The Catacombs of Rome, and Their Testimony Relative to Primitive Christianity

INDEX. Dr. McCaul notes a striking analogy to Christian forms of expression in an epitaph describing pagan initiation: ARCANIS PERFVSIONIBVS IN AETERNVM RENATVS —“Born eternally by secret sprinklings.” The sprinkling was that of the blood of a bull or ram, dripping on the bodies of the recipients of the lustration through perforations in a platform beneath which they stood.— Christian Epitaphs , p. 57. [897] Although these in after times became vast buildings, with ample provision for baptismal immersion, in the earlier ages they were quite small; and, according to Smith’s Classical Dictionary, the baptisterium was “not a bath sufficiently large to immerse the whole body, but a vessel or labrum containing cold water for pouring on the head.”—Art., Baths . Eusebius speaks of baptisteries without the church “for those who require yet the purification and the sprinklings ( περιῤῥαντήριον ) of water and the Holy Spirit.”— E. H. , x , 4. [898] I am indebted for these references to the Rev. Prof. Bennett, D.D., of Syracuse University, late of Berlin, Prussia. [899] Ciampini , Tab. ii , Figs. 3, 4. [900] In later times the devout Bernard of Clairvaux thus eulogizes the eucharist: “It is,” he exclaims, “the medicine of the sick, the way of the wandering; it comforts the feeble and delights the strong; it cures disease and preserves health; it makes man more submissive to correction, stronger to labour, more ardent to love, wiser in foresight, prompter in obedience, more devout in thanksgiving. It absolves from sin, destroys the power of Satan, gives strength for martyrdom, and, in fine, brings every good.”— Costeri. Institut. Chr. , lib. i , c. 6. It was also described as “the bread of angels, spiritual food, the life of the soul, the perpetual health of the mind, the antidote of sin, and pledge of future glory.” [901] Alicubi quotidie alicubi certis intervallis dierum. —Aug., Tr. , 26, in Johan. It was, in a special sense, the “daily bread of the soul.” [902] “Christ who suffered is the fish which was broiled,” says St. Augustine— Piscis assus, Christus passus. [903] See Fig. 54 . [904] Nihil illo ditius, qui corpus Domini canistro vimineo, sanguinem portat in vitro. — Ep. 4, ad Rustic. The communion was thus conveyed to those who through sickness were absent from its public celebration. [905] Cur nullas aras habent? —Minuc., Octav. Non altaria fabricemus, non aras. —Arnob., Contr. Gentes . The Christian altars were called indifferently, Altare , ara Dei , mensa Domini . [906] In the Lateran basilica, which is claimed as the head and mother of all the churches of Rome— caput et mater omnium ecclesiarum —is an altar which tradition asserts St. Peter made with his own hands, and employed for the administration of the Holy Sacrament. The legend attests at least an ancient opinion as to primitive usage. Originally only one altar was permissible in a church, but under Romish influence the number increased to as many as twenty-five, as at St. Peter’s. [907] In three or four instances bronze rings are attached to the slab, as if to allow its removal for a second interment, or perhaps to give a view of the relics of the saint. [908] Tertullian carefully guards against the literal interpretation of the words of Christ, “This is my body,” by the addition, “that is, a figure of my body”— figura corporis mei. — Adv. Marc. , iv , 40. Augustine and others of the Fathers also discriminate between Christ’s spiritual and corporeal presence. [909] They were called eulogia , that is, blessing or benediction. In the Jewish cemetery is a representation of sacred loaves, probably passover cakes, marked ΕΥΛΟΓΙΑ . The Christian representation of a cup doubtless frequently refers to the “cup of blessing”— Τὸ ποτήριον τῆς εὐλογίας —mentioned by St. Paul.