49 CFR Part 531 — Passenger Automobile Average Fuel Economy Standards

PART 531—PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS Authority: 49 U.S.C. 32902, delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.95. Source: 87 FR 26070, May 2, 2022, unless otherwise noted. § 531.1 Scope. This part establishes average fuel economy standards pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 32902 for passenger automobiles. [89 FR 52945, June 24, 2024] § 531.2 Purpose. The purpose of this part is to increase the fuel economy of passenger automobiles by establishing minimum levels of average fuel economy for those vehicles. § 531.3 Applicability. This part applies to manufacturers of passenger automobiles. § 531.4 Definitions. (a) Statutory terms. average fuel economy, manufacture, manufacturer, model year (2) The terms automobile passenger automobile (b) Other terms. (1) The term domestically manufactured passenger automobile (2) [Reserved] [89 FR 52945, June 24, 2024] § 531.5 Fuel economy standards. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this paragraph (a), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable: Table 1 to Paragraph ( a Model year Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon) 1978 18.0 1979 19.0 1980 20.0 1981 22.0 1982 24.0 1983 26.0 1984 27.0 1985 27.5 1986 26.0 1987 26.0 1988 26.0 1989 26.5 1990-2010 27.5 (b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this paragraph (b). Figure 1 to Paragraph (b) Where: N N i ith T i ith Where: Parameters a, b, c, d e x Table 2 to paragraph ( b Model year Parameters a b c d 2011 31.20 24.00 51.41 1.91 (c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this paragraph (c). Figure 2 to Paragraph (c) Where: CAFE required Subscript i i.e., i Production i ith i.e., TARGET i ith i.e., i.e., Figure 3 to Paragraph (c) Where: TARGET FOOTPRINT, Parameters a, b, c, d The MIN MAX Table 3 to Paragraph ( c Model year Parameters a b c d 2012 35.95 27.95 0.0005308 0.006057 2013 36.80 28.46 0.0005308 0.005410 2014 37.75 29.03 0.0005308 0.004725 2015 39.24 29.90 0.0005308 0.003719 2016 41.09 30.96 0.0005308 0.002573 2017 43.61 32.65 0.0005131 0.001896 2018 45.21 33.84 0.0004954 0.001811 2019 46.87 35.07 0.0004783 0.001729 2020 48.74 36.47 0.0004603 0.001643 2021 49.48 37.02 0.000453 0.00162 2022 50.24 37.59 0.000447 0.00159 2023 51.00 38.16 0.000440 0.00157 2024 55.44 41.48 0.000405 0.00144 2025 60.26 45.08 0.000372 0.00133 2026 66.95 50.09 0.000335 0.00120 2027 68.32 51.12 0.00032841 0.00117220 2028 69.71 52.16 0.00032184 0.00114876 2029 71.14 53.22 0.00031541 0.00112579 2030 72.59 54.31 0.00030910 0.00110327 2031 74.07 55.42 0.00030292 0.00108120 (d) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in paragraph (e) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this paragraph (d): Table 4 to Paragraph ( d Model year Minimum 2011 27.8 2012 30.7 2013 31.4 2014 32.1 2015 33.3 2016 34.7 2017 36.7 2018 38.0 2019 39.4 2020 40.9 2021 39.9 2022 40.6 2023 41.1 2024 44.3 2025 48.1 2026 53.5 2027 54.2 2028 55.2 2029 56.4 2030 57.5 2031 58.7 (e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in paragraphs (e)(1) through (15) of this section for the specified model years: (1) Avanti Motor Corporation. Table 5 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per gallon 1978 16.1 1979 14.5 1980 15.8 1981 18.2 1982 18.2 1983 16.9 1984 16.9 1985 16.9 (2) Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc. Table 6 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per gallon 1978 10.7 1979 10.8 1980 11.1 1981 10.7 1982 10.6 1983 9.9 1984 10.0 1985 10.0 1986 11.0 1987 11.2 1988 11.2 1989 11.2 1990 12.7 1991 12.7 1992 13.8 1993 13.8 1994 13.8 1995 14.6 1996 14.6 1997 15.1 1998 16.3 1999 16.3 (3) Checker Motors Corporation. Table 7 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per gallon 1978 17.6 1979 16.5 1980 18.5 1981 18.3 1982 18.4 (4) Aston Martin Lagonda Limited. Table 8 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 1979 11.5 1980 12.1 1981 12.2 1982 12.2 1983 11.3 1984 11.3 1985 11.4 2008 19.0 2009 18.6 2010 19.2 2011 19.1 2012 19.2 2013 20.1 2014 19.7 2015 19.8 2016 20.2 2017 21.4 2018 22.9 2019 22.4 2020 22.6 2021 24.9 2022 24.9 2023 24.9 (5) Excalibur Automobile Corporation. Table 9 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1978 11.5 1979 11.5 1980 16.2 1981 17.9 1982 17.9 1983 16.6 1984 16.6 1985 16.6 (6) Lotus Cars Ltd. Table 10 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1994 