14 CFR Part 450 — Launch and Reentry License Requirements

PART 450—LAUNCH AND REENTRY LICENSE REQUIREMENTS Authority: 51 U.S.C. 50901-50923. Source: Docket No. FAA-2019-0229, Amdt. 450-2, 85 FR 79719, Dec. 10, 202085 FR 79739, Dec. 10, 2020, unless otherwise noted. Subpart A—General Information § 450.1 Applicability. This part prescribes requirements for obtaining and maintaining a license to launch, reenter, or both launch and reenter, a launch or reentry vehicle. § 450.3 Scope of a vehicle operator license. (a) General. (b) Scope of launch. (1) Launch begins when hazardous pre-flight operations commence at a U.S. launch site that may pose a threat to the public. Hazardous pre-flight operations that may pose a threat to the public include pressurizing or loading of propellants into the vehicle, operations involving a fueled launch vehicle, the transfer of energy necessary to initiate flight, or any hazardous activity preparing the vehicle for flight. Hazardous pre-flight operations do not include the period between the end of the previous launch and launch vehicle reuse, when the vehicle is in a safe and dormant state. (2) At a non-U.S. launch site, launch begins at ignition or at the first movement that initiates flight, whichever occurs earlier. (3) Launch ends when any of the following events occur: (i) For an orbital launch of a vehicle without a reentry of the vehicle, launch ends after the licensee's last exercise of control over its vehicle on orbit, after vehicle component impact or landing on Earth, after activities necessary to return the vehicle or component to a safe condition on the ground after impact or landing, or after activities necessary to return the site to a safe condition, whichever occurs latest; (ii) For an orbital launch of a vehicle with a reentry of the vehicle, launch ends after deployment of all payloads, upon completion of the vehicle's first steady-state orbit if there is no payload deployment, after vehicle component impact or landing on Earth, after activities necessary to return the vehicle or component to a safe condition on the ground after impact or landing, or after activities necessary to return the site to a safe condition, whichever occurs latest; (iii) For a suborbital launch that includes a reentry, launch ends after reaching apogee; (iv) For a suborbital launch that does not include a reentry, launch ends after vehicle or vehicle component impact or landing on Earth, after activities necessary to return the vehicle or vehicle component to a safe condition on the ground after impact or landing, or after activities necessary to return the site to a safe condition, whichever occurs latest. (c) Scope of reentry. (d) Application requirements. § 450.5 Issuance of a vehicle operator license. (a) The FAA issues a vehicle operator license to an applicant who has obtained all approvals and determinations required under this part for a license. (b) A vehicle operator license authorizes a licensee to conduct launches or reentries, in accordance with the representations contained in the licensee's application, with subparts C and D of this part, and subject to the licensee's compliance with terms and conditions contained in license orders accompanying the license, including financial responsibility requirements. § 450.7 Duration of a vehicle operator license. A vehicle operator license is valid for the period of time determined by the Administrator as necessary to conduct the licensed activity but may not exceed 5 years from the issuance date. § 450.9 Additional license terms and conditions. The FAA may modify a vehicle operator license at any time by modifying or adding license terms and conditions to ensure compliance with the Act and regulations. § 450.11 Transfer of a vehicle operator license. (a) Only the FAA may transfer a vehicle operator license. (b) Either the holder of a vehicle operator license or the prospective transferee may request a vehicle operator license transfer. (c) Both the holder and prospective transferee must agree to the transfer. (d) An applicant for transfer of a vehicle operator license must submit a license application in accordance with part 413 of this chapter and must meet the requirements of part 450 of this chapter. (e) The FAA will transfer a license to an applicant that has obtained all of the approvals and determinations required under this part for a license. In conducting its reviews and issuing approvals and determinations, the FAA may incorporate by reference any findings made part of the record to support the initial licensing determination. The FAA may modify a license to reflect any changes necessary as a result of a license transfer. (f) The FAA will provide written notice of its determination to the person requesting the vehicle operator license transfer. § 450.13 Rights not conferred by a vehicle operator license. Issuance of a vehicle operator license does not relieve a licensee of its obligation to comply with all applicable requirements of law or regulation that may apply to its activities, nor does issuance confer any proprietary, property, or exclusive right in the use of any Federal launch or reentry site or related facilities, airspace, or outer space. Subpart B—Requirements to Obtain a Vehicle Operator License § 450.31 General. (a) To obtain a vehicle operator license, an applicant must— (1) Submit a license application in accordance with the procedures in part 413 of this chapter; (2) Obtain a policy approval from the Administrator in accordance with § 450.41; (3) Obtain a favorable payload determination from the Administrator in accordance with § 450.43, if applicable; (4) Obtain a safety approval from the Administrator in accordance with § 450.45; (5) Satisfy the environmental review requirements of § 450.47; and (6) Provide the information required by appendix A of part 440 for the Administrator to conduct a maximum probable loss analysis for the applicable licensed operation. (b) An applicant may apply for the approvals and determinations in paragraphs (a)(2) through (6) of this section separately or all together in one complete application, using the application procedures contained in part 413 of this chapter. (c) An applicant may also apply for a safety approval in an incremental manner, in accordance with § 450.33. (d) An applicant may reference materials previously provided as part of a license application in order to meet the application requirements of this part. § 450.33 Incremental review and determinations. An applicant may submit its application for a safety review in modules using an incremental approach approved by the Administrator. (a) An applicant must identify to the Administrator, prior to submitting an application, whether it will submit a modular application for any approval or determination. (b) An applicant using an incremental approach must have the approach approved by the Administrator prior to submitting an application. In reviewing a proposed approach, the Administrator will consider the following: (1) Whether the modules can be reviewed independently; and (2) Whether the modules will be submitted in a workable chronological order. (c) The Administrator may make incremental determinations as part of this review process. § 450.35 Means of compliance. (a) Prior to application acceptance, a means of compliance must be accepted by the Administrator for the following: (1) Section 450.115(b)(1) regarding flight safety analyses; (2) Section 450.139(e)(1) regarding toxic hazards for flight; (3) Section 450.145(b) regarding highly-reliable flight safety system; (4) Section 450.163(a)(1) regarding lightning hazard mitigation; and (5) Section 450.187(e)(1) regarding toxic hazards mitigation for ground operations. (b) A person requesting acceptance of a proposed means of compliance outside a license application must submit the proposed means of compliance to the FAA in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator. § 450.37 Equivalent level of safety. (a) An applicant must demonstrate compliance with each requirement of this part, unless the applicant clearly and convincingly demonstrates that an alternative approach provides an equivalent level of safety to the requirement of this part. (b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to § 450.101(a), (b), (c)(1) and (3), (d), (e)(1), and (g). § 450.39 Use of safety element approval. If an applicant proposes to use any vehicle, safety system, process, service, or personnel for which the FAA has issued a safety element approval under part 414 of this chapter, the FAA will not reevaluate that safety element during a license application evaluation to the extent its use is within its approved scope. § 450.41 Policy review and approval. (a) General. (b) Interagency consultation. (2) The FAA consults with the Department of State to determine whether a license application presents any issues affecting U.S. foreign policy interests or international obligations. (3) The FAA consults with other Federal agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, authorized to address issues identified under paragraph (a) of this section, associated with an applicant's proposal. (c) Issues during policy review. (d) Denial of policy approval. (e) Application requirements for policy review. (1) Identify the model, type, and configuration of any vehicle proposed for launch or reentry by the applicant; (2) Describe the vehicle by characteristics that include individual stages, their dimensions, type and amounts of all propellants, and maximum thrust; (3) Identify foreign ownership of the applicant as follows: (i) For a sole proprietorship or partnership, identify all foreign ownership; (ii) For a corporation, identify any foreign ownership interests of 10 percent or more; and (iii) For a joint venture, association, or other entity, identify any participating foreign entities; and (4) Identify the proposed vehicle flight profile, including: (i) Launch or reentry site, including any contingency abort locations; (ii) Flight azimuths, trajectories, and associated ground tracks and instantaneous impact points for the duration of the licensed activity, including any contingency abort profiles; (iii) Sequence of planned events or maneuvers during flight; (iv) Normal impact or landing areas for all mission hardware; and (v) For each orbital mission, the range of intermediate and final orbits of each vehicle upper stage and their estimated orbital lifetimes. § 450.43 Payload review and determination. (a) General. (1) The applicant, payload owner, or payload operator has obtained all required licenses, authorizations, and permits; and (2) Its launch or reentry would not jeopardize public health and safety, safety of property, U.S. national security or foreign policy interests, or international obligations of the United States. (b) Relationship to other executive agencies. (1) Those aspects of payloads that are subject to regulation by the Federal Communications Commission or the Department of Commerce; or (2) Payloads owned or operated by the U.S. Government. (c) Classes of payloads. (d) Payload owner or payload operator may apply. (e) Interagency consultation. (1) The Department of Defense to determine whether launch or reentry of a proposed payload or payload class would present any issues affecting U.S. national security; (2) The Department of State to determine whether launch or reentry of a proposed payload or payload class would present any issues affecting U.S. foreign policy interests or international obligations; or (3) Other Federal agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, authorized to address issues of public health and safety, safety of property, U.S. national security or foreign policy interests, or international obligations of the United States, associated with the launch or reentry of a proposed payload or payload class. (f) Issues during payload review. (g) Denial of a payload determination. (h) Incorporation of payload determination in license application. (i) Application requirements. (1) For launch of a payload: (i) Payload name or class of payload, and function; (ii) Description, including physical dimensions, weight, composition, and any