—1 Cor. x , 16. [910] There is not in the whole range of early Christian epigraphy the slightest indication of the Romish doctrine of Transubstantiation; which, indeed, as Dr. Maitland remarks, “was not distinctly broached till the ninth century.” Some of the earlier poets, however, and the more rhetorical of the Fathers, allude to a mystical presence of Christ in the eucharist, bordering on the modern Romish conception. The council of Elvira forbade the acceptance of any gift for the administration of the sacraments. How different from Rome’s mercenary tariff for the celebration of masses for the dead! [911] Ταῖς ἀγάπαις .—Jude, 12. [912] Acts ii , 46; vi , 2. [913] 1 Cor. xi , 16-34. [914] Ita saturantur, ut qui meminerunt etiam per noctem adorandum sibi esse; ita fabulantur, ut qui sciunt Dominum audire.— Apol. , 39. [915] Jus. Mar., Apol. , ii; Socrat., Eccl. Hist. , v , 22; Orig., in Ep. ad Rom. , xvi , 16. [916] Cibum promiscuum et innoxium.— Ep. , lib. x , ad Traj. [917] ἱεροὶ λόγοι .— Peregrinus. [918] Pædag. , ii. [919] Qui de ultima fæce collectis imperitioribus et mulieribus credulis sexus sui facilitate labentibus, plebem profanæ conjurationis instituunt: quæ nocturnis congregationibus et jejuniis solennibus et inhumanis cibis non sacro quodam sed piaculo fœderantur, latebrosa et lucifugax natio ... deos despuunt, rident sacra.—Minuc. Felix, Octav. Odio humani generis convicti sunt.—Tac., Ann. , xv . 44. [920] Malifica superstitio.—Suet., Neron. , 16. Comp. Hor., Sat. , i , 8. [921] Quotidie obsidemur, quotidie prodimur, in ipsis plurimum cœtibus congregationibus nostris opprimimur. Quis unquam taliter vagienti infanti supervenit?— Apol. , c. 7; comp. ad Nat. , i , 10-15. [922] Casto sermone, corpore castiore.—Minuc., Octav. ; comp. Orig. Cont. Cels. , vi. , Jus. Mar., Apol. , i , 2. [923] Agapæ natalitiæ, agapæ connubiales , and agapæ funerales . The pagans, not unnaturally, regarded the latter, like their own funeral banquets, as designed to appease the manes of the dead. They would doubtless think the same of the modern mortuary masses. [924] Non simili sacrilegio, quamvis simili luxu celebrarentur.—Aug., Ep. , 29. [925] Qui se in memoriis martyrum inebriant.—Aug., Cont. Faust. , xx, 21. Voracitates ebrietatesque suas deputant religioni.— De Morib. Eccl. , i , 34. [926] Enarr. , in Psa. lix . [927] Placuit prohiberi, ne fœminæ in cœmeteriis pervigilent, eo quod sæpè sub obtentu religionis latenter scelera committunt. [928] Among other traces of primitive Christianity among the latter are their married clergy and abhorrence of images. “We are Christians, not idolaters,” they said to the Jesuit missionaries, who presented for their homage images of the Virgin Mary. [929] The name of Pius is substituted for Deus in one well-known Latin hymn. Another pentecostal hymn to the Holy Spirit is addressed directly to the present pontiff. The growth of this dogma of infallibility, the distinguished French ecclesiastic, Père Gratry, asserts, “was utterly gangrened with imposture.” The stultification of the human intellect was never more strikingly exemplified than in the dictum of Bellarmine: Vera sunt vera et falsa