A History of England, Period III. Constitutional Monarchy

INDEX Marquis of Hastings. 1813-1823. War with Nepaul. It was during Lord Moira's administration that the work of Wellesley was completed and the position of England rendered absolutely paramount in India. His first difficulties were with Nepaul, where the Goorkhas had succeeded in establishing a power of some importance, and had not refrained from attacking English territory. The war was a severe one; on more than one occasion the English troops were defeated or foiled by the strong fortifications of their opponents. But after two campaigns, in 1815, Sir David Ochterlony succeeded in securing the hill-fortresses and compelling the Goorkha chief to come to terms. The Nepaulese surrendered to the English a portion of the Terrai, a territory lying to the south of their country, reinstated a considerable number of the small princes they had lately dispossessed, and received an English resident at Catmandoo, their capital. It was at the close of this war that Lord Moira received his marquisate. But events, to which Lord Hastings owes his chief celebrity, arose in a more important quarter. The centre of India was occupied by the great princes of the Mahratta nation, who, though subdued by Lord Wellesley, were uneasy under their altered circumstances, and were dreaming of the restoration of their national greatness. Their nominal head was the Peishwa resident at Poonah, and now placed under a subsidiary treaty with the English. These princes kept up communications among themselves. Agents from Poonah were at all their courts, and some of them certainly engaged War with the Pindaries and Mahrattas. in intrigues both with the Nepaulese and Runjeet Singh, the late enemies of the English. Besides these covert and dangerous enemies, there existed a body of freebooters called the Pindaries. Recruited from all nations and all religions, their hordes found employment sometimes with the armies of the native princes at war with each other, sometimes in predatory excursions of their own. The reward for which they served was nearly always the right to rob. Their expeditions were of the most destructive character; all mounted and lightly armed, they crossed the country in marches of from forty to fifty miles a day, fell upon the devoted district, and carried off everything moveable in it, frequently burning what they could not carry away, and having recourse to the cruellest tortures to wring from the wretched inhabitants a knowledge of their hidden treasure. They had found their chief support among the Mahrattas, and had established themselves in the country between the Nerbudda and the Vindhya hills. Till 1815 they had refrained from attacking the English, but during the Nepaulese war they had crossed the river into the Deccan, and had ravaged the territory of our ally the Nizam; and the year after they had even passed the British frontiers and plundered more than three hundred villages. Lord Hastings determined to put an end to these robbers, supported as he believed that they were by the Mahratta confederation, before he dismissed the army collected for the war of Nepaul. He applied for leave to act on a great scale, and, having received it, brought into the field large armies from all the Presidencies, and prepared for war on such a scale as rendered it plain that he intended to make a final settlement of Central India. It was the complicity of the Mahrattas with the Pindaries which rendered his work difficult. The Peishwa had already shown his intentions. His favourite, Trimbucjee, had procured the murder of the agent of the Guicowar, who, in union with the English, was negotiating for a new lease of the Peishwa's property in Gujerat. The murderer was screened, and signs were everywhere visible that the Peishwa was meditating treachery. Yielding to the pressure of the English resident, he surrendered Trimbucjee; but on the escape of his favourite he again gave him refuge, and eluded the English demands. At length, yielding to the strong measures taken by them, he apparently gave up the point, and in June 1817 entered into a new treaty considerably more stringent than the Treaty of Bassein, and designed to destroy the Peishwa's nominal superiority over the Mahratta confederation, which was the source of so much danger. The effect of the treaty was very temporary. The Peishwa continued his measures against the English, attacked and burnt the British residency, was defeated after a severe battle and fled, intending to make common cause with his compatriots. Meanwhile events of a somewhat similar character had been taking place at the courts of the other Mahratta chiefs. It was thought necessary not only to separate them from the Pindaries, but to oblige them to join in the suppression of those freebooters. In November Sindia was compelled to make a treaty to that effect, containing a most important clause, as it allowed the English to make separate treaties, which had hitherto been forbidden, with those chiefs, especially the Rajputs, who were dependent upon Sindia. The unity of his kingdom was thus broken up. A treaty of a similar character was concluded with Ameer Khan, the head of a large body of freebooters in close connection with Holkar, though at the time resident at Jeypoor. With the other two great chiefs, the Rajah of Nagpoor and Holkar, more violent measures were found necessary. Appa Sahib, the uncle of the late prince, had obtained the government of Nagpoor, and had pretended a close friendship with England. But the same national aspirations as had moved the Peishwa acted upon him too. As the Peishwa was the nominal viceroy of the Mahrattas, so was he their nominal commander-in-chief. He repeated the treachery at Poonah, and attacked the British residency; and as his army was strong, and consisted largely of Arabs, he was only defeated after a battle of eighteen hours' duration. By December, however, he was thoroughly conquered, and had given himself up to the English; Nagpoor had been evacuated, and the Arabs dismissed. Just about the same time the forces of Holkar had been also defeated at Mahidpoor, in the neighbourhood of Oojein. On the insanity of Holkar himself, his power had passed into the hands of his young wife, Toolsee-Bhye, as regent for the young prince; but she was mistrusted by the war party, seized, and put to death. The chiefs then plunged into war, but were thoroughly defeated by Hislop's forces, and the young Holkar was compelled to enter into a treaty, which, among other things, bound him to perpetual peace, and established the Company as the arbitrator in all his quarrels. As in the case of Sindia, the Rajput princes subject to his dominion were allowed to contract separate treaties with the English, and gladly seized the opportunity. Thus the great confederation was defeated in detail, and the Peishwa alone, a fugitive from his capital, was capable of making resistance. It was found nearly impossible to come up with him; though combats were occasionally fought, no general battle resulted. But a new plan was devised which before long completed his destruction. The strongholds of his country were one by one reduced; and among others, in February, Satara, the residence of the descendants of Sevaji, whose nominal minister the Peishwa was. The authority of this prince was re-established, and the Peishwa was deposed, and thus the national character of his resistance destroyed. Soon after, also (Feb. 19, 1818), he was forced to battle at Ashtee, near Bunderpoor, and