PART 630—PRECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES Authority: 23 U.S.C. 106, 109, 112, 115, 315, and 402(a); sec. 1110, 1501, and 1503, Pub. L. 109-59, 119 Stat. 1144; Pub. L. 105-178, 112 Stat. 193; Pub. L. 104-59, 109 Stat. 582; Pub. L. 97-424, 96 Stat. 2106; Pub. L. 90-495, 82 Stat. 828; Pub. L. 85-767, 72 Stat. 896; Pub. L. 84-627, 70 Stat. 380; sections 1303 and 1405, Pub. L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405; and 23 CFR 1.32 and 49 CFR 1.81 and 1.85. Subpart A—Project Authorization and Agreements Source: 66 FR 23847, May 10, 2001, unless otherwise noted. § 630.102 Purpose. The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe policies for authorizing Federal-aid projects through execution of the project agreement required by 23 U.S.C. 106(a)(2). § 630.104 Applicability. (a) This subpart is applicable to all Federal-aid projects unless specifically exempted. (b) Other projects which involve special procedures are to be approved, or authorized as set out in the implementing instructions or regulations for those projects. § 630.106 Authorization to proceed. (a)(1) The State Department of Transportation (State DOT) must obtain an authorization to proceed from the FHWA before beginning work on any Federal-aid project. The State DOT may request an authorization to proceed in writing or by electronic mail for a project or a group of projects. (2) The FHWA will issue the authorization to proceed either through or after the execution of a formal project agreement with the State. The agreement can be executed only after applicable prerequisite requirements of Federal laws and implementing regulations and directives are satisfied. Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(4) of this section, the FHWA will obligate Federal funds in the project or group of projects upon execution of the project agreement. (3) The State's request that Federal funds be obligated shall be supported by a documented cost estimate that is based on the State's best estimate of costs. (4) The State shall maintain a process to adjust project cost estimates. For example, the process would require a review of the project cost estimate when the bid is approved, a project phase is completed, a design change is approved, etc. Specifically, the State shall revise the Federal funds obligated within 90 days after it has determined that the estimated Federal share of project costs has decreased by $250,000 or more. (5) The State shall review, on a quarterly basis, inactive projects (for the purposes of this subpart an “inactive project” means a project for which no expenditures have been charged against Federal funds for the past 12 months) with unexpended Federal obligations and shall revise the Federal funds obligated for a project within 90 days to reflect the current cost estimate, based on the following criteria: (i) Projects inactive for the past 12 months with unexpended balances more than $500,000, (ii) Projects inactive for the past 24 months with unexpended balances of $50,000 to $500,000, and (iii) Projects inactive for the past 36 months with unexpended balances less than $50,000. (6) If the State fails to comply with the requirements of paragraphs (a)(3), (4), or (5) of this section, then the FHWA shall revise the obligations or take such other action as authorized by 23 CFR 1.36. The FHWA shall advise the State of its proposed actions and provide the State with the opportunity to respond before actions are taken. The FHWA shall not adjust obligations without a State's consent during the August redistribution process, August 1 to September 30. (7) For design-build projects, the execution or modification of the project agreement for final design and physical construction, and authorization to proceed, shall not occur until after the completion of the NEPA process. However, preliminary design (as defined in 23 CFR 636.103) and preliminary engineering may be authorized in accordance with this section. (8) For Construction Manager/General Contractor projects, the execution or modification of the project agreement for preconstruction services associated with final design and for construction services, and authorization to proceed with such services, shall not occur until after the completion of the NEPA process. However, preconstruction services associated with preliminary design may be authorized in accordance with this section. (9) For Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity projects, the execution or modification of the project agreement for final design or physical construction, and authorization to proceed, shall not occur until after the completion of the NEPA process. (b) Federal funds shall not participate in costs incurred prior to the date of a project agreement except as provided by 23 CFR 1.9(b). (c) The execution of the project agreement shall be deemed a contractual obligation of the Federal government under 23 U.S.C. 106 and shall require that appropriate funds be available at the time of authorization for the agreed Federal share, either pro rata or lump sum, of the cost of eligible work to be incurred by the State except as follows: (1) Advance construction projects authorized under 23 U.S.C. 115. (2) Projects for preliminary studies for the portion of the preliminary engineering and right-of-way (ROW) phase(s) through the selection of a location. (3) Projects for ROW acquisition in hardship and protective