sunt falsa; sed si ecclesia dixit vera esse falsa et falsa esse vera, falsa sunt vera et vera sunt falsa. [930] Adv. Praxean. INDEX. Abraham, frescoes of, 289 . Acclamations to the departed, 441 - 443 ; pagan do., 444 . Acolytes, 517 . Adam, fall of, 224 ; receiving sentence, 225 . Adornment, female, 497 , 498 . Agape, the, 545 ; abuse of, 550 ; suppressed, 551 . Agnes, St. , Catacomb of, 192 - 197 ; legend of, 192 , 193 . Altar, 543 , 544 ; altar lights, origin of, 378 , 379 . Amphitheatre, games of, 488 ; suppressed, 489 . Ampullæ, or blood cups (?), 369 . Anchor, symbolical, 234 . Anthropomorphism, 352 - 361 . Appian Way, 164 - 166 . Arcosolia, 25 , 30 . Areas, sepulchral, 37 , 56 , note [45] , 168 - 171 , 183 ; pagan do., 59 , 60 . Arenaria, 38 - 44 , 197 , 199 . Art, early Christian, 203 , et seq. ; compared with pagan do., 205 , 209 - 213 , 391 , 392 , 480 ; first employment of, 206 , 208 ; sprang out of pagan do., 206 - 208 ; character of, 210 , 211 ; pagan influence in, 210 - 214 , 240 - 243 , 303 , 364 , 388 , 391 , 480 , 505 ; becomes florid, 220 ; avoidance of passion of Christ or martyrs, 227 , 273 , 274 ; joyous character of, 228 ; symbolism in, 325 , et seq. , see “Symbols” ; Virgin Mary in, see “Mary” ; Christ in, see “Christ” ; God and Holy Ghost in, see “Anthropomorphism” ; domestic art, 364 - 366 . Autun, ichthyic inscription at, 257 - 259 . Baptism, 532 - 541 ; subjects of, 532 ; patristic evidence concerning, 533 , note [885] ; mode of, 535 , et seq. Biblical Cycle, 282 , et seq. ; subjects of, see Figs. 62 - 103 ; grouping of subjects, 283 , 339 , 340 ; relative frequency of occurrence, 341 , note [566] . Bishops, 507 - 511 , 524 , 525 ; compared with presbyters, 508 , note [826] , 511 , note [837] ; see “Martyr Bishops, ” and “Pope.” Bosio, 152 - 155 . Burial clubs, pagan, 66 - 68 ; Christian, 68 - 70 . Burial near martyrs, supposed efficacy of, 128 - 132 . Burial, subterranean, why adopted, 50 , 54 ; discontinued, 122 ; temporary return to, 122 , 123 . Cain and Abel, 285 . Callixtus, Catacomb of, 167 - 183 ; history of, 173 . Carpenter, implements of, 231 . Catacombs, origin of word, 11 , note [1] ; described by Prudentius, 11 , 124 ; by Jerome, 34 ; present appearance of, 12 , et seq. , 37 , 44 , 45 , 195 ; associations of, 13 , 14 , 45 , 46 , 201 ; extent of, 14 , and note [5] , 15 ; entrances to, 15 , 16 , 170 , 189 , 191 , 195 ; structure of, 11 , et seq. , 168 , et seq. ; galleries, 16 - 19 ; loculi, 19 - 24 ; cubicula, 24 - 31 ; different levels of, 31 - 33 ; luminari, 34 , 35 ; origin of, 37 , 38 , 49 , and note [31] , 55 , 56 , note [44] , 58 , 200 ; not pagan arenaria, 38 - 44 ; geology of, 16 , 39 ; perils of exploring, 46 - 48 ; Jewish, 49 - 53 , 188 ; not offspring of fear, 58 ; protected by law, 62 , 63 ; those of first century, 73 ; reflect history of the church, 99 - 104 , 124 , 136 , 137 ; a refuge from persecution, 84 , 87 , note [118] , 100 - 104 ; secret stairway in, 101 , 174 ; disuse and abandonment of, 150 , et seq. ; restoration and adornment of, 124 , 136 , 137 ; spoliation of, 137 , 154 ; destruction of, 145 - 147 ; Mediæval employment of, 146 , 147 ; pilgrimages to, 136 , 148 , 175 , 176 ; re-discovery and exploration of, 150 , et seq. ; literature of, 151 - 163 ; present control of, 161 ; principal ones, account of, 164 , et seq. ; of Callixtus, 167 - 183 ; of Prætextatus, 183 ; of Sebastian, 184 ; of Domitilla, 189 ; of Nereus and Achilles, ib. ; of St. Helena, 190 ; of St. Cyriaca, 191 ; of St. Agnes, 194 - 