there thoroughly beaten. His power of resistance was now at an end, his fortresses had fallen one by one; his motley army, consisting largely of Pindaries, was broken up, and in June, finding himself surrounded, he surrendered to Sir John Malcolm. He accepted an allowance of £80,000 a year, with leave to withdraw and reside at Benares, where he remained quietly during the rest of his life. He had refused even to the last to surrender Trimbucjee, who was, however, shortly afterwards captured, and kept a prisoner till his death. The destruction of the Mahratta power had gone hand in hand with that of the Pindaries. Wherever they had been met with they had been beaten. By the end of February all their leaders had surrendered, and such remnants of them as were left had been removed to Goruckpoor, where they settled quietly down. There was one exception; their great chief, Chetoo, was still at large, and when Appa Sahib of Nagpoor, continuing his treachery after the treaty, and still holding communication with the Peishwa, was dethroned, the two chiefs took refuge in the Mahadeo hills on the south of the Nerbudda, and there assembled a mixed army of Mahrattas, Arabs, and Pindaries, to the number of about 20,000. The destruction of these troops closed the war. The English forces were concentrated for a great attack; seeing the hopelessness of resistance, the leaders fled, and took refuge in the fort of Aseerghur, which belonged to Sindia, with whom no doubt Appa had still relations. The fortress could not long shelter him. Sindia, in fear, refused to receive him; he fled to Runjeet Singh, and was finally allowed to return and live peaceably in Judpore. Chetoo, deprived of most of his followers, also took flight; he attempted to retire into the Malwa, but during his retreat sought refuge in a thicket, and was there devoured by a tiger. As a punishment for having received the fugitives, Aseerghur was besieged and taken, and as clear proofs were found in it of Sindia's treachery, it was retained. This was the last act of the war. At its conclusion the whole dominions of the Peishwa, with the exception of a district given to the Rajah of Satara, and all Appa Sahib's dominions in Berar, passed directly into the hands of the English. All the Rajput rajahs had placed themselves under British protection, and Sindia was the only prince with whom there had not been concluded a satisfactory subsidiary treaty. Lord Hastings had thus the merit of thoroughly completing the great plans of the Marquis of Wellesley. Lord Amherst. 1823—1828. When Hastings left his office, which he had held for nine years, he was succeeded by Lord Amherst, who reached Calcutta in August 1823, and held the Governor-generalship till 1828. During that period the dominions of England received a still further accession, and the difficulty of putting a stop to a course of conquest once begun was shown. At the same time that Clive had laid the foundation of the English Empire, a man of the name of Alompra had established a great empire on the other side of the Ganges. He had succeeded in bringing into one the kingdoms of Siam, Pegu, Ava, and Aracan. By degrees the two empires of Burmah and of India had become conterminous. The Burmese had been rendered so confident by their successes that they had demanded of Lord Hastings the surrender of Chittagong, Dacca, and other places, as having been originally dependencies of Aracan; their demand had of course been absolutely disregarded, but they were now proceeding to conquer Cashar, a district in North-Eastern Bengal, the rajah of which applied for help to the English. A further act of encroachment on their part brought on a war; they seized, on the coast of Chittagong, a little island in the possession of a small British outpost. No satisfaction could be obtained, and in March 1824 war became inevitable, much against the will, and somewhat to the surprise, of The Burmese War. Lord Amherst, who had intended to be peaceful. The attack of the English was made upon Rangoon at the mouth of the Irawaddi. It was easily occupied, but the Burmese were a warlike race, and being strengthened in their wish for resistance by successes on the Bengal frontier refused to come to terms. Again and again the great pagoda of Rangoon, which had become the English citadel, was assaulted. In December a final unsuccessful attack was made under the command of Maha Bundoola, who had distinguished himself in the north. From May to February the fighting about Rangoon had continued, the chief difficulty met with being the skill of the enemy in the defence of stockades. Then, at last, Sir Archibald Campbell found it possible to advance up the Irawaddi towards Prome. In April he reached that place and found it deserted. There the English remained during the rainy season. In November hostilities were renewed, and the English gradually forced their way up to within forty-five miles of Ava, the capital. There at length, in February 1826, a treaty was concluded by which the Burmese ceded Assam, Aracan, and the country south of Martiban along the coast. They also gave up their claims upon the English provinces, paid a large sum of money, and established friendly relations between the courts, to be kept up by an interchange of ambassadors. Capture of Bhurtpore. The occupation of England in a foreign war had given rise to hopes among the princes of India that an opportunity had come for reasserting their freedom. But all such thoughts were dashed to the ground by the capture and destruction of the fortress of Bhurtpore, hitherto considered impregnable. At the beginning of 1825 a disputed succession had occurred. The expelled Prince was under British protection; it remained to be seen how far it now availed him. Lord Amherst was at first inclined to non-intervention, but the army was in the hands of Lord Combermere, an old Peninsula officer, not likely to shrink before difficulties. He at once undertook to reduce the stronghold. Having demanded the dismissal of women and children, which was refused, he proceeded to bombard the town. After two months of siege, the assault was given, and in two hours the town was secured; the fortress was then razed to the ground, and the rightful prince reinstated, and the great movement against the English which had been dreaded by many thinking men in India thus at once checked. The Indian Empire had now reached the limits which were not increased for many years. The subsequent conquests of the Punjaub and Sinde have set a natural and geographical boundary to it, which, it may be hoped, will prevent the necessity of those wars of conquest, which were really wars of defence, to which it owes its present gigantic dimensions. INDEX CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1027 , 1029 Abercromby in Ireland, 1213 ; in Egypt, 1232 Aberdeen, Colonial Secretary, 1456 Acts of Parliament—Abjuration, 874 , 876 ; Additional Force Bill, 1248 ; Alien, 926 , 927 , 1165 , 1356 ; American Customs, 1047 ; Boston Port, 1070 ; Calendar, 1014 ; Canada, 1072 , 1156 ; Catholic Emancipation, 1408 ; Coercion, 1438 , 1450 ; Conciliation, 1085 ; Convention, 1207 ; Corn Laws altered, 1386 , 1402 ; Coronation Oath, 811 ; Corporation, 823 ; Corporation and Test repealed, 1401 ; Foreign Enlistment, 1360 ; of Grace, 825 ; Hovering, 1135 ; India, Dundas's, 1129 , 1130 , Fox's, 1129 , Pitt's, 1135 ; India Company, 861 , 1069 , 1442 ; Insurrection, 1211 ; Irish Church, 1436 ; Jews Naturalization, 1015 ; Libel, 1157 ; Marriage, 1015 ; Massachusetts, 1070 ; Municipal reform, 1460 ; Navigation Act changed, 1379 ; Occasional Conformity, 906 - 909 ; Peerage, 947 , 948 ; Pension, 972 ; Poor Law, 1452 ; Prison Inquiry, 973 ; Recoinage, 850 ; Reform, of election petitions, 1060 , of Scotch burghs, 1360 , the Reform Bill, 1425 - 1432 ; Regency, 1048 , 1049 , 1143 , 1324 , 1358 ; Resumption, 868 ; Riot, 932 ; Sale of office, 1299 ; Schism, 923 , repealed, 947 ; Sedition and Treason, 1183 , 1354 ; Septennial, 938 , 939 ; Silk trade regulation, 1380 ; Six Acts, 1363 ; Slave trade abolished, 1271 ; Slavery abolished, 1445 ; Stamp, 1048 , 1051 , 1052 ; Succession, 871 , altered, 940 ; Test, altered, 947 , repealed, 1401 ; Toleration, 810 , 1087 , 1094 ; Traitorous Correspondence, 1178 ; Treason, trials for, 855 ; Triennial, 844 ; Union with Scotland, 928 ; Union with Ireland, 1219 ; Wool trade regulation, 1381 Adams, at Preston's trial, 1061 ; ambassador to France, 1083 Adams, secretary of Constitutional Society, 1180 Addington, Premier, 1230 ; his weakness, 1238 , 1239 ; declares war, 1240 ; his difficulties, 1243 ; resigns, 1245 ; in opposition, 1247 ; becomes Lord Sidmouth, rejoins ministry, 1252 ; dislikes Melville, 1258 ; resigns, 1259 ; Lord Privy Seal, 1267 ; opposes Slave Trade Bill, 1272 ; opposes Catholic claims, 1273 ; President of the Council, 1325 ; his repressive measures, 1354 , 1355 ; retires, 1369 Addison, Secretary of State, 942 Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, his marriage, 1358 Agriculture, introduction of turnips, 973 ; backward state of, 1014 ; improvement in, 1150 ; state of, 1333 , 1350 , 1361 Aislabie implicated in the South Sea frauds, 954 Albemarle. [See Keppel.] Alberoni, his schemes, 943 - 945 ; his fall, 946 Albuquerque at Cadiz, 1306 Alexander I., Czar, 1233 ; remonstrates with Napoleon, 1250 , 1260 ; character, 1261 ; alliance with England, 1281 ; at Tilsitt, 1283 ; excuses for his conduct, 1284 ; at Erfurth, 1294 ; estranged from Napoleon, 1312 ; determines on war, 1313 ; successful, 1320 ; mediates in American War, 1326 ; visits England, 1335 ; desires Poland, 1336 , 1338 ; dies, 1397 Allen, takes Ticonderoga, 1072 ; acknowledged by Congress, 1073 Althorp, head of a Finance Committee, 1394 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1423 ; his Irish Church Bill, 1434 , 1437 ; his opinion of the Coercion Bill, 1439 , 1448 ; his Budget, 1440 ; desires gradual emancipation, 1444 ; his influence in the House, 1447 , 1455 ; wishes to resign, 1449 ; becomes Lord Spencer, 1455 Amelia, Princess, dies, 1323 America, trade with, 980 , 1014 ; Wesley in, 1016 ; war with the French in, 1019 , 1025 , 1029 - 1031 ; origin of the thirteen provinces, 1045 , 1046 ; trade with, 1046 , 1047 ; petitions against the Stamp Act, 1048 , 1051 , 1052 ; excitement caused by Townshend's measures, 1054 , 1055 , 1056 ; the tax on tea insisted on, 1057 ; increased irritation in, 1061 ; organizes opposition, 1068 ; first Congress, 1071 ; war with, 1072 - 1084 , 1087 , 1088 , 1094 - 1103 ; conclusion of the war, 1107 , 1108 , 1110 ; suffers from the orders in Council, 1279 ; war with, 1325 , 1328 Amherst succeeds Loudon, 1026 ; takes Louisburg, 1027 ; at Quebec, 1029 ; suppresses the Gordon riots, 1094 Amherst, Governor-General of India, 1471 , 1472 André, his trial and death, 1097 Anglesey, quoted, 1394 ; resigns, 1406 ; restored, 1439 ; resigns, 1448 Anne, Duchess of Marlborough's influence over, 833 ; her quarrel with her sister, 834 ; reconciled to William, 847 ; acknowledged successor by Louis XIV., 858 ; death of her son, 870 ; influence of Marlborough over, 876 ; love for her husband, 878 , 912 , 913 ; her love for the Church, 905 , 908 , 911 ; anger against Nottingham, 909 ; a Tory, 909 , 914 ; dismisses Sunderland and Godolphin, 915 ; dismisses the Duchess, 917 ; announces the peace in Parliament, 921 ; her failing health, 922 ; sensitive as to the succession, 923 ; Bolingbroke's influence over, 924 ; dies, 924 Anson, captures treasure ships, 984 ; rebuked by Bute, 1037 Argyle, Earl of, his power, 819 ; his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 835 ; thwarts Bolingbroke's schemes, 924 ; Lord Commissioner, 926 ; jealousy of his power, 933 ; given the command against Mar, 935 ; defeats him at Sheriffmuir, 937 ; puts the Pretender to flight, 937 ; hostile to Walpole, 983 ; Master of the Ordnance, 987 Arnold, his origin, 1072 ; takes Ticonderoga, 1073 ; attacks Quebec, 1075 ; his treachery, 1096 ; joins the English, 1097 ; his expedition against Virginia, 1099 Artois, Royalist leader, 1175 ; at L'Ile Dieu, 1177 ; joins Pichegru's conspiracy, 1251 Ashburton. [See Dunning.] Assassination Plot, 853 Assiento, explained, 919 ; restored by Spain, 1011 Atterbury, his plot, 954 ; arrested, 955 ; banished, 956 ; dies, 969 Auchmuty at Monte Video, 1280 ; at Buenos Ayres, 1281 Auckland, his treaty with Dumouriez, 1166 ; prejudices George against Pitt, 1230 ; in the Cabinet, 1423 ; First Lord of Admiralty, 1447 Augusta, influence over George III., 1035 ; her favour to Bute, 1036 , 1042 ; her name omitted from the Regency Bill, 1048 , 1049 Augustus of Saxony, driven from Poland, 896 Augustus, elected King of Poland, 975 Aurungzebe, his treaty with the India Company, 1114 ; dies, 1115 Aylesbury, election disputes, 908 , 909 Baird in Egypt, 1232 ; in Spain, 1294 Balcarras. [See Lindsay.] Bank of England, established, 843 , 844 ; advances money, 850 ; attempt to ruin it, 851 ; advances money, 852 ; competition with the South Sea Company, 951 ; affected by the march of Charles Edward, 1005 ; suspension of cash payments, 1193 ; resumption of cash payments, 1359 ; in danger of bankruptcy, 1384 ; renewal of its charter, 1441 Barclay, his plot, 850 , 853 , 854 Barlow, Governor-General of India, 1466 Barnard, incapacity of, 1056 ; promoted, 1057 Barras, succeeds Menou, 1186 ; in the Directory, 1197 Barré, his pension, 1107 ; compensated for the loss of it, 1133 Barrier Treaty, 919 , 940 , 959 ; irritation caused by, 1023 Barrington, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1037 ; Secretary at War, 1056 Barthélemy, negotiates treaties at Basle, 1173 ; in the Directory, 1197 Barwell, in the India Council, 1123 ; votes for Hastings, 1125 Bassano, minister in England, 1166 Bath. [See Pulteney.] Bathurst, Colonial Secretary, 1382 ; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388 ; resigns, 1392 Battles— Abendsberg, 1300 ; Argaum, 1256 ; Aghrim, 829 ; Albuera, 1309 ; Alexandria, 1232 ; Algiers, 1347 ; Almanza, 895 ; Almenara, 915 ; Amboor, 1117 ; Aspern, 1300 ; Assye, 1256 ; Austerlitz, 1266 ; Barosa, 1309 ; Basignano, 997 ; Baylen, 1288 ; Beachy Head, 826 ; Bergen, 1031 ; Bitonto, 976 ; Blenheim, 885 , 886 ; Boyne, 827 ; Brihuega, 916 ; Brooklyn, 1077 ; Bunker's Hill, 1073 ; Busaco, 1307 ; Buxar, 1121 ; Cassano, 889 , 1222 ; Camperdown, 1198 ; Copenhagen, 1232 , 1233 ; Corunna, 1297 ; Coverpauk, 1117 ; Creveld, 1027 ; Culloden, 1007 ; Denain, 921 ; Dettingen, 992 , 993 ; Diamond, 1209 ; Dresden, 1321 ; Echeren, 881 ; Eckmühl, 1300 ; Espinosa, 1295 ; Exiles, 1011 ; Eylau, 1280 ; Falkirk, 1005 ; Finisterre, 1263 ; Fleurus, 826 , 1171 ; Fontenoy, 998 , 999 ; Freiberg, 1041 ; Friedberg, 997 ; Friedland, 1283 ; Friedlingen, 879 ; Fuentes Onoro, 1309 ; Gebora, 1308 ; Guildford Courthouse, 1100 ; Hagenau, 888 ; Hastenbach, 1026 ; Hobkirk's Hill, 1100 ; Hochstädt, 881 ; Hohenlinden, 1227 ; Jemmappes, 1159 ; Jena, 1276 ; Kesseldorf, 997 ; Killiecrankie, 820 ; Kirch-Denkern, 1037 ; Kloster-Campen, 1037 ; Kolin, 1026 ; Kunersdorf, 1032 ; Lagos, 1028 ; La Hogue, 