and a lighting power density (LPD) of less than 1.0 w/ft 2 (c) All electric lighting fixtures within daylighted zones under skylights are controlled by automatic daylighting controls. (d) The U o 2 (e) Skylight curb U-value does not exceed 0.21 Btu/(h·ft 2 (f) The infiltration coefficient of the skylights does not exceed 0.05 cfm/ft 2 402.3.2 Below-Grade Walls and Slabs-on-Grade. 402.4 Exterior Walls. 402.4.1 Prescriptive Criteria. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (b) When more than one condition exists, area weighted averages shall be used. This requirement shall apply to all thermal transmittances, shading coefficients, projection factors, and internal load densities rounded to the same number of decimal places as shown in the respective table. 402.4.1.1 Opaque Walls. 402.4.1.2 Fenestration. Appendix A The example Alternate Component Package tables illustrate the requirements of subsections 434.301.1, 434.402.3.1, 434.402.3.2, 434.402.4.1.1 and 434.402.4.1.2. Copies of specific tables contained in this appendix A can be obtained from the Energy Code for Federal Commercial Buildings, Docket No. EE-RM-79-112-C, EE-43, Office of Building Research and Standards, U.S. Department of Energy, Room 1J-018, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-9127. 402.4.2 System Performance Criteria. Table 402.4.2—EQUIP Default Values for ENVSTD24 Occupancy Default equipment power density 1 Default occupant load adjustment 1 Default adjusted equipment power density Assembly 0.25 0.75 1.00 Health/Institutional 1.00 −0.26 0.74 Hotel/Motel 0.25 −0.33 0.00 Warehouse/Storage 0.10 −0.60 0.00 Multi-Family High Rise 0.75 N/A 0.00 Office 0.75 −0.35 0.40 Restaurant 0.10 0.07 0.17 Retail 0.25 −0.38 0.00 School 0.50 0.30 0.80 1 402.4.2.1 Equipment Power Density (EQUIP). 2 402.4.2.2 Lighting Power Density (LIGHTS). 402.4.2.3 Daylighting Control Credit Fraction (DLCF). § 434.403 Building mechanical systems and equipment. Mechanical systems and equipment used to provide heating, ventilating, and air conditioning functions as well as additional functions not related to space conditioning, such as, but not limited to, freeze protection in fire projection systems and water heating, shall meet the requirements of this section. 403.1 Mechanical Equipment Efficiency. Table 403.1 a Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum 2 Test 1 Air Conditioners, Air Cooled <65,000 Btu/h Split system 10.0 SEER ARI 210/240 ≥65,000 Btu/h and <135,00 Split System and Single Package 8.9 EER 3 3 ARI 210/240 ≥135,000 Btu/h and <240,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 8.5 EER 3 3 ≥240,000 Btu/h and <760,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 8.5 EER 3 3 ARI-340/360 ≥760,000 Btu/h Split System and Package 8.3 EER 3 3 ARI-340/360 Air Conditioners, Water and Evaporatively Cooled <65,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 9.3 EER 3 3 ARI 210/240 ≥65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 10.5 EER c c ARI 210/240 ≥135,000 Btu/h and <240,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 9.6 EER c c ARI-340/360 ≥240,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 9.6 EER c c ARI-340/360 Condensing Units, Air Cooled 135,000 Btu/h 9.9 EER ARI 365 Condensing Units, Water or Evaporatively Cooled 135,000 Btu/h 12.9 EER ARI 365 1 2 3 * Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701 Table 403.1 b Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency 2 Test procedure 1 Air Cooled (Cooling Mode) <65,000 Btu/h Split System 10.0 SEER ARI 210/240 ≥65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 8.9 EER 3 3 ARI 210/240 ≥135,000 Btu/h and <240,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 8.5 EER 3 3 ARI-340/360 ≥240,000 Btu/h Split System and Single Package 8.5 EER 3 3 ARI-340/360 Water Source <65,000 Btu/h 85 °F Entering Water 9.3 EER ARI-320 ≥65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 85 °F Entering Water 10.5 EER ARI-320 Groundwater-Source (Cooling Mode) <135,000 Btu/h 70 F Entering Water 11.0 EER ARI 325 Ground Source (Cooling Mode) <135,000 Btu/h 77 F Entering Water 10.0 EER ARI 325 Air Cooled (Heating Mode) <65,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) Split System 6.8 HSPF ARI 210/240 65,000 Btu/h and <135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) 47 F db/43 F wb Outdoor Air 3.00 COP ARI 210/240 135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) 47 F db/43 F wb Outdoor Air 2.90 COP ARI-340/360 Water-Source (Heating Mode) <135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) 70 F Entering Water 3.80 COP ARI-320 Groundwater-Source (Heating Mode) <135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) 70 F Entering Water 3.40 COP ARI 325 Ground Source (Heating Mode) <135,000 Btu/h (Cooling Capacity) 32 F Entering Water 2.50 EER ARI-330 1 2 3 * Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701. Table 403.1 c Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency 2 Test procedure 1 Air-Cooled, With Condenser, Electrically Operated <150 Tons 2.70 COP 2.50 COP ARI 550 Centrifugal/Rotary Screw (RS-30)* or ARI 590 Reciprocating (RS-31)* Air-Cooled, Without Condenser, Electrically Operated All Capacities 3.10 COP Water Cooled, Electrically Operated, Positive Displacement (Reciprocating) All Capacities 3.80 COP Water Cooled, Electrically Operated, Positive Displacement (Rotary Screw and Scroll) <150 Tons 3.80 COP Water-Cooled, Electrically Operated, Centrifugal <150 Tons 3.80 COP ARI 550 Absorption Single Effect All Capacities 0.48 COP Absorption Double Effect, Indirect-Fired All Capacities 0.95 COP ARI 560 Absorption Double-Effect, Direct-Fired All Capacities 0.95 COP 1 2 *Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701. Table 403.1 d Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency 2 Test procedure 1 PTAC (Cooling Mode) All Capacities 95 °F db Outdoor Air 10.0 − (0.16 × Cap/1,000) 3 3 ARI 310/380 PTHP (Cooling Mode) All Capacities 95 °F db Outdoor Air 10.0-(0.16 × Cap/1,000) 3 PTHP (Heating Mode) All Capacities 2.90-(0.026 × CAP/1,000) 3 Room Air Conditioners, With Louvered Sides <6,000 Btu/h 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 Room Air Conditioner, Without Louvered Sides <6,000 Btu/h 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 Room Air-Conditioner Heat Pumps With Louvered Sides All Capacities 8.5 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 Room Air-Conditioner Heat Pumps Without Louvered Sides All Capacities 8.0 EER ANSI/AHAM RAC-1 1 2 3 * Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701. Table 403.1 e Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency b e Test procedure a Warm Air-Furnace, Gas-Fired <225,000 Btu/h 78% AFUE or 80% E t DOE 10 CFR 430 ≥225,000 Btu/h Maximum Capacity c c 80% E t t ANSI Z21.47 Warm Air-Furnace, Oil-Fired <225,000 Btu/h 78% AFUE or 80% E t d DOE 10 CFR 430 ≥225,000 But/h Maximum Capacity c 81% E t t U.L. 727 Warm Air Duct Furnaces, Gas-Fired All Capacities Maximum Capacity c 78% E t t ANSI Z83.9 Warm Air Unit Heaters, Gas Fired All Capacities Maximum Capacity c 78% E t t ANSI Z83.8 Oil-Fired All Capacities Maximum Capacity c 81% E t t U.L. 731 a b c d t e c * Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701 Table 403.1 f Equipment type Size category Subcategory or rating condition Minimum efficiency b Test procedure a Boilers, Gas-Fired <300,000 Btu/h Hot Water 80% AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430 Steam 75% AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430 <300,000 Btu/h Maximum Capacity c 80% E c c ANSI Z21.13 Boilers, Oil-Fired <300,000 Btu/h 80% AGUE DOE 10 CFR 430 <300,000 Btu/h Maximum Capacity c 83% E c c U.L. 726 Oil-Fired (Residual) <3000,000 Btu/h Maximum Capacity c 83% E c c a b c c * Incorporation by reference, see § 434.701. 403.1.1 Where multiple rating conditions and/or performance requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all stated requirements. 403.1.2 Equipment used to provide water heating functions as part of a combination integrated system shall satisfy all stated requirements for the appropriate space heating or cooling category. 403.1.3 The equipment efficiency shall be supported by data furnished by the manufacturer or shall be certified under a nationally recognized certification program or rating procedure. 403.1.4 Where components, such as indoor or outdoor coils, from different manufacturers are used, the system designer shall specify component efficiencies whose combined efficiency meets the standards herein. 403.2 HVAC Systems. 403.2.1 Load Calculations. 403.2.2 Equipment and System Sizing. (a) When the equipment selected is the smallest size needed to meet the load within available options of the desired equipment line. (b) Standby equipment provided with controls and devices that allow such equipment to operate automatically only when the primary equipment is not operating. (c) Multiple units of the same equipment type with combined capacities exceeding the design load and provided with controls that sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit based on load. 403.2.3 Separate Air Distribution System. 403.2.4 Ventilation and Fan System Design. (a) Required to make up air exhausted for source control of contaminants such as in a fume hood. (b) Required by process systems. (c) Required to maintain a slightly positive building pressure. For this purpose, minimum outside air intake may be increased up to no greater than 0.30 air changes per hour in excess of exhaust quantities. 403.2.4.1 Ventilation controls for variable or high occupancy areas. 