197 ; of Alexander, 197 ; of St. Priscilla, 198 ; art of, 203 , et seq. , see “Art” ; Mithraic tomb in, 214 - 218 ; symbolism of, 225 , et seq. ; Biblical Cycle of, 282 , et seq. ; gilt glasses, etc., of, 362 , et seq. ; inscriptions of, 395 , et seq. ; doctrinal teachings of, 415 , et seq. ; evidences concerning Christian life and character, 453 , et seq. ; (for last six see in verbis ); summary of testimony, 551 - 553 . Catechists, 530 - 532 . Catechumens, ib. Cecilia, St. , crypt of, 178 ; legend of, 179 - 181 . Celibacy of clergy, not a primitive practice, 522 - 524 ; praise of, 527 , 528 ; practice of, 529 . Character of early Christians, 461 - 463 , 481 , 482 ; of pagans, 464 , 479 - 481 ; see “Persecutions.” Charity, early Christian, 483 - 485 , 504 . Christ, youthful aspect of, in art, 342 , and note [570] ; traditional appearance of, 343 - 345 ; patristic testimony concerning, 343 - 345 ; early images of, 345 , and note [584] , 346 - 348 ; miraculous images of, 345 , note [585] ; degradation in art-representations of, 347 - 352 . Christians, early, rank of, 56 , 57 , and note [46] , 89 , 169 , 417 , 458 - 460 , 480 ; calumnies against, 548 , 549 . Christianity, spread of, 57 , 116 - 119 ; persecutions of, 70 , et seq. , see in verbo ; triumph of, ibid. , 496 ; purifies morals, 480 ; cultivates charity, 483 - 485 ; protects life, 485 ; elevates slaves, 486 , 487 ; suppresses games, 488 , 489 ; raises woman, 491 - 493 ; moral triumphs of, 504 . Clement of Alexandria, quoted, 384 , 385 , 497 , 498 , and note [809] . Clergy, orders of, 507 ; in Greek church, ib. , note [823] ; bishops, 507 - 511 , 524 , 525 ; presbyters, 511 - 513 , 525 ; deacons, 514 ; subdeacons, 515 ; lectors, 515 , 516 ; acolytes, 517 ; exorcists, 517 - 519 ; multiplication of, 521 , note [865] ; non-celibate, 522 - 526 . Confessional, reputed, 531 . Conjugal affections, early Christian, 471 - 474 ; pagan do., 475 , 476 . Constantine, 92 , 120 , 121 . Constantinian monogram, 465 ; genesis of, 466 - 468 ; various forms of, 267 - 269 ; becomes cross, 270 - 273 , see “Cross.” Cornelius, tomb of, 169 . Cross, true, relics of, 139 , note [240] , 140 , notes [243] , [244] ; legend of, 271 , 272 , and note [456] ; rare in Catacombs, 260 ; pagan abhorrence of, ib. ; caricature of, 261 , and note [429] ; recognition of in nature, etc., 235 , 262 , 263 ; supposed mysterious power of, 263 , 264 ; pre-Christian, 281 , note. Crucifixion, not represented in early Christian art, 273 ; symbolically indicated, 274 ; first example of, 275 ; art development of, 275 - 281 . Crucifix, genesis of, 279 , 280 . Cubicula, 24 - 29 , 339 , 531 . Cyprian, quoted, 82 , 434 ; death of, 84 , note [108] . Damasus, 123 , 175 , 406 . Daniel in the lions’ den, 298 , 299 . Dates of Catacombs, 73 ; of inscriptions, 408 - 410 , 416 , et seq. David and Goliath, 394 . Deacons, 514 ; wives of, 474 , 526 . Deaconesses, 526 - 530 . Deaths of persecutors, 93 , note [135] . Decius, persecution under, 81 . De Rossi, 159 , 160 , 399 , 400 , 406 . Diocletian, persecution under, 89 , and note [126] , 90 . Diptychs, 393 , 394 . Divinity of Christ, taught, 449 , 450 . Doctrinal teachings of Catacombs, 415 , et seq. ; see “Purgatory,” “Resurrection,” “Trinity,” etc. Dolls, etc., found in Catacombs, 387 . Domestic relations, evidence concerning, 465 , et seq. ; parental relations, 466 - 468 ; pagan, do., 468 - 470 ; filial do., 470 ; conjugal do., 471 - 474 ; pagan do., 475 , 476 ; fraternal do., 476 ; friendly do., 476 . Domine Quo