837 ; Landen, 841 ; Laufeldt, 1010 ; Langen-Saltza, 1037 ; Laswari, 1257 ; Leipsic, 1321 ; Liegnitz, 1033 ; Ligny, 1340 ; Lissa, 1026 ; Lowositz, 1024 ; Luzara, 879 ; Magnano, 1222 ; Maida, 1282 ; Malplaquet, 903 ; Marengo, 1226 ; Marsiglia, 841 ; Martinique, 1109 ; Minden, 1031 ; Molwitz, 989 ; Narva, 895 ; Navarino, 1399 ; Newton-Butler, 816 ; Nile, 1221 ; Nivelle, 1320 ; Novi, 1222 ; Ocana, 1305 ; Orthes, 1321 ; Oudenarde, 897 - 900 ; Plassy, 1026 , 1119 ; Preston, 936 ; Prestonpans, 1002 ; Pultowa, 896 ; Pyramids, 1220 ; Quatre Bras, 1341 ; Quebec, 1031 ; Quiberon, 1177 ; Ramillies, 891 , 892 ; Raucoux 1010 ; Ratisbon, 1300 ; Rorica, 1291 ; Roveredo, 1188 ; Sabugal, 1308 ; St. Vincent, 1193 ; Salamanca, 1316 ; Saragossa, 915 ; Savenay, 1170 ; Schellenberg, 884 ; Sheriffmuir, 937 ; Spires, 881 ; Steinkirk, 838 ; Stockach, 1222 ; Stolhofen, 895 ; Talavera, 1304 ; Torgau, 1033 ; Toulon, 895 , 1169 ; Toulouse, 1321 ; Trafalgar, 1265 ; Tudela, 1295 ; Turin, 894 ; Valmy, 1159 ; Villa Viciosa, 916 ; Vimiero, 1292 ; Vinegar Hill, 1214 ; Vittoria, 1319 ; Wagram, 1301 ; Walcourt, 823 ; Wandewash, 1120 ; Warburg, 1037 ; Waterloo, 1341 - 1346 ; Wynendale, 901 ; Zorndorf, 1028 ; Zullichan, 1032 ; Zurich, 1224 Bedford, his party, 1042 ; Prime Minister, 1043 ; offends George III., 1049 ; protests against his conduct, 1050 ; his conduct to the Americans, 1057 ; subscribes to the loan, 1190 Benbow, Admiral, his death, 880 Bentinck, promoted, 810 ; Earl of Portland, 811 ; discovers Marlborough's treachery, 833 ; proved innocent of venality, 845 ; conference with Boufflers, 857 ; impeached, 871 Bentinck in Sicily, 1317 , 1372 Beresford, Irish Tory leader, 1200 ; his influence, 1208 Beresford, command of Portuguese army, 1298 ; at Elvas, 1309 ; at Albuera, 1310 Berwick, Duke of, his plot, 850 , 853 ; leaves England, 854 ; in Portugal, 881 ; victorious, 887 ; at Almanza, 895 ; on the Rhine, 900 ; commanding the French army, 976 Bexley. [See Vansittart.] Bills. [See Acts.] Blake, at Rio Seco, 1288 ; defeated, 1295 ; at Albuera, 1310 , 1311 Blakeney, surrenders Minorca, 1021 Bligh, destroys Cherbourg, 1027 Blücher in Belgium, 1339 , 1340 ; retreats, 1341 ; at Waterloo, 1345 ; desires vengeance, 1346 Blunt, director of the South Sea Company, 950 Bolingbroke (St. John) joins the ministry, 881 ; supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 907 ; Secretary at War, 909 ; leader of the moderate Tories, 911 ; retires, 913 ; Secretary of State, 915 ; made Lord Bolingbroke, 921 ; concludes peace, 921 ; corresponds with the Pretender, 922 ; his plot suspected, gains Anne's favour, 923 ; his schemes thwarted, 924 ; joins the Pretender, 932 ; organizes the rebellion, 933 ; tries to postpone it, 934 ; dismissed by the Pretender, his overtures rejected by Walpole, returns to France, 956 ; constant intrigues against Walpole, 958 ; bribes the Duchess of Kendal, 962 ; withdraws to France, 977 ; advises the Prince of Wales, 978 , 979 ; effect of his teaching on George III., 1035 Bonaparte. [See Napoleon, Jerome, and Joseph.] Bon St. André, collects a fleet, 1172 ; his energy, 1173 Boscawen, Admiral, 1019 ; at Lagos, 1028 Bottetort, Governor in America, 1061 Boufflers, in Flanders, 841 ; at the Sambre, 847 ; arrested, 848 ; at Ryswick, 857 ; in Guilders, 879 ; at Lille, 901 ; at Malplaquet, 903 , 905 Bourbon, Regent, his policy, 960 Boyle, Secretary of State, 913 ; resigns, 915 Braddock, in America, 1019 Breadalbane, his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 834 , 835 Bridgewater, subscribes to the loan, 1190 Bridport, mutiny in his fleet, 1194 Broglie, effect of his appointment, 1153 Brougham, his Bill against the slave trade, 1271 ; Attorney-General, 1367 ; opposes Government, 1374 ; supports Canning, 1392 ; announces the Reform Bill, 1422 ; Lord Chancellor, 1423 ; presents a petition against slavery, 1444 ; correspondence with Wellesley, 1448 ; proposes Melbourne as Premier, 1449 ; supports the new Poor Law, 1453 ; his dispute with Durham, 1455 Brunswick. [See Ferdinand.] Buckner, his fleet mutinies, 1195 Burdett, in Parliament, 1359 ; his Catholic Relief Bill, 1390 ; presents Catholic petition, 1391 ; supports Canning, 1392 ; presides at National Union meeting, 1428 Burgoyne, reinforces Gage, 1073 ; his disasters, 1081 , 1082 ; in Parliament, 1089 Burgundy, in Flanders, 896 ; at Oudenarde, 898 Burke, introduced by Rockingham, 1050 ; his first speech, 1051 ; defends the Irish claims, 1090 ; proposes economical reform, 1091 ; upholds toleration, 1094 ; assaults North's Government, 1103 ; eager for financial reform, 1105 , 1106 ; tries to restrain Grattan, 1105 ; supports Portland, 1112 ; opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137 ; his action against Hastings, 1139 - 1141 ; effect of the French Revolution upon, 1145 ; his opinion of it, 1154 ; his book, 1155 ; his breach with Fox, 1156 ; supports Pitt, 1161 , 1163 Burke, Richard, Irish leader, 1205 , 1206 Burrard, placed over Wellesley, 1290 ; his caution, 1291 , 1292 ; at Vimiero, 1293 Bussy, De, French ambassador, 1038 , 1039 ; in India, 1117 - 1119 Bute, his influence over George III., 1035 ; unpopularity of, 1036 , 1042 , 1049 ; Secretary of State, 1037 ; Premier, 1039 ; his policy, 1040 ; his vengeance on the Whigs, resigns, 1041 ; intrigues against the ministry, 1042 Buxton, his efforts against slavery, 1382 , 1444 Byng, George, in the Channel, 896 ; at Cape Passaro, 945 Byng, John (son of George), at Minorca, 1021 ; shot, 1022 Cadogan, at Oudenarde, 898 ; accused, 947 Caermarthen. [See Danby.] Caermarthen (son of Danby), defeated at Brest, 846 Caermarthen, Secretary of State, 1132 Calder, at Cape Finisterre, 1262 , 1263 Calonne, French minister, 1147 , 1152 Camden. [See Pratt.] Camden (son of Pratt), Viceroy of Ireland, 1209 , 1210 ; his yeomanry, 1211 ; recalled, 1215 ; in the Cabinet, 1246 Cameron of Lochiel, joins Charles, 1000 ; skirmish at Fort William, 1000 ; escapes, 1008 Camissards, rebellion, 880 ; suppression of, 881 , 887 Canclaux, in La Vendée, 1175 Canning, asks Addington to resign, 1239 ; Treasurer of the Navy, 1247 ; Foreign Secretary, 1274 , 1285 ; quarrel with Castlereagh, 1322 ; resigns, 1323 ; negotiations for his return, 1325 ; avoids the Queen's trial, 1369 ; Foreign Secretary, 1370 ; his foreign policy, 1375 ; his Spanish policy, 1376 ; supports Huskisson, 1378 ; his slave circular, 1382 ; his Portuguese policy, 1386 ; his Corn Bill, 1388 ; supports Catholic emancipation, 1389 ; Premier, 1392 ; dies, 1393 ; his Turkish policy, 1395 - 1398 Canning, Sir Stratford, at Constantinople, 1396 ; his policy, 1400 Carhampton, in Ireland, 1211 ; superseded, 1213 Carleton, defends Quebec, 1075 ; Minister in America, 1111 Carlisle, First Lord of the Treasury, 874 Carlisle, in the Cabinet, 1112 Carlos, Don, promised Parma and Tuscany, 945 ; becomes King of Sicily, 976 Carlos (brother of Ferdinand VII.), 1463 ; his civil war, 1464 Carnot, his tactics, 1168 , 1171 , 1184 ; his great plan, 1187 ; in the Directory, 1197 Caroline, Queen, favours Walpole, 966 ; character, 967 , 968 ; reprieves Porteous, 979 ; dies, 980 ; her peaceful influence, 981 ; effect of her Church appointments, 1015 Caroline, of Denmark, 1064 Caroline, of Brunswick, marries George IV., 1182 ; George desires her divorce, 1365 ; her trial, 1366 , 1367 ; dies, 1368 Carteret, character, 956 , 988 ; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 957 ; joins the Prince of Wales, 978 ; Secretary of State, 987 ; dismissed, 988 ; his German politics, 994 ; his fall, 996 ; made Lord Granville, 