An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites With a List of the Meteorites Represented in the Collection

LIST OF THE METEORITES The breaking up of comets. 63. The history of Biela's comet 35 is of great interest as throwing light on the relationship of comets and swarms of meteorites. Though already observed in 1772 and in 1806, this comet was not recognised as periodic till it was seen by Biela in 1826, when its orbit was determined. On its returns in 1832 and 1845 it was found in its calculated positions, but in the latter year was seen to be double, a small comet being visible beside a larger one. Vast changes took place during the time the companions were visible. The smaller one grew both in size and brightness, each threw out a tail, the smaller threw out a second tail, afterwards the larger showed two nuclei and two tails, then the smaller became the brighter of the two companions; next three tails were shown by the primary, and three cometary fragments were visible round its nucleus. On the next return, in 1852, the two comets were farther apart, one being more than a million miles ahead of the other. The next favourable return was to be in 1866, and the orbit was by this time so well known that the positions of the two companions could be calculated beforehand with great precision; owing to the changes which had been visibly taking place, the arrival of the comets was looked forward to with great interest by astronomers. But neither in 1866, nor on the next occasion in 1872, were they to be seen in their calculated positions, and a careful examination of the whole sky failed to lead to their discovery. The connexion between several comets and meteoritic swarms having in the meantime been established, it was now surmised that Biela's comet might have been scattered along part of its path, and that some evidence of the dispersal might perhaps be obtained on the next occasion, November 27, 1872, of the passage of the earth across the comet's orbit. In fact the star-shower of that date, with a radiant point corresponding to the orbit of Biela's comet, was observed to be much more dense than usual, the stars shooting across the sky at the rate of a thousand an hour for several hours. Passage of the earth through a comet. 64. Klinkerfues, a German astronomer, was struck with the idea that if this star-shower were really due to the passage of the earth through a moving swarm of meteorites, the latter might possibly be visible as it departed from our neighbourhood. The swarm having come from a radiant point in the northern sky, after passing the earth would need to be sought near the opposite point in the southern sky; he telegraphed, therefore, to the Madras observatory, asking Pogson, the astronomer, to search for the swarm in the direction opposite to the radiant point. The search was successful; on two mornings a small comet was distinctly seen, and on the second morning it showed a tail with an apparent length equal to one-fourth the apparent diameter of the moon. Bad weather came on, and the comet got away without being again seen. The two Madras observations agree with a motion in the orbit of Biela's comet, and show that the earth had passed excentrically through the small comet seen by Pogson. This small comet was probably a third fragment of Biela's, for it was 200 million miles behind the calculated position of the first two. From these two observations it is inferred that a swarm of meteorites, though only manifesting itself by a star-shower when passing through the earth's atmosphere, at some distance from us may be visible as a comet by reflected sunlight. Fall of a meteorite during a star-shower. 65. A dense star-shower 36 recurred on the same day of the month (November 27) in 1885, the principal part being over in six hours. The hourly number visible at one place at the time of greatest density was estimated at 75,000. In the densest part of the stream, the average distance of the individuals from each other was about twenty miles. During this star-shower a piece of iron weighing about 8 lbs. was seen to fall at Mazapil in Mexico: 37 in external characters and chemical composition it is similar to the other meteoric irons: the simultaneity was probably accidental. The reason of its rarity. 66. It may be asked why, if star-showers are caused by the entry of solid bodies into our atmosphere from without, there is only one authentic instance of material being actually seen to fall and being picked up during such a shower. As it is absolutely beyond question that star-showers do come from outer space, we can seek an explanation only in the size or speed of the entering individuals, or in the nature of their material. A sufficient reason is to be found in the small size of the individuals; for the meteorites which actually reach the ground rarely weigh more than a few pounds, and are often quite minute; a small diminution of the original individual would thus ensure its complete destruction before the planetary velocity was exhausted: that the individuals of a swarm are extremely minute follows from the fact that the total mass of the biggest swarm is small, while the number of the individuals seems almost infinite. Large and small luminous meteors essentially similar. 67. Between the small silent shooting star visible only with the telescope and the large detonating meteorite-yielding fireball there is every gradation; during the star-showers themselves many fireballs of great size and brilliancy are seen, while the smaller individuals appear in no way different from the solitary shooting star. The luminous meteors, large and small, are in the upper atmosphere, few higher than 100 miles, few lower than 30 miles from the earth's surface; they all have velocities of the same order of magnitude, comparable with that of the earth in its orbit; in each there must be a solid body, as is proved by the long path in the sky, for attendant gas or vapour would be immediately scattered or burnt; large and small present similar varieties of colour, and leave similar luminous trails; examination with the spectroscope teaches us that the light of the meteors is such as would result from the ignition of such meteorites as have actually reached the ground. The frequent absence of detonation may likewise be due in many cases to the small size, or small relative velocity, of the entering meteorite. The light of a comet. 68. That part of the light of a comet is reflected sunlight is confirmed by examination with the spectroscope, in which instrument is seen a feeble continuous spectrum crossed by dark lines, identical with those afforded by the direct light of the sun. But a comet is also more or less self-luminous; for, in addition to the continuous spectrum, there are bright flutings and bright lines to which much attention has been given. The three ordinary bright flutings were found by Sir William Huggins in 1868 to be identical with the spectrum obtained when an electric spark is passed through olefiant gas, and they are now recognised as due to carbon. The carbon is presumed to be combined with hydrogen, sometimes also with nitrogen; in the case of comets approaching very near the sun, the lines of sodium, and others which have been supposed to be iron-lines, are seen. 38 Tait's suggestion. 69. The discovery made by Schiaparelli proves, as already pointed out, that there is a relationship between comets and meteoritic swarms; Schiaparelli himself held the view that a comet and its attendant swarms are merely of identical origin. In 1869 39 Tait discussed, from a purely dynamical point of view, the question as to whether the swarm of meteorites attending a comet may not really be part of the comet itself; he showed that many cometary characters can be mechanically explained on the assumption that comets are really swarms of small meteorites, and pointed out that the self-luminosity may be produced by the heating of the individuals through collision with each other. Reproduction of the spectrum of a comet. 70. Flutings exactly identical with those seen in the spectrum of a comet were obtained by Professor A. W. Wright in 1875 40 on allowing the electric glow to pass through a heated tube, in which, after the introduction of fragments of the Iowa meteorite, the gaseous density had been reduced by an air-pump. The bright lines, too, in the spectrum of a comet, even when nearest to the sun, are found by Sir Norman Lockyer to be identical with those yielded when the electric glow is passed over ordinary meteorites at comparatively low temperatures; and further, the changes in these lines as the comet approaches and recedes from the sun are exactly those which take place on variation of the temperature of the meteorites enclosed in the glow-tubes. A comet is perhaps a swarm of meteorites. 