Vadis, legend of, 107 , note [160] . Domitilla, Catacomb of, 55 - 57 , and 57 , note [46] , 189 . Doves, symbolical, 236 - 239 , 404 . Elijah, 294 . Energumens, 519 . Epigraphy, Christian, literature of, 399 , 400 ; examples of, 401 , et seq. ; see “Inscriptions.” Eucharist, symbols of, 250 , 252 , 542 ; celebration of, 541 - 545 . Filial affection, early Christian, 470 . Fish, symbolical, 252 - 260 , 378 ; the word a sacred anagram, 252 ; an allusion to baptism, 253 ; a tessara, 255 , 389 ; a eucharistic symbol, 256 ; Autun icththyic inscription, 257 - 259 . Fonts, baptismal, 537 , 538 . Fossors, 132 - 135 , 519 , 526 . Fraternal affections, early Christian, 476 . Funeral rites, Christian, 499 - 502 ; pagan do., 503 . Future state, doctrine concerning, 417 - 431 ; pagan do., 436 - 444 . Galerius, 91 . Galleries of Catacombs, 16 , et seq. Gallienus, 86 . Gaume, Abbé, on the Catacombs, 201 . Gilt glasses, early Christian, 362 ; subjects represented in, 364 - 367 ; convivial inscriptions of, 367 , 368 ; some sacramental, 368 ; dates of, 369 . God in art, 352 - 361 ; alleged sarcophagal example of, 354 - 356 ; symbolized in Catacombs by hand, 290 , 356 . Good Shepherd, the, symbol of Christ, 245 - 248 ; statue of, 390 . Graffiti, pagan, 59 , 60 ; Christian, 130 , 148 , 174 , 175 . Graves, see “Loculi.” Greek language, use of at Rome, 406 , 407 . Hand as symbol of God, 293 , 356 . Hebrew children, the three, 298 , 299 . Helena, St. , Catacomb of, 196 . Heresy, growth of, 119 , note [194] . Hippolytus, statue of, 392 ; character of, 393 . Horse, symbolical, 382 . Iconoclasm, early, 222 . Ichthyic inscription, 257 - 259 . Ichthyic symbol, see “Fish.” Ignatius, martyrdom of, 74 , note [83] , 125 . Image worship, 222 - 224 . Imprecations, pagan, 61 ; Christian, 64 , 65 . Inscriptions, early Christian, general character of, 395 , et seq. ; associations of, 398 ; collection and classification of, 398 - 400 ; literature of, ib. ; rude examples of, 66 , 98 , 238 , 267 , 268 , 401 , et seq. ; barbarous Latinity of, 403 , and note [675] , 407 , 422 , 426 ; inverted, 404 ; reversed, ib. ; brief, 238 , 401 - 405 ; Greek, 406 , 407 ; dates of, 408 - 410 , 416 , et seq. ; notes of time in, 410 - 412 , 508 ; doctrinal teachings of, 415 , et seq. , see “Purgatory,” etc.; concerning future state, 417 , et seq. ; pagan do., 436 - 444 ; cheerful character of, 427 , 430 , 443 , 452 ; concerning the doctrine of the resurrection, 431 ; concerning Christian life and character, 453 , et seq. ; names, expressive, 454 - 457 ; pagan do., 455 , note [742] , 457 ; puritan do., 455 , note [743] ; evidence of early Christian character, 461 - 463 ; of pagan do., 464 ; of domestic relations, 465 , et seq. ; of parental do., 466 - 468 ; of pagan do., 468 - 470 ; of filial do., 470 ; of conjugal do., 471 - 474 ; of pagan do., 475 , 476 ; age of marriage, 473 , note [756] ; fraternal relations, 476 ; friendly do., 476 ; evidence concerning clerical orders, 506 , et seq. , see “Clergy” ; concerning Christian rites and institutions, 432 , et seq. , see “Rites.” Invocation of saints, first examples of, 426 , 446 - 449 . Isaac, sacrifice of, 288 , 289 . Jerome, quoted, 36 , 450 , 498 , 502 . Jews at Rome, 49 ; their Catacomb, 50 - 54 , 188 ; epitaphs of, 53 . Job, fresco of, 293 . Jonah, story of, 299 - 304 . Joseph, 290 . Justin Martyr, 76 . Kip, Bishop, on the Catacombs, 162 . Labarum, legend of the, 268 . Lactantius, De Mort. Persec. , 93 , note [135] . Lamb, symbol of Christ, 249 , 250 . Lamps, early