buying situations through the selection of a particular location. This includes ROW acquisition within a potential highway corridor under consideration where necessary to preserve the corridor for future highway purposes. Authorization of work under this paragraph shall be in accord with the provisions of 23 CFR part 710. (4) In special cases where the Federal Highway Administrator determines it to be in the best interest of the Federal-aid highway program. (d) For projects authorized to proceed under paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(4) of this section, the executed project agreement shall contain the following statement: “Authorization to proceed is not a commitment or obligation to provide Federal funds for that portion of the undertaking not fully funded herein.” (e) For projects authorized under paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section, subsequent authorizations beyond the location stage shall not be given until appropriate available funds have been obligated to cover eligible costs of the work covered by the previous authorization. (f)(1) The Federal-aid share of eligible project costs shall be established at the time the project agreement is executed in one of the following manners: (i) Pro rata, with the agreement stating the Federal share as a specified percentage; or (ii) Lump sum, with the agreement stating that Federal funds are limited to a specified dollar amount not to exceed the legal pro rata. (2) The pro-rata or lump sum share may be adjusted before or shortly after contract award to reflect any substantive change in the bids received as compared to the State DOT's estimated cost of the project at the time of FHWA authorization, provided that Federal funds are available. (3) Federal participation is limited to the agreed Federal share of eligible costs actually incurred by the State, not to exceed the maximum permitted by enabling legislation. (g) The State may contribute more than the normal non-Federal share of title 23, U.S.C. projects. In general, financing proposals that result in only minimal amounts of Federal funds in projects should be avoided unless they are based on sound project management decisions. (h)(1) Donations of cash, land, material or services may be credited to the State's non-Federal share of the participating project work in accordance with title 23, U.S.C., and implementing regulations. (2) Contributions may not exceed the total costs incurred by the State on the project. Cash contributions from all sources plus the Federal funds may not exceed the total cost of the project. [66 FR 23847, May 10, 2001, as amended at 71 FR 4995, Jan. 31, 2006; 72 FR 45336, Aug. 14, 2007; 81 FR 86942, Dec. 2, 2016; 85 FR 72931, Nov. 16, 2020] § 630.108 Preparation of agreement. (a) The State DOT shall prepare a project agreement for each Federal-aid project. (b) The State DOT may develop the project agreement in a format acceptable to both the State DOT and the FHWA provided the following are included: (1) A description of each project location including State and project termini; (2) The Federal-aid project number; (3) The work covered by the agreement; (4) The total project cost and amount of Federal funds under agreement; (5) The Federal-aid share of eligible project costs expressed as either a pro rata percentage or a lump sum as set forth in § 630.106(f)(1); (6) A statement that the State accepts and will comply with the agreement provisions set forth in § 630.112; (7) A statement that the State stipulates that its signature on the project agreement constitutes the making of the certifications set for in § 630.112; and (8) Signatures of officials from both the State and the FHWA, and the date executed. (c) The project agreement should also document, by comment, instances where: (1) The State is applying amounts of credits from special accounts (such as the 23 U.S.C. 120(j) toll credits, 23 U.S.C. 144(n) off-system bridge credits and 23 U.S.C. 323 land value credits) to cover all or a portion of the normal percent non-Federal share of the project; (2) The project involves other arrangements affecting Federal funding or non-Federal matching provisions, including tapered match, donations, or use of other Federal agency funds, if known at the time the project agreement is executed; and (3) The State is claiming finance related costs for bond and other debt instrument financing (such as payments to States under 23 U.S.C. 122). (d) The State DOT may use an electronic version of the agreement as provided by the FHWA. (Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 2125-0529) § 630.110 Modification of original agreement. (a) When changes are needed to the original project agreement, a modification of agreement shall be prepared. Agreements should not be modified to replace one Federal fund category with another unless specifically authorized by statute. (b) The State DOT may develop the modification of project agreement in a format acceptable to both the State DOT and the FHWA provided the following are included: (1) The Federal-aid project number and State; (2) A sequential number identifying the modification; (3) A reference to the date of the original project agreement to be modified; (4) The original total project cost and the original amount of Federal funds under agreement; (5) The revised total project cost and the revised amount of Federal funds under agreement; (6) The reason