71. From these facts it is inferred that a comet may be in every instance a swarm of isolated large or minute meteorites, at a not very high temperature, shining partly by reflected sunlight and partly by the electric glowing of the gases evolved owing to the action of the sun's heat on the meteorites: further, some of the heat may be due to the clashing together of the meteorites, the grouping of which becomes more and more condensed as the swarm approaches the sun. The gases driven from the meteorites by the sun's heat would be quite sufficient in quantity to form the tail of the comet: as pointed out by Professor Wright, a meteorite like that which fell at Cold Bokkeveld would furnish 30 cubic miles of gas measured at the pressure of our own atmosphere, and in space itself this gas would expand to enormous dimensions owing to the small mass and attraction of the meteoritic swarm. We are still uncertain, however, as regards the actual physical condition of the matter composing the tail of a comet. Saturn's rings are probably swarms of meteorites. 72. Clerk-Maxwell proved, as long ago as 1857, that the stability of the rings which revolve round the planet Saturn is inconsistent with their being formed of continuous solid or liquid matter; and has shown, by mechanical reasoning, that they must be revolving clouds of small separate bodies, like cannon-shot, each moving as a satellite and almost independent of the rest in its motion: determination of the motions of the inner and outer parts of the ring-system made with the help of the spectroscope supports this conclusion. Nebulæ. 73. Reichenbach, in 1858, before the self-luminosity had been proved by means of the spectroscope, had imagined a nebula to be a cloud of isolated meteorites, illuminated by some neighbouring sun: Chladni, long before, had supposed a nebula to be a cloud of phosphorescent dust. But, in 1864, it was established by Sir William Huggins that the light is due, not to reflection or phosphorescence, but to incandescence, for the spectrum consists of bright lines such as are yielded by glowing gas. Tait, 41 in 1871, suggested that the nebulæ may be clouds of mutually impinging meteorites, mingled with glowing gases developed by the impacts; he pointed out that the heat produced by the clashing of the individuals of such an immense group as a nebula evidently is would be quite adequate for the production of their light. Sir Norman Lockyer finds that the bright lines (generally accompanied by a certain amount of continuous spectrum) which have been observed in nebular spectra are consistent with this suggestion, and regards them as closely related to the low temperature lines obtained when a gentle electric glow is passed over meteorite-fragments in a tube containing gases given out by them, and of which the density has been reduced by the air-pump; further, he points out that the nebular spectrum is identical with that of the comets of 1866 and 1867 when distant from the sun. According to this suggestion, a nebula and a comet are of identical constitution, and a comet is merely a nebula which has become entangled in the solar system. On the other hand, Sir William Huggins has expressed (1891) the opinion that the spectrum of the bright-line nebulæ is certainly not such as we should expect to result from the collision of meteorites like those which have reached the earth, and that it is suggestive of a high temperature; he points out that the particles which have just been in collision may be at high temperatures and yet the average temperature of all the particles may be low. Stars. 74. The examination and classification of the spectra of the stars has likewise led to remarkable conclusions. Secchi, following Rutherfurd, found that the stars could be distributed into classes according to the characters of their spectra, 42 and his classification has since, with little modification, been adopted by Vogel and Dunér, by whom several thousand star-spectra have now been systematically mapped. The first three classes are characterised by absorption, the fourth by radiation. In the spectra of Class I the absorption is small and simple, the dark lines being broad and few; the stars themselves are white: in one division of this class, represented by Sirius and Vega, the principal lines are due to hydrogen; in another important division, represented by β, γ, δ, ε, ζ Orionis, lines of helium are very pronounced. In Class II the dark lines are thinner and more numerous; the stars are bluish-white to reddish-yellow: to this class belong the Sun, Arcturus, Capella. The absorption in Class III manifests itself predominantly as flutings, though there are also many thin lines: the stars are orange or red: in one division ( a ) of this class the darkest part and the sharpest edge of each fluting is towards the violet end of the spectrum, as in Betelgeux; in a smaller division ( b ) the darkest part of each fluting is towards the red end, as in star 152 Schjellerup; the fluting absorption of the latter division being due to carbon. The remaining Class IV is an extremely small one: the spectra are characterised by bright lines: some of the lines are due to hydrogen, and others to substances not yet recognised in terrestrial chemistry. Supposed cooling of all the stars. 75. Soon after the classification suggested by Secchi had been announced, it was surmised that the differences in the stars of the first three classes might be due, not so much to differences of matter, as to differences of temperature, and that a very hot star such as, from its brightness and distance, its small and simple absorption, and the development of the blue end of its spectrum, Vega is believed to be, would, on getting older and colder, pass from Class I to Class II, and thence to one or other of the divisions of Class III. New stars. 76. In 1866 a star of 9th or 10th magnitude burst into greater brilliancy and nearly reached the intensity of Vega; the spectrum showed the presence of brilliantly glowing hydrogen. Almost as suddenly the light went down again, and within a month returned to its original brightness. Ten years later, another new star of the 3rd or 4th magnitude appeared at a place in the sky where no star had been noticed before; its spectrum showed numerous bright lines; gradually, in the course of a year, it dwindled down to the 10th magnitude, then giving the telescopic appearance and the spectrum of a nebula. Several other new stars have since been observed, the most notable being Nova Persei, which appeared in 1901. In each case, as the star faded, its spectrum changed into that which is characteristic of the nebulæ. The appearance of a new star has been generally attributed to the collision of two bodies in space; Sir Norman Lockyer 43 has pointed out that the rapidity of the change in the brilliancy, so different from that of other stars, may be due to the smallness of the mass, and that such a star may be produced by the collision of two swarms of widely separated meteorites. He has shown that the changes in the spectrum as such a star varies in brightness are confirmatory of this view. The heat of the sun. 77. That the heat of our own sun was originated by the falling together of smaller bodies was, until lately, generally acknowledged; 44 for the only other conceivable natural cause, known to exist from independent evidence, namely, chemical combination, was quite insufficient; the greatest amount of heat obtainable from the most advantageous chemical combination of any of the then known elements, having a total mass equal to that of the sun, would not cover the sun's expenditure for more than three thousand years, while there is no difficulty on the meteoritic explanation in providing a supply of heat sufficient to cover the loss by radiation during 20,000,000 years. But the discovery that compounds of radium maintain themselves at a higher temperature than that of surrounding bodies and are only inappreciably changed though continuously emitting an appreciable amount of heat, shows that the meteoritic hypothesis as to the cause of the sun's high temperature is not necessarily the true one: there may be an analogous heat-yielding material in the sun. In any case the present loss of the sun's heat by radiation is probably not covered by the fall of bodies into the sun; for the requisite mass would, if from distant regions, visibly affect the motions of the planets by its attraction, and, even if circulating round the sun at no great distance from it, would seriously disturb the motions of some of the comets. Further, much heat will result from the shrinkage of the volume of the solar aggregate. Evolution of the heavenly bodies. 