2 2 (a) A clearly labeled, readily accessible bypass timer that may be used by occupants or operating personnel to temporarily increase minimum outside air flow up to design levels. (b) A carbon dioxide (CO 2 2 2 (c) An automatic timeclock that can be programmed to maintain minimum outside air intake levels commensurate with scheduled occupancy levels. (d) Spaces equipped with occupancy sensors. 403.2.4.2 Ventilation Controls for enclosed parking garages. 403.2.4.3 Ventilation and Fan Power. (a) Systems with total fan system motor horsepower of 10 hp or less. (b) Unitary equipment for which the energy used by the fan is considered in the efficiency ratings of subsection 403.1. 403.2.5 Pumping System Design. (a) Systems where a minimum flow greater than 50% of the design flow is required for the proper operation of equipment served by the system, such as chillers. (b) Systems that serve no more than one control valve. (c) Systems with a total pump system horse power ≤10 hp. (d) Systems that comply with subsection 403.2.6.8 without exception. 403.2.6 Temperature and Humidity Controls. 403.2.6.1 System Controls. 403.2.6.2 Zone Controls. 403.2.6.3 Zone Thermostatic Control Capabilities. (a) Special occupancy or special usage conditions approved by the building official or (b) Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes. 403.2.6.4 Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat. 403.2.6.5 Humidistats. 403.2.6.6 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling. (a) Variable-air-volume systems that, during periods of occupancy, are designed to reduce the air supply to each zone to a minimum before heating, recooling, or mixing takes place. This minimum volume shall be no greater than the larger of 30% of the peak supply volume, the minimum required to meet minimum ventilation requirements of the Federal agency. (0.4 cfm/ft 2 (b) Zones where special pressurization relationships or cross-contamination requirements are such that variable-air-volume systems are impractical, such as isolation rooms, operating areas of hospitals and clean rooms. (c) At least 75% of the energy for reheating or for providing warm air in mixing systems is provided from a site-recovered or site-solar energy source. (d) Zones where specified humidity levels are required to satisfy process needs, such as computer rooms and museums. (e) Zones with a peak supply air quantity of 300 cfm or less. 403.2.6.7 Temperature Reset for Air Systems. 403.2.6.8 Temperature Reset for Hydronic Systems. (a) Systems that comply with subsection 403.2.5 without exception or (b) Where the design engineer certifies to the building official that supply temperature reset controls cannot be implemented without causing improper operation of heating, cooling, humidification, or dehumidification systems. 403.2.7 Off Hour Controls. 403.2.7.1 Automatic Setback or Shutdown Controls. (a) Systems serving areas expected to operate continuously or (b) Equipment with full load demands not exceeding 2 kW controlled by readily accessible, manual off-hour controls. 403.2.7.2 Shutoff Dampers. (a) Systems serving areas expected to operate continuously. (b) Individual systems which have a design airflow rate or 3000 cfm or less. (c) Gravity and other non-electrical ventilation systems controlled by readily accessible, manual damper controls. (d) Where restricted by health and life safety codes. 403.2.7.3 Zone Isolation systems that serve zones that can be expected to operate nonsimultaneously for more than 750 hours per year shall include isolation devices and controls to shut off or set back the supply of heating and cooling to each zone independently. Isolation is not required for zones expected to operate continuously or expected to be inoperative only when all other zones are inoperative. For buildings where occupancy patterns are not known at the time of system design, such as speculative buildings, the designer may predesignate isolation areas. The grouping of zones on one floor into a single isolation area shall be permitted when the total conditioned floor area does not exceed 25,000 ft 2 403.2.8 Economizer Controls. 403.2.8.1 Each fan system shall be designed and capable of being controlled to take advantage of favorable weather conditions to reduce mechanical cooling requirements. The system shall include either: A temperature or enthalpy air economizer system that is capable of automatically modulating outside air and return air dampers to provide up to 85% of the design supply air quantity as outside air, or a water economizer system that is capable of cooling supply air by direct and/or indirect evaporation and is capable of providing 100% of the expected system cooling load at outside air temperatures of 50 °F dry-bulb/45 °F wet-bulb and below. Exceptions are as follows: (a) Individual fan-cooling units with a supply capacity of less than 3000 cfm or a total cooling capacity less than 90,000 Btu/h. (b) Systems with air-cooled or evaporatively cooled condensers that include extensive filtering equipment provided in order to meet the requirements of RS-41 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). (c) Systems with air-cooled or evaporatively cooled condensers where the design engineer certifies to the building official that use of outdoor air cooling affects the operation of other systems, such as humidification, dehumidification, and supermarket refrigeration systems, so as to increase overall energy usage. (d) Systems that serve envelope-dominated spaces whose sensible cooling load at design conditions, excluding transmission and infiltration loads, is less than or equal to transmission and infiltration losses at an outdoor temperature of 60 °F. (e) Systems serving residential spaces and hotel or motel rooms. (f) Systems for which at least 75% of the annual energy used for mechanical cooling is provided from a site-recovered or site-solar energy source. (g) The zone(s) served by the system each have operable openings (windows, doors, etc.) with an openable area greater than 5% of the conditioned floor area. This applies only to spaces open to and within 20 ft of the operable openings. Automatic controls shall be provided that lock out system mechanical cooling to these zones when outdoor air temperatures are less than 60 °F. 403.2.8.2 Economizer systems shall be capable of providing partial cooling even when additional mechanical cooling is required to meet the remainder of the cooling load. Exceptions are as follows: (a) Direct-expansion systems may include controls to reduce the quantity of outdoor air as required to prevent coil frosting at the lowest step of compressor unloading. Individual direct-expansion units that have a cooling capacity of 180,000 Btu/h or less may use economizer controls that preclude economizer operation whenever mechanical cooling is required simultaneously. (b) Systems in climates with less than 750 average operating hours per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the ambient dry-bulb temperatures are between 55 °F and 69 °F inclusive. 403.2.8.3 System design and economizer controls shall be such that economizer operation does not increase the building heating energy use during normal operation. 403.2.9 Distribution System Construction and Insulation. 403.2.9.1 Piping Insulation. (a) Factory-installed piping within HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with subsection 403.1. (b) Piping that conveys fluids that have a design operating temperature range between 55 °F and 105 °F. (c) Piping that conveys fluids that have not been heated or cooled through the use of fossil fuels or electricity. Table 403.2.9.1—Minimum Pipe Insulation (in.) a Insulation conductivity a Nominal pipe diameter (in.) Fluid Design Operating Temp. Range (F) Conductivity Range Btu in./(h ft 2 Mean Temp. F <1.0 1.0 to 1.25 1.5 to 3.0 4.0 to 6.0 8.0 Heating systems (Steam, Steam Condensate, and Hot Water) b c >350 0.32-0.34 250 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 251-350 0.29-0.32 200 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 201-250 0.27-0.30 150 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 141-200 0.25-0.29 125 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 105-140 0.22-0.28 100 0.5 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.0 Domestic and Service Hot Water Systems 105 and Greater 0.22-0.28 100 0.5 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.0 Cooling Systems (Chilled Water, Brine, and Refrigerant) d 40-55 0.22-0.28 100 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Below 40 0.22-0.28 100 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 a K/k Where T = minimum insulation thickness (in), r = actual outside radius of pipe (in), t = insulation thickness listed in this table for applicable fluid temperature and pipe size, K = conductivity of alternate material at mean rating temperature indicated for the applicable fluid temperature (Btu in/h ft 2 b c d Table 403.2.9.2—Minimum Duct Insulation R-value a Duct location Cooling supply ducts Heating supply ducts Return ducts CDD65 ≤500 500 <CDD65 ≤1,000 1,000 <CDD65 ≤2,000 CDD65 ≥2,000 HDD65 ≤1,500 1,500 <HDD65 ≤4,500 4,500 <HDD65 ≤7,500 HDD65 ≥7,500 Exterior of Building R-3.3 R-5.0 R-6.5 R-8.0 R-3.3 R-5.0 R-6.5 R-8.0 R-5.0 Ventilated Attic R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-3.3 Unvented Attic R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-3.3 Other Conditioned Spaces b R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 Indirectly Conditioned Spaces c none R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 R-3.3 none Buried none none none none R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-5.0 R-3.3 a 2 b c 403.2.9.2 Duct and Plenum Insulation. (a) Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as a part of the HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with subsection 403.1 (b) Ducts within the conditioned space that they serve. (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701)ca a06oc0.186 403.2.9.3 Duct and Plenum Construction. 