Birds and Nature Vol. 09 No. 5 [May 1901] Illustrated by Color Photography

THE TRAILING ARBUTUS.

(Epigaea repens.) God made all the creatures and gave them Our love and our fear, To give sign we and they are His children, One family here. —Robert Browning. THE TRAILING ARBUTUS. ( Epigaea repens. ) Many years ago, before the Mayflower had cast anchor in Plymouth Bay or Columbus had landed at San Salvador, an aged indian sat shivering in his wigwam. Vainly had he sought for fuel and in his extremity he called upon the Great Spirit, that he might not perish with the cold. Crouching over the dying embers of his fire he stoically awaited the end, when suddenly there appeared before him a beautiful maiden wreathed with wild flowers and carrying in her hands, buds of the willow. Ferns and grasses draped her form and her moccasins were fashioned from pure white lilies. When she breathed the landscape suddenly blossomed with the thousand hues of nature and the warm rains fell in obedience to her will. Under the influence of this spirit of the springtime the aged red man slumbered and, as his head sank upon his breast, the sunshine came out in all its splendor and a blue bird alighted upon the top of the wigwam. Slowly the maiden passed her hand above the old indian and gradually he shrank away until nothing remained but a cluster of green leaves. Then taking from her bosom a cluster of rosy blossoms, she concealed them among the leaves, bestowing upon them her own sweetness and fragrance and telling them that as the harbingers of spring, all who would inhale their fragrance, must bow the knee in honor of the vernal goddess. The maiden then passed away through the woods and over the prairies and wherever her footsteps lingered, there grows today the sweet-breathed mayflower. Whether or not this fanciful story relates the real origin of the Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel or Mayflower, as it is variously called in different sections of the country, the fact remains that it follows closely in the footsteps of spring, often pushing up its dainty blossoms through the leaves and snow. It is always known as the Mayflower throughout New England and the old story of its being Flora’s first offering to the ocean-tossed pilgrims as they landed at Plymouth, in appreciation of which they named it the Mayflower in memory of their vessel, has endeared the beautiful plant to every New England heart and has caused it to be placed in Cupid’s keeping, along with the Scotch blue bell, the German corn flower and the Swiss edelweiss. The Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens) belongs to the Heath family or Ericaceæ and constitutes the only species of the genus. Like the partridge berry which is often associated with it in pine woods and sandy soils, it is still in a state of transition, although it has been developing for centuries. As a rule, plants have the stamens and pistils in the same blossom or part in one and part in another. The Mayflower, however, does not carry out this arrangement. Either the anthers or the stigmas are abortive or partially so, or in other words, the perfect stigmas are usually associated with abortive anthers and vice versa. In this manner, nature has wisely provided for cross fertilization which is accomplished largely by insects, as the structure of the plant is not adapted to wind fertilization. The chosen agents for this process are honey bees, and a few early moths and butterflies, to which the nectar is served by this beautiful Hebe of the spring and who carry the pollen from one flower to another. MOUNTAIN LAUREL OR CALICO-BUSH. (Kalmia latifolia). TRAILING ARBUTUS OR MAYFLOWER. (Epigaea repens). FROM “NATURE’S GARDEN” A wise provision of nature has been pointed out whereby ants are kept away from the nectar which they would devour without accomplishing the purposes for which it was created. Every rocky hillside on which the Trailing Arbutus is frequently found, swarms with ants which are debarred from the blossoms by hairs which project upward from the inner surfaces of the corolla and the outer surfaces of the ovary and style and effectually prevent the ants from entering but are not sufficiently rigid to keep out the larger insects. As a rule, the pollen bearing flowers are larger and whiter than the