24.2 1995 23.3 (7) Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A. Table 11 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1978 12.5 1979 12.5 1980 9.5 1984 17.9 1985 16.8 (8) Lamborghini of North America. Table 12 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1983 13.7 1984 13.7 (9) LondonCoach Co., Inc. Table 13 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1985 21.0 1986 21.0 1987 21.0 (10) Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation. Table 14 § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1995 12.8 1996 12.6 1997 12.5 (11) Dutcher Motors, Inc. Table 15 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1986 16.0 1987 16.0 1988 16.0 1992 17.0 1993 17.0 1994 17.0 1995 17.0 (12) MedNet, Inc. Table 16 to § 531.5( e Model year Average 1996 17.0 1997 17.0 1998 17.0 (13) Vector Aeromotive Corporation. Table 17 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 1998 12.1 (14) Qvale Automotive Group Srl. Table 18 to § 531.5( e Model year Miles per 2000 22.0 2001 22.0 (15) Spyker Automobielen B.V. Table 19 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2006 18.9 2007 18.9 2008 19.6 2009 19.6 2010 20.7 (16) Ferrari. Table 20 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2016 21.7 2017 21.5 2018 21.6 2020 21.1 (17) Koenigsegg. Table 21 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2015 16.7 2018 16.7 2019 16.6 2020 16.6 2021 16.6 2022 16.9 2023 16.9 (18) McLaren. Table 22 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2012 23.2 2013 24.0 2014 23.8 2015 22.9 2016 23.2 2017 24.3 2018 23.3 2019 22.5 2020 22.5 2021 21.5 2022 24.6 2023 25.7 (19) Mobility Ventures. Table 23 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2014 19.6 2015 20.1 2016 20.1 (20) Pagani. Table 24 to § 531.5( e Model year (Miles per 2014 15.6 2016 15.6 2017 15.6 2018 15.6 2019 15.5 2020 15.5 2021 15.5 2022 15.5 2023 15.5 [87 FR 26070, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 12756, Feb. 20, 2024; 89 FR 52945, June 24, 2024; 89 FR 60833, July 29, 2024] § 531.6 Measurement and calculation procedures. (a) The fleet average fuel economy performance of all passenger automobiles that are manufactured by a manufacturer in a model year shall be determined in accordance with procedures established by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under 49 U.S.C. 32904 and set forth in 40 CFR part 600. (b) For model years 2017 through 2031, a manufacturer is eligible to increase the fuel economy performance of passenger cars in accordance with procedures established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set forth in 40 CFR part 600, subpart F, including adjustments to fuel economy for fuel consumption improvements related to air conditioning (AC) efficiency and off-cycle technologies. Starting in model year 2027, fuel economy increases for fuel consumption improvement values under 40 CFR 86.1868-12 and 40 CFR 86.1869-12 only apply for vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines. Manufacturers must provide reporting on these technologies as specified in § 537.7 of this chapter by the required deadlines. (1) Efficient AC technologies. (2) Off-cycle technologies on EPA's predefined list. (3) Off-cycle technologies using 5-cycle testing. (4) Off-cycle technologies using the alternative EPA-approved methodology. (i) Eligibility under the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program requires compliance with paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) through (C) of this section. (A) A manufacturer seeking to increase its fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology, should submit a detailed analytical plan to EPA prior to the applicable model year. The detailed analytical plan may include information, such as planned test procedure and model types for demonstration. The plan will be approved or denied in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869.12(d). (B) A manufacturer seeking to increase its CAFE program fuel economy performance using the alternative methodology for an off-cycle technology must submit an official credit application to EPA and obtain approval in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869.12(e) prior to September of the given model year. (C) A manufacturer's plans, applications and requests approved by the EPA must be made in consultation with NHTSA. To expedite NHTSA's consultation with the EPA, a manufacturer must concurrently submit its