403.2.9.3.1 Ductwork designed to operate at static pressures in excess of 3 in. wc shall be leak-tested in accordance with Section 5 of RS-35, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701), or equivalent. Test reports shall be provided in accordance with Section 6 of RS-35, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701)m or equivalent. The tested duct leakage class at a test pressure equal to the design duct pressure class rating shall be equal to or less than leakage Class 6 as defined in Section 4.1 of RS-35 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701). Representative sections totaling at least 25% of the total installed duct area for the designated pressure class shall be tested. 403.2.10 Completion. 403.2.10.1 Manuals. (a) Submittal data stating equipment size and selected options for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance, including assumptions used in outdoor design calculations. (b) Operating and maintenance manuals for each piece of equipment requiring maintenance. Required maintenance activity shall be specified. (c) Names and addresses of at least one qualified service agency to perform the required periodic maintenance shall be provided. (d) HVAC controls systems maintenance and calibration information, including wiring diagrams, schematics, and control sequence descriptions. Desired or field determined setpoints shall be permanently recorded on control drawings, at control devices, or, for digital control systems, in programming comments. (e) A complete narrative, prepared by the designer, of how each system is intended to operate shall be included with the construction documents. 403.2.10.2 Drawings. 403.2.10.3 Air System Balancing. 403.2.10.3.1 Construction documents shall require a written balance report be provided to the Federal agency for HVAC systems serving zones with a total conditioned area exceeding 5,000 ft 2 403.2.10.3.2 Air systems shall be balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses, then fan speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions or equivalent procedures. Exceptions are as follows: Damper throttling may be used for air system balancing; (a) With fan motors of 1 hp (0.746 kW) or less, or (b) Of throttling results in no greater than 1/3 403.2.10.4 Hydronic System Balancing. (a) Pumps with pump motors of 10 hp (7.46 kW) or less. (b) If throttling results in no greater than 3 hp (2.23 kW) pump horsepower draw above that required if the impeller were trimmed. (c) To reserve additional pump pressure capability in open circuit piping systems subject to fouling. Valve throttling pressure drop shall not exceed that expected for future fouling. 403.2.10.5 Control System Testing. § 434.404 Building service systems and equipment. 404.1 Service Water Heating Equipment Efficiency. Table 404.1—Minimum Performance of Water Heating Equipment Category Type Fuel Input rating V T Input to V T Test Method a Energy factor Thermal efficiency E t Standby loss %/HR NAECA all electric 12 kW all c DOE Test 0.93-0.00132V Covered storage gas 75,000 Btuh all c Procedure 10 0.62-0.0019V Water instantaneous gas 200,000 all CFR part 430 0.62-0.0019V Heating storage oil Btuh c all 430 0.59-0.0019V Equipment b instantaneous oil 105,000 all Appendix E 0.59-0.0019V pool heater gas/oil 210,000 Btuh all ANSI Z21.56 78 all (RS-38) * Other Water storage electric all all ANSI Heating Z21.10.3 78 .030 + 27/V T Equipment d storage/ gas/oil 155m999 Btuh all <4,000 (RS-39)* 78 1.3 + 114//V T all <4,000 80 1.3 + 95/V T >155,000 Btuh <10 4,000 77 10 4,000 2.3 + 67/V T Unfired all 6.5 Btuh/ft 2 a b c d * Incorporated by reference, see § 434.701. 404.1.1 Testing Electric and Oil Storage Water Heaters for Standby Loss. (a) When testing an electric storage water heater, the procedures of Z21.10.3-1990 (RS-39, incorporated by reference, see § 434.701), Section 2.9, shall be used. The electrical supply voltage shall be maintained with ±1% of the center of the voltage range specified on the water heater nameplate. Also, when needed for calculations, the thermal efficiency (E t (b) The following modifications shall be made: A vertical length of flue pipe shall be connected to the flue gas outlet of sufficient height to establish the minimum draft specified in the manufacturer's installation instructions. All measurements of oil consumption shall be taken by instruments with an accuracy of ±1% or better. The burner rate shall be adjusted to achieve an hourly Btu input rate within ±2% of the manufacturer's specified input rate with the CO 2 404.1.2 Unfired Storage Tanks. 2 404.1.3 Storage Volume Symbols in Table 404.1. T T T 404.1.4 Electric Water Heaters. 404.2 Service Hot Water Piping Insulation. 404.2.1 Vertical risers serving storage water heaters not having an integral heat trap and serving a noncirculating system shall have heat traps on both the inlet and outlet piping as close as practical to the water heater. 404.3 Service Water Heating System Controls. 404.3.1 The outlet temperature of lavatory faucets in public facility restrooms shall be limited to 110 °F. 404.4 Water Conservation. 404.4.1 Lavatory faucets in public facility restrooms shall be equipped with a foot switch, occupancy sensor, or similar device or, in other than lavatories for physically handicapped persons, limit water delivery to 0.25 gal/cycle. 404.5 Swimming Pools. 404.5.1 Time switches shall be installed on electric heaters and pumps. Exceptions are as follows: (a) Pumps required to operate solar or heat recovery pool heating systems. (b) Where public health requirements require 24-hour pump operation. 404.5.2 Heated swimming pools shall be equipped with pool covers. Exception: When over 70% of the annual energy for heating is obtained from a site-recovered or site-solar energy source. 404.6 Combined Service Water Heating and Space Heating Equipment. (a) The energy input or storage volume of the combined boiler or water heater is less than twice the energy input or storage volume of the smaller of the separate boilers or water heaters otherwise required or (b) The input to the combined boiler is less than 150,000 Btuh. Subpart E—Building Energy Cost Compliance Alternative § 434.501 General. 501.1 Subpart E permits the use of the Building Energy Cost Compliance Alternative as an alternative to many elements of subpart D. When this subpart is used, it must be used with subpart C and subpart D, 401.1, 401.2, 401.3.4 and in conjunction with the minimum requirements found in subsections 402.1, 402.2, and 402.3., 403.1, 403.2.1-7, 403.2.9 and 404. 501.2 Compliance. 501.3 Designers are encouraged to employ the Building Energy Cost Budget compliance method set forth in this section for evaluating proposed design alternatives to using the elements prescribed in subpart D. The Building Energy Cost Budget establishes the relative effectiveness of each design alternative in energy cost savings, providing an energy cost basis upon which the building owner and designer may select one design over another. This Energy Cost Budget is the highest allowable calculated energy cost for a specific building design. Other alternative designs are likely to have lower annual energy costs and life cycle costs than those used to minimally meet the Energy Cost Budget. 501.4 The Energy Cost Budget is a numerical reference for annual energy cost. Its purpose is to assure neutrality with respect to choices such as HVAC system type, architectural design and fuel choice by providing a fixed, repeatable budget that is independent of any of these choices wherever possible ( i.e., § 434.502 Determination of the annual energy cost budget. 502.1 The annual Energy Cost Budgets shall be determined in accordance with the Prototype Building Procedure in § 434.503 and § 434.504 or the Reference Building Procedure in § 434.505. Both methods calculate an annual Energy Cost by summing the 12 monthly Energy Cost Budgets. Each monthly Energy Cost Budget is the product of the monthly Building Energy Consumption of each type of energy used multiplied by the monthly Energy Cost per unit of energy for each type of energy used. 502.2 The Energy Cost Budget shall be determined in accordance with Equation 502.2.a as follows: Based on: Where: ECB = The annual Energy Cost Budget ECB m BECON mi th ECOS mi th 502.3 The monthly Energy Cost Budget shall be determined using current rate schedules or contract prices available at the building site for all types of energy purchased. These costs shall include demand charges, rate blocks, time of use rates, interruptible service rates, delivery charges, taxes, and all other applicable rates for the type, location, operation, and size of the proposed design. The monthly Budget Energy Consumption shall be calculated from the first day through the last day of each month, inclusive. § 434.503 Prototype building procedure. 503.1 The Prototype Building procedure shall be used for all building types listed below. For mixed-use buildings the Energy Cost Budget is derived by allocating the floor space of each building type within the floor space of the prototype building. For buildings not listed below, the Reference Building procedure of § 434.505 shall be used. Prototype buildings include: (a) Assembly; (b) Office (Business); (c) Retail (Mercantile); (d) Warehouse (Storage); (e) School (Educational); (f) Hotel/Motel; (g) Restaurant; (h) Health/Institutional; and (i) Multi-Family. § 434.504 Use of the prototype building to determine the energy cost budget. 