1009 ; favourite of George II., 1009 ; fails to form a ministry, 1010 Castaños, defeated, 1295 Castlereagh, in Ireland, 1217 , 1229 ; remains in office, 1246 ; Secretary for War, 1274 ; neglects the Peninsula War, 1294 ; accused of bribery, 1299 ; quarrels with Canning, 1322 ; resigns, 1323 ; Foreign Secretary, 1325 ; at Vienna, 1335 ; returns, 1339 ; his death, 1369 ; his foreign policy, 1370 , 1371 ; its weakness, 1373 ; his financial measures, 1377 ; supported Catholic emancipation, 1389 Catherine of Russia, her conduct to Poland, 1066 ; forms an armed neutrality, 1095 ; her ambition, 1148 ; her success, 1149 Catholic claims, refused by Walpole, 986 ; some penal laws repealed, 1087 ; George III. opposes, 1087 ; agitation against, 1092 - 1094 ; refused, 1272 - 1274 , 1360 , 1368 , 1391 ; importance of, 1387 , 1389 ; the Emancipation Bill passed, 1408 Catinat, at Marsiglia, 841 ; in Alsace, 879 Cavendish, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1105 Charlemont, friend of Grattan, 1105 Charles Edward, born, 954 ; correspondence with Walpole, 984 ; goes to Scotland, 999 ; his reception, 1000 ; in Edinburgh, 1001 ; marches into England, 1003 ; his character, 1004 ; at Culloden, 1007 ; his escape, 1008 ; supposed intrigue with Frederick II., 1020 Charles XII., his victories, 895 , 896 ; favours the Stuarts, 941 ; danger to England from, 942 , 943 ; negotiations with Alberoni, 944 ; effect of his death, 945 , 946 Charles II. of Spain, probable effect of his death, 859 , 862 ; his first will, 864 ; his second will, 869 ; dies, 870 Charles III., King of Spain, 1038 Charles IV., his weakness, 1286 ; abdicates, 1287 Charles VI., his claim to Spain, 863 , 869 ; declared King, in Spain, 889 , 890 , in the Netherlands, 893 ; Louis offers to recognize him, 894 ; supported by the Catalonians, 895 ; occupies Madrid, 915 ; leaves his army, 916 ; becomes Emperor, 921 ; jealous of the new German kingdoms, 941 ; joins the Quadruple Alliance, 945 ; desires the guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction, 959 , 970 , 971 ; agrees to suspend the Ostend Company, 962 ; deserts his Spanish allies, 970 ; dies, 984 Charles Albert, candidate for the empire, 989 ; elected as Charles VII., 990 ; concludes peace, Bavaria restored to him, 994 ; dies, 996 Charles of Lorraine, victorious over the French, 994 Charles, Archduke, at Stockach, 1222 ; in Italy, 1264 ; his proclamation, 1300 ; at Aspern, 1300 ; at Wagram, 1301 Charles X., his views, 1413 ; his speech 1414 ; deposed, 1416 Charlotte, Princess, born, 1182 ; dies, 1357 Charnock, his conspiracy, 847 ; his trial and execution, 855 Charrette, makes peace, 1175 ; shot, 1177 Chatham. [See Pitt.] Chatham (son of the above), proposed as Premier, 1240 ; his volunteer reviews, 1248 ; in the ministry, 1274 ; has command of the Walcheren expedition, 1302 Chauvelin, his diplomacy, 1163 ; dismissed, 1165 ; his false information, 1166 Chesterfield, dismissed, 975 ; joins the Prince of Wales, 978 ; excluded from the ministry, 987 ; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 996 ; disliked by George II., 997 ; Secretary of State, 1010 ; reforms the Calendar, 1014 Cheyte Singh, robbed by Hastings, 1128 , 1140 Child, Sir Josiah, manager of the East India Company, 860 Choiseul, his vigorous rule, 1031 ; desires peace, 1037 ; his offers, 1038 ; prepares for war, 1058 ; his diplomacy, 1062 ; effect of his fall, 1165 , 1166 Chunda Sahib, claims the Carnatic, 1117 ; killed, 1118 Church, discontented with the Revolution, 807 ; settlement of, 810 ; the Nonjurors, 811 ; favoured by Tories and by Queen Anne, 905 , 911 ; Occasional Conformity Bill, 906 , 907 , 947 ; the Schism Act repealed, 947 ; favoured by Queen Caroline, 967 ; decay of, 1015 , 1016 ; influence of the Methodists on, 1017 ; the Tractarians, 1451 Churchill. [See Marlborough.] Civil List, of William III., 810 , 825 ; of Anne, 876 ; of George I., 930 ; of George II., 966 , 967 , 1013 ; of George III., 1082 ; of George IV., 1182 ; extravagance of, 1349 , 1358 Claim of Right, 818 Clairfait, defeated, 1171 Clare. [See Fitzgibbon.] Clarence. [See William.] Clarendon, engaged in a Jacobite plot, 825 Clark, corresponds with Tone, 1190 Clarkson, his evidence on the slave trade, 1271 Clausel, succeeds Marmont, 1317 ; his skill, 1318 Claverhouse, agent of James II., 818 ; Earl of Dundee, escapes from Edinburgh, 818 ; reaches Inverness, 819 ; makes use of Highland quarrels, 820 ; killed at Killiecrankie, 821 Clermont, his character, 1027 Clinton, reinforces Gage, 1073 ; at Bunker's Hill, 1074 ; at New York, 1081 ; succeeds Howe, 1088 ; captures Charleston, 1095 ; at New York, 1096 ; negotiates with Arnold, 1097 ; at New York, 1101 ; fails to rescue Yorktown, 1102 Clive, in India, 1019 , 1026 ; defeats Du-pleix, 1117 ; Governor of Madras, 1118 ; regains Calcutta, 1118 ; his forgery, 1119 ; disputes in the Council, 1121 ; expels Meer Cossim, 1122 ; dies, 1124 Club, in Scotland, origin of, 819 ; joins the Jacobites, 830 Clugny, French Minister, 1152 Cobbett, influence of his writings, 1352 ; his speeches, 1421 Cobham, deprived of his army commission, 975 ; joins the Prince of Wales, 978 Coburg, in Flanders, 1171 Cockburn, in America, 1327 Codrington, at Navarino, 1399 , 1400 Cohorn, engineer, 838 ; at the siege of Namur, 847 Collingwood, at Trafalgar, 1265 ; at the Dardanelles, 1281 Collot d'Herbois, his cruelty, 1169 Commerce, injured by French privateers, 838 ; loss of the Smyrna fleet, 841 ; the East India trade, 860 - 862 ; the Darien scheme, 865 - 867 ; commercial advantages at the Peace of Utrecht, 919 , 921 ; regulation of the Scotch trade, 927 ; the South Sea scheme, 949 - 953 ; commercial treaty with Spain, 958 , 1011 ; the Ostend Company, 959 , 961 , 962 , 971 ; prevalence of smuggling, 974 , 981 ; rapid increase of, 1013 , 1014 ; restrictions on colonial trade, 1046 , 1047 , 1051 , 1052 , 1069 , 1070 ; Pitt's Irish Commercial Bill, 1136 ; suspension of cash payments, 1193 ; Continental System, 1277 - 1279 ; depression of commerce, 1332 , 1350 , 1351 ; Huskisson's improvements, 1379 - 1381 ; commercial distress, 1383 - 1386 ; the West India trade, 1443 Compton, Sir Spencer, made President of the Council, 966 ; made Lord Wilmington, 966 ; supports Walpole, 983 ; Premier, 987 ; dies, 988 Conflans, at Brest, 1028 ; at Quiberon, 1029 Conway, Secretary of State, 1050 ; his speech, 1051 ; deprived of army commission, 1052 ; remains in office, 1053 ; in Parliament, 1104 ; in the ministry, 1105 Cook, director of the East India Company, 845 ; his accounts, 861 Coote, defeats Lally, 1120 ; in Mahratta war, 1127 ; at Madras, 1128 Cope, marches against Charles Edward, 1001 ; at Prestonpans, 1002 Cormatin, Chouan leader, 1174 Cornwallis, in Carolina, 1096 , 1098 , 1100 ; retreats, 1101 ; takes Yorktown, 1101 ; besieged, 1102 ; surrenders, 1103 ; Viceroy of Ireland, 1215 - 1217 ; in India, 1219 ; at Amiens, 1234 ; Governor-General of India, 1466 Cornwallis, Admiral, at Brest, 1262 Coronation Oath, 811 Cowper, made Lord Chancellor, 910 , 931 Cradock, in Portugal, 1298 Craggs, Secretary at War, 942 ; death of, 954 Crillon, takes Minorca, 1099 ; attacks Gibraltar, 1109 Cuesta, at Rio Seco, 1288 ; his character, 1303 ; at Talavera, 1304 Cumberland, William, Duke of, at Dettingen, 993 ; at Fontenoy, 998 ; collects an army, 1003 ; Charles Edward escapes from, 1004 ; he overtakes him, 1005 ; character, 1006 ; at Culloden, 1007 ; his cruelty, 1008 ; at Laufeldt, 1010 ; Fox a protégé of, 1018 ; defeated, 1026 ; negotiates with Pitt, 1049 , 1050 ; forms a Whig