Christian, 376 - 379 . Lapidarian Gallery, 395 . Lawrence, St. , martyrdom of, 86 , note [112] ; tomb of, 192 . Lazarus, raising of, 329 - 331 . Lectors, 515 , 516 , 526 . Literature of the Catacombs, 151 - 163 . Loculi, 19 - 21 ; number of, 21 ; how closed, 22 , 23 ; contents of, 23 , 24 ; made during life, 65 ; sale of, 132 . Love-feast, see “Agape.” Luminari, 34 , 35 . MacFarlane, on the Catacombs, 45 , 161 . Magi, adoration of, 305 , 306 . Maitland, on the Catacombs, 161 . Marcus Aurelius, character of, 75 , 76 . Mariolatry, no trace of in Catacombs, 305 , 306 , 310 , 316 , 323 ; development of, 312 - 323 . Marriage, references to, 304 , 305 , 471 - 474 , 494 - 496 ; pagan do., 475 , 476 , 492 , 493 ; age of, 473 , note [756] . Marriott, on the Catacombs, 162 . Martyr bishops of Rome, 81 - 87 , 94 - 96 . Martyrdom of Ignatius, 74 , note [83] ; of Polycarp, 76 ; of Perpetua, 79 , note [94] ; of Lawrence, 86 , note [112] ; (see antea and postea ); the passion for, 112 - 115 ; effects of, ib. ; references to, 372 ; symbols of, 17 , 369 - 375 . Martyr epitaphs:—of Marius, 75 ; of Alexander, 77 , note [89] ; of Sixtus, 85 ; of Marcellus, 94 ; of Eusebius, 95 ; of Sebastian, 96 ; of Lannus, 98 ; see 106 , et seq. ; of St. Agnes, 193 . Martyrologies, 110 - 112 . Martyrs, number of, 105 - 108 , 178 ; sufferings of, 108 - 112 ; festivals in honour of, 127 ; adornment of tombs of, 123 , 124 ; spoliation of do., 128 , 137 , 145 ; reverence for, 123 - 128 ; burial near, 128 - 132 ; pilgrimages to tombs of, 136 , 148 ; veneration of martyr relics, 124 - 128 ; translation of, 137 , 142 , 143 , note [246] , 144 , notes [247] , [248] . Mary, Virgin, legends of, 307 ; in art, 305 - 314 ; miraculous images of, 317 , note [522] ; assumption of, 318 , and note [526] ; hymns to, 320 . Maximin, persecution of, 81 . McCaul, Dr., on early Christian epigraphy, 162 , note [289] , 163 , 414 , 421 , 541 . Mithraic monument in Catacombs, 214 - 218 . Mosaic, 223 . Moses on Horeb, 290 ; on Sinai, ib. ; striking rock, 291 , 292 . Ministry, rites, and institutions of primitive church, 506 , et seq. , see “Clergy,” and “Rites.” Names, early Christian, expressive character of, 454 , 455 ; pagan do., 455 , note [742] , 457 . Neophytes, 322 , 323 , 540 . Nimbus in art, 208 , note [333] . Noah, story of, 286 - 288 . Northcote, on the Catacombs, 161 . Objects found in Catacombs, 362 , et seq. ; see “Gilt Glasses,” etc. Opisthographæ, 268 , 413 . Oranti, 308 - 310 . Pagan epitaphs, 59 - 62 , 396 , 397 , 413 , 414 , 434 - 441 , 460 , note [750] , 469 , 475 - 478 . Pagan influence in art, see “Art.” Paganism, decadence of, 117 ; social condition of, 479 - 481 . Paintings, see “Art,” “Symbolism,” and different subjects of. Palm and crown, symbolical, 230 ; reputed sign of martyrdom, 372 . “Papal Crypt,” 170 - 178 . Parental affection, early Christian, 466 - 468 ; pagan do., 468 - 470 . Paul, St. , martyrdom of, 200 ; in art, 336 - 337 , and notes [557] , [559] , [560] , [561] ; see “Peter and Paul.” Paulinus of Nola, quoted, 221 . Peacock, symbolical, 240 . Perpetua, martyrdom of, 79 , note [94] . Perret, his great work on the Catacombs, 158 , 159 . Persecutions, early, cause of, 70 , 71 ; Neronian, 71 ; Domitian, 72 ; Aurelian, 76 ; of Commodus, 78 ; of Severus, 79 ; of Maximin, 81 ; Decian, 81 , 82 ; Valerian, 83 , 84 ; Diocletian, 88 - 91 ; extent of, 105 - 108 ; virulence of, 108 - 113 . Peter, St. , at Rome (?), 53 , and note [39] ; denying Christ, 332 ; apprehension of, 335 ; in art, 337 ; cultus