78. By study of the spectra, at various temperatures, of the elements and compounds found in those meteorites which have reached our earth and been preserved, Sir Norman Lockyer 45 has been led to support the view that the stars are not at present all cooling down, but that some, on the contrary, are rising in temperature; he suggests that many of the stars, like the nebulæ, are constituted of separate meteorites in continual relative motion, and become hotter and hotter through contraction of the grouping, collision, and transformation of the energy of position and motion into heat. This increase of temperature must continue during successive ages, until the energy of position and motion of the separate meteorites is wholly transformed, the separate masses having then combined to form a single white hot body which will gradually cool down to the state in which our own moon now is. If a swarm of meteorites forming one nebula be subjected to the external action of another moving swarm of meteorites, intermediate stages resembling the conditions of Saturn and of the solar system may ensue. According to this spectroscopic affirmation of the nebular theory, all the heavenly bodies are constituted of the same kinds of elementary matter, those in fact which are found in meteorites and our own earth, and the difference is solely due to temperature; and a nebula in its gradual passage to the lunar condition will show every phase of spectrum observed in the stars as now existent. Meteorites present no evidence of life. 79. Finally, it may be asked whether or not meteorites bring us any tangible evidence of the existence of living beings outside our own world. To this we may briefly answer, that while an organic origin can scarcely be claimed for the graphite present in the meteoric irons, there are no less than six meteoric stones which contain, though in very minute quantity, carbon compounds of such a character that their presence in a terrestrial body would be regarded as doubtlessly an indirect result of animal or vegetable existence. On the other hand, the stony matter is such that in a terrestrial body an igneous origin would be assumed. Professor Maskelyne has pointed out that these carbon compounds can be completely removed without a preliminary pulverisation of the stone, and thus seem to be contained merely in the pores; he suggested that they may have been absorbed by the stones in their passage through an atmosphere containing the compounds in a state of vapour. In any case, it is impossible to prove that there is a necessary relation between these compounds of carbon and the existence of living beings. Chondrules have been mistaken for organisms. 80. In 1880 46 descriptions were given of sponges, corals, crinoids and plants, found in several meteorites, chiefly in that of Knyahinya, but the memoir has been generally regarded as an elaborate jest. The chondrules with their excentrically radiating crystallisation are there classified and named as sponges, corals and crinoids, while the structure of meteoric iron, revealed by the Widmanstätten figures, is regarded as a result of plant life. There can be no hesitation in asserting that as yet no organised matter has been found in meteorites. Footnotes 1. Remarks concerning stones said to have fallen from the clouds both in these days and in ancient times: by Edward King. London, 1796. Mémoire historique et physique sur les chutes des pierres: par P. M. S. Bigot de Morogues. Orléans, 1812. 2. Sitzungsber. d. k. Ak. d. Wiss. Wien. 1856, vol. 22, p. 393. 3. Records of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta, 1885, vol. 18, p. 237. 4. Ueber den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen. Riga, 1794. 5. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs: von P. S. Pallas. St. Petersburg, 1776, Part III., p. 411. 6. Philosophical Transactions. London, 1788, vol. 78, part 1, pp. 37, 183. 7. Philosophical Transactions. London, 1795, vol. 85, p. 103. 8. Ibid. , 1802, vol. 92, p. 174. 9. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomathique. Paris, 1803, vol. 3, no. 71, p. 180. 10. Mémoires de l'Institut National de France. 1806, vol. 7, part 1, Histoire, p. 224. 11. Principes de Thermodynamique: par Paul de Saint-Robert. Paris, 1870, p. 329. 12. The Fall of Butsura: by Prof. Maskelyne. Phil. Mag. 1863, vol. 25, p. 50. 13. Die chemische Natur der Meteoriten: von C. Rammelsberg. Berlin, 1870-9. Météorites: par S. Meunier. Paris, 1884. Meteoritenkunde: von E. Cohen. Stuttgart, 1894-1905. 14. Some lecture-notes on meteorites: by Prof. Maskelyne. Nature , 1875, vol. 12, pp. 485, 504, 520. 15. Études synthétiques de géologie expérimentale. Paris, 1879. p. 517. 16. Phil. Mag. 1884, ser. 5, vol. 17, p. 462. 17. Nature , 1904, vol. 71, p. 32. 18. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 1905, Band I, p. 122. 19. Denksch. d. math-naturw. Klasse d. k. Ak. d. Wiss., 1905, Band 78, p. 635. 20. Philosophical Transactions, London, 1908, Ser. A, vol. 208, p. 21. 21. Mineralogical Magazine. London, 1884, vol. 6, p. 1. 22. Beschreibung und Eintheilung der Meteoriten. Berlin, 1864. 23. Die mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten: von G. Tschermak. Stuttgart, 1883-5. 24. Pogg. Ann. 1858, vol. 105, p. 438: Phil. Mag. 1876, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 497. 25. On the structure and origin of meteorites. Nature , 1877, vol. 15, p. 495. 26. Die Meteoritensammlung d.k.k. min. Hofkabinetes in Wien. 1885, p. 19. 27. Lithological Studies. Cambridge, U.S.A. 1884, p. 110. 28. Speculations on the source of Meteorites. Nature , 1879, vol. 19, p. 493. 29. Olmsted. American Jour. Sc., 1834, ser. 1, vol. 25, p. 363. 30. Newton. American Jour. Sc., 1864, ser. 2, vol. 37, p. 377; vol. 38, p. 53. 31. Report Brit. Assoc., 1868, p. 394. 32. Pogg. Ann., 1858, vol. 105, p. 438. 33. Denning. Nature , 1885, vol. 31, p. 463. 34. Monthly Notices of the Roy. Astron. Soc. 1899, vol. 59, p. 179. 35. Newton. Nature , 1886, vol. 33, pp. 392, 418. 36. Newton. American Jour. Sc., 1886, ser. 3, vol. 31, p. 409. 37. Hidden. American Jour. Sc., 1887, ser. 3, vol. 33, p. 223. 38. Presidential Address to the Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1891. 39. Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinb., 1869, vol. 6, p. 553. 40. American Jour. Sc., 1875, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 44. 41. Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinb., 1871, vol. 7, p. 460. 42. Lockyer. Nature , 1886, vols. 33 and 34. 43. Nature , 1877, vol. 16, p. 413. 44. Treatise on Natural Philosophy, by Thomson and Tait: Cambridge , 1883, vol. 1, part 2, p. 487. 45. Proc. Royal Society, 1887, vol. 43, p. 117: 1888, vol. 44, Bakerian lecture. 46. Die Meteorite (Chondrite) und ihre Organismen: von Dr. O. Hahn. Tübingen, 1880. LIST OF THE METEORITES REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION ON MAY 1, 1908. The references in the second column correspond with numbers and letters on the cases, and indicate the pane behind which the meteorite will be found. Weights under one gram are not given. 1,000 grams are equivalent to 2·205 avdp. lbs. I. SIDERITES or Meteoric Irons ( consisting chiefly of nickeliferous iron, and enclosing schreibersite, troilite, graphite, &. ). A. Fall Recorded. [Arranged chronologically.] No. Pane. Name of Meteorite and Place of Fall. Date of Fall. Weight in grams. 1 1 c Agram (Hraschina), Croatia, Austria. May 26, 1751. 282 2 1 c Charlotte , Dickson County, Tennessee, U.S.A. July 31, or Aug. 1, 1835. 77 3 1 c ,4 l Braunau (Hauptmannsdorf), Bohemia. July 14, 1847. 554 4 1 c ,4 l Victoria West, Cape Colony, South Africa. Fell in 1862. 153 5 1 c ,4 h Nedagolla, Mirangi, Vizagapatam, Madras, India. Jan. 23, 1870. 4,280 6 1 c Rowton, near Wellington, Shropshire. April 20, 1876. 3,109 7 1 c Mazapil, Zacatecas, Mexico. Nov. 27, 1885. 14 8 1 c Cabin Creek, Johnson County, Arkansas, U.S.A. March 27, 1886. 5 9 1 c N'Goureyma, Djenne, Massina, North-West Africa. June 15, 1900. 871 B. Fall not Recorded. [Arranged topographically.] No. Pane. Name of Meteorite and Place of Find. Report of Find. Weight in grams. 10 1 c La Caille, near Grasse, Alpes Maritimes, France. For about two centuries it was in front of the church of La Caille and was used as a seat: its meteoric origin was recognised by Brard in 1828. Acad. Sci. Bordeaux, 1829, p. 39. 374 11 1 c São Julião de Moreira de Lima, Minho, Portugal. Known since 1883: described by Ben-Saude in 1888. Comm. da commiss. d. trab. geol. de Portugal, 1888, vol. 2, p. 14. 728 12 1 a Obernkirchen near Bückeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany. Found in a quarry on the Bückeberg 15 feet below the surface, and thrown aside: recognised as meteoric by Wicke and Wöhler, in 1863. Pogg. Ann. 1863, vol. 120, p. 509. 34,700 13 1 d Bitburg Rhenish Prussia. Dug up about 1807, taken to Trèves and put into a furnace: afterwards thrown away with the waste: later, fragments of having been recognised by Gibbs as meteoric, the mass was searched for by Nöggerath and re-discovered in 1824. Schweigg. Journ. 1825, vol. 43, p. 1. 1,349 14 1 d , 4 l Seeläsgen Brandenburg, Prussia. Found in draining a field: several years afterwards, in 1847, it was met with by Hartig and recognised as meteoric. Pogg. Ann. 1848, vol. 73, p. 329; 1849, vol. 74, p. 57. 9,846 15 1 d Schwetz Prussia. Found in 1850 in making a road; it was about 4 feet below the surface: described by Rose in 1851. Pogg. Ann. 1851, vol. 83, p. 594. 1,062 16 1 d Nenntmannsdorf , Pirna, Saxony. Found in 1872 about 2 feet below the surface: reported by Geinitz in 1873. Sitzungs-Ber. d. n. G. Isis in Dresden, 1873, p. 4. 