hosted payloads; (iii) Payload owner and payload operator, if different from the person requesting payload review and determination; (iv) Any foreign ownership of the payload or payload operator, as specified in § 450.41(e)(3); (v) Hazardous materials as defined in § 401.7 of this chapter, radioactive materials, and the amounts of each; (vi) Explosive potential of payload materials, alone and in combination with other materials found on the payload; (vii) For orbital launches, parameters for parking, transfer and final orbits, and approximate transit times to final orbit; (viii) Delivery point in flight at which the payload will no longer be under the licensee's control; (ix) Intended operations during the lifetime of the payload, including anticipated life span and any planned disposal; (x) Any encryption associated with data storage on the payload and transmissions to or from the payload; and (xi) Any other information necessary to make a determination based on public health and safety, safety of property, U.S. national security or foreign policy interests, or international obligations of the United States. (2) For reentry of a payload: (i) Payload name or class of payload, and function; (ii) Physical characteristics, dimensions, and weight of the payload; (iii) Payload owner and payload operator, if different from the person requesting the payload review and determination; (iv) Type, amount, and container of hazardous materials and radioactive materials in the payload; (v) Explosive potential of payload materials, alone and in combination with other materials found on the payload or reentry vehicle during reentry; and (vi) Designated reentry site. § 450.45 Safety review and approval. (a) General. (b) Services or property provided by a Federal launch or reentry site. (c) Issues during safety review. (d) Denial of a safety approval. (e) Application requirements. (1) General. (i) Contain a glossary of unique terms and acronyms used in alphabetical order; (ii) Contain a listing of all referenced material; (iii) Use equations and mathematical relationships derived from or referenced to a recognized standard or text, and define all algebraic parameters; (iv) Include the units of all numerical values provided; and (v) Include a legend or key that identifies all symbols used for any schematic diagrams. (2) Site description. (i) Boundaries of the site; (ii) Launch or landing point locations, including latitude and longitude; (iii) Identity of any site operator; and (iv) Identity of any facilities at the site that will be used for pre- or post-flight ground operations. (3) Vehicle description. (i) A written description of the vehicle or family of vehicles, including structural, thermal, pneumatic, propulsion, electrical, and avionics and guidance systems used in each vehicle, and all propellants. The description must include a table specifying the type and quantities of all hazardous materials on each vehicle and must include propellants, explosives, and toxic materials; and (ii) A drawing of each vehicle that identifies: (A) Each stage, including strap-on motors; (B) Physical dimensions and weight; (C) Location of all safety-critical systems; (D) Location of all major vehicle control systems, propulsion systems, pressure vessels, and any other hardware that contains potential hazardous energy or hazardous material; and (E) For an unguided suborbital launch vehicle, the location of the vehicle's center of pressure in relation to its center of gravity for the entire flight profile. (4) Mission schedule. (5) Human space flight. (6) Radionuclides. (i) Identify the type and quantity; (ii) Include a reference list of all documentation addressing the safety of its intended use; and (iii) Describe all approvals by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for pre-flight ground operations. (7) Additional material. (i) Any information incorporated by reference in the license application; and (ii) Additional products that allow the FAA to conduct an independent safety analysis. [Docket No. FAA-2019-0229, Amdt. 450-2, 85 FR 79719, Dec. 10, 2020; 85 FR 79739, Dec. 10, 2020, as amended by Doc. No. FAA-2023-1656, Amdt. No. 450-3, 89 FR 76729, Sept. 19, 2024] § 450.47 Environmental review. (a) General. (b) Environmental Impact Statement or Environmental Assessment. (1) Prepare an Environmental Assessment with FAA oversight; (2) Assume financial responsibility for preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement by an FAA-selected and -managed consultant contractor; or (3) Submit information to support a written re-evaluation of a previously submitted Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement. (c) Categorical exclusion. (d) Application requirements. Subpart C—Safety Requirements Safety Criteria § 450.101 Safety criteria. (a) Launch risk criteria. (1) Collective risk. C (i) The risk to all members of the public, excluding persons in aircraft and neighboring operations personnel, must not exceed an expected number of 1 × 10 − 4 (ii) The risk to all neighboring operations personnel must not exceed an expected number of 2 × 10 − 4 (2) Individual risk. C (i) The risk to any individual member of the public, excluding neighboring operations personnel, must not exceed a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 6 (ii) The risk to any individual neighboring operations personnel must not exceed a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 5 (3) Aircraft risk. − 6 (4) Risk to critical assets. (A) For each critical asset, except for a critical payload, 1 × 10 − 3 (B) For each critical payload, 1 × 10 − 4 (ii) The Administrator will consult with relevant Federal agencies, and each agency will identify, for purposes of this part, any critical assets that the agency owns or otherwise depends on. For purposes of this part, the Administrator will accept any identification by the Secretary of Defense that an asset is critical to national security. (iii) The Administrator or Federal site operator will notify the licensee of any risk to critical assets above the risk criteria in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section. (iv) The Administrator may determine, in consultation with relevant Federal agencies, that a more stringent probability is necessary to protect the national interests of the United States. (v) The risk criteria in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section do not apply to property, facilities, or infrastructure supporting the launch that are within the public area distance, as defined in part 420, appendix E, tables E1 and E2 or associated formulae, of the vehicle's launch point. (b) Reentry risk criteria. (1) Collective risk. C (i) The risk to all members of the public, excluding persons in aircraft and neighboring operations personnel, must not exceed an expected number of 1 × 10 − 4 (ii) The risk to all neighboring operations personnel must not exceed an expected number of 2 × 10 − 4 (2) Individual risk. C (i) The risk to any individual member of the public, excluding neighboring operations personnel, must not exceed a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 6 (ii) The risk to any individual neighboring operations personnel must not exceed a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 5 (3) Aircraft risk. − 6 (4) Risk to critical assets. (A) For each critical asset, except for a critical payload, 1 × 10 − 3 (B) For each critical payload, 1 × 10 − 4 (ii) The Administrator will consult with relevant Federal agencies, and each agency will identify, for purposes of this part, any critical assets that the agency owns or otherwise depends on. For purposes of this part, the Administrator will accept any identification by the Secretary of Defense that an asset is critical to national security. (iii) The Administrator or Federal site operator will notify the licensee of any risk to critical assets above the risk criteria in paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section. (iv) The Administrator may determine, in consultation with relevant Federal agencies, that a more stringent probability is necessary to protect the national interests of the United States. (c) High consequence event protection. (1) Using flight abort as a hazard control strategy in accordance with the requirements of § 450.108; (2) Ensuring the consequence of any reasonably foreseeable failure mode, in any significant period of flight, is no greater than 1 × 10 − 3 (3) Establishing the launch or reentry vehicle has sufficient demonstrated reliability as agreed to by the Administrator based on conditional expected casualties criteria during that phase of flight. (d) Disposal safety criteria. (e) Protection of people and property on orbit. (2) For any launch vehicle stage or component that reaches Earth orbit, a launch operator must prevent the creation of debris through the conversion of energy sources into energy that fragments the stage or component, in accordance with the requirements in § 450.171. (f) Notification of planned impacts. (g) Validity of the analysis. System Safety Program § 450.103 System safety program. An operator must implement and document a system safety program throughout the lifecycle of a launch or reentry system that includes the following: (a) Safety organization. (1) Mission director. (2) Safety official. (i) Responsible for communicating potential safety and noncompliance issues to the mission director; and (ii) Authorized to examine all aspects of the operator's ground and flight safety operations, and to independently monitor compliance with the operator's safety policies, safety procedures, and licensing requirements. (3) Addressing safety official concerns. (b) Hazard management. (1) An operator must implement methods to assess the system to ensure the validity of the hazard control strategy determination and any flight hazard or flight safety analysis throughout the lifecycle of the launch or reentry system; (2) An operator must implement methods for communicating and implementing any updates throughout the organization; and (3) Additionally, an operator required to conduct a flight hazard analysis must implement a process for tracking hazards, risks, mitigation measures, and verification activities. (c) Configuration management and control. (1) Employ a process that tracks configurations of all safety-critical systems and documentation related to the operation; (2) Ensure the use of correct and appropriate versions of systems and documentation tracked in paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and (3) Document the configurations and versions identified in paragraph (c)(2) of this section for each licensed activity. (d) Post-flight data review. (1) Ensure consistency between the assumptions used for the hazard control strategy determination, any flight hazard or flight safety analyses, and associated mitigation and hazard control measures; (2) Resolve any inconsistencies identified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section prior to the next flight of the vehicle; (3) Identify any anomaly that may impact any flight hazard analysis, flight safety analysis, or safety-critical system, or is otherwise material to public safety; and (4) Address any anomaly identified in paragraph (d)(3) of this section prior to the next flight as necessary to ensure public safety, including updates to any flight hazard analysis, flight safety analysis, or safety-critical system. (e) Application requirements. (1) A description of the applicant's safety organization as required by paragraph (a) of this section, identifying the applicant's lines of communication and approval authority, both internally and externally, for all public safety decisions and the provision of public safety services; and (2) A summary of the processes and products identified in the system safety program requirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section. Hazard Control Strategies § 450.107 Hazard control strategies. (a) General. (b) Hazard control strategy determination. (1) All functional failures associated with reasonably foreseeable hazardous events that have the capability to create a hazard to the public; (2) Safety-critical