application to NHTSA if the manufacturer is seeking off-cycle fuel economy improvement values under the CAFE program for those technologies. For off-cycle technologies that are covered under 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d), NHTSA will consult with the EPA regarding NHTSA's evaluation of the specific off-cycle technology to ensure its impact on fuel economy and the suitability of using the off-cycle technology to adjust the fuel economy performance. (D) A manufacturer may request an extension from NHTSA for more time to obtain an EPA approval. Manufacturers should submit their requests 30 days before the deadlines in paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) through (C) of this section. Requests should be submitted to NHTSA's Director of the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance at cafe@dot.gov (E) For MYs 2025 and 2026, a manufacturer must respond within 60-days to any requests from EPA or NHTSA for additional information or clarifications to submissions provided pursuant to paragraphs (b)(4)(i)(A) and (B) of this section. Failure to respond within 60 days may result in denial of the manufacturer's request to increase its fuel economy performance through use of an off-cycle technology requests made to the EPA in accordance with 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d). (ii) Review and approval process. (A) Whether the technology has a direct impact upon improving fuel economy performance; (B) Whether the technology is related to crash-avoidance technologies, safety critical systems or systems affecting safety-critical functions, or technologies designed for the purpose of reducing the frequency of vehicle crashes; (C) Information from any assessments conducted by the EPA related to the application, the technology and/or related technologies; and (D) Any other relevant factors. (iii) Safety. (B) Approval granted for innovative and off-cycle technology credits under NHTSA's fuel efficiency program does not affect or relieve the obligation to comply with the Vehicle Safety Act (49 U.S.C. chapter 301), including the “make inoperative” prohibition (49 U.S.C. 30122), and all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSSs) issued thereunder (part 571 of this chapter). In order to generate off-cycle or innovative technology credits manufacturers must state— ( 1 ( 2 [87 FR 26070, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 52948, June 24, 2024] Appendix A to Part 531—Example of Calculating Compliance Under § 531.5(c) Assume a hypothetical manufacturer (Manufacturer X) produces a fleet of domestic passenger automobiles in MY 2012 as follows: Appendix A—Table I Model type Description Actual Volume Group Carline name Basic engine Transmission 1 PC A FWD 1.8 A5 2-door sedan 34.0 1,500 2 PC A FWD 1.8 M6 2-door sedan 34.6 2,000 3 PC A FWD 2.5 A6 4-door wagon 33.8 2,000 4 PC A AWD 1.8 A6 4-door wagon 34.4 1,000 5 PC A AWD 2.5 M6 2-door hatchback 32.9 3,000 6 PC B RWD 2.5 A6 4-door wagon 32.2 8,000 7 PC B RWD 2.5 A7 4-door sedan 33.1 2,000 8 PC C AWD 3.2 A7 4-door sedan 30.6 5,000 9 PC C FWD 3.2 M6 2-door coupe 28.5 3,000 Total 27,500 Note to Table I to this appendix: Manufacturer X calculates a fuel economy target standard for each unique model type and footprint combination. Appendix A—Table II Model type Description Base tire size Wheelbase Track width F&R Footprint 2 Volume Fuel economy target standard Group Carline name Basic Transmission class 1 PC A FWD 1.8 A5 2-door sedan 205/75R14 99.8 61.2 42.4 1,500 35.01 2 PC A FWD 1.8 M6 2-door sedan 215/70R15 99.8 60.9 42.2 2,000 35.14 3 PC A FWD 2.5 A6 4-door wagon 215/70R15 100.0 60.9 42.3 2,000 35.08 4 PC A AWD 1.8 A6 4-door wagon 235/60R15 100.0 61.2 42.5 1,000 35.95 5 PC A AWD 2.5 M6 2-door hatchback 225/65R16 99.6 59.5 41.2 3,000 35.81 6 PC B RWD 2.5 A6 4-door wagon 265/55R18 109.2 66.8 50.7 8,000 30.33 7 PC B RWD 2.5 A7 4-door sedan 235/65R17 109.2 67.8 51.4 2,000 29.99 8 PC C AWD 3.2 A7 4-door sedan 265/55R18 111.3 67.8 52.4 5,000 29.52 9 PC C FWD 3.2 M6 2-door coupe 225/65R16 111.3 67.2 51.9 3,000 29.76 Total 27,500 Note to Table II to this appendix: Note to Figure 2 to this appendix: Since the actual fleet average fuel economy performance of Manufacturer X's fleet is 32.0 mpg, as compared to its required fleet fuel economy standard of 31.6 mpg, Manufacturer X complied with the CAFE standard for MY 2012 as set forth in § 531.5(c).

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