ministry, 1050 Cumberland (son of William), his character, 1064 Cumberland. [See Ernest.] Curran, Solicitor-General, 1208 ; opposes the Union, 1217 Currency re-established, 848 - 850 D'Aiguillon, succeeds Choiseul, 1062 Dalrymple, sent to Scotland, 817 ; made Viscount Stair, 834 Dalrymple. [See Stair.] Dalrymple, in Portugal, 1290 ; supersedes Burrard, 1293 Danby, President of the Council, 809 ; Lord Caermarthen, 811 ; Parliamentary attack on, 821 ; Premier, 824 ; chief adviser to Mary, 826 ; discovers Preston's plot, 831 ; Lord President, 843 ; Duke of Leeds, accused of venality, 845 ; retires, 846 Danton, his party, 1185 Darien scheme, 865 - 867 ; ill-feeling excited by, 925 , 933 ; the Company dissolved, 927 Darmstadt, takes Gibraltar, 887 ; his quarrel with Peterborough, 889 Dartmouth, his conspiracy, 825 Dartmouth, Colonial Secretary, 1068 , 1072 Dashwood, Treasurer of the Chamber, 1037 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1041 Davoust, in Prussia, 1276 De Broglie, at Minden, 1031 , 1032 ; at Langen-Saltza, 1037 D'Enghien, murdered, 1251 D'Erlon, in Belgium, 1341 ; at Waterloo, 1344 D'Estaing, French admiral, 1088 D'Estrées, French admiral, 836 D'Estrées, Marshal, at Hastenbach, 1026 De Grasse, Admiral, 1099 ; fights with Graves, 1101 , 1102 ; at Jamaica, 1109 D'Hervilly, at Quiberon, 1176 , 1177 De la Clue, at Lagos, 1028 De la Croix, French minister, 1189 De Puisaye, Chouan leader, 1174 ; in England, 1175 ; at Quiberon, 1176 ; escapes, 1177 De Suffren, Admiral, 1099 , 1104 ; in India, 1128 Derby. [See Stanley.] Derwentwater, at Preston, 936 ; executed, 938 Desaix, at Marengo, 1226 Devonshire, Lord Steward, 877 Devonshire, First Lord of the Treasury, 1021 ; deprived of his office of Chamberlain, 1041 ; friend of Pitt, 1042 Digby, Admiral, 1095 Doddington, leader of the Opposition, 1012 Donzelot, at Waterloo, 1344 Drouet, in Estremadura, 1313 , 1314 Drummond, James, joins Charles Edward, 1001 Drummond, John, joins Charles Edward, 1005 ; at Falkirk, 1006 Dubarry, her influence, 1062 ; character, 1065 Dubois, his negotiations, 940 Duckworth, at the Dardanelles, 1281 Dudley, Foreign Secretary, 1392 ; supports Wellington, 1395 ; signs Treaty of London, 1398 ; resigns, 1402 Dumouriez, his victories, 1159 ; treats with Auckland, 1166 ; meditates treason, 1168 Duncan, watches the Dutch, 1194 ; mutiny in his fleet, 1196 ; at Camperdown, 1198 Duncannon. [See Ponsonby.] Dundas, proposes Catholic relief, 1087 ; his India Bill, 1129 ; supports Pitt, 1132 , 1135 ; defends Hastings, 1139 ; resigns, 1230 ; negotiates for Pitt's return, 1240 ; made Lord Melville, 1246 ; his energy, 1249 ; attack on his naval administration, 1258 ; resigns, 1259 ; acquitted, 1260 ; resigns, 1392 Dundee. [See Claverhouse.] Dunning, Solicitor-General, 1058 ; presents American petition, 1068 ; his motion, 1092 ; Lord Ashburton, in the ministry, 1105 Dupleix, in India, 1019 ; in Pondicherry 1115 ; his schemes, 1116 , 1117 ; dies, 1118 Durham, his reform measure, 1368 ; Privy Seal, 1423 ; resigns, 1439 ; his dispute with Brougham, 1455 Edward, Duke of Kent, his marriage, 1358 Egremont, Secretary of State, 1039 ; dies, 1042 Elector of Bavaria. [See Charles Albert and Maximilian.] Elector of Hanover. [See George I.] Eldon, prosecutes Hardy, 1181 ; Lord Chancellor, 1230 ; negotiates for Pitt's return, 1245 ; remains in office, 1246 ; opposes the Slave Trade Bill, 1272 ; opposes the Catholic Bill, 1273 ; his influence, 1274 ; high Tory, 1387 ; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388 ; resigns, 1392 ; quoted, 1401 ; interview with George IV., 1408 Elizabeth of Russia, alliance with Austria, 1023 ; dies, 1040 Ellenborough, in the Cabinet, 1267 ; opposes the Catholic claims, 1273 ; judges Hone, 1356 Elliot, at Gibraltar, 1109 Emmett, his rebellion, 1242 ; hanged, 1243 Ernest, his marriage, 1358 Erskine, desires reform, 1162 ; defends Hardy, 1181 Eugene, in Italy, 879 ; his friendship with Marlborough, 882 ; joins Marlborough, 884 ; sent to Italy, 888 ; at Turin, 893 ; at Toulon, 895 ; at the Hague, 897 ; at Oudenarde, 897 ; besieges Lille, 901 ; at Malplaquet, 903 , 904 ; at the Diet of Frankfort, 918 ; deserted by the English, 921 ; commanding German army, 976 Exmouth, at Algiers, 1347 Family Compact, the, 981 ; suspected by Pitt, 1038 ; signed, 1039 Fenwick, his conspiracy, 847 ; his trial, 855 ; executed, 856 Ferdinand IV., of Naples, insurrection against, 1372 ; at Laibach, 1373 Ferdinand VII., of Spain, 1286 ; abdicates, 1287 ; restored, rebellion against, 1371 ; changes the law of succession, 1463 ; dies, 1464 Ferdinand, of Brunswick, 1026 ; at Creveld, 1027 ; at Minden, 1031 , 1032 ; his successes, 1037 ; his manifesto, 1158 ; at Jena, 1276 ; in Saxony, 1301 Fitzgerald, in France, 1209 , 1211 ; killed, 1214 Fitzgerald, his cruelty, 1218 Fitzgibbon, Irish leader, 1200 ; his vigour, 1206 , 1207 ; his policy, 1208 ; opposes Catholic claims, 1209 ; Lord Clare, advises amnesty, 1215 ; urges the Union, 1217 Fitzwilliam, Lord President, 1181 ; Viceroy of Ireland, 1208 ; recalled, 1209 ; President of the Council, 1267 Fleury, his pacific views, 961 , 970 ; his policy, 975 ; dupes Walpole, 981 ; promises mediation, 982 ; intrigues with the Jacobites, 983 Flood, his Reform Bill, 1136 , 1155 Forbes, President of Scotland, 1000 Forbes, takes Fort Duquesne, 1027 Forster, at Preston, 936 Fox, Henry, Secretary at War, 1018 ; Secretary of State, 1020 ; resigns, 1021 ; Paymaster-General, 1022 ; purchases a majority in the House, 1041 ; belongs to the Bedford party, 1042 ; Lord Holland, dismissed, 1049 Fox, Charles James (son of the above), champion of the Americans, 1082 ; at Westminster, 1092 ; assaults the Government, 1103 , 1104 ; Secretary of State, 1105 ; yields to Grattan, 1106 ; supports Pitt, 1107 ; negotiates peace, 1108 ; in Opposition, 1111 ; Secretary of State, 1112 ; his India Bill, 1129 ; opposes Pitt, 1133 ; his election, 1134 ; opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137 ; accuses Hastings, 1140 ; friend of George IV., 1141 ; his opinion of the French Revolution, 1154 , 1161 ; his breach with Burke, 1156 ; his Libel Bill, 1157 ; opposes Pitt, 1164 , 1183 ; alliance with Grenville, 1243 ; George's prejudice against, 1246 ; doubts the French invasion, 1247 ; Foreign Minister, 1266 ; character, 1267 ; negotiations with Napoleon, 1268 - 1270 ; dies, 1270 ; proposes the abolition of the slave trade, 1271 Fox, Lord Holland, nephew of Charles, opposes the Government, 1374 ; in the Cabinet, 1423 Francis I., marries Maria Theresa, 976 ; supported by Frederick II., 989 ; elected Emperor, 996 ; acknowledged at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1011 Francis, author of Junius' Letters, 1057 , 1058 ; in India Council, 1124 ; opposes Hastings, 1125 , 1139 Franklin, in England, 1052 ; agent for Massachusetts, 1068 ; insulted, 1069 ; with Chatham, 1072 ; in France, 1083 ; his medal, 1103 ; in Paris, 1108 Frederick William, becomes King, 941 ; desires Juliers, 962 Frederick II., his ambition, 989 ; alliance with France, 990 ; deserts France, 991 ; takes Prague, 996 ; deserted by his allies, 997 ; quarrels with George II., 1020 ; begins the Seven Years' War, 1023 ; his campaign of 1758, 1026 ; campaign of 1759, 1028 ; fourth campaign, 1032 , 1033 ; his success, 1041 ; his character, 1054 ; partitions Poland, 1066 ; alliance with Russia, 1096 , 1148 Frederick William II., attacks France in Holland, 1147 ; alliance with England, 1149 ; leaves the coalition, 1173 ; dies, 1221 Frederick William III., declares war with