systems; and (3) A timeline of all safety-critical events. (c) Flight hazard analysis. (d) Application requirements. (1) The results of the hazard control strategy determination, including— (i) All functional failures identified under paragraph (b)(1) of this section; (ii) The identification of all safety-critical systems; and (iii) A timeline of all safety-critical events. (2) A description of its hazard control strategy or strategies for each phase of flight. § 450.108 Flight abort. (a) Applicability. (b) Flight safety system. (1) Meets the requirements of § 450.145 if the consequence of any reasonably foreseeable failure mode in any significant period of flight is greater than 1 × 10 − 2 (2) Meets the requirements of § 450.143 if the consequence of any reasonably foreseeable failure mode in any significant period of flight is between 1 × 10 − 2 − 3 (c) Flight safety limits objectives. (1) To ensure compliance with the safety criteria of § 450.101(a) and (b); (2) To prevent continued flight from increasing risk in uncontrolled areas if the vehicle is unable to achieve a useful mission; (3) To prevent the vehicle from entering a period of materially increased public exposure in uncontrolled areas, including before orbital insertion, if a critical vehicle parameter is outside its pre-established expected range or indicates an inability to complete flight within the limits of a useful mission; (4) To prevent conditional expected casualties greater than 1 × 10 − 2 (5) To prevent the vehicle state from reaching identified conditions that are anticipated to compromise the capability of the flight safety system if further flight has the potential to violate a flight safety limit. (6) In lieu of paragraphs (c)(2) and (4) of this section, to prevent debris capable of causing a casualty due to any hazard from affecting uncontrolled areas using a flight safety system that complies with § 450.145. (d) Flight safety limits constraints. (1) Account for temporal and geometric extents on the Earth's surface of any reasonably foreseeable vehicle hazards under all reasonably foreseeable conditions during normal and malfunctioning flight; (2) Account for physics of hazard generation and transport including uncertainty; (3) Account for the potential to lose valid data necessary to evaluate the flight abort rules; (4) Account for the time delay, including uncertainties, between the violation of a flight abort rule and the time when the flight safety system is expected to activate; (5) Account in individual, collective, and conditional risk evaluations both for proper functioning of the flight safety system and failure of the flight safety system; (6) Are designed to avoid flight abort that results in increased collective risk to the public in uncontrolled areas, compared to continued flight; and (7) Ensure that any trajectory within the limits of a useful mission that is permitted to fly without abort would meet the collective risk criteria of § 450.101(a)(1) or (b)(1) when analyzed as if it were the planned mission in accordance with § 450.213(b)(2). (e) End of flight abort. (1) Flight abort would not materially decrease the risk from a high consequence event; and (2) There are no key flight safety events. (f) Flight abort rules. (1) Vehicle data required to evaluate flight abort rules must be available to the flight safety system under all reasonably foreseeable conditions during normal and malfunctioning flight. (2) The flight safety system must abort flight: (i) When valid, real-time data indicate the vehicle has violated any flight safety limit developed in accordance with this section; (ii) When the vehicle state approaches identified conditions that are anticipated to compromise the capability of the flight safety system and further flight has the potential to violate a flight safety limit; and (iii) In accordance with methods used to satisfy (d)(3) of this section, if tracking data is invalid and further flight has the potential to violate a flight safety limit. (g) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methods used to demonstrate compliance with paragraph (c) of this section, including descriptions of how each analysis constraint in paragraph (d) of this section is satisfied in accordance with § 450.115. (2) A description of how each flight safety limit and flight abort rule is evaluated and implemented during vehicle flight, including the quantitative criteria that will be used, a description of any critical parameters, and how the values required in paragraphs (c)(3) and (e) of this section are identified; (3) A graphic depiction or series of depictions of flight safety limits for a representative mission together with the launch or landing point, all uncontrolled area boundaries, the nominal trajectory, extents of normal flight, and limits of a useful mission trajectories, with all trajectories in the same projection as each of the flight safety limits; and (4) A description of the vehicle data that will be available to evaluate flight abort rules under all reasonably foreseeable conditions during normal and malfunctioning flight. § 450.109 Flight hazard analysis. (a) Applicability. (b) Analysis. (1) Identify all reasonably foreseeable hazards, and the corresponding failure mode for each hazard, associated with the launch or reentry system relevant to public safety, including those resulting from: (i) Vehicle operation, including staging and release; (ii) System, subsystem, and component failures or faults; (iii) Software operations; (iv) Environmental conditions; (v) Human factors; (vi) Design inadequacies; (vii) Procedure deficiencies; (viii) Functional and physical interfaces between subsystems, including any vehicle payload; (ix) Reuse of components or systems; and (x) Interactions of any of the above. (2) Assess each hazard's likelihood and severity. (3) Ensure that the likelihood of any hazardous condition that may cause death or serious injury to the public is extremely remote. (4) Identify and describe the risk elimination and mitigation measures required to satisfy paragraph (b)(3) of this section. (5) Document that the risk elimination and mitigation measures achieve the risk level of paragraph (b)(3) of this section through validation and verification. Verification includes: (i) Analysis; (ii) Test; (iii) Demonstration; or (iv) Inspection. (c) New Hazards. (d) Completeness Prior to Flight. (e) Updates. (f) Application requirements. (1) Flight hazard analysis products of paragraphs (b)(1) through (5) of this section, including data that verifies the risk elimination and mitigation measures resulting from the applicant's flight hazard analyses required by paragraph (b)(5) of this section; and (2) The criteria and techniques for identifying new hazards throughout the lifecycle of the launch or reentry system as required by paragraph (c) of this section. § 450.110 Physical containment. (a) Applicability. (b) Containment. (1) Develop the flight hazard area in accordance with § 450.133; (2) Ensure that the launch vehicle does not have sufficient energy for any hazards associated with its flight to reach outside the flight hazard area; (3) Ensure the hazard area is clear of the public and critical assets; and (4) Apply other mitigation measures necessary to ensure no public or critical asset exposure to hazards, such as control of public access or wind placards. (c) Application requirements. (1) A demonstration that the launch vehicle does not have sufficient energy for any hazards associated with its flight to reach outside the flight hazard area developed in accordance with § 450.133; and (2) A description of the methods used to ensure that flight hazard areas are cleared of the public and critical assets. § 450.111 Wind weighting. (a) Applicability. (b) Wind weighting safety system. (1) The launcher azimuth and elevation settings must be wind weighted to correct for the effects of wind conditions at the time of flight to provide impact locations that will ensure compliance with the safety criteria in § 450.101; and (2) An operator must use launcher azimuth and elevation angle settings that ensures the rocket will not fly in an unintended direction accounting for uncertainties in vehicle and launcher design and manufacturing, and atmospheric uncertainties. (c) Analysis. (1) Establish flight commit criteria and other flight safety rules that control the risk to the public from potential adverse effects resulting from normal and malfunctioning flight; (2) Establish any wind constraints under which flight may occur; and (3) Conduct a wind weighting analysis that establishes the launcher azimuth and elevation settings that correct for the windcocking and wind-drift effects on the unguided suborbital launch vehicle. (d) Stability. (e) Application requirements. (1) A description of its wind weighting analysis methods, including its method and schedule of determining wind speed and wind direction for each altitude layer; (2) A description of its wind weighting safety system including all equipment used to perform the wind weighting analysis; and (3) A representative wind weighting analysis using actual or statistical winds for the launch area and samples of the output. Flight Safety Analyses § 450.113 Flight safety analysis requirements—scope. (a) An operator must perform and document a flight safety analysis for all phases of flight, except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, as follows— (1) For orbital launch, from liftoff through orbital insertion, and through all component impacts or landings; (2) For suborbital launch, from liftoff through all component impacts or landings; (3) For disposal, from the initiation of the deorbit through final impact; and (4) For reentry, from the initiation of the deorbit through all component impacts or landing. (b) An operator is not required to perform and document a flight safety analysis for a phase of flight if agreed to by the Administrator based on demonstrated reliability. An operator demonstrates reliability by using operational and flight history to show compliance with the risk criteria in § 450.101(a) and (b). § 450.115 Flight safety analysis methods. (a) Scope of the analysis. (b) Level of fidelity of the analysis. (1) Demonstrate that any risk to the public satisfies the safety criteria of § 450.101, including the use of mitigations, accounting for all known sources of uncertainty, using a means of compliance accepted by the Administrator; and (2) Identify the dominant source of each type of public risk with a criterion in § 450.101(a) or (b) in terms of phase of flight, source of hazard (such as toxic exposure, inert, or explosive debris), and failure mode. (c) Application requirements. (1) The scientific principles and statistical methods used; (2) All assumptions and their justifications; (3) The rationale for the level of fidelity; (4) The evidence for validation and verification required by § 450.101(g); (5) The extent to which the benchmark conditions are comparable to the foreseeable conditions of the intended operations; and (6) The extent to which risk mitigations were accounted for in the analyses. § 450.117 Trajectory analysis for normal flight. (a) General. (1) A set of trajectories to characterize variability. This set must describe how the intended trajectory could vary due to conditions known prior to initiation of flight; and (2) A set of trajectories to characterize uncertainty. This set must describe how the actual trajectory could differ from the intended trajectory due to random uncertainties in all parameters with a significant influence on the vehicle's behavior throughout normal flight. (b) Trajectory model. (c) Atmospheric effects. (d) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methods used to characterize the vehicle's flight behavior throughout normal flight, in accordance with § 450.115(c). (2) The quantitative input data, including uncertainties, used to model the vehicle's normal flight in six degrees of freedom. (3) The worst atmospheric conditions under which flight might be attempted, and a description of how the operator will evaluate the atmospheric conditions and uncertainty in the atmospheric conditions prior