for the modifications; and, (7) Signatures of officials from both the State and the FHWA and date executed. (c) The State DOT may use an electronic version of the modification of project agreement as provided by the FHWA. § 630.112 Agreement provisions. (a) The State, through its transportation department, accepts and agrees to comply with the applicable terms and conditions set forth in title 23, U.S.C., the regulations issued pursuant thereto, the policies and procedures promulgated by the FHWA relative to the designated project covered by the agreement, and all other applicable Federal laws and regulations. (b) Federal funds obligated for the project must not exceed the amount agreed to on the project agreement, the balance of the estimated total cost being an obligation of the State. Such obligation of Federal funds extends only to project costs incurred by the State after the execution of a formal project agreement with the FHWA. (c) The State must stipulate that as a condition to payment of the Federal funds obligated, it accepts and will comply with the following applicable provisions: (1) Project for acquisition of rights-of-way. (2) [Reserved] (3) Drug-free workplace. (4) Suspension and debarment verification. (5) Lobbying certification. [66 FR 23847, May 10, 2001, as amended at 85 FR 72931, Nov. 16, 2020; 90 FR 22860, May 30, 2025] Subpart B—Plans, Specifications, and Estimates Source: 43 FR 58564, Dec. 15, 1978, unless otherwise noted. § 630.201 Purpose. The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) procedures relating to the preparation, submission, and approval of plans, specifications and estimates (PS&E), and supporting documents for Federal-aid projects. § 630.203 Applicability. The provisions of this regulation apply to all highway construction projects financed in whole or in part with Federal-aid highway funds and to be undertaken by a State or political subdivision. [69 FR 7118, Feb. 13, 2004] § 630.205 Preparation, submission, and approval. (a) The contents and number of copies of the PS&E assembly shall be determined by the FHWA. (b) Plans and specifications shall describe the location and design features and the construction requirements in sufficient detail to facilitate the construction, the contract control and the estimation of construction costs of the project. The estimate shall reflect the anticipated cost of the project in sufficient detail to provide an initial prediction of the financial obligations to be incurred by the State and FHWA and to permit an effectice review and comparison of the bids received. (c) PS&E assemblies for Federal-aid highway projects shall be submitted to the FHWA for approval. (d) The State DOT shall be advised of approval of the PS&E by the FHWA. (e) No project or part thereof for actual construction shall be advertised for contract nor work commenced by force account until the PS&E has been approved by the FHWA and the State DOT has been so notified, except in the case of an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity project conforming to the requirements of 23 CFR part 635 subpart F. [43 FR 58564, Dec. 15, 1978, as amended at 85 FR 72931, Nov. 16, 2020] Subpart C [Reserved] Subpart D—Geodetic Markers Source: 39 FR 26414, July 19, 1974, unless otherwise noted. § 630.401 Purpose. The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe procedures for conducting geodetic control surveys when participation with Federal-aid highway funds in the cost thereof is proposed and to encourage inter-agency cooperation in setting station markers, surveying to measure their position, and preserving the control so established. § 630.402 Policy. (a) Geodetic surveys along Federal-aid highway routes may be programmed as Federal-aid highway projects. (b) All geodetic survey work performed as a Federal-aid highway project will conform to National Ocean Survey (NOS) specifications. NOS will, as the representative of FHWA, be responsible for the inspection and verification of the work to ascertain that the specifications for the work have been met. Final project acceptance by FHWA will be predicated on a finding of acceptability by NOS. § 630.403 Initiation of projects. All projects shall be coordinated by the FHWA Division Administrator, the State highway department and the National Ocean Survey. § 630.404 Standards. (a) Highway purposes may best be served by the establishment of station markings for horizontal control along Federal-aid highway routes at spacings of three to eight kilometers (about 2 to 5 miles) and station markers for vertical control of spacings no closer than one kilometer. These requirements may be waived only with the approval of the Administrator. (b) Projects should be of sufficient scope to permit efficient use of field parties. Projects should extend at least 30 kilometers. Projects may be coordinated with adjoining States to attain greater efficiency. (c) Where geodetic station markers cannot be established inititally at points readily accessible from the Federal-aid route, or where unavoidable circumstances result in their being established within construction limits, supplemental projects may later be approved to set and survey markers at satisfactory permanent points, preferably within the right-of-way but at points where their use does not introduce traffic hazards. Subparts E-F [Reserved] Subpart G—Advance Construction of Federal-Aid Projects Source: 60 FR 