of, 338 , and note [562] ; relics of, 53 , note [39] ; font of, 537 . Peter and Paul, crypt of, 186 - 188 ; in art, 336 , 337 , 365 , 367 . Piani, of Catacombs, 31 - 33 . Pilate, 333 , 334 . Polycarp, martyrdom of, 76 . Pope, the, 509 , 511 , and notes [835] , [836] . Prayers for dead, unknown in earliest times, 421 ; first example of, 442 , 443 ; prayers to the dead, 446 - 449 . Prætextatus, Catacomb of, 183 . Presbyters, 511 - 513 ; sometimes had secular employment, 513 , and note [844] ; married, 525 . Prudentius, quoted, 11 , 110 , 115 , 124 . Purgatory, unknown to early Christians, 420 , 423 , 424 , 445 , 446 . Relics, worship of, 124 - 126 , 138 - 143 , 544 ; traffic in, 138 , 139 ; supposed efficacy of, 140 ; grotesque Mediæval do., ib. , notes [243] , [244] , [245] ; reputed martyr do., 369 ; misinterpretation of, 141 - 143 , 370 . Resurrection, doctrine of, 430 - 433 . Rings from Catacombs, 284 . Rites and institutions of primitive church:—marriage, 471 - 474 ; funeral, 499 - 503 ; baptism, 532 - 541 ; eucharist, 541 - 545 ; Agape, 545 - 551 ; see in verbis . Romanism, unsupported by early Christian epigraphy, 416 - 418 , 422 - 424 ; first trace of, 425 , 426 , 442 , 445 , 446 , 521 - 524 ; compared with primitive Christianity, 551 - 553 . Rome, fall of, 134 , 135 . Romish misinterpretation of relics, 141 - 143 ; of leaf points, 227 ; of blood cup (?), 370 . San Greal, the, 141 - 142 , note [245] . Sarcophagi, 334 , 340 - 342 , and 342 , note [569] . Seals, early Christian, 266 , 270 , 384 - 386 . Sebastian, Catacomb and legend of, 184 , 185 . Sepulchral areas, 56 , note [44] , 59 , 60 . Sepulchres, pagan, 13 , note [2] , 58 ; sacredness of, 58 - 63 , 69 ; Christian, sacredness of, 63 - 65 , 69 ; violation of, see in verbo . Sepulture, pagan, 13 , note [2] , 49 , 58 - 61 , 66 - 68 , 169 , 389 , 390 , 503 ; Jewish, 49 - 54 ; Christian, 499 - 503 . Ship, symbolical, 230 , 235 , 377 . Slaves and slavery, 486 , 487 . Soldiers, 489 , 490 . Stag, symbolical, 441 , 538 . Stanley, Dean, on the Catacombs, 415 . Symbolism, 204 , 225 , et seq. ; interpretation of, 220 . Symbols, phonetic, 229 , 230 ; trade do., 231 - 233 , 374 ; symbolical anchor, 234 , 235 ; ship, 235 , 377 ; crown and palm, 236 ; dove, 236 - 239 ; peacock, 240 ; phœnix, cock, ib. ; stag, 241 ; horse, ib. , and 382 ; lion, hare, 241 ; vine, balance, 242 ; Good Shepherd, 243 - 248 , 390 ; lamb, 249 - 251 ; fish, 252 - 260 , see in verbo ; cross, 263 - 281 , see in verbo ; God symbolized by hand, 290 , 356 . Tertullian, quoted, 79 , 235 , 451 , 489 , 494 , 497 , 547 . Time, notation of, 410 - 412 . Thundering Legion, 78 , note [90] . Toilet articles from Catacombs, 385 , 386 . Tombs, violation of, see in verbo ; sacredness of, 58 - 63 , 69 . Toys from Catacombs, 387 . Trades, symbols of, 231 - 234 , 274 ; recorded in epitaphs, 459 , 460 ; pagan do., 460 , note [750] . Trinity, alleged representation of, 354 - 360 ; doctrine of, 449 - 452 . Valerian, persecution of, 83 . Vases, early Christian, 380 ; baptismal, 382 . Veronica, the, 346 , note [585] . Violation of tombs, 59 , 61 , 64 , and note [59] , 65 , and note [60] . Virginity, praise of, 527 , 528 , and notes [880] . Virgin Mary, see “Mary.” Virgins, epitaphs of, 528 . Wiseman, his “Fabiola,” 158 . Woman, pagan degradation of, 490 - 493 ; Christian elevation of, 493 - 495 , and notes [797] , [801] , [802] ; apparel of, 497 , 498 . Young, the, care of primitive church for, 529 , 530 .

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