to initiating the operation; (4) Representative normal flight trajectory analysis outputs, including the position velocity, and orientation for each second of flight for— (i) The nominal trajectory; (ii) A set of trajectories that characterize variability in the intended trajectory based on conditions known prior to initiation of flight; and (iii) A set of trajectories that characterize how the actual trajectory could differ from the intended trajectory due to random uncertainties. § 450.119 Trajectory analysis for malfunction flight. (a) General. (1) The vehicle's deviation capability in the event of a malfunction during flight, (2) The trajectory dispersion resulting from reasonably foreseeable malfunctions, and (3) For vehicles using flight abort as a hazard control strategy under § 450.108, trajectory data or parameters that describe the limits of a useful mission. The FAA does not consider the collection of data related to a failure to be a useful mission. (b) Analysis constraints. (1) The relative probability of occurrence of each malfunction; (2) The probability distribution of position and velocity of the vehicle when each malfunction trajectory will terminate due to vehicle breakup, ground impact, or orbital insertion along with the cause of termination and the state of the vehicle; (3) The parameters with a significant influence on a vehicle's flight behavior from the time a malfunction begins to cause a flight deviation until the time each malfunction trajectory will terminate due to vehicle breakup, ground impact, or orbital insertion; and (4) The potential for failure of the flight safety system, if any. (c) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methodology used to characterize the vehicle's flight behavior throughout malfunction flight, in accordance with § 450.115(c). (2) A description of the methodology used to determine the limits of a useful mission, in accordance with § 450.115(c). (3) A description of the input data used to characterize the vehicle's malfunction flight behavior, including: (i) A list of each cause of malfunction flight considered; (ii) A list of each type of malfunction flight for which malfunction flight behavior was characterized; and (iii) A quantitative description of the parameters, including uncertainties, with a significant influence on the vehicle's malfunction behavior for each type of malfunction flight characterized. (4) Representative malfunction flight trajectory analysis outputs, including the position and velocity as a function of flight time for— (i) Each set of trajectories that characterizes a type of malfunction flight; (ii) The probability of each set of trajectories that characterizes a type of malfunction flight; and (iii) A set of trajectories that characterizes the limits of a useful mission as described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. § 450.121 Debris analysis. (a) General. (b) Vehicle impact and breakup analysis. (1) Each reasonably foreseeable cause of vehicle breakup and intact impact, (2) Vehicle structural characteristics and materials, and (3) Energetic effects during break-up or at impact. (c) Propagation of debris. (1) All foreseeable forces that can influence any debris impact location; and (2) All foreseeable sources of impact dispersion, including, at a minimum: (i) The uncertainties in atmospheric conditions; (ii) Debris aerodynamic parameters, including uncertainties; (iii) Pre-breakup position and velocity, including uncertainties; and (iv) Breakup-imparted velocities, including uncertainties. (d) Application requirements. (1) A description of all scenarios that can lead to hazardous debris; (2) A description of the methods used to perform the vehicle impact and breakup analysis, in accordance with § 450.115(c); (3) A description of the methods used to compute debris impact distributions, in accordance with § 450.115(c); (4) A description of the atmospheric data used as input to the debris analysis; and (5) A quantitative description of the physical, aerodynamic, and harmful characteristics of hazardous debris. § 450.123 Population exposure analysis. (a) General. (b) Constraints. (1) Characterize the distribution of people both geographically and temporally; (2) Account for the distribution of people among structures and vehicle types; (3) Use reliable, accurate, and timely source data; and (4) Account for vulnerability of people to hazardous debris effects. (c) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methods used to develop the exposure input data in accordance with § 450.115(c), and (2) Complete population exposure data, in tabular form. § 450.131 Probability of failure analysis. (a) General. (1) For a vehicle or vehicle stage with fewer than two flights, the failure probability estimate must account for the outcome of all previous flights of vehicles developed and launched or reentered in similar circumstances. (2) For a vehicle or vehicle stage with two or more flights, vehicle failure probability estimates must account for the outcomes of all previous flights of the vehicle or vehicle stage in a statistically valid manner. The outcomes of all previous flights of the vehicle or vehicle stage must account for data on any mishap and anomaly. (b) Failure. (c) Previous flight. (1) The flight of a launch vehicle begins at a time in which a launch vehicle lifts off from the surface of the Earth; and (2) The flight of a reentry vehicle or deorbiting upper stage begins at a time in which a vehicle attempts to initiate a reentry. (d) Allocation. (1) The data available from all previous flights of vehicles developed and launched or reentered in similar circumstances; and (2) Data from previous flights of vehicles, stages, or components developed and launched, reentered, flown, or tested by the subject vehicle developer or operator. Such data may include previous experience involving similar— (i) Vehicle, stage, or component design characteristics; (ii) Development and integration processes, including the extent of integrated system testing; and (iii) Level of experience of the vehicle operation and development team members. (e) Observed vs. conditional failure rate. (f) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methods used in probability of failure analysis, in accordance with § 450.115(c); and (2) A representative set of tabular data and graphs of the predicted failure rate and cumulative failure probability for each foreseeable failure mode. § 450.133 Flight hazard area analysis. (a) General. (1) The regions of land, sea, and air potentially exposed to hazardous debris generated during normal flight events and all reasonably foreseeable failure modes; (2) Any hazard controls implemented to control risk from any hazard; (3) The limits of a launch or reentry vehicle's normal flight, including— (i) Atmospheric conditions that are no less severe than the worst atmospheric conditions under which flight might be attempted; and (ii) Uncertainty in the atmospheric conditions; (4) All hazardous debris; (5) Sources of debris dispersion in accordance with § 450.121(c); and (6) A probability of one for any planned debris hazards or planned impacts. (b) Waterborne vessel hazard areas. (1) That are necessary to contain, with 97 percent probability of containment, all debris resulting from normal flight events capable of causing a casualty to persons on waterborne vessels; (2) That are necessary to contain either where the probability of debris capable of causing a casualty impacting on or near a vessel would exceed 1 × 10 − 5 (3) Where reduced vessel traffic is necessary to meet the collective risk criteria in § 450.101(a)(1) or (b)(1). (c) Land hazard areas. (1) That are necessary to contain, with 97 percent probability of containment, all debris resulting from normal flight events capable of causing a casualty to any person on land; (2) Where the individual probability of casualty for any person on land would exceed the individual risk criteria in § 450.101(a)(2) or (b)(2); and (3) Where reduced population is necessary to meet the collective risk criteria in § 450.101(a)(1) or (b)(1). (d) Airspace hazard volumes. (1) That are necessary to contain, with 97 percent probability of containment, all debris resulting from normal flight events capable of causing a casualty to persons on an aircraft; and (2) Where the probability of impact on an aircraft would exceed the aircraft risk criterion in § 450.101(a)(3) or (b)(3). (e) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methodology to be used in the flight hazard area analysis in accordance with § 450.115(c), including: (i) Classes of waterborne vessel and vulnerability criteria employed; and (ii) Classes of aircraft and vulnerability criteria employed. (2) Tabular data and graphs of the results of the flight hazard area analysis, including: (i) Geographical coordinates of all hazard areas that are representative of those to be published, in accordance with § 450.161, prior to any proposed operation; (ii) Representative 97 percent probability of containment contours for all debris resulting from normal flight events capable of causing a casualty for all locations specified in paragraph (a) of this section; (iii) Representative individual probability of casualty contours for all locations specified in paragraph (a) of this section, including tabular data and graphs showing the hypothetical location of any member of the public that could be exposed to a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 5 − 6 (iv) If applicable, representative 1 × 10 − 5 − 6 (v) Representative 1 × 10 − 6 − 7 § 450.135 Debris risk analysis. (a) General. (1) Prior to the day of the operation, accounting for all foreseeable conditions within the flight commit criteria; or (2) During the countdown using the best available input data, including flight commit criteria and flight abort rules. (b) Casualty area and consequence analysis. (1) All relevant debris fragment characteristics and the characteristics of a representative person exposed to any potential debris hazard; (2) Statistically-valid debris impact probability distributions; (3) Any impact or effects of hazardous debris; and (4) The vulnerability of people to debris impact or effects, including: (i) Effects of buildings, ground vehicles, waterborne vessel, and aircraft upon the vulnerability of any occupants; (ii) Effect of atmospheric conditions on debris impact and effects; (iii) Impact speed and angle, accounting for motion of impacted vehicles; (iv) Uncertainty in input data, such as fragment impact parameters; and (v) Uncertainty in modeling methodology. (c) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methods used to demonstrate compliance with the safety criteria in § 450.101, in accordance with § 450.115(c), including a description of how the operator will account for the conditions immediately prior to enabling the flight of a launch vehicle or the reentry of a reentry vehicle, such as the final trajectory, atmospheric conditions, and the exposure of people; (2) A description of the atmospheric data used as input to the debris risk analysis; (3) The effective unsheltered casualty area for all fragment classes, assuming a representative impact vector; (4) The effective casualty area for all fragment classes for a representative type of building, ground vehicle, waterborne vessel, and aircraft, assuming a representative impact vector; (5) Collective and individual debris risk analysis outputs under representative conditions and the worst foreseeable conditions, including: (i) Total collective casualty expectation for the proposed operation; (ii) A list of the collective risk contribution for at least the top ten population centers and all centers with collective risk exceeding 1 percent of the collective risk criteria in § 450.101(a)(1) or (b)(1); (iii) A list of the maximum individual probability of casualty for the top ten population centers and all centers that exceed 10 percent of the individual risk criteria in § 450.101(a)(2) or (b)(2); and (iv) A list of the conditional collective casualty expectation for each failure mode for each significant period of flight under representative conditions and