36993, July 19, 1995, unless otherwise noted. § 630.701 Purpose. The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe procedures for advancing the construction of Federal-aid highway projects without obligating Federal funds apportioned or allocated to the State. § 630.703 Eligibility. (a) The State Department of Transportation (DOT) may proceed with a project authorized in accordance with title 23, United States Code: (1) Without the use of Federal funds; and (2) In accordance with all procedures and requirements applicable to the project other than those procedures and requirements that limit the State to implementation of a project— (i) With the aid of Federal funds previously apportioned or allocated to the State; or (ii) With obligation authority previously allocated to the State. (b) The FHWA, on the request of a State and execution of a project agreement, may obligate all or a portion of the Federal share of a project authorized to proceed under this section from any category of funds for which the project is eligible. [73 FR 50196, Aug. 26, 2008] § 630.705 Procedures. (a) An advance construction project shall meet the same requirements and be processed in the same manner as a regular Federal-aid project, except, (1) The FHWA authorization does not constitute any commitment of Federal funds on the project, and (2) The FHWA shall not reimburse the State until the project is converted under § 630.709. (b) [Reserved] [60 FR 36993, July 19, 1995, as amended at 68 FR 60033, Oct. 21, 2003; 90 FR 40737, Aug. 21, 2025] § 630.707 [Reserved] § 630.709 Conversion to a regular Federal-aid project. (a) The State Department of Transportation may submit a written request to the FHWA that a project be converted to a regular Federal-aid project at any time provided that sufficient Federal-aid funds and obligation authority are available. (b) Subsequent to FHWA approval the State Department of Transportation may claim reimbursement for the Federal share of project costs incurred, provided the project agreement has been executed. If the State Department of Transportation has previously submitted a final voucher, the FHWA will process the voucher for payment. [60 FR 36993, July 19, 1995, as amended at 73 FR 50196, Aug. 26, 2008] Subparts H-I [Reserved] Subpart J—Work Zone Safety and Mobility Source: 89 FR 87293, Nov. 1, 2024, unless otherwise noted. § 630.1002 Purpose. Work zones directly impact the safety and mobility of road users and highway workers. These safety and mobility impacts are exacerbated by an aging highway infrastructure and growing congestion in many locations. Addressing these safety and mobility issues requires considerations that start early in project development and continue through project completion. Part 6 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) (incorporated by reference, see § 630.1018) sets forth basic principles and prescribes standards for the design, application, installation, and maintenance of traffic control devices for highway and street construction, maintenance operation, and utility work. In addition to the provisions in the MUTCD, there are other actions that could be taken to further help mitigate the safety and mobility impacts of work zones. This subpart establishes requirements and provides guidance for systematically addressing the safety and mobility impacts of work zones, and for developing strategies to help manage these impacts on Federal-aid highway projects. § 630.1004 Definitions and explanation of terms. As used in this subpart: Agency Highway workers Mobility Safety State Transportation management plan (TMP) Work zone Work zone crash https://www.nhtsa.gov/mmucc-1. Work zone impacts Work zone programmatic review § 630.1006 Work zone safety and mobility policy. (a) Each State shall implement a policy for the systematic consideration and management of work zone impacts on all Federal-aid highway projects. This policy shall address work zone impacts throughout the various stages of the project development and implementation process. This policy may take the form of processes, procedures, or guidance, and may vary based on the characteristics and expected work zone impacts of individual projects or classes of projects. (b) At a minimum, the policy shall identify safety and mobility performance measures that will be used to manage work zone performance. Examples of such performance measures include number of fatal and injury crashes occurring in a work zone, percent of projects that exceed a preestablished crash rate in the work zone, number of highway worker fatalities and injuries experienced, highway worker fatality and injury rate per hours worked, percent of projects that experience queues above a predefined threshold, and percent of time when speeds in a work zone drop below a predefined threshold. (c) The States should institute this policy using a multi-disciplinary team and in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The States are encouraged to implement this policy for non-Federal-aid projects as well. § 630.1008 State-level processes and procedures. (a) General. (b) Work zone assessment and management procedures. (c) Work zone data. (d) Training. (e) Work zone programmatic review. (1) The work zone programmatic review shall include a data-driven assessment of the safety and mobility performance of the State's work zones. At a minimum, this review shall include a representative sample