Napoleon, 1276 ; visits England, 1335 Frederick, Prince of Wales, leader of the Opposition, 978 , 1012 ; his quarrel with his father, 978 , 979 , 980 Frederick, Duke of York, in Holland, 1169 ; recalled, 1172 ; captures the Dutch fleet, 1223 ; withdraws, 1224 ; appreciates the Peninsula War, 1294 ; deprived of his office, 1299 ; opposes Catholic relief, 1391 ; dies, 1392 Frere, urges Moore's advance, 1295 ; his false information, 1322 ; recalled, 1323 Gage, Governor, 1071 ; defeated, 1072 ; at Bunker's Hill, 1073 ; his delays, 1074 , 1075 Galway, succeeds Schomberg, 887 ; in Spain, 889 ; occupies Madrid, 890 ; Commander-in-chief, 895 Gates, Burgoyne surrenders to, 1082 ; Washington's rival, 1087 ; in Carolina, 1097 , 1098 Gaultier, his negotiations, 917 , 918 Gay, writes against Walpole, 978 George I., in command of the Imperial troops, 896 ; summoned to England, 923 , 924 ; his character, 930 , 931 ; goes to Hanover, 940 ; his German policy, 941 ; his dislike to Townshend, 942 ; at the opening of Parliament, 955 ; friendship for Carteret, 957 ; dies, 963 ; character, 964 George II., comes to England, 930 ; made Guardian of the Realm, 940 ; his dislike to Sunderland, 948 ; his character, 966 ; trusts Walpole, 967 ; Wyndham's description of, 977 ; his parsimony, 978 ; his quarrel with his son, 979 , 980 ; desires war, 981 ; his love for Hanover, 988 ; at Dettingen, 993 ; his negotiations at Hanover, 994 ; dislikes Chesterfield and Pitt, 997 , 1018 , 1022 ; his friendship for Carteret, 988 , 1009 , 1010 ; his grief at Pelham's death, 1018 ; goes to Hanover, 1020 ; dies, 1033 George III., his education, 1035 ; his views of royalty, 1036 , 1060 ; his popularity, 1036 ; his interview with Pitt, 1042 ; his illness, 1048 ; the Regency Bill, 1049 ; dislike to his ministers, 1050 , 1052 ; his views on his ministry, 1053 ; determination to conquer the Americans, 1055 ; appoints Lord North Premier, 1059 ; triumph of his policy, 1060 ; his domestic life, 1064 , 1140 ; selfish policy, 1065 ; prejudice against America, 1070 , 1077 , 1085 ; his frugality, 1082 ; prejudice against Catholic emancipation, 1087 ; his command over North, 1089 ; his power over Parliament, 1091 ; his courage, 1093 , 1094 , 1183 ; his determination, 1104 ; friendship for Thurlow, 1105 ; his dislike of the Whigs, 1112 ; opposition to Fox's India Bill, 1131 , 1132 ; his illness, 1142 , 1143 ; chooses a wife for George IV., 1182 ; assaulted, 1183 ; interferes in the army, 1191 ; loyalty of the fleet towards, 1196 ; refuses Irish Catholic emancipation, 1209 ; return of his illness, 1230 ; interview with Pitt, 1245 ; his prejudice against Fox, 1246 , 1266 ; rejects the Catholic claims, 1273 - 1275 ; final illness, 1323 ; respected, 1357 ; dies, 1363 George IV., as Prince of Wales, his depravity, 1140 , 1141 , 1357 ; proposed as Regent, 1143 ; his marriage, 1182 ; Regent, 1334 ; his speech, 1349 ; assaulted, 1354 ; his ill health, 1358 ; approves of the Manchester massacre, 1363 ; his conduct to his wife, 1365 , 1367 ; opposes the Catholic claims, 1392 , 1395 , 1407 , 1409 ; receives Donna Maria, 1411 ; dies, 1416 George of Denmark, unfit for a general, 878 ; attack on his naval administration, 912 ; dies, 913 Georges, Chouan leader, 1240 ; his conspiracy, 1251 Germaine, desires to retire, 1084 ; retires, 1104 Gibraltar, taken, 887 ; importance of, 970 Ginkel, at Ipswich, 808 ; in Ireland, 828 , 829 ; receives a grant, 868 Glencoe, massacre of, 834 - 836 Gloucester (brother of George III.), his marriage, 1064 Gneisenau, in Belgium, 1341 ; at Waterloo, 1346 Goderich. [See Robinson.] Godolphin, on Treasury Commission, 810 ; Jacobite tendencies, 832 ; industry, 843 ; accused of treason, 855 ; resigns, 856 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 870 ; dismissed, 874 ; Lord Treasurer, 876 ; intrusted with Marlborough's plans, 882 ; influence over Anne, 909 ; son-in-law to Marlborough, 910 ; timidity, 911 , 912 ; submits to an affront, 914 ; dismissed, 915 Godoy, Spanish minister, 1173 ; rules Spain, 1252 ; intrigues with Napoleon, 1286 Gordon, his character, 1087 ; provokes riots, 1092 , 1093 ; dies, 1094 Görtz, minister of Charles XII., 943 Goulbourn, Irish Secretary, 1389 ; Home Secretary, 1456 Gower, in the Privy Council, 877 ; on the Jacobite Committee, 954 ; collects followers, 955 ; Privy Seal, 997 Gower, President of the Council, 1132 Grafton, visits Wilkes, 1043 ; Secretary of State, 1050 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1053 ; subservient to the King, 1055 ; his conciliatory measures, 1057 ; resigns, 1058 ; returns, 1063 ; in Rockingham's ministry, 1105 Graham, at Cadiz, 1308 ; at Vittoria, 1319 Graham, in the Cabinet, 1423 ; resigns, 1447 ; refuses to join Peel, 1456 Grammont, at Dettingen, 993 Granby, at Minden, 1032 ; attacks the ministry, 1058 ; dies, 1061 Grant, resigns, 1402 , 1403 ; President of Board of Control, 1423 Granville. [See Carteret.] Grattan, Irish leader, 1090 , 1105 , 1106 ; his policy, 1199 , 1200 , 1201 ; interview with Pitt, 1208 ; urges Catholic claims, 1209 ; secedes, 1213 ; opposes the Union, 1217 ; speech against the Union, 1218 ; speech on Catholic emancipation, 1360 Grenville, George, leader of the Commons, 1041 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1042 ; proceeds against Wilkes, 1043 ; his mistakes, 1045 , 1047 ; his trick with regard to the Regency Bill, 1049 ; his alliance with Temple, 1049 ; his speech in answer to Pitt, 1051 ; reconciliation with Pitt, 1058 ; reforms election petitions, dies, 1060 Grenville, James (brother of George), resigns, 1058 Grenville, Thomas (second son of George), in Paris, 1108 ; joins Pitt, 1163 Grenville, William (third son of George), supports Pitt, 1132 ; rebukes Chauvelin, 1163 ; his instructions to Malmesbury, 1189 ; letter to Napoleon, 1225 ; his political economy, 1229 ; retires, 1230 ; disapproves of the peace, 1235 ; excluded from office, 1240 ; his alliance with Fox, 1243 , 1246 , 1247 ; ridicules the volunteers, 1248 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1267 ; his Catholic policy, 1272 ; resigns, 1274 ; incapacity for war, 1280 ; attempts to form a ministry, 1325 ; declines office, 1369 Grey, his liberality, 1161 ; his motion for reform, 1162 ; his petition, 1163 ; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1267 ; quoted, 1268 ; introduces Slave Trade Bill, 1272 ; supports Catholic claims, 1273 ; quarrels with George IV., 1324 ; attempts to form a ministry, 1325 ; opposes Government, 1374 ; Premier, 1423 ; refuses repressive measures, 1424 ; resigns, returns, 1430 ; his Church policy, 1435 ; his Coercion Bill, 1438 ; his speech, 1447 ; his difficulties, 1448 ;\ resigns, 1449 Grouchy, at Bantry Bay, 1212 ; pursues Blücher, 1341 ; expected at Waterloo, 1344 Gustavus III., his character, 1064 ; attacks Russia 1148 Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 808 , 854 , 935 , 1181 , 1211 , 1354 , 1355 , 1390 , 1439 Hales, Sir Edward, impeached, 823 Halifax. [See Montague.] Halifax, at the coronation of William, 806 ; Privy Seal, 809 ; parliamentary attack on, 821 , 823 ; withdraws, 824 ; member of the Junto, 842 Halifax, Secretary of State, 1042 ; deceives the King, 1049 Hamilton, Gustavus, at Enniskillen, 813 Hamilton, Richard, his treason, 813 ; at Londonderry, 814 , 815 ; taken prisoner, 827 Hamilton, Duke of, in Scotland, 818 Hanoverian courtiers, 940 ; dislike Townshend, 942 ; opposition to Stanhope, 946 ; receive bribes from the South Sea Company, 952 ; bad influence of, 964 Harcourt, French diplomatist, 869 Harcourt, retires, 