the worst foreseeable conditions. § 450.137 Far-field overpressure blast effects analysis. (a) General. (1) Prior to the day of the operation, accounting for all foreseeable conditions within the flight commit criteria; or (2) During the countdown using the best available input data, including flight commit criteria and flight abort rules. (b) Analysis constraints. (1) The explosive capability of the vehicle and hazardous debris at impact and at altitude; (2) The potential influence of meteorological conditions and terrain characteristics; and (3) The potential for broken windows due to peak incident overpressures below 1.0 psi and related casualties based on the characteristics of exposed windows and the population's susceptibility to injury, with considerations including, at a minimum, shelter types, window types, and the time of day of the proposed operation. (c) Application requirements. (1) A description of the population centers, terrain, building types, and window characteristics used as input to the far-field overpressure analysis; (2) A description of the methods used to compute the foreseeable explosive yield probability pairs, and the complete set of yield-probability pairs, used as input to the far-field overpressure analysis; (3) A description of the methods used to compute peak incident overpressures as a function of distance from the explosion and prevailing meteorological conditions, including sample calculations for a representative range of the foreseeable meteorological conditions, yields, and population center locations; (4) A description of the methods used to compute the probability of window breakage, including tabular data and graphs for the probability of breakage as a function of the peak incident overpressure for a representative range of window types, building types, and yields accounted for; (5) A description of the methods used to compute the probability of casualty for a representative individual, including tabular data and graphs for the probability of casualty, as a function of location relative to the window and the peak incident overpressure for a representative range of window types, building types, and yields accounted for; (6) Tabular data and graphs showing the hypothetical location of any member of the public that could be exposed to a probability of casualty of 1 × 10 − 5 − 6 (7) The maximum expected casualties that could result from far-field overpressure hazards given foreseeable conditions; and (8) A description of the meteorological measurements used as input to any real-time far-field overpressure analysis. § 450.139 Toxic hazards for flight. (a) Applicability. (2) No toxic release hazard analysis is required for kerosene-based fuels, unless the Administrator determines that an analysis is required to protect public safety. (b) General. (1) Conduct a toxic release hazard analysis in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; (2) Manage the risk of casualties that could arise from the exposure to toxic release through one of the following means: (i) Contain hazards caused by toxic release in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; or (ii) Perform a toxic risk assessment, in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, that protects the public in compliance with the safety criteria of § 450.101, including toxic release hazards. (3) Establish flight commit criteria based on the results of its toxic release hazard analysis and toxic containment or toxic risk assessment for any necessary evacuation of the public from any toxic hazard area. (c) Toxic release hazard analysis. (1) Account for any toxic release that could occur during nominal or non-nominal flight; (2) Include a worst-case release scenario analysis or a maximum-credible release scenario analysis for each process that involves a toxic propellant or other chemical; (3) Determine if toxic release can occur based on an evaluation of the chemical compositions and quantities of propellants, other chemicals, vehicle materials, and projected combustion products, and the possible toxic release scenarios; (4) Account for both normal combustion products and any unreacted propellants and phase change or chemical derivatives of released substances; and (5) Account for any operational constraints and emergency procedures that provide protection from toxic release. (d) Toxic containment. (1) Evacuating, or being prepared to evacuate, the public from any toxic hazard area in the event of a worst-case release or maximum-credible release scenario; or (2) Employing meteorological constraints to limit an operation to times during which prevailing winds and other conditions ensure that any member of the public would not be exposed to toxic concentrations and durations greater than accepted toxic thresholds for acute casualty in the event of a worst-case release or maximum-credible release scenario. (e) Toxic risk assessment. (1) Account for airborne concentration and duration thresholds of toxic propellants or other chemicals. For any toxic propellant, other chemicals, or combustion product, an operator must use airborne toxic concentration and duration thresholds identified in a means of compliance accepted by the Administrator; (2) Account for physical phenomena expected to influence any toxic concentration and duration in the area surrounding the potential release site; (3) Determine a toxic hazard area for the launch or reentry, surrounding the potential release site for each toxic propellant or other chemical based on the amount and toxicity of the propellant or other chemical, the exposure duration, and the meteorological conditions involved; (4) Account for all members of the public who may be exposed to the toxic release, including all members of the public on land and on any waterborne vessels, populated offshore structures, and aircraft that are not operated in direct support of the launch or reentry; and (5) Account for any risk mitigation measures applied in the risk assessment. (f) Application requirements. (1) The identity of toxic propellant, chemical, or combustion products or derivatives in the possible toxic release; (2) The applicant's selected airborne toxic concentration and duration thresholds; (3) The meteorological conditions for the atmospheric transport and buoyant cloud rise of any toxic release from its source to downwind receptor locations; (4) Characterization of the terrain, as input for modeling the atmospheric transport of a toxic release from its source to downwind receptor locations; (5) The identity of the toxic dispersion model used, and any other input data; (6) Representative results of an applicant's toxic dispersion modeling to predict concentrations and durations at selected downwind receptor locations, to determine the toxic hazard area for a released quantity of the toxic substance; (7) A toxic release hazard analysis in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section: (i) A description of the failure modes and associated relative probabilities for potential toxic release scenarios used in the risk evaluation; and (ii) The methodology and representative results of an applicant's determination of the worst-case or maximum-credible quantity of any toxic release that might occur during the flight of a vehicle; (8) In accordance with § 450.139(b)(2), (i) A toxic containment in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, identify the evacuation plans or meteorological constraints and associated launch commit criteria needed to ensure that the public will not be within a toxic hazard area in the event of a worst-case release or maximum-credible release scenario; or (ii) A toxic risk assessment in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section: (A) A demonstration that the safety criteria in § 450.101 will be met; (B) The population characteristics in receptor locations that are identified by toxic dispersion modeling as toxic hazard areas; (C) A description of any risk mitigations applied in the toxic risk assessment; and (D) A description of the population exposure input data used in accordance with § 450.123. Prescribed Hazard Controls for Safety-Critical Hardware and Computing Systems § 450.141 Computing systems. (a) Identification of computing system safety items. (1) Any software or data that implements a capability that, by intended operation, unintended operation, or non-operation, can present a hazard to the public; and (2) The level of criticality of each computing system safety item identified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, commensurate with its degree of control over hazards to the public and the severity of those hazards. (b) Safety requirements. (1) Identify and evaluate safety requirements for each computing system safety item; (2) Ensure the safety requirements are complete and correct; (3) Implement each safety requirement; and (4) Verify and validate the implementation of each safety requirement by using a method appropriate for the level of criticality of the computing system safety item. For each computing system safety item that is safety critical under § 401.7, verification and validation must include testing by a test team independent of the development division or organization. (c) Development process. (1) Responsibilities for each task associated with a computing system safety item; (2) Processes for internal review and approval—including review that evaluates the implementation of all safety requirements—such that no person approves that person's own work; (3) Processes to ensure development personnel are trained, qualified, and capable of performing their role; (4) Processes that trace requirements to verification and validation evidence; (5) Processes for configuration management that specify the content of each released version of a computing system safety item; (6) Processes for testing that verify and validate all safety requirements to the extent required by paragraph (b)(4) of this section; (7) Reuse policies that verify and validate the safety requirements for reused computing system safety items; and (8) Third-party product use policies that verify and validate the safety requirements for any third-party product. (d) Application requirements. (1) Identify and describe all computing system safety items involved in the proposed operations; (2) Provide the safety requirements for each computing system safety item; (3) Provide documentation of the development processes that meets paragraph (c) of this section; (4) Provide evidence of the execution of the appropriate development process for each computing system safety item; and (5) Provide evidence of the implementation of each safety requirement. § 450.143 Safety-critical system design, test, and documentation. (a) Applicability. (1) Highly reliable flight safety systems covered under § 450.145; or (2) Safety-critical systems for which an operator demonstrates through its flight hazard analysis that the likelihood of any hazardous condition specifically associated with the system that may cause death or serious injury to the public is extremely remote, pursuant to § 450.109(b)(3). (b) Design. (c) Qualification testing of design. (d) Acceptance of hardware. (1) Functionally demonstrate any safety-critical system, while exposed to its predicted operating environments with margin, is free of defects, free of integration and workmanship errors, and ready for operational use; or (2) Combine in-process controls and a quality assurance process to ensure functional capability of any safety-critical system during its service life. (e) Lifecycle of safety-critical systems. (2) An operator must monitor the flight environments experienced by safety-critical system components to the extent necessary to— (i) Validate the predicted operating environments; and (ii) Assess the actual component life remaining or adjust any inspection period. (f) Application requirements. (1) A list and description of each safety-critical system; (2) Drawings and schematics for each safety-critical system; (3) A summary of the analysis to determine the predicted operating environments and duration to be applied to qualification and acceptance testing covering the service