of the State's significant work zones over the 5-year period being reviewed. The approach used for selecting the representative projects shall be documented and should be based on factors such as land use (urban and rural locations), roadway type, type of work zone, and extent of the work zone impacts. (2) Each programmatic review shall include an assessment of the work zone safety and mobility performance occurring since the last review was performed, systematic identification and assessment of the States' work zone management processes and procedures to be improved, action items to be taken to achieve improvement, State divisions or offices responsible for implementing the actions, and estimated timeline for implementation. (3) States shall use available crash data, available safety surrogate data, available operational data, and the performance measures specified in their work zone policy to conduct the assessment. Section 630.1008(c) provides example performance measures for each data source listed in this section. To ensure assessment of the safety and mobility performance of their work zones on a continuous basis, States shall monitor performance annually. (4) The work zone programmatic review shall include examination of efforts across State divisions or offices affecting work zone safety and mobility management, including but not limited to: project planning, project design, project implementation, maintenance activities, transportation operations and management, permitting ( e.g., (5) Appropriate personnel who represent the project development and implementation stages and the different offices within the State and FHWA should participate in this review. Other non-State stakeholders may also be included in this review, as appropriate. § 630.1010 Significant projects. (a) A significant project is one that, alone or in combination with other concurrent projects nearby, is anticipated to cause sustained work zone impacts (as defined in § 630.1004) that are greater than what is considered tolerable based on State policy and engineering judgment. (b) The applicability of the provisions in §§ 630.1012(b)(2) and 630.1012(b)(3) is dependent upon whether a project is determined to be significant. The State shall identify upcoming projects that are expected to be significant. This identification of significant projects should be done as early as possible in the project delivery and development process, and in cooperation with FHWA. The State's work zone policy provisions, the project's characteristics, and the magnitude and extent of the anticipated work zone impacts should be considered when determining if a project is significant or not. (c) All Interstate system projects within the boundaries of a designated Transportation Management Area that require intermittent or continuous lane closures for 3 or more consecutive days shall be considered as significant projects. (d) For an Interstate system project or categories of Interstate system projects that are classified as significant through the application of the provisions in paragraph (c) of this section but in the judgment of the State do not cause sustained work zone impacts, the State may request from FHWA an exception to §§ 630.1012(b)(2) and 630.1012(b)(3). The FHWA may grant exceptions to these provisions based on the State's ability to show that the specific Interstate system project or categories of Interstate system projects do not have sustained work zone impacts. (e) Non-interstate system projects with less than 3 consecutive days of intermittent or continuous lane closures do not require the transportation operations (TO) or public information and outreach (PIO) components of a TMP (as described in § 630.1012(b)). § 630.1012 Project-level procedures. (a) Scope. (b) Transportation Management Plan. (1) A TTC plan describes TTC measures to be used for facilitating road users through a work zone or an incident area. The TTC plan shall be consistent with the provisions under Part 6 of the MUTCD (incorporated by reference, see § 630.1018). In developing and implementing the TTC plan, pre-existing roadside safety hardware shall be maintained at an equivalent or better level than existed prior to project implementation. The scope of the TTC plan is determined by the project characteristics and the traffic safety and control requirements identified by the State for that project. The TTC plan shall either be a reference to specific TTC elements in the MUTCD, approved standard TTC plans, State transportation department TTC manual, or be designed specifically for the project. (2) The TO component of the TMP shall include the identification of strategies that the State will use to mitigate impacts of the work zone on the operation and management of the transportation system within the work zone impact area. Typical TO strategies may include, but are not limited to, demand management, corridor/network management, safety management and enforcement, and work zone traffic management. The scope of the TO component should be determined by the project characteristics and the transportation operations and safety strategies identified by the State. (3) The PIO component of the TMP shall include communications strategies that seek to inform affected road users, the general public, area residences and businesses, and appropriate public entities about the project, the expected work zone impacts, and the changing conditions