others. The stigma bearing blossoms, while small, more than offset their defect by a rosy color which makes the flowers far more attractive than their larger but paler rivals. Very little success has been achieved in domesticating the Trailing Arbutus. It is essentially a wild creature and prefers to waste its fragrance on the desert air. Success may be had, however, if the conditions under which the plants are found growing are preserved as nearly as possible. Yearling plants should be selected and plenty of roots taken or results can be obtained from planting seeds, but as these are difficult to obtain, the other method is the more satisfactory. Charles S. Raddin. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Ah, quite alone these April days It blossoms to evoke my praise; And hyacinthine scents are shed To bless and cheer me, hither led. Upon this sheltered, upland knoll, At early dawn I often stroll; White clusters edged with crimson hue Lie here, impearled with crystal dew. The leaves, like memories, evergreen, The blooms, like truth, of purest sheen; The cup within, like some fair breast Where holy thoughts can surely rest. How worthy of its meek renown! Delightful gem for beauty’s crown. O’er it with joy can poet brood; It breathes of God in solitude. —George Bancroft Griffith. THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL. ( Kalmia latifolia. ) About the middle of the eighteenth century an enthusiastic botanist and collector, Peter Kalm, gathered specimens in America of a beautiful plant which he carried back to the gardens of Europe and also to his preceptor, the naturalist Linnaeus. In the year 1753 Linnaeus named the plant, honoring his pupil by giving to the plant the generic name Kalmia. He also gave it the specific name latifolia, referring to its broad leaves. The genus Kalmia includes six known species, five of which are natives of eastern North America and one a native of Cuba. They are all beautiful shrubs, varying in height from a few inches to several feet. The plant of our illustration is a native of the eastern portion of the United States, where it grows in sandy or rocky woods and is more abundant in mountainous regions. This shrub, which grows to a maximum height of twenty feet, is a superb object early in June, when it is covered with corymbs of rather large pink or pinkish-white flowers and numerous evergreen leaves. Easily cultivated and highly ornamental, it has been introduced into the greenhouses and gardens of this and European countries. In spite of the beauty of this plant, it has a bad reputation, for its leaves are narcotic and poisonous to some animals. “Even the intelligent grouse, hard pressed with hunger when deep snow covers much of their chosen food, are sometimes found dead and their crops distended by these leaves.” We cannot show the characteristics of this plant in any better way than to quote from “Nature’s Garden,” where we find the following passage: “All the Kalmias resort to a most ingenious device for compelling insect visitors to carry their pollen from blossom to blossom. A newly opened flower has its stigma erected where the incoming bee must leave on its sticky surface the four minute orange-like grains carried from the anther of another flower on the hairy underside of her body. Now, each anther is tucked away in one of the ten little pockets of the saucer-shaped blossom and the elastic filaments are strained upward like a bow. After hovering above the nectary, the bee has only to descend towards it, when her leg, touching against one of the hair-triggers of the spring trap, pop! goes the little anther-gun, discharging pollen from its bores as it flies upward. So delicately is the mechanism adjusted, the slightest jar or rough handling releases the anthers; but, on the other hand, should insects be excluded by a net stretched over the plant, the flowers will fall off and wither without firing off their pollen-charged guns. At least this is true in the great majority of tests. As in the case of hot-house flowers, no fertile seed is set when nets keep away the laurel’s benefactors.” Many of our readers reside near the home of the Mountain Laurel and can examine the interesting features of this beautiful plant in Nature’s own garden. Those that do this will be well repaid. Violets stir and arbutus waits, Claytonia’s rosy bells unfold; Dandelion through the meadow makes A royal road, with seals of gold. —Helen Hunt Jackson. HOPS. FROM KŒHLER’S MEDICINAL-PFLANZEN. Description of Plate.