life of any safety-critical system; (4) A description of any method used to validate the predicted operating environments; (5) A description of any instrumentation or inspection processes to monitor aging of any safety-critical system; (6) The criteria and procedures for disposal or refurbishment for service life extension of safety-critical system components; and (7) A description of the standards used in all phases of the lifecycle of each safety-critical system. § 450.145 Highly reliable flight safety system. (a) General. (b) Reliability. (1) Have a design reliability of 0.999 at 95 percent confidence and commensurate design, analysis, and testing for the portion of the flight safety system onboard the vehicle; and (2) Have a design reliability of 0.999 at 95 percent confidence and commensurate design, analysis, and testing for the portion of the flight safety system not onboard the vehicle, if used. (c) Monitoring. (1) Validate the predicted operating environment; and (2) Assess the actual component life remaining or adjust any inspection period. (d) Application requirements. (1) Flight safety system description. (2) Flight safety system diagram. (3) Flight safety system analyses. (4) Tracking validation procedures. (5) Flight safety system test plans. (6) Monitoring plan. Other Prescribed Hazard Controls § 450.147 Agreements. (a) General. (1) Launch and reentry site use agreements. (2) Agreements for notices to mariners. (3) Agreements for notices to airmen. (4) Mishap response. (b) Roles and responsibilities. (c) Effective date. (d) Application requirements. (1) Describe each agreement in this section; and (2) Provide a copy of any agreement, or portion thereof, to the FAA upon request. § 450.149 Safety-critical personnel qualifications. (a) General. (b) Application requirements. (1) Identify safety-critical tasks that require qualified personnel; (2) Provide internal training and currency requirements, completion standards, or any other means of demonstrating compliance with the requirements of this section; and (3) Describe the process for tracking training currency. § 450.151 Work shift and rest requirements. (a) General. (b) Work shifts and deviation approval process. (1) Duration of each work shift and the process for extending this shift, including the maximum allowable length of any extension; (2) Number of consecutive work shift days allowed before rest is required; (3) Minimum rest period required— (i) Between each work shift, including the period of rest required immediately before the flight countdown work shift; and (ii) After the maximum number of work shift days allowed; and (4) Approval process for any deviation from the rest requirements. (c) Application requirement. § 450.153 Radio frequency management. (a) General. (1) Ensure radio frequency interference does not adversely affect performance of any flight safety system or safety-critical system; and (2) Coordinate use of radio frequencies with any site operator and any local and Federal authorities. (b) Application requirements. § 450.155 Readiness. (a) General. (1) Readiness of vehicle and launch, reentry, or landing site, including any contingency abort location; (2) Readiness of safety-critical personnel, systems, software, procedures, equipment, property, and services; and (3) Readiness to implement the mishap plan required by § 450.173. (b) Application requirements. (1) Demonstrate compliance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section through procedures that may include a readiness meeting close in time to flight; and (2) Describe the criteria for establishing readiness to proceed with the flight of a launch or reentry vehicle so that public safety is maintained. § 450.157 Communications. (a) An operator must implement communication procedures during the countdown and flight of a launch or reentry vehicle that— (1) Define the authority of personnel, by individual or position title, to issue “hold/resume,” “go/no go,” and abort commands; (2) Assign communication networks so that personnel identified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section have direct access to real-time, safety-critical information required to issue “hold/resume,” “go/no go,” and any abort commands; and (3) Implement a protocol for using defined radio telephone communications terminology. (b) An operator must ensure the currency of the communication procedures, and that all personnel are working with the approved version of the communication procedures. (c) An operator must record all safety-critical communications network channels that are used for voice, video, or data transmissions that support safety-critical systems during each countdown. § 450.159 Pre-flight procedures. (a) An operator must implement pre-flight procedures that— (1) Verify that each flight commit criterion is satisfied before flight is initiated; and (2) Ensure the operator can return the vehicle to a safe state after a countdown abort or delay. (b) An operator must ensure the currency of the pre-flight procedures, and that all personnel are working with the approved version of the pre-flight procedures. § 450.161 Control of hazard areas. (a) General. (b) Verification. (c) Publication. (1) Determine whether the warnings have been issued; and (2) Notify the FAA if the warnings have not been issued so that the FAA can determine if the launch or reentry can be conducted in a manner that sufficiently protects the public. This notification must provide sufficient information to enable FAA to issue warnings to U.S. aircraft. (d) Application requirements. (1) A description of how the applicant will provide for day-of-flight surveillance and control of flight hazard areas, if necessary, to ensure that the presence of any member of the public in or near a flight hazard area is consistent with flight commit criteria developed for each launch or reentry as required by § 450.165(b); (2) A description of how the applicant will provide for any publication of flight hazard areas necessary to meet the requirements of this section; and (3) A description of how the applicant will establish flight commit criteria based on the results of its toxic release hazard analysis, toxic containment, or toxic risk assessment for any necessary evacuation of the public from any toxic hazard area. § 450.163 Lightning hazard mitigation. (a) Lightning hazard mitigation. (1) Establish flight commit criteria that mitigate the potential for a launch or reentry vehicle intercepting or initiating a direct lightning strike, or encountering a nearby discharge, using a means of compliance accepted by the Administrator; or (2) Use a vehicle designed to protect safety-critical systems in the event of a direct lightning strike or nearby discharge. (b) Application requirements. (2) An applicant electing to comply with paragraph (a)(2) of this section must submit documentation providing evidence that the vehicle is designed to protect safety-critical systems against the effects of a direct lightning strike or nearby discharge. § 450.165 Flight commit criteria. (a) General. (1) Surveillance of any region of land, sea, or air in accordance with § 450.161; (2) Monitoring of any meteorological condition necessary to— (i) Be consistent with any safety analysis required by this part; and (ii) If necessary in accordance with § 450.163, mitigate the potential for a launch or reentry vehicle intercepting a lightning strike, or encountering a nearby discharge; (3) Implementation of any launch or reentry window closure in the launch or reentry window for the purpose of collision avoidance in accordance with § 450.169; (4) Confirmation that any safety-critical system is ready for flight; (5) Confirmation from the FAA that the risk to critical assets satisfies the requirements of § 450.101(a)(4) or (b)(4); (6) For any reentry vehicle, except a suborbital vehicle, monitoring by the operator or an onboard system that the status of safety-critical systems is healthy before enabling reentry flight, to assure the vehicle can reenter safely to Earth; and (7) Any other hazard controls derived from any safety analysis required by this part. (b) Application requirements. § 450.167 Tracking. (a) General. (b) Application requirements. § 450.169 Launch and reentry collision avoidance analysis requirements. (a) Criteria. (1) For inhabitable objects, one of three criteria below must be met: (i) The probability of collision between the launching or reentering objects and any inhabitable object must not exceed 1 × 10 − 6 (ii) The launching or reentering objects must maintain an ellipsoidal separation distance of 200 km in-track and 50 km cross-track and radially from the inhabitable object; or (iii) The launching or reentering objects must maintain a spherical separation distance of 200 km from the inhabitable object. (2) For objects that are neither orbital debris nor inhabitable, one of the two criteria below must be met: (i) The probability of collision between the launching or reentering objects and any object must not exceed 1 × 10 − 5 (ii) The launching or reentering objects must maintain a spherical separation distance of 25 km from the object. (3) For all other known orbital debris identified by the FAA or other Federal Government entity as large objects with radar cross section greater than 1 m 2 2 2 (i) The probability of collision between the launching or reentering objects and any known orbital debris must not exceed 1 × 10 − 5 (ii) The launching or reentering objects must maintain a spherical separation distance of 2.5 km. (b) Screening time. (1) Through the entire segment of flight of a suborbital launch vehicle above 150 km; (2) For an orbital launch, during ascent from a minimum of 150 km to initial orbital insertion and for a minimum of 3 hours from liftoff; (3) For reentry, during descent from initial reentry burn to 150 km altitude; and (4) For disposal, during descent from initial disposal burn to 150 km altitude. (c) Rendezvous. (d) Exception. (e) Analysis. (1) An operator must use the results of the collision avoidance analysis to establish flight commit criteria for collision avoidance; and (2) The collision avoidance analysis must account for uncertainties associated with launch or reentry vehicle performance and timing, and ensure that each window closure incorporates all additional time periods associated with such uncertainties. (f) Timing and information required. (1) Except as specified in paragraphs (f)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, an operator must file the input data with an entity identified in paragraph (e) of this section and the FAA at least 7 days before the first attempt at the flight of a launch vehicle or the reentry of a reentry vehicle. (i) Operators that have never received a launch or reentry conjunction assessment from the entity identified in paragraph (e) of this section, must file the input data at least 15 days in advance. (ii) The Administrator may agree to an alternative time frame in accordance with § 404.15; (2) An operator must obtain a collision avoidance analysis performed by an entity identified in paragraph (e) of this section, no later than 3 hours before the beginning of a launch or reentry window; and (3) If an operator needs an updated collision avoidance analysis due to a launch or reentry delay, the operator must file the request with the entity identified in paragraph (e) of this section and the FAA at least 12 hours prior to the beginning of the new launch or reentry window. § 450.171 Safety at end of launch. (a) Orbital debris mitigation. (1) There is no unplanned physical contact between the vehicle or any of its components and the payload after payload separation; (2) Debris generation does not result from the conversion of energy sources into energy that fragments the vehicle or its components. Energy sources include chemical, pressure, and kinetic energy; and (3) For all vehicle stages or components that are left in orbit, stored energy is removed by depleting residual fuel and leaving all fuel line valves open, venting any pressurized system, leaving all batteries in a permanent discharge state, and removing any remaining source of stored energy. (b) Application