on the project. This may include traveler information strategies. The scope of the PIO component should be determined by the project characteristics and the public information and outreach strategies identified by the State. Public information and outreach should be provided through methods best suited for the project, and may include, but not be limited to, information on the project characteristics, expected impacts, closure details, and commuter alternatives. (4) States should develop and implement the TMP in sustained consultation with stakeholders ( e.g., (c) Inclusion of TMP in Plans, Specification, and Estimates. (d) Inclusion of Pay Item Provisions in Plans, Specification, and Estimates. (e) Responsible persons. § 630.1014 Implementation. Each State shall work in cooperation with FHWA in the implementation of its policies and procedures to improve work zone safety and mobility. At a minimum, this shall involve an FHWA review of conformance of the State's policies and procedures with this regulation and reassessment of the State's implementation of its procedures at appropriate intervals. Each State is encouraged to address implementation of this regulation in its stewardship agreement with FHWA. § 630.1016 Compliance date. States shall comply with all the provisions of this rule no later than December 31, 2026. The next work zone programmatic review will be due December 31, 2030. For projects that are in the later stages of development at or about the compliance date, and if it is determined that the delivery of those projects would be significantly impacted as a result of this rule's provisions, States may request variances for those projects from FHWA on a project-by-project basis. § 630.1018 Incorporation by reference. Certain material is incorporated by reference into this subpart with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved incorporation by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at FHWA and at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact FHWA at: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Transportation Operations, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590; phone: (202) 366-8043; website: ops.fhwa.dot.gov/contactus.htm. www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations [email protected]. (a) FHWA, Federal Highway Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590; phone: (202) 366-1993; website: mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov. (1) Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), 11th Edition, FHWA, December 2023; approved for §§ 630.1002; 630.1012. (2) [Reserved] (b) [Reserved] Subpart K—Temporary Traffic Control Devices Source: 89 FR 87296, Nov. 1, 2024, unless otherwise noted. § 630.1102 Purpose. To decrease the likelihood of highway work zone fatalities and injuries to workers and road users by establishing minimum requirements and providing guidance for the use of positive protection devices between the work space and motorized traffic; installation and maintenance of temporary traffic control devices; use of uniformed law enforcement officers during construction, utility, and maintenance operations; and by requiring contract pay items to ensure the availability of funds for these provisions. This subpart is applicable to all Federal-aid highway projects, and its application is encouraged on other highway projects as well. § 630.1104 Definitions and explanation of terms. For the purposes of this subpart, the following definitions apply: Agency Engineering study Exposure control measures Federal-aid highway project Motorized traffic Other traffic control measures Positive protection devices § 630.1106 Policy and procedures for work zone safety management. (a) Each agency's policy and processes, procedures, or guidance for the systematic consideration and management of work zone impacts, to be established in accordance with § 630.1006, shall include the consideration and management of road user and worker safety on Federal-aid highway projects. These processes, procedures, or guidance, to be developed in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), shall address the use of Positive Protection Devices to prevent the intrusion of motorized traffic into the work space and other potentially hazardous areas in the work zone; Exposure Control Measures to avoid or minimize worker exposure to motorized traffic and road user exposure to work activities; Other Traffic Control Measures including uniformed law enforcement officers to minimize work zone crashes; and the safe entry/exit of work vehicles onto/from the travel lanes. Each of these strategies should be used to the extent that they are possible, practical, and adequate to manage work zone exposure and reduce the risks of crashes resulting in fatalities or injuries to workers and road users. (b) Agency processes, procedures, or guidance should be based on consideration of standards or guidance contained in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), as well as project characteristics and factors. The strategies and devices to be used may be determined by a project-specific engineering study or determined from agency guidelines developed from an engineering study that indicate when positive protection devices or other strategies and approaches are to be used based on project and highway characteristics and factors. An engineer, or an individual working under