504.1 Determine the building type of the Proposed Design using the categories in subsection 503.1. Using the appropriate Prototype Building characteristics from all of the tables contained in subpart E, the building shall be simulated using the same gross floor area and number of floors for the Prototype Building as in the Proposed Design. 504.2 The form, orientation, occupancy and use profiles for the Prototype Building shall be fixed as described in subsection 511. Envelope, lighting, other internal loads and HVAC systems and equipment shall meet the requirements of subsection 301, 401, 402, 403, and 404 and are standardized inputs. § 434.505 Reference building method. 505.1 The Reference Building procedure shall be used only when the Proposed Design cannot be represented by one or a combination of the Prototype Building listed in subsection 503.1 or the assumptions for the Prototype Building in Subsection 510, such as occupancy and use-profiles, do not reasonably represent the Proposed Design. § 434.506 Use of the reference building to determine the energy cost budget. 506.1 Each floor shall be oriented in the same manner for the Reference Building as in the Proposed Design. The form, gross and conditioned floor areas of each floor and the number of floors shall be the same as in the Proposed Design. All other characteristics, such as lighting, envelope and HVAC systems and equipment, shall meet the requirements of subsections 301, 401, 402, 403 and 404. § 434.507 Calculation procedure and simulation tool. 507.1 The Prototype or Reference Buildings shall be modeled using the criteria of subsections 510 and 521. The modeling shall use a climate data set appropriate for both the site and the complexity of the energy conserving features of the design. ASHRAE Weather Year for Energy Calculations (WYEC) data or bin weather data shall be used in the absence of other appropriate data. § 434.508 Determination of the design energy consumption and design energy cost. 508.1 The Design Energy Consumption shall be calculated by modeling the Proposed Design using the same methods, assumptions, climate data, and simulation tool as were used to establish the Energy Cost Budget, except as explicitly stated in 509 through 534. The Design Energy Cost shall be calculated per Equation 508.1. Based on: DECOS m ml ml mi mi Where: DECOS = The annual Design Energy Cost DECOS m DECON mi th ECOS mi th The DECON mi § 434.509 Compliance. 509.1 If the Design Energy Cost is less than or equal to the Energy Cost Budget, and all of the minimum requirements of subsection 501.2 are met, the Proposed Design complies with the standards. § 434.510 Standard calculation procedure. 510.1 The Standard Calculation Procedure consists of methods and assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget for the Prototype or Reference Building and the Design Energy Consumption and Design Energy Cost of the Proposed Design. In order to maintain consistency between the Energy Cost Budget and the Design Energy Cost, the input assumptions to be used are stated below. These inputs shall be used to determine the Energy Cost Budget and the Design Energy Consumption. 510.2 Prescribed assumptions shall be used without variation. Default assumptions shall be used unless the designer can demonstrate that a different assumption better characterizes the building's energy use over its expected life. The default assumptions shall be used in modeling both the Prototype or Reference Building and the Proposed Design, unless the designer demonstrates clear cause to modify these assumptions. Special procedures for speculative buildings are discussed in subsection 503. Shell buildings may not use subpart E. § 434.511 Orientation and shape. 511.1 The Prototype Building shall consist of the same number of stories, and gross and conditioned floor area as the Proposed Design, with equal area per story. The building shape shall be rectangular, with a 2.5:1 aspect ratio. The long dimensions of the building shall face East and West. The fenestration shall be uniformly distributed in proportion to exterior wall area. Floor-to-floor height for the Prototype Building shall be 13 ft. except for dwelling units in hotels/motels and multi-family high-rise residential buildings where floor-to-floor height shall be 9.5 ft. 511.2 The Reference Building shall consist of the same number of stories, and gross floor area for each story as the Proposed Design. Each floor shall be oriented in the same manner as the Proposed Design. The geometric form shall be the same as the Proposed Design. § 434.512 Internal loads. 512.1 The systems and types of energy specified in this section are provided only for purposes of calculating the Energy Cost Budget. They are not requirements for either systems or the type of energy to be used in the Proposed Design or for calculation of Design Energy Cost. 512.2 Internal loads for multi-family high-rise residential buildings are prescribed in Tables 512.2.a and b, Multi-Family High Rise Residential Building Schedules. Internal loads for other building types shall be modeled as noted in this subsection. Table 512.2. a [Internal loads per dwelling unit Btu/h] Hour Occupants Lights Equipment Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent 1 300 260 0 750 110 2 300 260 0 750 110 3 300 260 0 750 110 4 300 260 0 750 110 5 300 260 0 750 110 6 300 260 0 750 110 7 300 260 0 750 110 8 210 260 980 1250 190 9 100 80 840 2600 420 10 100 80 0 1170 180 11 100 80 0 1270 190 12 100 80 0 2210 330 13 100 80 0 2210 330 14 100 80 0 1270 190 15 100 80 0 1270 190 16 100 80 0 1270 190 17 100 80 0 1270 190 18 300 260 0 3040 450 19 300 260 0 3360 500 20 300 260 960 1490 220 21 300 260 960 1490 220 22 300 260 960 1490 220 23 300 260 960 1060 160 24 300 260 960 1060 160 Table 512.2. b [Internal loads per dwelling unit Btu/h] Hour Bedrooms & bathrooms Other rooms Occupants Lights Equipment Occupants Lights Equipment Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent 1 300 260 0 750 110 2 300 260 0 750 110 3 300 260 0 750 110 4 300 260 0 750 110 5 300 260 0 750 110 6 300 260 0 750 110 7 300 260 0 750 110 8 210 260 980 1250 190 9 100 80 840 2600 420 10 100 80 0 1170 180 11 100 80 0 1270 190 12 100 80 0 2210 330 13 100 80 0 2210 330 14 100 80 0 1270 190 15 100 80 0 1270 190 16 100 80 0 1270 190 17 100 80 0 1270 190 18 300 260 0 3040 450 19 300 260 0 3360 500 20 300 260 960 1490 220 21 300 260 960 1490 220 22 300 260 960 1490 220 23 300 260 960 1060 160 24 300 260 960 1060 160 Table 512.2. b [Internal loads per dwelling unit Btu/h] Hour Bedrooms & bathrooms Other rooms Occupants Lights Equipment Occupants Lights Equipment Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Sensible Latent 1 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 2 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 3 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 4 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 5 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 6 300 260 0 100 20 0 0 0 650 90 7 200 180 680 200 40 100 80 300 1050 150 8 110 120 240 200 40 100 80 600 2400 380 9 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1070 160 0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 2110 310 0 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 2110 310 14 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 15 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 16 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 17 0 0 0 100 20 100 80 0 1170 170 18 0 0 0 100 20 300 260 0 2940 430 19 0 0 0 100 20 300 260 0 3260 480 20 100 80 320 300 60 200 180 640 1190 160 21 100 80 320 300 60 200 180 640 1190 160 22 150 130 480 700 90 150 130 480 790 130 23 300 260 640 410 70 0 0 320 650 90 24 300 260 640 410 70 0 0 320 650 90 § 434.513 Occupancy. 5131 Occupancy schedules are default assumptions. The same assumptions shall be made in computing Design Energy Consumption as were used in calculating the Energy Cost Budget. 513.2 Table 513.2.a, Occupancy Density, establishes the density, in ft 2 Table 513.2. a Building type Conditioned floor area Ft 2 Assembly 50 Office 275 Retail 300 Warehouse 15000 School 75 Hotel/Motel 250 Restaurant 100 Health/Institutional 200 Multi-family High-rise Residential 2 per unit . 1 1 § 434.514 Lighting. 514.1 Interior Lighting Power Allowance (ILPA), for calculating the Energy Cost Budget shall be determined from subsection 401.3.2. The lighting power used to calculate the Design Energy Consumption shall be the actual adjusted power for lighting in the Proposed Design. If the lighting controls in the Proposed Design are more effective at saving energy than those required by subsection 401.3.1 and 401.3.2, the actual installed lighting power shall be used along with the schedules reflecting the action of the controls to calculate the Design Energy Consumption. This actual installed lighting power shall not be adjusted by the Power Adjustment Factors listed in Table 514.1. Table 514.1—Power Adjustment Factor (PAF) Automatic control device(s) Standard PAF (1) Occupancy Sensor 0.30 (2) Daylight Sensing Continuous Dimming 0.30 (3) Daylight Sensing Multiple Step Dimming 0.20 (4) Daylight Sensing On/Off 0.10 (5) Lumen Maintenance 0.10 514.2 Table 513.2.b establishes default assumptions for the percentage of the lighting load switched-on in each Prototype or Reference Building by hour of the day. These default assumptions can be changed when calculating the Energy Cost Budget to provide, for example, a 12-hour rather than an 8-hour workday. § 434.515 Receptacles. 