requirement. § 450.173 Mishap plan—reporting, response, and investigation requirements. (a) General. (b) Responsibilities. (1) Responsibilities for personnel assigned to implement the requirements of this section; (2) Reporting responsibilities for personnel assigned to conduct investigations and for anyone retained by the operator to conduct or participate in investigations; and (3) Allocation of roles and responsibilities between the launch operator and any site operator for reporting, responding to, and investigating any mishap during ground activities at the site. (c) Mishap reporting requirements. (1) Immediately notify the FAA Washington Operations Center in case of a mishap that involves a fatality or serious injury (as defined in 49 CFR 830.2); (2) Notify within 24 hours the FAA Washington Operations Center in the case of a mishap that does not involve a fatality or serious injury (as defined in 49 CFR 830.2); and (3) Submit a written preliminary report to the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation within five days of any mishap. The preliminary report must include the following information, as applicable: (i) Date and time of the mishap; (ii) Description of the mishap and sequence of events leading to the mishap, to the extent known; (iii) Intended and actual location of the launch or reentry or other landing on Earth; (iv) Hazardous debris impact points, including those outside a planned landing site or designated hazard area; (v) Identification of the vehicle; (vi) Identification of any payload; (vii) Number and general description of any fatalities or injuries; (viii) Description and estimated costs of any property damage; (ix) Identification of hazardous materials, as defined in § 401.7 of this chapter, involved in the event, whether on the vehicle, any payload, or on the ground; (x) Action taken by any person to contain the consequences of the event; (xi) Weather conditions at the time of the event; and (xii) Potential consequences for other similar vehicles, systems, or operations. (d) Emergency response requirements. (1) Activate emergency response services to protect the public and property following a mishap as necessary including, but not limited to: (i) Evacuating and rescuing members of the public, taking into account debris dispersion and toxic plumes; and (ii) Extinguishing fires; (2) Maintain existing hazard area surveillance and clearance as necessary to protect public safety; (3) Contain and minimize the consequences of a mishap, including: (i) Securing impact areas to ensure that no members of the public enter; (ii) Safely disposing of hazardous materials; and (iii) Controlling hazards at the site or impact areas. (4) Preserve data and physical evidence; and (5) Implement agreements with government authorities and emergency response services, as necessary, to satisfy the requirements of this section. (e) Mishap investigation requirements. (1) Investigate the root causes of the mishap; and (2) Report investigation results to the FAA. (f) Preventative measures. (g) Mishap records. (h) Application requirements. § 450.175 Test-induced damage. (a) Applicability. (b) Coordination of potential test-induced damage. (1) A license applicant or operator coordinates potential test-induced damage with the FAA before the planned activity, and with sufficient time for the FAA to evaluate the operator's proposal during the application process or as a license modification; (2) The test-induced damage did not result in any of the following: (i) Serious injury or fatality (as defined in 49 CFR 830.2); (ii) Damage to property not associated with the licensed activity; or (iii) Hazardous debris leaving the pre-defined hazard area; and (3) The test-induced damage falls within the scope of activities coordinated with the FAA in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (c) Application requirements. (1) Test objectives; (2) Test limits; (3) Expected outcomes; (4) Potential risks, including the applicant's best understanding of the uncertainties in environments, test limits, or system performance; (5) Applicable procedures; (6) Expected time and duration of the test; and (7) Additional information as required by the FAA to ensure protection of public health and safety, safety of property, and the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States. § 450.177 Unique safety policies, requirements, and practices. (a) Unique hazards. (b) Unique requirements. (c) Application requirements. (1) Identify any unique safety policy, requirement, or practice necessary in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, and demonstrate that each unique safety policy, requirement, or practice protects public health and safety. (2) Demonstrate compliance with each unique safety policy, requirement, or practice imposed by the FAA in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section. Ground Safety § 450.179 Ground safety—general. (a) At a U.S. launch or reentry site, an operator must protect the public and property from adverse effects of hazardous operations and systems associated with— (1) Preparing a launch vehicle for flight; (2) Returning a launch or reentry vehicle to a safe condition after landing, or after an aborted launch attempt; and (3) Returning a site to a safe condition. (b) An operator is not required to comply with §§ 450.181 through 450.189 of this part if: (1) The launch or reentry is being conducted from a Federal launch or reentry site; (2) The operator has a written agreement with the Federal launch or reentry site for the provision of ground safety services and oversight; and (3) The Administrator has determined that the Federal launch or reentry site's ground safety processes, requirements, and oversight are not inconsistent with the Secretary's statutory authority over commercial space activities. (c) In making the determination required by paragraph (b)(3) of this section, the Administrator will consider the nature and frequency of launch and reentry activities conducted from the Federal launch or reentry site, coordination between the FAA and the Federal launch or reentry site safety personnel, and the Administrator's knowledge of the Federal launch or reentry site's requirements. § 450.181 Coordination with a site operator. (a) General. (1) Ensure public access is controlled where and when necessary to protect public safety; (2) Ensure launch or reentry operations are coordinated with other launch and reentry operators and other affected parties to prevent unsafe interference; (3) Designate any ground hazard area that affects the operations of a launch or reentry site; and (4) Ensure a prompt and effective response is undertaken in the event of a mishap that could impact the safety of the public and property. (b) Licensed site operator. (c) Application requirement. § 450.183 Explosive site plan. (a) Explosive siting requirements. (b) Application requirement. § 450.185 Ground hazard analysis. An operator must perform and document a ground hazard analysis, and continue to maintain it throughout the lifecycle of the launch or reentry system. The analysis must— (a) Hazard identification. (1) System hazards, including: (i) Vehicle over-pressurization; (ii) Sudden energy release, including ordnance actuation; (iii) Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation; (iv) Fire or deflagration; (v) Radioactive materials; (vi) Toxic release; (vii) Cryogens; (viii) Electrical discharge; and (ix) Structural failure. (2) Operation hazards, including: (i) Propellant handling and loading; (ii) Transporting of vehicle or vehicle components; (iii) Vehicle testing; and (iv) Vehicle or system activation. (b) Hazard assessment. (c) Risk acceptability criteria. (1) The likelihood of any hazardous condition that may cause death or serious injury to the public must be extremely remote; and (2) The likelihood of any hazardous condition that may cause major damage to property not associated with the launch or reentry must be remote. (d) Risk mitigation. (e) Validation and verification. (1) Analysis; (2) Test; (3) Demonstration; or (4) Inspection. (f) Application requirements. (1) A description of the methodology used to perform the ground hazard analysis; (2) A list of all systems and operations that may cause a hazard involving the vehicle or any payload; and (3) The ground hazard analysis products of paragraphs (a) through (e) of this section, including data that verifies the risk elimination and mitigation measures. § 450.187 Toxic hazards mitigation for ground operations. (a) Applicability. (2) No toxic release hazard analysis is required for kerosene-based fuels, unless the Administrator determines that an analysis is required to protect public safety. (b) General. (1) Conduct a toxic release hazard analysis in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; (2) Manage the risk of casualties that could arise from the exposure to toxic release through one of the following means: (i) Contain hazards caused by toxic release in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; or (ii) Perform a toxic risk assessment, in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, that demonstrates compliance with the risk criteria of § 450.185(c). (3) Establish ground hazard controls based on the results of its toxic release hazard analysis and toxic containment or toxic risk assessment for any necessary evacuation of the public from any toxic hazard area. (c) Toxic release hazard analysis. (1) Account for any toxic release that could occur during nominal or non-nominal launch or reentry ground operations; (2) Include a worst-case release scenario analysis or a maximum-credible release scenario analysis for each process that involves a toxic propellant or other chemical; (3) Determine if toxic release can occur based on an evaluation of the chemical compositions and quantities of propellants, other chemicals, vehicle materials, and projected combustion products, and the possible toxic release scenarios; (4) Account for both normal combustion products and any unreacted propellants and phase change or chemical derivatives of released substances; and (5) Account for any operational constraints and emergency procedures that provide protection from toxic release. (d) Toxic containment. (1) Evacuating, or being prepared to evacuate, the public from any toxic hazard area in the event of a worst-case release or maximum credible release scenario; or (2) Employing meteorological constraints to limit a ground operation to times during which prevailing winds and other conditions ensure that the public would not be exposed to toxic concentrations and durations greater than accepted toxic thresholds for acute casualty in the event of a worst-case release or maximum credible release scenario. (e) Toxic risk assessment. (1) Account for airborne concentration and duration thresholds of toxic propellants or other chemicals. For any toxic propellant, other chemicals, or combustion product, an operator must use airborne toxic concentration and duration thresholds identified in a means of compliance accepted by the Administrator; (2) Account for physical phenomena expected to influence any toxic concentration and duration in the area surrounding the potential release site; (3) Determine a toxic hazard area for each process surrounding the potential release site for each toxic propellant or other chemical based on the amount and toxicity of the propellant or other chemical, the exposure duration, and the meteorological conditions involved; (4) Account for all members of the public that may be exposed to the toxic release; and (5) Account for any risk mitigation measures applied in the risk assessment. (f) Application requirements. (1) The identity of the toxic propellant, chemical, or combustion products or derivatives in the possible toxic release; (2) The applicant's selected airborne toxic concentration and duration thresholds; (3) The meteorological conditions for the atmospheric transport and buoyant cloud rise of any toxic release from its source to downwind receptor locations; (4) Characterization of the terrain, as input for modeling the atmospheric transport of a toxic release