15 17 1 d Tabarz, near Gotha, Germany. Said to have been seen by a shepherd to fall on Oct. 18, 1854: described in 1855 by Eberhard, to whom the rust seemed incompatible with a recent fall. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1855, vol. 96, p. 286. 9 18 1 d Elbogen , Bohemia. Preserved for centuries at the Rathhaus of Elbogen: its meteoric origin was recognised by Neumann in 1811. Gilb. Ann. 1812, vol. 42, p. 197. 94 19 1 d Bohumilitz, Prachin, Bohemia. Laid bare by heavy rain in 1829. Verh. Ges. Mus. Böhm. April 3, 1830, p. 15. 118 20 1 d Lénárto, Sáros, Hungary. Found in 1814: described by Tehel in 1815. Gilb. Ann. 1815, vol. 49, p. 181. 2,018 21 1 d Arva (Szlanicza), Hungary. Made known by Haidinger in 1844. Pogg. Ann. 1844, vol. 61, p. 675. 9,110 22 1 d Nagy-Vázsony, Veszprim, Hungary. Found in 1890: described by Brezina in 1896. Ann. d. k. k. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien,1896, vol. 10, pp. 284, 356. 69 23 1 d Tula (Netschaëvo), Russia. Found in 1846 in making a road: it was 2 feet below the surface: recognised as meteoric by Auerbach in 1857. Wien. Akad. Ber., 1860 (1861), vol. 42, p. 507. 1,076 24 1 d Sarepta, Saratov, Russia. Found in 1854: reported by Auerbach in the same year. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1854, p. 504. 283 25 1 d Verkhne-Dnieprovsk, Ekaterinoslav, Russia. Found in 1876. 24 26 1 d Augustinovka, Ekaterinoslav, Russia. Known before 1893; fragment described by Meunier in that year. Comptes Rendus, 1893, vol. 116, p. 1151. 950 27 1 d Bischtübe, Nikolaev, Turgai, Russia. Found in 1888: described by Kislakovsky in 1890. Bull. de la Soc. Imp. des Natur. de Moscou, 1890, vol. 4, p. 187. 1,750 28 1 d Petropavlovsk (gold washings), Mrasa River, Tomsk, Asiatic Russia. Found about 32 feet from the surface: given to the Director of the Kolyvani Works in 1841 and described by Sokolovskji in the same year. Erman's Archiv f. wiss. Kunde von Russland, 1841, vol. 1, p. 314. 12 29 1 d Toubil River (Taiga), Petropavlovsk, Yeniseisk, Asiatic Russia. Found in 1891: described by Khlaponin in 1898. Verhandl. russ.-kais. min. Ges., 1898, ser. 2, vol. 35, p. 233. 490 30 1 d Ssyromolotovo Keshma, Yeniseisk, Asiatic Russia. Known since the year 1873: described: by Göbel in 1874. Bull. Ac. Imp. des Sc. de St. Pétersb. 1874, vol. 19, p. 544. 3 31 1 e Verkhne-Udinsk (Niro River), Transbaikal, Asiatic Russia. Found in 1854: noted by Buchner in 1865. Pogg. Ann. 1865, vol. 124, p. 599. 2,904 32 1 e Nochtuisk, Jakutsk, Asiatic Russia. Found in 1876. 4 33 1 b Nejed (Wanee Banee Khaled), Central Arabia. Said to have been seen to fall in 1863; probably this is a mistake and the time of fall unknown: described by L. F. in 1887. Mineralog. Magazine, 1887, vol. 7, p. 179. 58,160 34 1 e Kodaikanal Palni Hills, Madura, Madras, India. Known since 1898: reported by Holland in 1900: described by Berwerth in 1906. Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 1900, January, p. 2. Tschermak's Min. u. Petrog. Mitth. 1906, vol. 25, p. 179. 2,355 35 1 e Tanokami (-yama), Kurifuto-gōri, Ōmi, Japan. Found about 1885: described by Ōtsuki in 1900, and Jimbo in 1906. Jour. Geol. Soc. Tōkyō, 1900, vol. 7, p. 85. Beiträge zur Mineralogie von Japan. Herausgegeben von T. Wada, 1906, No. 2, p. 42. 178 36 1 e Uwet, Southern Nigeria, Africa. 6,948 37 1 e Bethany , Great Namaqualand, South Africa. (a) Many large masses were reported by Alexander in 1838 to be lying N.E. of Bethany and near the Great Fish River. {None of the fragments given to Alexander seem to have been placed in Museum Collections.} L. F. Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. of London,1838, vol. 8, p. 24. (b) Bethany ( Lion River ). A large mass said to have been found near Lion River, Great Namaqualand, was described by Shepard in 1853. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1853, ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 1. 388 (c) Bethany (Wild). A large mass which had long been known to the missionaries of Bethany was brought to CapeTown by Wild in 1860: described by Cohen in 1900. Annals of the South African Mus. 1900, vol. 2, part 2, p. 21 1,434 (d) Bethany (Mukerop). Four large masses were met with in 1899 at Mukerop, Gibeon, Great Namaqualand: described by Brezina and Cohen in 1902. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterl. Naturk. Württ., 1902, vol. 58, p. 292. 4,320 (e) Bethany (Springbok River). A fragment (9 grams) found with the label "Spring Bok River," among Dr. H. J. Burkart's minerals, after his death in 1874. {All the above masses may have been transported at some time or other from the place indicated by Alexander; their etched figures are similar.} L. F. Mineralog. Magazine, 1904, vol. 14, p. 28. 9 38 1 e Orange River District, South Africa. Sent from the Orange River District in 1855: described by Shepard in 1856. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1856, ser. 2, vol. 21, p. 213. 95 39 1 e Hex River Mountains Cape Colony, South Africa. Found in 1882: described by Brezina in 1896. Ann. d.k.k. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, 1896, vol. 10, pp. 291, 349. 245 40 1 e Cape of Good Hope: between Sunday River and Bushman River (west of Great Fish River), Cape Colony, South Africa. Known long before 1793: mentioned in "Barrow's Travels into the Interior of South Africa," 1801, vol. i. p. 226: full particulars were given in 1805 by von Dankelmann. Mag. für den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunde, von J. H. Voigt, 1805, vol. 10, p. 12. 342 41 1 e Kokstad, Griqualand East, South Africa. Ann. South African Mus. 1900, vol. 2, p. 9. 243 42 1 e Prambanan Surakarta, Java. Known as early as 1797, and probably earlier: described by Baumhauer in 1866. Arch. Néer. Haarlem, 1866, vol. 1, p. 465. 8 43 1 f Thunda, Windorah, Diamantina District, Queensland, Australia. Described by Liversidge in 1886. Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. of New South Wales, 1887, vol. 20, p. 73. 396 44 1 f Mungindi, New South Wales, Australia. Found on the Queensland side of the border in 1897: mentioned by Card in 1897 and figured by Ward in 1898. Rec. Geol. Surv. of New South Wales, 1897, vol. 5, p. 121. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1898, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 138. 368 45 1 f Boogaldi, Coonabarabran, New South Wales. Found in 1900: described by Baker in 1900 and by Liversidge in 1902. Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, 1900, vol. 34, p. 81; and 1903, vol. 36, p. 341. 179 46 1 f Cowra, Bathurst, New South Wales. Known since 1888: described by Card in 1897. Records of the Geol. Survey of New South Wales, 1897, vol. 5, p. 51. 192 47 1 f Narraburra, Temora, New South Wales. Found in 1855: described by Russell in 1890 and by Card in 1897. Jour. and Proc. Roy. Soc. of New South Wales, 1890, vol. 24, p. 81. Rec. Geol. Surv. of New South Wales, 1897, vol. 5, p. 52. 1918 48 1 f Nocoleche, Wanaaring, New South Wales. Known in 1895: described by Cooksey in 1897. Records of the Australian Mus. 1897, vol. 3, p. 51. 687 49 1 f Rhine Villa, Rhine Valley, South Australia. Described by Goyder in 1901. Trans. of the Roy. Soc. of South Australia, 1901, vol. 25, p. 14. 193 50 Sep. Stand, 1 f Cranbourne, near Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (a) Two large masses, found nearly four miles apart, have been known since 1854: described by Haidinger in 1861. Wien. Akad. Ber. 1861, vol. 43, Abth. 2, p. 583. 3,500,000 (b) A much smaller mass was found later at Beaconsfield, six miles from Cranbourne: described by Cohen in 1897. Sitzungsber. k. pr. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1897, vol. 46, p. 1035. 1 f (c) {Fragments found in Abel's collection of minerals with the label "Yarra Yarra River—Date 1858" had probably been detached from one of the two masses of Cranbourne.} L. F. 214 51 1 e Youndegin, 70 miles E. of York, Western Australia. Found in 1884: described by L. F. in 1887. Mineralog. Magazine, 1887, vol. 7, p. 121. 13,187 52 1 f Roebourne (200 miles south-east of), Western Australia. Found in 1892: described by Cooksey in 1897 and by Ward in 1898. Records of the Australian Mus. 1897, vol. 3, p. 59. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1898, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 135. 1,502 53 1 f Mount Stirling, Western Australia. Known in 1892: described by Cooksey in 1897. Records of the Australian Mus. 1897, vol. 3, p. 58. 1,888 54 1 f Ballinoo, Murchison River, Western Australia. Found in 1892: described by Cooksey in 1897 and by Ward in 1898. Records of the Australian Mus. 1897, vol. 3, p. 55. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1898, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 136. 3,160 55 1 f Mooranoppin, Western Australia. Found in or before 1893: described by Cooksey in 1897 and by Ward in 1898. Records of the Australian Mus. 1897, vol. 3, p. 58. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1898, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 140. 