515.1 Receptacle loads and profiles are default assumptions. The same assumptions shall be made in calculating Design Energy Consumption as were used in calculating the Energy Cost Budget. 515.2 Receptacle loads include all general service loads that are typical in a building. These loads exclude any process electrical usage and HVAC primary or auxiliary electrical usage. Table 515.2, Receptacle Power Densities, establishes the density, in W/ft 2 Table 515.2—Receptacle Power Densities Building type W/ft 2 Assembly 0.25 Office 0.75 Retail 0.25 Warehouse 0.1 School 0.5 Hotel/Motel 0.25 Restaurant 0.1 Health 1.0 Multi-family High Rise Residential Included in Lights and Equipment portions of Tables 512.2 a and b. § 434.516 Building exterior envelope. 516.1 Insulation and Glazing. 516.2 Infiltration. 516.2.1 When the HVAC system is switched “on,” no infiltration shall be assumed. When the HVAC system is switched “off,” the infiltration rate for buildings with or without operable windows shall be assumed to be 0.038 cfm/ft 2 2 516.3 Envelope and Ground Absorptivities. 516.4 Window Management. 516.5 Shading. § 434.517 HVAC systems and equipment. 517.1 The specifications and requirements for the HVAC systems of the Prototype and Reference Buildings shall be those in Table 517.1.1, HVAC Systems for Prototype and Reference Buildings. For the calculation of the Design Energy Consumption, the HVAC systems and equipment of the Proposed Design shall be used. 517.2 The systems and types of energy presented in Table 517.1.1 are assumptions for calculating the Energy Cost Budget. They are not requirements for either systems or the type of energy to be used in the Proposed Building or for the calculation of the Design Energy Cost. Table 517.1.1—HVAC Systems of Prototype and Reference Buildings 1 2 Building/space occupancy System No. Remarks Assembly: a. Churches (any size) 1 b. ≤50,000 ft 2 1 or 3 Note 1. c. >50,000 ft 2 3 Office: a. ≤20,000 ft 2 1 b. ≤50,000 ft 2 2 4 c. <75,000 ft 2 5 Retail: a. ≤50,000 ft 2 1 or 3 Note 1. b. >50,000 ft 2 4 or 5 Note 1. Warehouse 1 Note 1. School: a. ≤75,000 ft 2 1 b. >75,000 ft 2 3 Hotel/Motel: a. ≤3 stories 2 or 7 Note 5, 7. b. >3 stories 6 Note 6. Restaurant 1 or 3 Note 1. Health: a. Nursing Home (any size) 2 or 7 Note 7. b. ≤15,000 ft 2 1 c. <15,000 ft 2 2 4 Note 2. d. >50,000 ft 2 5 Note 2, 3. Multi-family High Rise Residential >3 stories 7 1 2 517.3 HVAC Zones. 517.4 For calculating the Design Energy Consumption, no fewer zones shall be used than were in the Prototype and Reference Buildings. The zones in the simulation shall correspond to the zones provided by the controls in the Proposed Design. Thermally similar zones, such as those facing one orientation on different floors, may be grouped together for the purposes of either the Design Energy Consumption or Energy Cost Budget simulation. Table 517.4.1—HVAC System Description for Prototype and Reference Buildings 1 2 HVAC component System #1 System #2 System #3 System #4 System Description Packaged rooftop single room, one unit per zone Packaged terminal air conditioner with space heater or heat pump, one heating/cooling unit per zone Air handler per zone with central plant Packaged rooftop VAV w/perimeter reheat. Fan system—Design supply circulation rate Note 9 Note 10 Note 9 Note 9. Supply fan total static pressure 1.3 in. W.C N/A 2.0 in. W.C 3.0 in. W.C. Combined supply fan, motor, and drive efficiency 40% N/A 50% 45%. Supply fan control Constant volume Fan Cycles with call for heating or cooling Constant volume VAV w/forward curved contrifugal fan and variable inlet vanes. Return fan total static pressure N/A N/A 0.6 in. W.C. 0.6 in. W.C. Combined return fan, motor, and drive efficiency N/A N/A 25% 25%. Return fan control N/A N/A Constant volume VAV w/forward curved centrifugal fan and discharge dampers. Cooling System Direct expansion air cooled Direct expansion air cooled Chilled water (Note 1) Direct expansion air cooled. Heating System Furnace, heat pump, or electric resistance (Note 8) Heat pump w/electric resistance auxiliary or air conditioner w/space heater (Note 8) Hot water (Note 8, 12) Hot water (Note 12) or electric resistance (Note B). Remarks Dry bulb economizer per Section 7.4.3 (barometric relief) No economizer Dry bulb economizer per Section 434.514 Dry bulb economizer per Section 434.514. Minimum VAV setting per 434.514 exception 1. Supply air reset by zone of greatest cooling demand. 1 2 Table 517.4.1—HVAC System Description for Prototype and Reference Buildings 1 HVAC component Systems #5 System #6 System #7 System Description Built-up central VAV with perimeter reheat Fourpipe fan coil per zone with central plant Water source heat pump Fan system—Design supply circulation rate Note 9 Note 9 Note 10. Supply fan total static pressure 4.0 in W.C 0.5 in W.C 0.5 in. W.C. Combined supply fan, motor, and drive efficiency 55% 25A 25%. Supply fan control VAV w/air-foil centrifugal fan and AC frequency variable speed drive Fan Cycles with call for heating or cooling Fan cycles w/call for heating or cooling. Return fan total static pressure 1.0 in W.C N/A N/A. Combined return fan, motor, and drive efficiency 30% N/A N/A. Return fan control VAV with air-foil centrifugal fan and AC frequency variable speed drive N/A N/A. Cooling System Chilled water (Note 11) Chilled water (Note 11) Closed circuit, centrifugal blower type cooling tower sized per Note 11. Circulating pump sized for 2.7 GPM per ton. Heating System Hot water (Note 12) or electric resistance (Note 8) Hot water (Note 12) or electric resistance (Note 8) Electric or natural draft fossil fuel boiler (Note 8). Remarks Dry bulb economizer per Section 7.4.3. Minimum VAV setting per Section 7.4.4.3. Supply air reset by zone of greatest cooling demand No economizer Tower fans and boiler cycled to maintain circulating water temperature between 60 and design tower leaving water temperature. Numbered Notes for Table 517.4.1 HVAC System Descriptions for Prototype and Reference Buildings Notes: 1. For occupancies such as restaurants, assembly and retail which are part of a mixed use building which, according to Table 517.4.1, includes a central chilled water plant (systems 3, 5, or 6), chilled water system type 3 or 5, as indicated in the Table, shall be used. 2. Constant volume may be used in zones where pressurization relationships must be maintained by code. VAV shall be used in all other areas, in accordance with § 517.4 3. Provide run-around heat recovery systems for all fan systems with minimum outside air intake greater than 75%. Recovery effectiveness shall be 0.60. 4. If a warehouse is not intended to be mechanically cooled, both the Energy Cost Budgets and Design Energy Costs, may be calculated assuming no mechanical cooling. 5. The system listed is for guest rooms only. Areas such as public areas and back-of-house areas shall be served by system 4. Other areas such as offices and retail shall be served by the systems listed in Table 517.4.1 for those occupancy types. 6. The system listed is for guest rooms only. Areas such as public areas and back-of-house areas shall be served by System 5. Other areas such as offices and retail shall be served by the systems listed in Table 517.4.1.1 for those occupancy types. 7. System 2 shall be used for Energy Cost Budget calculation except in areas with design heating outside air temperatures less than 10 °F. 8. Prototype energy budget cost calculations shall be made using both electricity and natural gas. If natural gas is not available at the site, electricity and #2 fuel oil shall be used. The Energy Cost Budget shall be the lower of these results. Alternatively, the Energy Cost Budget may be based on the fuel source that minimizes total operating, maintenance, equipment, and installation costs for the prototype over the building lifetime. Equipment and installation cost estimates shall be prepared using professionally recognized cost estimating tools, guides, and techniques. The methods of analysis shall conform to those of subpart A of 10 CFR part 436. Energy costs shall be based on actual costs to the building as defined in this Section. 9. Design supply air circulation rate shall be based on a supply air to room air temperature differences of 20 °F. A higher supply air temperature may be used if required to maintain a minimum circulation rate of 4.5 air changes per hour or 15 cfm per person at design conditions to each zone served by the system. If return fans are specified, they shall be sized from the supply fan capacity less the required minimum ventilation with outside air, or 75% or the supply air capacity, whichever is larger. Except where noted, supply and return fans shall be operated continually during occupied hours. 10. Fan System Energy when included in the efficiency rating of the unit as defined in § 403.2.4.3 need not be modeled explicitly for this system. The fan shall cycle with calls for heating or cooling. 11. Chilled water systems shall be modeled using a reciprocating chiller for systems with total cooling capacities less than 175 tons, and centrifugal chillers for systems with cooling capacities of 175 tons or greater. For systems with cooling or 600 ton or more, the Energy Cost Budget shall be calculated using two centrifugal chillers lead/lag controlled. Chilled water pumps shall be sized using a 12 °F temperature rise, from 44 °F to 56 °F operating at 65 feed of head and 65% combined impeller and motor efficiency. Condenser water pumps shall be sized using a 10 °F temperature rise, operating at 60 feet of head and 60% combined impeller and motor efficiency. The cooling tower shall be an open circuit, centrifugal blower type sized for the larger of 85 °F leaving water temperature or 10 °F approach to design wet bulb temperature. The tower shall be controlled to provide a 65 °F leaving water temperature whenever weather conditions permit, floating up to design leaving water temperature at design conditions. Chilled water supply temperature shall be reset in accordance with § 434.518. 