from its source to downwind receptor locations; (5) The identity of the toxic dispersion model used, and any other input data; (6) Representative results of an applicant's toxic dispersion modeling to predict concentrations and durations at selected downwind receptor locations, to determine the toxic hazard area for a released quantity of the toxic substance; (7) For toxic release hazard analysis in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section: (i) A description of the failure modes and associated relative probabilities for potential toxic release scenarios used in the risk evaluation; and (ii) The methodology and representative results of an applicant's determination of the worst-case or maximum-credible quantity of any toxic release that might occur during ground operations; (8) For toxic containment in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, identify the evacuation plans or meteorological constraints and associated ground hazard controls needed to ensure that the public will not be within any toxic hazard area in the event of a worst-case release or maximum credible release scenario. (9) For toxic risk assessment in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section: (i) A demonstration that the risk criteria in § 450.185(c) will be met; (ii) The population characteristics in receptor locations that are identified by toxic dispersion modeling as toxic hazard areas; (iii) A description of any risk mitigation measures applied in the toxic risk assessment; and (iv) A description of the population exposure input data used in accordance with § 450.123. § 450.189 Ground safety prescribed hazard controls. (a) General. (b) Protection of public on the site. (1) Procedures for identifying and tracking the public while on the site; and (2) Methods the operator uses to protect the public from hazards in accordance with the ground hazard analysis and toxic hazard analysis. (c) Countdown abort. (1) Ensure that the vehicle and any payload are in a safe configuration; (2) Prohibit entry of the public into any identified hazard areas until the site is returned to a safe condition; and (3) Maintain and verify that any flight safety system remains operational until verification that the launch vehicle does not represent a risk of inadvertent flight. (d) Fire suppression. (e) Emergency procedures. (f) Application requirement. Subpart D—Terms and Conditions of a Vehicle Operator License § 450.201 Responsibility for public safety and safety of property. A licensee is responsible for ensuring public safety and safety of property during the conduct of a licensed launch or reentry. § 450.203 Compliance. A licensee must conduct a licensed launch or reentry in accordance with representations made in its license application, the requirements of subparts C and D of this part, and the terms and conditions contained in the license. A licensee's failure to act in accordance with the representations made in the license application, the requirements of subparts C and D of this part, and the terms and conditions contained in the license, is sufficient basis for the revocation of a license or other appropriate enforcement action. § 450.205 Financial responsibility requirements. A licensee must comply with financial responsibility requirements of part 440 of this chapter and as specified in a license or license order. § 450.207 Human spaceflight requirements. A licensee conducting a launch or reentry with a human being on board the vehicle must comply with human spaceflight requirements of part 460 of this chapter as specified in a license or license order. § 450.209 Compliance monitoring. (a) A licensee must allow access by, and cooperate with, Federal officers or employees or other individuals authorized by the FAA to observe any of its activities, or any of its contractors' or subcontractors' activities, associated with the conduct of a licensed launch or reentry. (b) For each licensed launch or reentry, a licensee must provide the FAA with a console for monitoring the progress of the countdown and communication on all channels of the countdown communications network, unless the licensee has another acceptable means. A licensee must also provide the FAA with the capability to communicate with the mission director designated by § 450.103(a)(1). § 450.211 Continuing accuracy of license application; application for modification of license. (a) A licensee is responsible for the continuing accuracy of representations contained in its application for the entire term of the license. (b) After a license has been issued, a licensee must apply to the FAA for modification of the license if— (1) The licensee proposes to conduct a launch or reentry in a manner not authorized by the license; or (2) Any representation contained in the license application that is material to public health and safety or the safety of property is no longer accurate and complete or does not reflect the licensee's procedures governing the actual conduct of a launch or reentry. A change is material to public health and safety or the safety of property if it alters or affects— (i) The class of payload; (ii) The type of launch or reentry vehicle; (iii) The type or quantity of hazardous material; (iv) The flight trajectory; (v) The launch site or reentry site or other landing site; or (vi) Any system, policy, procedure, requirement, criteria, or standard that is safety critical. (c) An application to modify a license must be prepared and submitted in accordance with part 413 of this chapter. If requested during the application process, the FAA may approve an alternate method for requesting license modifications. The licensee must indicate any part of its license or license application that would be changed or affected by a proposed modification. (d) Upon approval of a modification, the FAA issues either a written approval to the licensee or a license order amending the license if a stated term or condition of the license is changed, added, or deleted. An approval has the full force and effect of a license order and is part of the licensing record. § 450.213 Pre-flight reporting. (a) Reporting method. [email protected], (b) Mission information. (1) Payload information in accordance with § 450.43(i); and (2) Planned mission information, including the vehicle, launch site, planned flight path, staging and impact locations, each payload delivery point, intended reentry or landing sites including any contingency abort location, and the location of any disposed launch or reentry vehicle stage or component that is deorbited. (c) Flight abort and flight safety analysis products. (1) A licensee is not required to submit the flight abort and flight safety analysis products if— (i) The analysis submitted in the license application satisfies all the requirements of this section; or (ii) The licensee demonstrated during the application process that the analysis does not need to be updated to account for mission-specific factors. (2) If a licensee is required to submit the flight abort and flight safety analysis products, the licensee— (i) Must account for vehicle- and mission-specific input data; (ii) Must account for potential variations in input data that may affect any analysis product within the final 30 days before flight; (iii) Must submit the analysis products using the same format and organization used in its license application; and (iv) May not change an analysis product within the final 30 days before flight unless the licensee has a process, approved in the license, for making a change in that period as part of the licensee's flight safety analysis process. (d) Flight safety system test data. (1) A summary of the system, subsystem, and component-level test results, including all test failures and corrective actions implemented; (2) A summary of test results demonstrating sufficient margin to predicted operating environments; (3) A comparison matrix of the actual qualification and acceptance test levels used for each component in each test compared against the predicted flight levels for each environment, including any test tolerances allowed for each test; and (4) A clear identification of any components qualified by similarity analysis or a combination of analysis and test. (e) Collision avoidance analysis. (f) Launch or reentry schedule. § 450.215 Post-flight reporting. (a) A licensee must submit to the FAA the information in paragraph (b) of this section no later than 90 days after a launch or reentry, unless the Administrator agrees to a different time frame in accordance with § 404.15 of this chapter. (b) A licensee must send the following information as an email attachment to [email protected], (1) Any anomaly that occurred during countdown or flight that is material to public health and safety and the safety of property; (2) Any corrective action implemented or to be implemented after the flight due to an anomaly or mishap; (3) The number of humans on board the vehicle; (4) The actual trajectory flown by the vehicle, if requested by the FAA; and (5) For an unguided suborbital launch vehicle, the actual impact location of all impacting stages and impacting components, if requested by the FAA. § 450.217 Registration of space objects. (a) To assist the U.S. Government in implementing Article IV of the 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, each licensee must submit to the FAA the information required by paragraph (b) of this section for all objects placed in space by a licensed launch, including a launch vehicle and any components, except any object owned and registered by the U.S. Government. (b) For each object that must be registered in accordance with this section, no later than 30 days following the conduct of a licensed launch, a licensee must file the following information: (1) The international designator of the space object; (2) Date and location of launch; (3) General function of the space object; (4) Final orbital parameters, including: (i) Nodal period; (ii) Inclination; (iii) Apogee; (iv) Perigee; and (5) Ownership, and country of ownership, of the space object. (c) A licensee must notify the FAA when it removes an object that it has previously placed in space. § 450.219 Records. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, a licensee must maintain for 3 years all records, data, and other material necessary to verify that a launch or reentry is conducted in accordance with representations contained in the licensee's application, the requirements of subparts C and D of this part, and the terms and conditions contained in the license. (b) For an event that meets any of paragraph (1) through (5) or paragraph (8) of the definition of “mishap” in § 401.7 of this chapter, a licensee must preserve all records related to the event. Records must be retained until completion of any Federal investigation and the FAA advises the licensee that the records need not be retained. The licensee must make all records required to be maintained under the regulations available to Federal officials for inspection and copying. Appendix A to Part 450—Collision Analysis Worksheet (a) Launch or reentry information. (1) Mission name. (2) Launch location. (3) Launch or reentry window. (4) Epoch. (5) Segment number. (6) Orbital parameters. (7) Orbiting objects to evaluate. (8) Time of powered flight and sequence of events. (9) Point of contact. (b) Collision avoidance analysis results transmission medium. (c) Deliverable schedule/need dates. (d) Trajectory files. (1) The position coordinates in the Earth-Fixed Greenwich (EFG) coordinates system measured in kilometers and the EFG velocity components measured in kilometers per second, of each launch vehicle stage or payload starting below 150 km through screening time frame; (2) Radar cross section values for each individual file; (3) Position Covariance, if probability of impact analysis option is desired; and (4) Separate trajectory files identified by valid window time frames, if launch or reentry trajectory changes during launch or reentry window. (e) Screening. (1) Spherical screening. (2) Ellipsoidal screening. (3) Probability of Collision.

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