261 56 4 m Melville Bay, 35 miles east of Cape York, West Greenland (Ross's iron). Two knives or lance-heads with bone handles given to Captain John Ross in 1818 by the Eskimos of Prince Regent's Bay: one of them was figured by Ross on page 102 of his work. According to the Eskimos, the iron had been obtained from a neighbouring mountain called Sowallick. Voyage of Discovery, &., by Captain John Ross. London, 1819. The locality of the three large masses was shown by an Eskimo to Lieut. Peary in 1894: by him they were later transported to New York. Northward over the Great Ice, by R. E. Peary. London, 1898, vol. 2, p. 556. 57 1 f Madoc, Hastings County, Ontario, Canada. Found in 1854: described by Hunt in 1855. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1855, ser. 2, vol. 19,p. 417. 205 58 1 f Welland, Ontario, Canada. Ploughed up in 1888: described by Howell in 1890. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sc. 1890, vol. 1, p. 86. 466 59 1 f Thurlow, Hastings County, Ontario, Canada. Found in 1888: described by Hoffmann in 1897. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1897, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 325. 189 60 1 f Iron Creek, Battle River, North Saskatchewan, Canada. Removed about 1869: described by Coleman in 1886. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, 1887, vol. 4, sec. 3, p. 97. 79 61 1 h Lockport (Cambria), Niagara County, New York, U.S.A. Turned up by plough: described as meteoric by Silliman in 1845. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1845, ser. 1, vol. 48, p. 388. 5,329 62 4 l Seneca River, Cayuga County, New York, U.S.A. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1852, ser. 2, vol. 14, p. 439. 54 63 1 g , 4 l Burlington , Otsego County, New York, U.S.A. Turned up by plough some time previous to 1819, and described by Silliman in 1844. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1844, ser. 1, vol. 46, p. 401. 290 64 1 g Pittsburg (Miller's Run), Alleghany County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Described by Silliman in 1850: date of find unknown. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Fourth Meeting, held Aug. 1850, vol. 4, p. 37. 208 65 1 g Mount Joy, Adams County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Found in 1887: described by Howell in 1892. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1892, ser. 3, vol. 44, p. 415. 730 66 1 g Emmittsburg, Frederick County, Maryland, U.S.A. Found in 1854. 6 67 1 g Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, U.S.A. Five masses have been found. Three masses, of which two at least were found in 1869, were described by Mallet in 1871. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1871, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 10. 2,893 A fourth was found about 1858-9, thrown away, used in the construction of a stone fence, then as an anvil; was next built into a wall: in 1877 it was taken out, and its meteoric nature was recognised by Mallet. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1878, ser. 3, vol. 15, p. 337. A fifth was described by Kunz in 1887. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 33, p. 58. 68 1 g Indian Valley Township, Floyd County, Virginia, U.S.A. Found in 1887: described by Kunz and Weinschenk in 1891. Tschermak's Min. u. Petrog. Mitth. 1891, vol. 12, p. 182. 82 69 1 g Greenbrier County (near the summit of the Alleghany Mountain, 3 miles north of White Sulphur Springs), West Virginia, U.S.A. Found about 1880: described by L. F. in 1887. Mineralog. Magazine, 1887, vol. 7, p. 183. 2,238 70 1 g Jenny's Creek, Wayne County,West Virginia, U.S.A. The first piece was found before the Spring of 1883 and lost sight of; two other pieces were found in 1883 and 1885 respectively: reported by Kunz in 1885. Proc. Amer. Assoc. for the year 1885, vol. 34, p. 246. 78 71 1 h Smith's Mountain, Rockingham County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Reported by Genth in 1875 to have been found in 1866. Rep. Geol. Surv. N. Carolina, by Kerr: Raleigh, 1875, vol. 1, app. C, p. 56. 77 Reported by Smith in 1877 to have passed into the hands of Kerr about 1863. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1877, ser. 3, vol. 13, p. 213. No mention of date of find by Genth when describing the meteorite in 1885. Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina, by Genth and Kerr: Raleigh, 1885, p. 15. 72 1 h Deep Springs (farm), Rockingham County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Known since about 1846: described by Venable in 1890. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1890, ser. 3, vol. 40, p. 161. 170 73 1 h Guilford County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Date of find unknown: first described by Shepard as terrestrial in 1830, but in 1841 its meteoric origin was recognised by him. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1830, ser. 1, vol. 17, p. 140; and 1841, vol. 40, p. 369. 15 74 1 h Lick Creek, Davidson County, North Carolina, U.S.A. Found in 1879: described by Hidden in 1880. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1880, ser. 3, vol. 20, p. 324. 19 75 1 h Linnville Mountain, Burke County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found about 1882: described by Kunz in 1888. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1888, ser. 3, vol. 36, p. 275. 21 76 1 h Ellenboro', Rutherford County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found in 1880: described by Eakins in 1890. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1890, ser. 3, vol. 39, p. 395. 52 77 1 h Bridgewater, Burke County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found by a ploughman: described by Kunz in 1890. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1890, ser. 3, vol. 40, p. 320. 51 78a 1 h , 4 l Jewell Hill, Walnut Mtns., Madison County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. ( a ) One was given to Smith in 1854, and described by him in 1860. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1860, ser. 2, vol. 30, p. 240; and Orig. Res. in Min. and Chem. by Lawrence Smith, 1884, p. 409. 130 78b 1 h ( b ) A second was found in use in 1873, supporting a corner of a rail-fence: described as from Duel Hill by Burton in 1876. The etched figures are different for the two masses. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1876, ser. 3, vol. 12, p. 439. The Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Carolina, by Genth and Kerr: Raleigh, 1885, p. 14. 12 79 1 h Black Mountain, 15 m. E. of Asheville, Buncombe County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found about 1839, and described by Shepard in 1847. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1847, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 82. 71 80 1 h Asheville (Baird's Plantation, 6 m. N. of), Buncombe County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found loose in the soil: described by Shepard in 1839. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1839, ser. 1, vol. 36, p. 81; and 1847, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 79. 111 81 1 h Murphy, Cherokee County, N. Carolina, U.S.A. Found in 1899: described in the same year by Ward. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1899, ser. 4, vol. 8, p. 225. 1,521 82 1 k Chesterville, Chester County, S. Carolina, U.S.A. Ploughed up several years before 1849, when it was described by Shepard. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1849, ser. 2, vol. 7, p. 449. 2,197 83 1 k Laurens County, S. Carolina, U.S.A. Found in 1857: described by by Hidden in 1886. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1886, ser. 3, vol. 31, p. 463. 61 84 1 k Ruff's Mountain, Lexington County, S. Carolina, U.S.A. Date of find not stated: described by Shepard in 1850. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1850, ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 128. 499 85 1 k Lexington County, S. Carolina, U.S.A. Found in 1880: described by Shepard in 1881. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1881, ser. 3, vol. 21, p. 117. 271 86 1 k Union County, Georgia, U.S.A. Found in 1853: described by Shepard in 1854. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1854, ser. 2, vol. 17, p. 328. 55 87 1 k Whitfield County (Dalton), Georgia, U.S.A. First specimen found in 1877: particulars of find, and description, given by Hidden in 1881. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1881, ser. 3, vol. 21, p. 286. 288 A second specimen was found in 1879, and described by Shepard in 1883. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1883, ser. 3, vol. 26, p. 337. 88 1 l Losttown (2½ m. S.W. of), Cherokee County, Georgia, U.S.A. Ploughed up in 1868: described in the same year by Shepard. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1868, ser. 2, vol. 46, p. 257. 6 89 1 l Canton, Cherokee County, Georgia, U.S.A. Ploughed up in 1894: described by Howell in 1895. According to Brezina, Canton and Losttown probably belong to the same fall. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1895, ser. 3, vol. 50, p. 252. 330 90 1 l Holland's Store, Chattooga County, Georgia, U.S.A. Found in 1887: described by Kunz in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 34, p. 471. 204 91 1 l Forsyth County, Georgia (notN. Carolina), U.S.A. Found about 1892: described by Schweinitz in 1896 and Cohen in 1897; the former gives the State as "N. Carolina." Amer. Jour. Sc. 1896, ser. 4, vol. 1, p. 208. Sitzungsber. k. pr. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1897, p. 386. 324 92 1 l Locust Grove, Henry County, Georgia, (? N. Carolina), U.S.A. Found in 1857: described by Cohen in 1897, who gives the State as "N. Carolina." Sitzungsber. k. pr. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1897, p. 76. 365 93 1 l Putnam County, Georgia, U.S.A. Found in 1839: described by Willet in 1854. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1854, ser. 2, vol. 17, p. 331. 112 94 1 l Chulafinnee, Cleberne County, Alabama, U.S.A. Ploughed up in 1873: described by Hidden in 1880. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1880, ser. 3, vol. 19, p. 370. 60 95 1 l Auburn, Lee (not Macon) County, Alabama, U.S.A. Ploughed up some years before 1869, when it was described by Shepard. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1869, ser. 2, vol. 47, p. 230. 37 96 1 l Summit, Blount County, Alabama, U.S.A. Known since 1890: described by Kunz in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1890, ser. 3, vol. 40, p. 322. 47 97 1 h Walker County, Alabama, U.S.A. Found in 1832: described by Troost in 1845. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1845, ser. 1, vol. 49, p. 344. 22,040 98 1 l Claiborne (Lime Creek), Clarke County, Alabama, U.S.A. Mentioned in 1834: described by Jackson in 1838. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1838, ser. 1, vol. 34, p. 332. 19 99 1 l Tombigbee River, Choctaw and Sumter Counties, Alabama, U.S.A. Various masses found about 1859 and afterwards: described by Foote in 1899. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1899, ser. 4, vol. 8, p. 153. 7,875 100 1 l Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, U.S.A. Found in an Indian tumulus: described by Taylor in 1857. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1897, ser. 2, vol. 24, p. 293. — 101 1 l Cocke County (Cosby's Creek), Tennessee, U.S.A. Described in 1840 by Troost: date of find unknown. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1840, ser. 1, vol. 38, p. 253. 50,460 102 1 l Babb's Mill, Green County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough: first mentioned in 1842: described by Troost in 1845. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1845, ser. 1, vol. 49, p. 342. 2,127 103 1 l Tazewell, Claiborne County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough in 1853: described by Shepard in 1854. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1854, ser. 2, vol. 17, p. 325. 336 104 1 l Waldron Ridge, Claiborne County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Known since 1887: described by Kunz in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 34, p. 475. 70 105 1 l Cleveland, Bradley County, Tennessee, U.S.A. This mass was acquired in 1867 by Lea, and described by Genth in 1886. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1886, p. 366. 209 106 1 l Jackson County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Date of find unknown: described in 1846 by Troost. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1846, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 357. 91 107 1 m Carthage, Smith County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Found about 1844: described in 1846 by Troost. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1846, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 356. 24,610 108 1 l Caney Fork, De Kalb County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough, near the mouth of the Caney Fork ("Caryfort"), date not mentioned: described by Troost in 1845. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1845, ser. 1, vol. 49, p. 341. 4 109 1 l Smithville, De Kalb County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Three masses were ploughed up in 1892-3: described by Huntington in 1894. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts & Sci. 1894: new series, vol. 21, p. 251. 1,683 110 1 l Murfreesboro', Rutherford County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Found about 1847-8: described in 1848 by Troost. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1848, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 351. 2,790 111 1 l Coopertown, Robertson County, Tennessee, U.S.A. Sent to Smith in 1860: described by him in 1861. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1861, ser. 2, vol. 31, p. 266. 179 112 1 m Kenton County (8 miles south of Independence), Kentucky, U.S.A. Found in 1889: described by Preston in 1892. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1892, ser. 3, vol. 44, p. 163. 2,520 113 1 m , 4 l Lagrange, Oldham County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Found in 1860: described by Smith in 1861. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1861, ser. 2, vol. 31, p. 265. 216 114 1 m Frankfort (8 miles S.W. of), Franklin County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Found in 1866: described (1870) by Smith. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1870, ser. 2, vol. 49, p. 331. 216 115 1 m , 4 l Salt River, about 20 miles below Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A. Date of find not mentioned: described by Silliman in 1850. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Fourth Meeting, held Aug. 1850, vol. 4, p. 36. 524 116 1 m , 4 l Nelson County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough in 1860: described by Smith in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1860, ser. 2, vol. 30, p. 240. 4,341 117 1 m Casey County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Mentioned in 1877 by Smith. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1877, ser. 3, vol. 14, p. 246. 45 118 1 m Scottsville, Allen County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Found in 1867: described by Whitfield in 1887. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 33, p. 500. 404 119 1 m Smithland, Livingston County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Found about 1839-40, and described in 1846 by Troost. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1846, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 357. 2,545 120 1 m Marshall County, Kentucky, U.S.A. Described by Smith in 1860. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1860, ser. 2, vol. 30, p. 240. 80 121 1 m Wayne County (near Wooster), Ohio, U.S.A. Found about 1858: described by Smith in 1864. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1864, ser. 2, vol. 38, p. 385. 5 122 1 m Grand Rapids, Kent County, Michigan, U.S.A. Found in 1883 about 3 feet below the surface: reported by Eastman in 1884. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1884, ser. 3, vol. 28, p. 299. 1,135 123 1 m Reed City, Osceola County, Michigan, U.S.A. Found in 1895: described by Preston in 1903. Proc. Rochester Ac. U.S.A. of Sc., 1903, vol. 4, p. 89. 876 124 1 m Howard County (7 miles S.E. of Kokomo), Indiana, U.S.A. Found in 1862 or 1870 at a depth of 2 feet: described by Cox in 1872 and by Smith in 1874. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1873, ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 155; and 1874, ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 391. 45 125 1 m Plymouth, Marshall County, Indiana, U.S.A. Found in 1893 by a ploughman: described by Ward in 1895. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1895, ser. 3, vol. 49, p. 53. 445 126 1 m Independence County (about 7 miles east of Batesville), Arkansas, U.S.A. Found in 1884: described by Hidden in 1886. School of Mines Quarterly, 1886, vol. 7, No. 2, Jan., p. 188. 372 127 1 m South-East Missouri, U.S.A. Found in 1863 in the Museum of 1869, St. Louis, labelled "South-East, Missouri": reported by Shepard in 1869. Amer. Jour. Sc. ser. 2, vol. 47 p. 233. 102 128 1 n St. Genevieve County, Missouri, U.S.A. Found in 1888: described by Ward in 1901. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sci., 1901, vol. 4, p. 65. 6,445 129 1 p Central Missouri, U.S.A. Found about 1850-60: described 1900, by Preston in 1900. Amer. Jour. Sc. ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 285. 988 130 1 n Butler, Bates County, Missouri, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough: long afterwards came to the knowledge of Broadhead, who mentioned it in 1875. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1875, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 401. 389 131 1 n Billings, Christian County, Missouri, U.S.A. Found in 1903: described by Ward in 1905. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1905, ser. 4, vol. 19, p. 240. 