12. Hot water system shall include a natural draft fossil fuel or electric boiler per Note 8. The hot water pump shall be sized based on a 30 °F temperature drop, for 18 °F to 150 °F, operating at 60 feet of head and a combined impeller and motor efficiency of 60%. Hot water supply temperature shall be reset in accordance with § 434.518. 517.5 Equipment Sizing and Redundant Equipment. 517.6 For calculating the Design Energy Consumption, actual air flow rates and installed equipment size shall be used in the simulation, except that excess capacity provided to meet process loads need not be modeled unless the process load was not modeled in setting Energy Cost Budget. Equipment sizing in the simulation of the Proposed Design shall correspond to the equipment actually selected for the design and the designer shall not use equipment sized automatically by the simulation tool. 517.6.1 Redundant or emergency equipment need not be simulated if it is controlled to not be operated during normal operations of the building. § 434.518 Service water heating. 518.1 The service water loads for Prototype and Reference Buildings are defined in terms of Btu/h per person in Table 518.1.1, Service Hot Water Quantities. The service water heating loads from Table 518.1.1 are prescribed assumptions for multi-family high-rise residential buildings and default assumptions for all other buildings. The same service water heating load assumptions shall be made in calculating Design Energy Consumption as were used in calculating the Energy Cost Budget. Table 518.1.1—Service Hot water Quantities Building type Btu/person-hour 1 Assembly 215 Office 175 Retail 135 Warehouse 225 School 215 Hotel/Motel 1110 Restaurant 390 Health 135 Multi-family High Rise Residential 2 1 2 518.2 The service water heating system, including piping losses for the Prototype Building, shall be modeled using the methods of the RS-47 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) using a system that meets all requirements of subsection 404. The service water heating equipment for the Prototype or Reference Building shall be either an electric heat pump or natural gas, or if natural gas is not available at the site, #2 fuel oil. Exception: If electric resistance service water heating is preferable to an electric heat pump when analyzed according to the criteria of § 434.404.1.4 or when service water temperatures exceeding 145 °F are required for a particular application, electric resistance water heating may be used. § 434.519 Controls. 519.1 All occupied conditioned spaces in the Prototype, Reference and Proposed Design Buildings in all climates shall be simulated as being both heated and cooled. The assumptions in this subsection are prescribed assumptions. If the Proposed Design does not include equipment for cooling or heating, the Design Energy Consumption shall be determined by the specifications for calculating the Energy Cost Budget as described in Table 517.4.1 HVAC System Description for Prototype and Reference Buildings. Exceptions to 519.1 are as follows: 519.1.1 If a building is to be provided with only heating or cooling, both the Prototype or Reference Building and the Proposed Design shall be simulated, using the same assumptions. Such an assumption cannot be made unless the building interior temperature meets the comfort criteria of RS-2 (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) at least 98% of the occupied hours during the year. 519.1.2 If warehouses are not intended to be mechanically cooled, both the Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Consumption shall be modeled assuming no mechanical cooling; and 519.1.3 In climates where winter design temperature (97.5% occurrence) is greater than 59 °F, space heating need not be modeled. 519.2 Space temperature controls for the Prototype or Reference Building, except multi-family high-rise residential buildings, shall be set at 70 °F for space heating and 75 °F for space cooling with a deadband per subsection 403.2.6.3. The system shut off during off-hours shall be according to the schedule in Table 515.2, except that the heating system shall cycle on if any space should drop below the night setback setting of 55 °F. There shall be no similar setpoint during the cooling season. Lesser deadband ranges may be used in calculating the Design Energy Consumption. Exceptions to 519.2 are as follows: (a) Setback shall not be modeled in determining either the Energy Cost Budget or Design Energy Cost if setback is not realistic for the Proposed Design, such as 24-hour/day operations. Health facilities need not have night setback during the heating season; and (b) Hotel/motels and multi-family high-rise residential buildings shall have a night setback temperature of 60 °F from 11:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. during the heating season; and (c) If deadband controls are not to be installed, the Design Energy Cost shall be calculated with both heating and cooling thermostat setpoints set to the same value between 70 °F and 75 °F inclusive, assumed to be constant for the year. 519.2.1 For multi-family buildings, the thermostat schedule for the dwelling units shall be as in Table 519.1.2, Thermostat Settings for Multi-Family High-rise Buildings. The Prototype Building shall use the single zone schedule. The Proposed Design shall use the two-zone schedule only if zonal thermostatic controls are provided. For Proposed Designs that use heat pumps employing supplementary heat, the controls used to switch on the auxiliary heat source during morning warm-up periods shall be simulated accurately. The thermostat assumptions for multi-family high-rise buildings are prescribed assumptions. 519.3 When providing for outdoor air ventilation in calculating the Energy Cost Budget, controls shall be assumed to close the outside air intake to reduce the flow of outside air to 0 cfm during setback and unoccupied periods. Ventilation using inside air may still be required to maintain scheduled setback temperature. Outside air ventilation, during occupied periods, shall be as required by RS-41, (incorporated by reference, see § 434.701) or the Proposed Design, whichever is greater. 519.4 If humidification is to be used in the Proposed Design, the same level of humidification and system type shall be used in the Prototype or Reference Building. If dehumidification requires subcooling of supply air, then reheat for the Prototype or Reference Building shall be from recovered waste heat such as condenser waste heat. Table 519.1.2—Thermostat Settings for Multi-Family High-Rise Residential Buildings Time of day Single zone dwelling unit Two zone dwelling unit Heat Cool Bedrooms/bathrooms Other rooms Heat Cool Heat Cool Midnight-6 a.m. 60 78 60 78 60 85 6 a.m.-9 a.m. 70 78 70 78 70 78 9 a.m.-5 p.m. 70 78 60 85 70 78 5 p.m.-11 p.m. 70 78 70 78 70 78 11 p.m.-Midnight 60 78 60 78 60 78 § 434.520 Speculative buildings. 520.1 Lighting. The interior lighting power allowance (ILPA) for calculating the Energy Cost Budget shall be determined from Table 401.3.2a. The Design Energy Consumption may be based on an assumed adjusted lighting power for future lighting improvements. 520.2 The assumption about future lighting power used to calculate the Design Energy Consumption must be documented so that the future installed lighting systems may be in compliance with these standards. Documentation must be provided to enable future lighting systems to use either the Prescriptive method or the Systems Performance method of subsection 401.3. 520.3 Documentation for future lighting systems that use subsection 401.3 shall be stated as a maximum adjusted lighting power for the tenant spaces. The adjusted lighting power allowance for tenant spaces shall account for the lighting power provided for the common areas of the building. 520.4 Documentation for future lighting systems that use subsection 401.3 shall be stated as a required lighting adjustment. The required lighting adjustment is the whole building lighting power assumed in order to calculate the Design Energy Consumption minus the ILPA value from Table 401.3.2c that was used to calculate the Energy Cost Budget. When the required lighting adjustment is less than zero, a complete lighting design must be developed for one or more representative tenant spaces, demonstrating acceptable lighting within the limits of the assumed lighting power allowance. 520.5 HVAC Systems and Equipment. If the HVAC system is not completely specified in the plans, the Design Energy Consumption shall be based on reasonable assumptions about the construction of future HVAC systems and equipment. These assumptions shall be documented so that future HVAC systems and equipment may be in compliance with these standards. § 434.521 The simulation tool. 521.1 Annual energy consumption shall be simulated with a multi-zone, 8760 hours per year building energy model. The model shall account for: 521.1.1 The dynamic heat transfer of the building envelope such as solar and internal gains; 521.1.2 Equipment efficiencies as a function of load and climate; 521.1.3 Lighting and HVAC system controls and distribution systems by simulating the whole building; 521.1.4 The operating schedule of the building including night setback during various times of the year; and 521.1.5 Energy consumption information at a level necessary to determine the Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Cost through the appropriate utility rate schedules. 