—A, staminate (male) inflorescence; B, pistillate (female) inflorescence; C, fruiting branch; 1, staminate flower; 2, perigone; 3, stamen; 4, open anther; 5, pollen; 6, pistillate catkin; 7, 8, 9, pistillate flowers; 10, scales; 11, 12, 13, scales and flowers; 14, 15, fruit; 16, 17, 19, seed; 20, resin gland (lupulin). HOPS. ( Humulus lupulus L. ) “A land of hops and poppy-mingled fields.” —Tennyson: Aylmer’s Field. The hop plant is a creeping perennial with several stems or branches attaining a length of fifteen to twenty-five feet. It has numerous opposite three to five lobed, palmately veined, coarsely toothed leaves with long leaf stalks (petioles). Flowers unisexual, that is staminate and pistillate flowers separate, either on separate plants (dioecious) or upon different branches of the same plant (monoecious). Flowers insignificant in loose, drooping axillary panicles. Fruit a cone-like catkin usually designated a strobile. The hop has been called the northern vine. It is found in a wild state throughout Europe, excepting the extreme north, and extends east to the Caucasus and through central Asia. It is a handsome plant and not infrequently used as an arbor plant. The lower or basal leaves are very large, gradually decreasing in size toward the apex. H. lupulus is the only representative of the genus. It is rather remarkable that a plant so widely distributed and familiar should not have been known to the Greeks and Romans. Its cultivation in Europe dates back to the eighth and ninth centuries. It was, however, not extensively cultivated until about the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The word hop (German, Hopfen) is of very uncertain origin. According to some authorities it is traceable to the old English, hoppan, in reference to the habit of the plant in climbing over hedges and fences. Humulus is said to refer to its habit of creeping over the soil. Lupulus (diminutive of lupus, wolf) is said to refer to the pernicious and destructive influence the hop plant has upon plants which it uses as a support, especially the willows. Plinius named it Lupus salictarius, that is, the willow wolf or willow destroyer. Beside the countries above named hops is also cultivated in Brazil and other South American countries, Australia and India. There are several cultivated varieties. According to most authorities it is not supposed to be indigenous to North America, but Millspaugh expresses it as his opinion that it is indigenous northward and westward, growing in alluvial soil, blossoming in July and fruiting in September. The plants are planted in rows and the rapidly growing branches trained upon poles stuck into the soil. Three or four male plants (with staminate flowers) are grown in an acre patch to supply the necessary pollen. Some authorities state, however, that the female plants develop enough staminate flowers to effect pollination. It is extensively cultivated in England, Germany and France. Also in New England, New York, Michigan, and in fact nearly every State in the Union. In Belgium the young, tender tops of the plants are cut off in the spring and eaten like asparagus, especially recommended to the pale and anaemic and those with scrofulous taints. The peculiar hop-like fruiting known as strobiles are collected in the fall of the year (September to October), dried and tightly packed into bales. The base of the scales of the strobile are covered with a yellowish powder, consisting of resin-bearing glands, known as lupulin. One pound of hops yields about one ounce of lupulin. Since the medicinal virtues of hops reside in the lupulin it will be readily understood that the hops from which the glands have been removed is of little or no medicinal value. Lupulin as well as the hops have a faint, peculiar, somewhat yeasty odor, which increases with age due to the development of valerianic acid. For medicinal purposes only fresh hops should be used. The principal use of hops is in the manufacture of beer, to which it imparts the peculiarly bitter taste, and its repute as a tonic. For this purpose enormous quantities are consumed in Germany