the supervision of an engineer shall perform an engineering study through the application of procedures and criteria established by the engineer. The person conducting the engineering study shall document such study. Benefit-cost analyses, decision matrices, decision tree analysis, or other appropriate engineering decision-making tools may be used in the engineering study. The types of measures and strategies to be used are not mutually exclusive, and should be considered in combination as appropriate based on characteristics and factors such as those listed below: (1) Project scope and duration; (2) Anticipated operating conditions including traffic volume, vehicle mix, and speeds through the work zone; (3) Anticipated traffic safety impacts; (4) Type of work (as related to worker exposure and crash risks); (5) Distance between traffic and workers, and extent of worker exposure; (6) Escape paths available for workers to avoid a vehicle intrusion into the work space; (7) Time of day ( e.g., (8) Work area restrictions (including impact on worker exposure); (9) Consequences from/to road users resulting from roadway departure; (10) Potential hazard to workers and road users presented by device itself and during device placement and removal; (11) Geometrics that may increase crash risks ( e.g., (12) Access to/from work space; (13) Roadway classification; and (14) Impacts on project cost and duration. (c) Each agency, in partnership with FHWA, shall develop a policy addressing the use of uniformed law enforcement on Federal-aid highway projects. The policy may consist of processes, procedures, and/or guidance. The processes, procedures, or guidance should address the following: (1) Basic interagency agreements between the highway agency and appropriate law enforcement agencies to address work zone enforcement needs; (2) Interaction between highway and law-enforcement agencies during project planning and development; (3) Conditions where law enforcement involvement in work zone traffic control may be needed or beneficial, and criteria to determine the project-specific need for law enforcement; (4) General nature of law enforcement services to be provided, and procedures to determine project-specific services; (5) Appropriate work zone safety and mobility training for the officers, consistent with the training requirements in § 630.1008(d); (6) Procedures for interagency and project-level communications between highway agency and law enforcement personnel; and (7) Reimbursement agreements for law enforcement service. § 630.1108 Work zone safety management measures and strategies. (a) Positive protection devices. (1) Work zones that provide workers no means of escape from motorized traffic ( e.g., (2) Long-duration work zones ( e.g., (3) Projects with high anticipated operating speeds ( e.g., (4) Work operations that place workers close ( e.g., (5) Roadside hazards, such as drop-offs or unfinished bridge decks, that will remain in place overnight or longer. (b) Exposure control measures. (1) Full road closures; (2) Ramp closures; (3) Median crossovers; (4) Full or partial detours or diversions; (5) Protection of work zone setup and removal operations using rolling road blocks; (6) Performing work at night or during off-peak periods when traffic volumes are lower; and (7) Accelerated construction techniques. (c) Other traffic control measures. (1) Effective, credible signing; (2) Changeable message signs; (3) Arrow panels; (4) Warning flags and lights on signs; (5) Longitudinal and lateral buffer space; (6) Trained flaggers and spotters; (7) Enhanced flagger station setups or use of automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs); (8) Intrusion alarms; (9) Rumble strips; (10) Pace or pilot vehicle; (11) High-quality work zone pavement markings and removal of misleading markings; (12) Channelizing device spacing reduction; (13) Longitudinal channelizing barricades; (14) Work zone speed management (including changes to the regulatory speed or variable speed limits); (15) Law enforcement; (16) Speed Safety Cameras (where permitted by State/local laws): (17) Drone radar; (18) Worker and work vehicle/equipment visibility; (19) Worker training; (20) Public information and traveler information; (21) Temporary traffic signals. (22) Protection or shadow vehicles used to protect workers and equipment from impacts by errant vehicles; and (23) Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and other advanced technology solutions and strategies. (d) Uniformed law enforcement officers. (i) Frequent worker presence adjacent to high-speed traffic without positive protection devices; (ii) Traffic control setup or removal that presents significant risks to workers and road users; (iii) Complex or very short-term changes in traffic patterns with significant potential for road user confusion or worker risk from traffic exposure; (iv) Night work operations that create substantial traffic safety risks for workers and road users; (v) Existing traffic conditions and crash histories that indicate a potential for substantial safety and congestion impacts related to the work zone activity, and that may be mitigated by improved driver behavior and awareness of the work zone; (vi) Work zone operations that require brief stoppage of all traffic in one or both directions; (vii) High-speed roadways where unexpected or sudden traffic queuing is anticipated, especially if the queue