633 132 1 n Arlington, Sibley County, Minnesota, U.S.A. Found in 1894: described by Winchell in 1896. Amer. Geologist, 1896, vol. 18, p. 267. 56 133 1 n Trenton, Washington County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Turned up by a plough in 1858: described by Dörflinger in 1868. Smithson. Rep. for 1869: p. 417. 223 134 1 n Hammond Township, St. Croix County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Ploughed up in 1884: described by Fisher in 1887. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 34, p. 381. 62 135 1 n Algoma, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Found in 1887: described by Hobbs in 1902 (1903). Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1903, vol. 14, p. 97. 18 136 1 n Dakota, U.S.A. Described in 1863 by Jackson. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1863, ser. 2, vol. 36, p. 259. 224 137 1 n Jamestown (15 or 20 miles south-east of), Stutsman County, N. Dakota, U.S.A. Found in 1885: described by Huntington in 1890. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts & Sci. 1890, vol. 25 (new ser., vol. 17), p. 229. 1,627 138 1 n Niagara, Grand Forks County, N. Dakota, U.S.A. Found in 1879: described by Preston in 1902. Jour. of Geology, 1902, vol. 10, p. 518. 17 139 1 n Nebraska (25 m. N.W. of Fort Pierre), Dakota, U.S.A. Brought away in 1857: described by Holmes in 1860. Trans. of St. Louis Acad. of Sc. 1857-60, vol. 1, p. 711. 2,016 140 1 n Crow Creek, Laramie County, Wyoming, U.S.A. Found in 1887: described by Kunz in 1888. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1888, ser. 3, vol. 36, p. 276. 583 141 1 n Illinois Gulch, Deer Lodge County, Montana, U.S.A. Found in 1899: described by Preston in 1900. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1900, ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 201. 637 142 1 n Tonganoxie, Leavenworth County, Kansas, U.S.A. Found in 1886: described by Bailey in 1891. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1891, ser. 3, vol. 42, p. 385. 260 143 1 n Russel Gulch, Gilpin County, Colorado, U.S.A. Found in 1863: described in 1866 by Smith. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1866, ser. 2, vol. 42, p. 218. 245 144 1 n Bear Creek, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Found in 1866: described by Shepard in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1866, ser. 2, vol. 42, pp. 250, 286. 52 145 1 n Franceville, El Paso County, Colorado, U.S.A. Found in 1890: described by Preston in 1902. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sci., 1902, vol. 4, p. 75. 772 146 1 n Hayden Creek, Lemhi County, Idaho, U.S.A. Known in 1895: described by Hidden in 1900. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1900, ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 367. 79 147 1 m Willamette, Clackamas County, Oregon, U.S.A. Found in 1902: described by Ward in 1904 and by Hovey in 1906. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sci., 1904, vol. 4, p. 137. Amer. Mus. Jour. 1906, vol. 6, p. 105. 976 148 1 o Canyon City, Trinity County, California, U.S.A. Found in 1875: described by Shepard in 1885 and by Ward in 1904. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1885, ser. 8, vol. 29, p. 469; and 1904 ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 383. 193 149 1 o Oroville, Butte County, California, U.S.A. Found in 1893. 373 150 1 o Shingle Springs, El Dorado County, California, U.S.A. Found 1869-70: described by Silliman in 1873. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1873, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 18. 84 151 1 o Ivanpah, San Bernardino County, California, U.S.A. Described by Shepard in 1880, shortly after its discovery. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1880, ser. 3, vol. 19, p. 381 33 152 1 o Surprise Springs, Bagdad, San Bernardino County, S. California, U.S.A. Found in 1899: described by Cohen in 1901. Mittheil. naturw. Verein für Neu-Vorpommern und Rügen, 1902, Jahrg. 33, p. 29. 97 153 Sep. Stand, 1 n Cañon Diablo, Arizona, U.S.A. Found in 1891: described by Foote in the same year. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1891, ser. 3, vol. 42, p. 413. 83,369 154 1 n Weaver's Mountains, Wickenburg, Arizona, U.S.A. Found in 1898. 155 155 1 o Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Two large masses, long preserved at Tucson, had been transported to that town from the Puerto de los Muchachos, a pass about 20 or 30 miles south of Tucson. Their existence has been known for centuries. One of them has been termed the Signet or Irwin-Ainsa iron, the other the Carleton iron. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 16. 161 282 156 1 o Costilla Peak, Cimarron Range, New Mexico, U.S.A. Found in 1881 by a sheep-herder: described by Hills in 1895. Proc. Colorado Scient. Soc. 1895, vol. 5, p. 121. 1,595 157 1 o Capitan Range, New Mexico, U.S.A. Found in 1893 by a sheep-herder: described by Howell in 1895. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1895, ser. 3, vol. 50, p. 253. 956 158a 1 o Glorieta Mountain, 1 m. N.E. of Canoncito, Santa Fé County, New Mexico, U.S.A. Found in 1884: described by Kunz in 1885. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1885, ser. 3, vol. 30, p. 235. 1,528 158b 1 o A specimen probably from this locality was sent in 1884 to Denver from Albuquerque, New Mexico, as silver bullion: described by Pearce and Eakins in 1884-5. Proc. Colorado Scient. Soc. 1884, vol. 1, p. 110; 1885, vol. 2, pp. 14, 35. 61 159 1 o Sacramento Mountains, Eddy County, New Mexico, U.S.A. Known in 1896: described by Foote in 1896 (1897). Amer. Jour. Sc. 1897, ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 65. 14,050 160 1 o Luis Lopez, Socorro County, New Mexico, U.S.A. Found in 1896: described by Preston in 1900. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1900, ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 283. 425 161 1 o Oscuro Mountain, Socorro County, New Mexico, U.S.A. Found in 1895: described by Hills in 1897. Proc. Colorado Scient. Soc. 1897, vol. 6, p. 30. 494 162 1 o Brazos River, Wichita County, Texas, U.S.A. Known to the Comanches for many years: removed in 1836: described by Shumard in 1860, and by Mallet in 1884. Trans. of St. Louis Acad. of Sc. 1857-60, vol. 1, p. 622. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1884, ser. 3, vol. 28, p. 285. 1,397 163 1 o Denton County, Texas, U.S.A. After discovery it remained with a blacksmith for several months; in 1859 it came into the possession of Shumard, by whom it was described in the following year. Trans. of St. Louis Acad. of Sc. 1857-60, vol. 1, p. 623. 122 164 1 o Red River (Cross Timbers), Johnson County, Texas, U.S.A. Mentioned in 1808 to Captain Glass, and reported by Gibbs in 1814. Amer. Min. Jour. by Bruce: 1814, vol. 1, pp. 124, 218. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1824, ser. 1, vol. 8, p. 218. 507 165 1 n Carlton, Hamilton County, Texas, U.S.A. Ploughed up in 1887-8: described by Howell in 1890. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sc., 1890, vol. 1, p. 87. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1890, ser. 3, vol. 40, p. 223. 6,180 166 1 o Kendall County, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A. Mentioned in 1887 by Brezina, and fully described later by Brezina and Cohen. Ann. d. k. k. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1887, band II., Notizen, p. 115; Cohen, Meteoritenkunde, 1905, Heft III., p. 241. 556 167 1 o Mart, McLennan County, Texas, U.S.A. Found in 1898: described by Merrill and Stokes in 1899 (1900). Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 1900, vol. 2, p. 51. 430 168 1 o San Angelo, Tom Green County, Texas, U.S.A. Found in 1897: described by Preston in 1898. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1898, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 269. 771 169 1 o Fort Duncan, Maverick County, Texas, U.S.A. Found in 1882: described by Hidden in 1886: similar to Coahuila; perhaps transported from the same district by way of Santa Rosa. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 116. 4,520 170a 2 c Coahuila, Mexico. Since 1837 many masses have been brought to Santa Rosa, from a district of small area about 90 miles north-west of that town. An account of a visit by Hamilton was published by Shepard in 1866; he designated the iron by the name Bonanza: eight large masses were removed to the United States by Butcher in 1868. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 107. 246,924 170b 2 c Sanchez Estate, Coahuila, Mexico. Found in 1853 by Couch in use as an anvil at Saltillo. It was said to have been brought to that town from the "Sancha Estate," but had probably been acquired still earlier at Santa Rosa, and been got at the north-west locality. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 113. 572 171 2 c Sierra Blanca, Huejuquilla or Jimenez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The occurrence at Sierra Blanca was recorded in 1784: the only specimen known—that from the Bergemann collection—is now thought to be of doubtful authenticity; in its etched figures it is like Toluca. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 149. 15 172 2 c Concepcion : (Huejuquilla or Jimenez, Chihuahua, Mexico). Masses of iron, some of them probably belonging to one fall, have been known for centuries to exist near Huejuquilla: the mass is said to have been transported to Concepcion from Sierra de las Adargas in 1780. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 140. 47 173 2 c Chupaderos, Chihuahua, Mexico. Mentioned to Bartlett in 1852. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 148. 1,087 174 2 c Casas Grandes (de Malintzin), Chihuahua, Mexico. Reported by Tarayre in 1867. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 119. 989 175 2 c Moctezuma, Sonora, Mexico. 170 176 2 c Arispe, Sonora, Mexico. Found in 1898: described by Ward in 1902 and Wuensch in 1903. Proc. Rochester Ac. Sci. 1902, vol. 4, p. 79. Proc. Colorado Sci. Soc. 1903, vol. 7, p. 67. 1,910 177 2 c El Ranchito, Bacubirito, Sinaloa, Mexico. Found in 1871: described by Castillo in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 151. 1,085 178 1 a Rancho de la Pila, Labor de Guadalupe, Durango, Mexico. Ploughed up in 1882: described by Häpke in 1883. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 153. 44,220 179 2 c Cacaria, Durango, Mexico. Reported by Castillo in 1889: described by Cohen in 1900. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 154. Ann. d. k. k. Naturh. Hofmus. Wien, 1900, vol. 15, p. 359. 310 180 2 b San Francisco del Mezquital, Durango, Mexico. Brought from Mexico by General Castelnau, and described in 1868 by Daubrée. The above is the old name for the capital of Mezquital. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 154. 7,095 181 2 c Bella Roca, Sierra de San Francisco, Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, Mexico. Acquired by Ward in 1888: described by Whitfield in 1889. Amer. Jour. Sci. 1889, ser. 3, vol. 37, p. 439. 3,537 182 2 c Rodeo, Durango, Mexico. Found about 1852: described by Farrington in 1905. Field Columbian Museum. Publication 101. Geol. series 1905, vol. 3, No. 1. 409 183 2 c ,2 p Descubridora, Catorce, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Found before 1780, and described by a committee in 1872. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 157. 4,474 184 4 l Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Mentioned in 1804 by Sonneschmid; it was then at the corner of the church, and was said to have been brought from San José del Sitio, 12 leagues distant. In 1866 it was removed to Paris. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 160. 333 185 2 c ,4 l Zacatecas, Mexico. Mentioned in 1792; it was said to have been found long before near the Quebradilla Mine. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 162. 3,848 186 1 a 2 c 4 l Toluca, Mexico. Before 1776 it was known that masses of iron occurred in the neighbourhood of Xiquipilco, Valley of Toluca. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 164. 120,089 187 2 c Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Mentioned by Castillo in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 168. 1,024 188 2 c Yanhuitlan, Misteca alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. Mentioned by Del Rio in 1804. Mineralog. Magazine, 1890, vol. 9, p. 171. 316 189 2 c Apoala, Oaxaca, Mexico. Found in 1889: mentioned by Cohen in 1900. Cohen, Meteoritenkunde, 1905, Heft III., p. 384. 283 190 2 d Rosario, Honduras, Central America. Found in 1897. 126 191 Lucky Hill, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Found in 1885 about 2 feet elow the surface. Rusted. 192 2 d Santa Rosa (Tocavita), near Tunja, Boyaca River, Colombia, S. America. ( a ) In 1824 Rivero and Boussingault made known a large mass of iron in use as an anvil at Santa Rosa. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1824, vol. 25, p. 438. 996 In 1874 the mass was placed on a pillar in the market-place of Santa Rosa (de Viterbo); in 1906 the town was visited by Ward, who then obtained a large piece of the mass. ( b ) With other small pieces it had been found on a neighbouring hill, called Tocavita, in 1810: Rivero and Boussingault collected several specimens themselves. The large mass and the other small pieces have different characters. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1907, ser. 4, vol. 23, p. 1. 105 193 2 d Rasgata, Colombia, S. America. Other masses of iron were seen by Rivero and Boussingault at Rasgata, and were said to have been found there. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1824, vol. 25, p. 442. 58 194 2 b El Inca mass, from Pampa de Tamarugal, Iquique, Chili. Found in 1903: of "octahedral" structure, described by Rinne and Boeke in 1907. Neues Jahrb. f. Min. Festband, 1907, p. 227. 6,235 A fragment, having "cubic" structure, from a large mass lying at a place similarly defined had been described by Rose in 1873. Festsch. zur Feier d. hundertjähr. Bestehens d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1873, p. 33. 195 2 d Tarapaca, Chili, S. America. Known since 1894. 14 196 2 d La Primitiva, Desert of Tarapaca, Chili, S. America. Known in 1888: mentioned by Howell in 1890. Proc. Rochester Ac. Sci. 1890, vol. 1, p. 100. 78 197 2 a Mount Hicks, Mantos Blancos, about 40 miles from Antofagasta, Atacama, Chili. Found about 1876, and described by L. F. in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 257. 9,015 198 2 d Serrania de Varas, Atacama, Chili. Found about 1875, and described by L. F. in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 258. 1468 199 2 d San Cristobal, Antofagasta, Atacama, Chili. Known since 1896: described by Cohen in 1898. Sitzungsb. d. k. preuss. Ak. d. Wissens. zu Berlin, 1898, I. p. 607. 145 200 2 d Cachiyuyal, Atacama, Chili. Found in 1874: described by Domeyko in 1875. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 259. 28 201 2 d Ilimaë, Atacama, Chili. Known since 1870: described by Tschermak in 1872. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 260. 39 202 2 d Merceditas, 10 or 12 leagues east of Chañaral, Atacama, Chili. Known since 1884: described by Howell in 1890. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sc. 1890, vol. 1, p. 99. 1,917 203 2 d Pan de Azucar, Atacama, Chili. Found about 67 miles from the port of Pan de Azucar in 1887. 19,280 204 2 d Juncal, Atacama, Chili. Found in 1866 between Rio Juncal and the Salinas de Pedernal: had possibly been transported to that place: described by Daubrée in 1868. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 261. 72 205 2 d Puquios, Copiapo, Atacama, Chili. Found about 1885: described by Howell in 1890. Proc. Rochester Ac. of Sc. 1890, vol. 1, p. 89. 176 206 2 d The Joel Iron, Atacama, Chili. Found in 1858 in an unspecified part of the desert: described by L. F. in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 263. 1,144 207 2 d Sierra de la Ternera, Atacama, Chili. Described by Kunz and Weinschenk in 1891. Tschermak's Min. u. Petrog. Mitth. 1891, vol. 12, p. 184. 5 208 2 d Barranca Blanca, between Copiapo and Catamarca, South America. Found in 1855, and described by L. F. in 1889. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 262. 11,910 209 2 d Chili. Owing to an interchange of labels, the specimen was described in 1868 by Daubrée as having been found in an unspecified locality in Chili. According to Domeyko it was supposed to have been found in the Cordillera de la Dehesa, near Santiago. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 256. 2 210 2 d Angelas (Oficina), Chili. 5,545 211 Sep. Stand, 4 c Otumpa, Gran Chaco Gualamba, Argentine Republic. The occurrence of metallic iron at this locality having been reported, Don Rubin de Celis was sent in 1783 to investigate the matter: his report was published in 1788. Phil. Trans. 1788, vol. 78, pp. 37, 183. Mineralog. Magazine, 1889, vol. 8, p. 229. 634,000 212 2 d Bendegó River, Bahia, Brazil. Found in 1784: described by Mornay in 1816. Phil. Trans. 1816, vol. 106, p. 270. 3,119 213 2 d Santa Catharina (Morro do Rocio), Rio San Francisco do Sul, Brazil. Discovered in 1875: described by Lunay in 1877: it is regarded by some mineralogists as probably of terrestrial origin. Comptes Rendus, 1877, vol. 85, p. 84. 6,455 214 2 d Caperr, Rio Senguerr, Patagonia. Known before 1869: described by L. F. in 1899. Mineralog. Magazine, 1900, vol. 12, p. 167. 313 215 2 d Locality unknown (from Prof. Wöhler's Collection). Described by Wöhler in 1852. Ann. Chem. Pharm. 1852, vol. 81, p. 253. 30 216 2 d Locality unknown (from Smithsonian Museum Collection). Described by Shepard in 1881. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1881, ser. 3, vol. 22, p. 119. 5 217 2 d Locality unknown (from United States National Museum Collection). Slice of a complete meteorite which was found in a collection of minerals formed by the late Col. J. J. Abert: described by Riggs in 1887. Amer. Jour. Sc. 1887, ser. 3, vol. 34, p. 59. 47

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