and England. The exhausted hops from the breweries form an excellent fertilizer for light soils. The leaves have been used as fodder for cows. Leaves, stems and roots possess astringent properties and have been used in tanning. In Sweden the fibre of the stems is used in manufacturing a very durable white cloth, not unlike the cloth made from hemp and flax. Hops is used medicinally. It at first causes a very slight excitation of brain and heart, followed by a rather pronounced disposition to sleep. Pillows stuffed with hops form a very popular domestic remedy for wakefulness. Hop bags dipped in hot water form a very soothing external application in painful inflammatory conditions, especially of the abdominal organs. It has undoubted value as a bitter tonic in dyspepsia and in undue cerebral excitation. Tincture of lupulin and red pepper (capsicum) enjoys the reputation of being a very efficient substitute for alcoholic stimulants when their use is to be discontinued. Earlier physicians recommended hops very highly in kidney and liver complaints, as a “blood purifier” and to cure eruptive skin troubles. It is recommended in nervous troubles and in delirium tremens. The roots were formerly employed as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Hops contains an etherial oil, resin and tannic acid. The oil and the resin are important constituents in the manufacture of beer. The young shoots contain asparagin, etherial oil, resin and sugar. Albert Schneider. AWAKENING. Never yet was a springtime, Late though lingered the snow, That the sap stirred not at the whisper Of the south wind sweet and low; Never yet was a springtime When the buds forgot to blow. —Margaret E. Sangster. INDEX. Volume IX—January, 1901, to May, 1901, Inclusive. Page. A Apple, The [Illustration] (Charles S. Raddin), 38 April [Sonnet] (Helen Hunt Jackson), 145 April [Poem] (Bernard Malcolm Ramsay), 145 Arbutus, The Trailing [Illustration] (Charles S. Raddin), 228 Arbutus, Trailing [Poem] (George Bancroft Griffith), 231 At Dusk [Poem] (Albert Schneider), 96 Awakening [Poem] (Margaret E. Sangster), 236 B Back-Yard Class, A (Lee McCrae), 214 Bacteria, The Study of (Adolph Gehrmann), 6 Bear, The [Illustration], 122 Beaver, The [Illustration], 170 Before the Storm [Poem] (Mary Morrison), 119 Bird Calendar by the Poets, A (Arranged by Ella F. Mosby), 24 Bird Gossip, A Bit of (S. E. McKee), 115 Bird Incidents (Berton Mercer), 126 Bird-Joke at Leafy Lawn, A (Gertrude Southwick Kingsland), 202 Bird Notes [Poem] (Mary Hefferan), 85 Bird, The Autobiography of a (Caroline Crowinshield Bascom), 17 Bird, The Story (Belle P. Drury), 121 Birds, The Geographical Distribution of (Lynds Jones), 65 Blackbird or Grackle, The Rusty [Illustration], 204 Blackbird’s Song, The [Poem] (Walter Thornbury), 151 Black Bugs, The Story of Some (Louise Jamison), 12 Boy-Chickadee (Elizabeth Nunemacher), 120 C Cinnamon [Illustration] (Albert Schneider), 95 Crossbill, The Legend of the [Poem] (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow), 5 Crossbill, The White-Winged [Illustration], 2 Cubebs [Illustration] (Albert Schneider), 191 Curassow, The [Illustration], 146 D Dovekie, The [Illustration], 167 Dowitcher, The [Illustration], 59 Duck, The Harlequin [Illustration], 155 E Eagle, A Golden (Charles Elmer Jenney), 152 Eagle, The [Poem] (Alfred Tennyson), 62 Elk or Wapiti, The American [Illustration], 216 F February [Sonnet] (Helen Hunt Jackson), 49 Field Mouse, A Friendly (J. Clyde Hayden), 219 Fishes and Fish-Culture Among the Greeks and Romans (T. Louis Camparette), 89 Flower Garden, A Night in the (Fanny Wright Dixon), 36 Flycatcher, The Yellow-Breasted [Poem] (Carrie B. Sanborn), 8 Frost King’s Realm, A Stroll in the (Addie L. Booker), 73 Frost Work [Poem] (Thomas Bailey Aldrich), 49 G Gila Monster [Illustration] (Amelia Walson), 80 Godwit, The Marbled [Illustration], 201 Grackle, The Great-Tailed [Illustration], 62 Grouse, The Canada [Illustration] (Seth Mindwell), 158 H Hawks, The [Illustration] (Seth Mindwell), 50 Heart of a Dryad, The (Ella F. Mosby), 198 Hops [Illustration] (Albert Schneider), 235 I Instinct, Do Plants Have (Rowland Watts), 162 K Knot or Robin Snipe, The [Illustration], 14 L Laurel, The Mountain [Illustration], 232 Lemon, The [Illustration] (Charles S. Raddin), 182 Lizard, The Collared [Illustration], 35 Lower Animals, Some Things We Might Learn from the (Rowland Watts), 60 M March [Poem] (Walter Thornbury), 144 May [Poem] (Walter Thornbury), 193 Mrs. Jane’s Experiment (Mary Noland), 72 Murrelet, The Marbled [Illustration], 119 N Nautilus and Other Cephalopods, The [Illustration] (Frank Collins Baker), 222 Nautilus, The Chambered [Poem] (Oliver Wendell Holmes), 221 Nests, Some Notable (Elizabeth Reed Brownell), 149 O Old Year, The [Poem] (Alfred Tennyson), 1 Orange, The [Illustration], 134 Orchard Bird-Way, An (Alberta A. Field), 156 Oriole, Audubon’s [Illustration] (Seth Mindwell), 194 Owl, The American Hawk [Illustration], 23 Oyster and its Relatives, The [Illustration] (Frank Collins Baker), 26 P Parrots, About [Illustration] (Lawrence Irwell), 98 Pau-Puk-Keewis and the Beavers [Poem] (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow), 174 Pelican, The American White [Illustration] (Seth Mindwell), 110 Pepper [Illustration] (Albert Schneider), 143 Plants, The Geographical Distribution of the Seed-bearing (John Merle Coulter), 42 Poem [Selection] (Thomas Bailey Aldrich), 109 Poem [Selection] (Thomas Bailey Aldrich), 107 Poem [Selection] (Robert Browning), 227 Poem [Selection] (Barry Cornwall), 25 Poem [Selection] (George Gee), 164 Poem [Selection] (George Gee), 167 Poem [Selection] (William M. Hardinge), 193 Poem [Selection] (Helen Hunt Jackson), 232 Poem [Selection] (John Keats), 41 Poem [Selection] (James Thompson), 59 Poem [Selection] (Walter Thornbury), 175 Polly [A Story about a Moth] (Susan Brown Robbins), 108 Pomegranate, The [Illustration], 86 R Rabbit’s Cream [Poem] (Hattie Whitney), 37 S Sandpiper, The [Poem] (George Bancroft Griffith), 114 Sandpiper, The Solitary (H. S. Keller), 13 Scoter, The Surf [Illustration] (Frank M. Woodruff), 213 Sea-Bird, To a [Poem] (Bret Harte), 197 Sea-Mews in Winter Time [Poem] (Jean Ingelow), 127 Snails of the Forest and Field [Illustration] (Frank Collins Baker), 74 Snails of the Ocean [Illustration] (Frank Collins Baker), 176 Snails of Pond, River and Brook [Illustration] (Frank Collins Baker), 128 Snipe, The Knot or Robin [Illustration], 14 Sparrow, The Alaskan [Poem] (Nellie Hart Woodworth), 56 Sparrow’s Appeal, The Song (George Bancroft Griffith), 168 Spring [Poem] (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow), 97 Stone Houses, Interesting (Rest H. Metcalf), 55 Summer, The Passing of [Poem] (Benjamin Karr), 32 Swan, The Musical (Juliette A. Owen), 137 T Tree Top Town, A [Poem] (Austin Arnold McCausland), 192 V Vanilla [Illustration] (Albert Schneider), 47 Viola Blanda [Poem] (Nelly Hart Woodworth), 14 W Wapiti, The American Elk or [Illustration], 216 Warbler, The Hooded [Illustration], 71 Warbler, The Townsend’s [Illustration], 11 What Evolution Means (Lawrence Irwell), 207 When Spring Comes [Poem] (George Gee), 188 Winter Buds, The Opening of (Roberta Irvine Brotherson), 220 Witch in the Cream, The (Elizabeth Roberts Burton), 169 Wrens, Two (Nelly Hart Woodworth), 185 Transcriber’s Notes Created an eBook cover from elements within the issue. Reconstructed the Table of Contents (originally on each issue’s cover). Retained copyright notice on the original book (this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.) Silently corrected a few palpable typos. The index contains links to articles in other issues of Birds and Nature magazine, which can be installed locally: Gutenberg #47487: Volume 9 Number 1, January 1901 Gutenberg #47489: Volume 9 Number 2, February 1901 Gutenberg #47489: Volume 9 Number 3, March 1901 Gutenberg #47490: Volume 9 Number 4, April 1901 Transcriber’s Note on Linking between eBooks This eBook contains “relative” links to other Project Gutenberg eBooks. These links function correctly whether the books are read online, or copied to a directory on a local drive or a web. To install these books in another file system, create a subdirectory for each eBook, as in this outline: mybooks/ 40000/ 40000-h/ 40000-h.htm images/ ... 40001/ 40001-h/ 40001-h.htm images/ ... ... Each eBook is in a separate directory; its directory name is the Project Gutenberg number for the eBook. Each eBook directory may contain files in various formats; only the HTML files are relevant here; other files are optional. 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