521.1.6 While the simulation tool should simulate an entire year on an hour by hour basis (8760 hours), programs that approximate this dynamic analysis procedure and provide equivalent results are acceptable. 521.1.7 Simulation tools shall be selected for their ability to simulate accurately the relevant features of the building in question, as shown in the tool's documentation. For example, a single-zone model shall not be used to simulate a large, multi-zone building, and a steady-state model such as the degree-day method shall not be used to simulate buildings when equipment efficiency or performance is significantly affected by the dynamic patterns of weather, solar radiation, and occupancy. Relevant energy-related features shall be addressed by a model such as daylighting, atriums or sunspaces, night ventilation or thermal storage, chilled water storage or heat recovery, active or passive solar systems, zoning and controls of heating and cooling systems, and ground-coupled buildings. In addition, models shall be capable of translating the Design Energy Consumption into energy cost using actual utility rate schedules with the coincidental electrical demand of a building. Examples of public domain models capable of handling such complex building systems and energy cost translations available in the United States are DOE—2.1C and BLAST 3.0 and in Canada, Energy Systems Analysis Series. 521.1.8 All simulation tools shall use scientifically justifiable documented techniques and procedures for modeling building loads, systems, and equipment. The algorithms used in the program shall have been verified by comparison with experimental measurements, loads, systems, and equipment. Subpart F—Building Energy Compliance Alternative § 434.601 General. 601.1 This subpart provides an alternative path for compliance with the standards that allow for greater flexibility in the design of energy efficient buildings using an annual energy use method. This path provides an opportunity for the use of innovative designs, materials, and equipment such as daylighting, passive solar heating, and heat recovery, that may not be adequately evaluated by methods found in subpart D. 601.2 The Building Energy Compliance Alternative shall be used with subpart C and subpart D, 401.1, 401.2, 401.3.4 and in conjunction with the minimum requirements found in subsections 402.1, 402.2, and 402.3., 403.1, 403.2.1-7, 403.2.9 and 404. 601.3 Compliance under this section is demonstrated by showing that the calculated annual energy usage for the Proposed Design is less than or equal to a calculated Energy Use Budget. (See Figure 601.3, Building Energy Compliance Alternative). The analytical procedures in this subpart are only for determining design compliance, and are not to be used either to predict, document or verify annual energy consumption. 601.4 Compliance under the Building Energy Use Budget method requires a detailed energy analysis, using a conventional simulation tool, of the Proposed Design. A life cycle cost analysis shall be used to select the fuel source for the HVAC systems, service hot water, and process loads from available alternatives. The Annual Energy Consumption of the Proposed Design with the life cycle cost-effective fuel selection is calculated to determine the modeled energy consumption, called the Design Energy Use. 601.5 The Design Energy Use is defined as the energy that is consumed within the five foot line of a proposed building per ft 2 601.6 Compliance. 601.7 This section provides instructions for determining the Design Energy Use and for calculating the Energy Use Budget. The Energy Use Budget is the highest allowable calculated annual energy consumption for a specified building design. Designers are encouraged to design buildings whose Design Energy Use is lower than the Energy Use Budget. § 434.602 Determination of the annual energy budget. 602.1 The Energy Use Budget shall be calculated for the appropriate Prototype or Reference Building in accordance with the procedures prescribed in subsection 502 with the following exceptions: The Energy Use Budget shall be stated in units of Btu/ft 2 602.2 The Energy Use Budget is calculated similarly for the Reference or Prototype Building using equation 602.2. Where EUB 1 2 i 1 2 i Table 602.2—Fuel Conversion Factors, for Computing Design Annual Energy Uses Fuels Conversion factor Electricity 3412 Btu/kilowatt hour. Fuel Oil 138,700 Btu/gallon. Natural Gas 1,031,000 Btu/1000 ft 2 Liquified Petroleum (including Propane and Butane) 95,5000 Btu/gallon. Anthracite Coal 28,300,000 Btu/short ton. Bituminous Coal 24,580,000 Btu/short ton. Purchase Steam and Steam from Central Plants 1,000 Btu/Pound. High Temperature or Medium Temperature Water from Central Plants Use the heat value based on the water actually delivered at the building five foot line. Note: § 434.603 Determination of the design energy use. 603.1 The Design Energy Use shall be calculated by modeling the Proposed Design using the same methods, assumptions, climate data, and simulation tool as were used to establish the Energy Use Budget, but with the design features that will be used in the final building design. The simulation tool used shall segregate the calculated energy consumption by fuel type giving an annual Design Energy Use for each fuel. The sum of the Design Energy Uses multiplied by the fuel conversion factors in Table 602.2 yields the Design Energy Use for the proposed design: Where f 1 2 i 603.2 Required Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Fuel Selection. 603.2.1 Fuel sources selected for the Proposed Design and Prototype or Reference buildings shall be determined by considering the energy cost and other costs and cost savings that occur during the expected economic life of the alternative. 603.2.2 The designer shall use the procedures set forth in subpart A of 10 CFR part 436 to make this determination. The fuel selection life cycle cost analysis shall include the following steps: 603.2.2.1 Determine the feasible alternatives for energy sources of the Proposed Design's HVAC systems, service hot water, and process loads. 603.2.2.2 Model the Proposed Design including the alternative HVAC and service water systems and conduct an annual energy analysis for each fuel source alternative using the simulation tool specified in this section. The annual energy analysis shall be computed on a monthly basis in conformance with subpart E with the exception that all process loads shall be included in the calculation. Separate the output of the analysis by fuel type. 603.2.2.3 Determine the unit price of each fuel using information from the utility or other reliable local source. During rapid changes in fuel prices it is recommended that an average fuel price for the previous twelve months be used in lieu of the current price. Calculate the annual energy cost of each energy source alternative in accordance with procedures in subpart E for the Design Energy Cost. Estimate the initial cost of the HVAC and service water systems and other initial costs such as energy distribution lines and service connection fees associated with each fuel source alternative. Estimate other costs and benefits for each alternative including, but not necessarily limited to, annual maintenance and repair, periodic and one time major repairs and replacements and salvage of the energy and service water systems. Cost estimates shall be prepared using professionally recognized cost estimating tools, guides and techniques. 603.2.2.4 Perform a life cycle cost analysis using the procedure specified in subsection 603.2. 603.2.2.5 Compare the total life cycle cost of each energy source alternative. The alternative with the lowest total life cycle cost shall be chosen as the energy source for the proposed design. § 434.604 Compliance. 604.1 Compliance with this section is demonstrated if the Design Energy Use is equal to or less than the Energy Use Budget. 604.2 The energy consumption shall be measured at the building five foot line for all fuels. Energy consumed from non-depletable energy sources and heat recovery systems shall not be included in the Design Energy Use calculations. The thermal efficiency of fixtures, equipment, systems or plants in the proposed design shall be simulated by the selected calculation tool. § 434.605 Standard Calculation Procedure. 605.1 The Standard Calculation Procedure consists of methods and assumptions for calculating the Energy Use Budgets for Prototype and Reference Buildings and the Energy Use for the Proposed Design. In order to maintain consistency between the Energy Use Budgets and the Design Energy Use, the input assumptions stated in subsection 510.2 are to be used. 605.2 The terms Energy Cost Budget and Design Energy Cost or Design Energy Consumption used in subpart E of this part correlate to Energy Use Budget and Design Energy Use, respectively, in subpart F of this part. § 434.606 Simulation tool. 606.1 The criteria established in subsection 521 for the selection of a simulation tool shall be followed when using the compliance path prescribed in subpart F of this part. § 434.607 Life cycle cost analysis criteria. 