forms a considerable distance in advance of the work zone or immediately adjacent to the work space; and (viii) Other work site conditions where traffic presents a high risk for workers and road users, such that the risk may be reduced by improving road user behavior and awareness. (2) Costs associated with the provision of uniformed law enforcement to help protect workers and road users, and to maintain safe and efficient travel through highway work zones, are eligible for Federal-aid participation. Federal-aid eligibility excludes law enforcement activities that would normally be expected in and around highway problem areas requiring routine or ongoing law enforcement traffic control and enforcement activities. Payment for the services of uniformed law enforcement in work zones may be included in the construction contract, or be provided by direct reimbursement from the highway agency to the law enforcement agency. When payment is included through the construction contract, the contractor will be responsible for reimbursing the law enforcement agency, and in turn will recover those costs through contract pay items. Direct interagency reimbursement may be made on a project-specific basis, or on a programwide basis that considers the overall level of services to be provided by the law enforcement agency. Contract pay items for law enforcement service may be either unit price or lump sum items. Unit price items should be utilized when the highway agency can estimate and control the quantity of law enforcement services required on the project. The use of lump sum payment should be limited to situations where the quantity of services is directly affected by the contractor's choice of project scheduling and chosen manner of staging and performing the work. Innovative payment items may also be considered when they offer an advantage to both the highway agency and the contractor. When reimbursement to the law enforcement agency is made by interagency transfer of funds, the highway agency should establish a program-level or project-level budget that is adequate to meet anticipated program or project needs, and include provisions to address unplanned needs and other contingencies. (e) Work vehicles and equipment. (f) Payment for traffic control. (1) Payment for work zone traffic control features and operations shall not be incidental to the contract, or included in payment for other items of work not related to traffic control and safety; (2) As a minimum, separate pay items shall be provided for major categories of traffic control devices, safety features, and work zone safety activities, including but not limited to positive protection devices, and uniformed law enforcement activities when funded through the project; (3) For method-based specifications, the specifications and other PS&E documents should provide sufficient details such that the quantity and types of devices and the overall effort required to implement and maintain the TMP can be determined; (4) For method-based specifications, unit price pay items, lump sum pay items, or a combination thereof may be used; (5) Lump sum payment should be limited to items for which an estimate of the actual quantity required is provided in the PS&E or for items where the actual quantity required is dependent upon the contractor's choice of work scheduling and methodology; (6) For Lump Sum items, a contingency provision should be included such that additional payment is provided if the quantity or nature of the required work changes, either an increase or decrease, due to circumstances beyond the control of the contractor; (7) Unit price payment should be provided for those items over which the contractor has little or no control over the quantity, and no firm estimate of quantities is provided in the PS&Es, but over which the highway agency has control of the actual quantity to be required during the project; (8) Specifications should clearly indicate how placement, movement/relocation, and maintenance of traffic control devices and safety features will be compensated; and (9) The specifications should include provisions to require and enforce contractor compliance with the contract provisions relative to implementation and maintenance of the project TMP and related traffic control items. Enforcement provisions may include remedies such as liquidated damages, work suspensions, or withholding payment for noncompliance. § 630.1110 Maintenance of temporary traffic control devices. To provide for the continued effectiveness of temporary traffic control devices, each agency shall develop and implement quality guidelines to help maintain the quality and adequacy of the temporary traffic control devices for the duration of the project. Agencies may choose to adopt existing quality guidelines such as those developed by the American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA) or other state highway agencies. 1 1 https://www.atssa.com/resource/quality-guidelines/. § 630.1112 Compliance date. States shall update their policy no later than December 31, 2025, and implement the policy no later than December 31, 2026. For projects that are in the later stages of development at or about the compliance date, and if it is determined that the delivery of those projects would be significantly impacted as a result of this rule's provisions, States may request variances for those projects from FHWA on a project-by-project basis.