607.1 The following life cycle cost criteria applies to the fuel selection requirements of this subpart and to option life cycle cost analyses performed to evaluate energy conservation design alternatives. The fuel source(s) selection shall be made in accordance with the requirements of subpart A of 10 CFR part 436. When performing optional life cycle cost analyses of energy conservation opportunities the designer may use the life cycle cost procedures of subpart A of 10 CFR part 436 or OMB Circular 1-94 or an equivalent procedure that meets the assumptions listed below: 607.1.1 The economic life of the Prototype Building and Proposed Design shall be 25 years. Anticipated replacements or renovations of energy related features and systems in the Prototype or Reference Building and Proposed Design during this period shall be included in their respective life cycle cost calculations. 607.1.2 The designer shall follow established professional cost estimating practices when determining the costs and benefits associated with the energy related features of the Prototype or Reference Building and Proposed Design. 607.1.3 All costs shall be expressed in current dollars. General inflation shall be disregarded. Differential escalation of prices (prices estimated to rise faster or slower than general inflation) for energy used in the life cycle cost calculations shall be those in effect at the time of the latest “Annual Energy Outlook” (DOE/EIA-0383) as published by the Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration. 607.1.4 The economic effects of taxes, depreciation and other factors not consistent with the practices of subpart A of 10 CFR part 436 shall not be included in the life cycle cost calculation. Subpart G—Reference Standards § 434.701 General. 701.1 General. Federal Register. http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. Ref. No. Standard designation CFR section RS-1 ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, and Addenda 90.1b-1992, 90.1c-1993, 90.1d-1992, 90.1e-1992, 90.1f-1995, 90.1g-1993, 90.1i-1993, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 434.301.1; 434.402.1.2.4; 434.402.4.2; 434.403.2.1. RS-2 ANSI/ASHRAE 55-1992 including addenda 55a-1995, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 434.301.2; 434.519.1.1. RS-3 NEMA MG1-1993, “Motors and Generators,” Revision No. 1, December 7, 1993, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209 434.401.2.1. RS-4 ASHRAE, Handbook, 1993 Fundamentals Volume, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 434.402.1.1; 434.402.1.2.1; 434.402.1.2.2; 434.402.1.2.4; 434.402.2.2.5. RS-5 ASTM C 177-85 (Reapproved 1993), Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.1.1; 434.402.1.2.1; 434.402.1.2.2. RS-6 ASTM C 518-91, Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.1.1; 434.402.1.2.1; Table 402.1.2.2; Table 403.2.9.2. RS-7 ASTM C 236-89 (Reapproved 1993), Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.1.1; 434.402.1.2.1; 434.402.1.2.2. RS-8 ASTM C 976-90, Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated Hot Box, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.1.1; 434.402.1.2.1; 434.402.1.2.2. RS-9 Report TVAHB-3007, 1981, “Thermal Bridges in Sheet Metal Construction” by Gudni Johannesson. Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden 434.402.1.2.3. RS-10 ASTM E 283-91, Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Difference Across the Specimen, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.2; 434.402.2.1. RS-11 ANSI/AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97, Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors, American Architectural Manufacturers Association, 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 104, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4628 434.402.2.1; 434.402.2.2.4. RS-12 ASTM D 4099-95, Standard Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Prime Windows/Sliding Glass Doors, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 434.402.2.1. RS-13 ANSI/AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97, Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl (PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors, National Wood Window and Door Association (formerly the National Woodwork Manufacturers Association), 1400 East Toughy Avenue, Suite 470, Des Plaines, IL 60018 434.402.2.1. RS-14 ANSI/NWWDA I.S.3-95, Wood Sliding Patio Doors, National Wood Window and Door Association (formerly the National Woodwork Manufacturers Association), 1400 East Toughy Avenue, Suite 470, Des Plaines, IL 60018 434.402.2.2.1. RS-15 ARI Standard 210/240-94, Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment 1994. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-16 ARI Standard 340/360-93, Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-Conditioning and Heat Pump Equipment 1993 edition. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-17 ARI 310/380-93, Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners and Heat Pumps, 1993 edition. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-18 NFRC 100-97, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Thermal Properties, National Fenestration Rating Council, Inc., 1300 Spring Street, Suite 500, Silver Spring, MD 20910 434.402.1.2.4. RS-19 NFRC 200—Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Solar Heat Gain Coefficients at Normal Incidence (1995) National Fenestration Rating Council, Inc., 1300 Spring Street, Suite 500, Silver Spring, MD 20910 434.402.1.2.4. RS-20 Reserved RS-21 Z21.47-1993, Gas-Fired Central Furnaces, including addenda Z21.47a-1995, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 434.403.1. RS-22 U.L. 727, including addendum dated January 30, 1996, Oil-Fired Central Furnaces (Eighth Edition) 1994, available from: Global Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL 60062, 1994. 434.403.1. RS-23 ANSI Z83.9-90, Including addenda Z83.9a-1992, Gas-Fired Duct Furnaces, 1990. (Addendum 90.1b) available from: Global Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704 434.403.1. RS-24 ANSI Z83.8-96, Gas Unit Heater and Gas-Fired Duct Furnaces, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 434.403.1. RS-25 U.L. 731, Oil-Fired Unit Heaters (Fifth Edition) 1995 available from: Global Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL 60062 434.403.1. RS-26 CTI Standard-201, Standard for the Certification of Water-Cooling Towers Thermal Performance, November 1996, Cooling Tower Institute, P.O. Box 73383, Houston, TX 77273 434.403.1. RS-27 ARI Standard 320-93, Water-Source Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-28 ARI Standard 325-93, Ground Water-Source Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-29 ARI Standard 365-94, Commercial and Industrial Unitary Air-Conditioning Condensing Units, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-30 ARI Standard 550-92, Centrifugal and Rotary Screw Water-Chilling Packages, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-31 ARI Standard 590-92, Positive Displacement Compressor Water-Chilling Packages, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 434.403.1. RS-32 ANSI Z21.13-1991, including addenda Gas-Fired Low-Pressure Steam and Hot Water Boilers, Addenda Z21.13a-1993 and Z21-13b-1994, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 434.403.1. RS-33 ANSI/U.L. 726 (7th edition, 1995), Oil-Fired Boiler Assemblies, available from: Global Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL 60062 434.403.1. RS-34 HVAC Duct Construction Standards—Metal and Flexible, 2nd edition, 1995, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors' National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151 434.403.2.9.3. RS-35 HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual, 1st edition, 1985, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors' National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151 434.403.2.9.3; 434.403.1. RS-36 Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, 6th edition, 1992, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc., 4201 Lafayette Center Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151 434.403.2.9.3. RS-37 Reserved RS-38 ANSI Z21.56-1994, Gas-Fired Pool Heaters; Addenda Z21.56a-1996, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036; American Gas Association, 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 Table 404.1. RS-39 ANSI Z21.10.3-1993, Gas Water Heaters, Volume III, Storage with Input Ratings above 75,000 Btu's per Hour, Circulating and Instantaneous Water Heaters, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036; American Gas Association, 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 Table 404.1; 434.404.1.1. RS-40 ANSI/AHAM RAC-1-1992, Room Air Conditioners, Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60606 434.403.1. RS-41 ASHRAE Standard 62-1989, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tulle Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329 434.403.2.4; 434.403.2.8; 434.519.3. RS-42 ANSI Z21.66-1996, Automatic Vent Damper Devices for Use with Gas-Fired Appliances, available from: Global Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5704. 434.404.1. RS-43 NEMA MG 10-1994, Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors, National Electric Manufacturers Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209 434.401.2.1. RS-44 NEMA MG 11-1977 (Revised 1982, 1987, Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of Single-Phase Motors, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209 434.401.2.1. RS-45 ARI Standard 330-93, Ground-Source Closed-Loop Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22209 434.403.1. RS-46 ARI Standard 560-92, Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22209 434.403.1. RS-47 ASHRAE, Handbook, HVAC Applications; I-P Edition, 1995, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 434.518.2. [65 FR 60012, Oct. 6, 2000, as amended at 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004]

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