913 ; Lord Chancellor, 915 ; Jacobite tendencies, 922 ; his skill in wording the Union, 928 Harcourt, in Cuttack, 1255 ; successful, 1257 Hardinge, at Albuera, 1311 ; insulted by O'Connell, 1421 ; Irish Secretary, 1456 Hardwicke, supports Walpole, 983 ; remains in office, 987 , 988 ; his Marriage Act, 1015 Hardwicke, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1241 Hardy, Admiral, 1089 Hardy, his trial, 1180 , 1181 Harley, tries to establish the Land Bank, 851 ; joins the ministry, 881 ; Secretary of State, 909 ; intrigues against Marlborough, 911 ; dismissed, 913 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 915 ; his policy, 916 ; stabbed, Earl of Oxford, Lord Treasurer, 918 ; his Jacobite tendencies, 922 ; indecision, 923 ; dismissed, 924 ; impeachment against him dropped, 932 ; his trial, 947 ; his financial scheme, 949 ; joins James, 955 Harrington. [See Stanhope.] Harris, at Seringapatam, 1224 Harris. [See Malmesbury.] Harrison, his speech at Stockport, arrested, 1362 ; his trial, 1366 Harrowby, Foreign Secretary, 1246 ; his views, 1250 ; resigns, 1252 ; refuses the Premiership, 1395 Harvey, character, 969 ; supports Walpole, 983 Hastings, Warren, Governor-General, 1123 ; accused in the Council, 1125 ; war with the Mahrattas, 1126 , 1127 ; robs Cheyte Singh, 1128 ; reprimanded, 1129 ; his trial, 1139 - 1141 Hastings. [See Rawdon.] Hawke, contradictory orders to, 1019 ; at Rochefort, 1025 ; at Brest, 1028 ; at Quiberon, 1029 Hawkesbury, Foreign Secretary, 1238 ; Home Secretary, 1246 ; remonstrates with Napoleon, 1251 ; refuses the Premiership, 1266 ; Home Secretary, 1274 Hawley, supersedes Wade, 1005 ; at Falkirk, 1006 ; his cruelty, 1008 Hébert, his party, 1185 Hedges, Secretary of State, 870 ; dismissed, 874 ; Secretary of State, 877 Heinsius, friendship with Marlborough, 882 ; rejects proposals for peace, 894 ; refuses to make a separate peace, 902 Henry, brother of Frederick II., 1041 Herbert, his maladministration, 822 ; at Beachy Head, 826 Herries, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1394 ; resigns, 1395 ; Secretary at War, 1456 Hill, in Estremadura, 1313 ; moves north, 1315 ; threatened by Soult, 1318 Hillsborough, Colonial Secretary, 1056 ; his folly, 1058 ; effect of his policy, 1061 Hobhouse, Irish Secretary, 1439 ; resigns, 1440 ; in the Cabinet, 1450 Hoche, defeats the Prussians, 1169 ; in La Vendée, 1175 ; at Quiberon, 1176 ; in Belgium, 1194 ; plans the Irish invasion, 1189 , 1209 ; his expedition, 1191 , 1211 , 1212 Hofer, his insurrection, 1301 Holderness, removed, 1037 Holkar, his power, 1126 ; defeated, 1127 ; extent of his territory, 1254 ; war with Wellesley, 1255 ; defeated, 1257 ; war with Hastings, 1469 Holland. [See Fox.] Hone, his trial, 1355 , 1356 Hood, succeeds Rodney, 1099 ; candidate for Westminster, 1134 ; at Toulon, 1169 ; takes Bastia, 1172 Horner, his financial views, 1359 Houchard, in Holland, 1168 Howe, Admiral, destroys Cherbourg, 1027 ; goes to America, 1076 ; at Gibraltar, 1110 ; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1132 ; defeats the French, 1173 ; his popularity, 1195 Howe, General, reinforces Gage, 1073 ; succeeds Gage, 1075 ; retreats, 1076 ; his delays, 1079 ; takes Philadelphia, 1080 ; superseded, 1088 ; in Parliament, 1089 Howick. [See Grey.] Hozier, at Porto Bello, 984 Hughes, his battles with De Suffren, 1128 Humbert, at Quiberon, 1177 ; in Ireland, 1216 Hume, leader of the Radicals, 1434 Hunt, at Spa Fields, 1352 ; candidate for Parliament, 1359 ; at the Manchester massacre, 1362 ; his trial, 1366 ; his speeches, 1421 Huskisson, Secretary of the Treasury, 1247 ; President of the Board of Trade, 1377 ; his Liberal views, 1378 ; changes the Navigation Act, 1379 ; improves the silk trade, 1380 ; the wool trade, 1381 ; his views on slavery, 1382 ; his opponents, 1387 ; his Corn Bill, 1388 ; remains in office, 1392 ; Colonial Secretary, 1394 ; resigns, 1395 ; his speech at Liverpool, 1396 ; dies, 1421 Hutchinson, Governor, 1067 ; his letters, 1068 ; recalled, 1071 Hutchinson, in Egypt, 1232 Hyder Ali, his origin, 1122 ; attacks Madras, 1127 ; dies, 1128 Ibrahim Pasha, in Greece, 1397 ; at Navarino, 1399 ; in Syria, 1465 Impey, gives judgment for Hastings, 1125 , 1126 , 1129 India Company, their accounts examined, 845 ; union of the two Companies, 860 - 862 , 1113 , 1114 ; their tea trade, 1069 ; settlement of the Company, 1442 India, conquest of, 1019 , 1026 , 1032 , 1040 , 1054 , 1113 - 1129 ; Fox's India Bill, 1129 - 1131 ; Pitt's India Bill, 1135 ; Napoleon's designs on, 1219 ; war with Tippoo Sahib, 1224 ; the Mahratta war, 1253 - 1257 ; from 1805 till 1825, 1465 - 1472 Ireland, rebellion against William III., 812 - 816 , 822 , 827 - 830 ; Irish forfeitures, 868 ; excitement caused by Drapier's letters, 957 ; Grattan's agitation in, 1090 , 1105 , 1106 ; Flood's agitation in, 1136 , 1137 ; the rebellion of 1798, 1199 - 1219 ; Emmett's rebellion, 1241 - 1243 ; Wellesley's administration, 1389 , 1390 ; the Catholic Association, 1403 - 1406 ; O'Connell's repeal agitation, 1409 , 1421 , 1434 ; the Irish Church, 1435 - 1438 , 1446 , 1458 ; the Coercion Bill, 1438 , 1448 Isabella of Spain, 1464 Jacobites, contrast between Irish and English, 814 , 816 ; in Scotland, 819 ; plot discovered, 825 ; Preston's plot, 831 ; in the ministry, 832 ; Assassination Plot, 853 - 856 ; first attempt of James Edward, 896 ; negotiations with Harley, 916 , 917 ; with Bolingbroke, 922 , 930 ; dislike to the Union 927 ; rebellion of 1715, 932 - 938 ; intrigues with Sweden and Alberoni, 943 - 945 ; Atterbury's plot, 954 , 955 ; intrigues with Ripperda, 960 ; in the ministry, 964 ; in the Parliament, 968 ; depression of, 969 ; intrigues with Spain and France, 983 ; threatened invasion, 995 ; rebellion of 1745, 999 - 1009 James II., assisted by Louis XIV., 811 ; makes use of Ireland, 812 ; at St. Germains, 814 ; goes to Ireland, 814 ; at Londonderry, 815 ; his letter to Scotland, 818 ; at the Boyne, 827 ; leaves Ireland, 828 ; invited to England, 831 ; still hopeful, 832 ; begs Louis to invade England, 836 ; his declaration, 837 ; at La Hogue, 838 ; leaves France, 858 ; dies, 873 James Edward, acknowledged by Louis, 873 ; has the measles, 896 ; corresponds with Bolingbroke, 922 ; his chance of the crown, 930 ; his insurrection, 934 ; at St. Malo, 935 ; in Scotland, 937 ; character, 938 ; collects a second expedition, 945 ; its failure, 946 ; attempts discipline, 955 ; alienates his friends, 969 Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 1283 Jersey, in the Council, 877 ; dismissed, 909 Jervis, at St. Vincent, 1193 ; mismanagement of, 1244 ; his naval inquiries, 1258 Johnson, Dr., quoted, 1133 Joseph, Electoral Prince, his right to Spain, 863 ; dies, 869 Joseph Bonaparte, at Amiens, 1234 ; King of Naples, 1269 ; King of Spain, 1287 ; retires, 1288 ; in Madrid, 1303 ; at Talavera, 1304 ; quarrels with Napoleon, 1312 ; retreats, 1317 ; quarrels with his generals, 1318 ; superseded, 1320 ; at Paris, 1329 Joseph I., Emperor, 888 ; dislikes the proposed peace, 894 ; dies, 918 Joseph II., attempt to make him King of the Romans, 1020 ; treaty with Russia, 1148 ; dies, 1149 Jourdan, defeats the Austrians, 1169 ; on the Rhine, 1174 ; on the Meuse, 1187 ; at Stockach, 1222 Joyce, arrest of, 1180 Junius. [See Francis.] Junot, invades Portugal, 1287 ; occupies Lisbon, 1288 ; establishes order, 1289 ; at Vimiero, 1292 ; his army increased, 1295 Kellermann, at Valmy, 1159 Kempenfeldt, Admiral, 1103 Kendal, Duchess of, opposes Townshend, 940 ; bribed, 957 , 962 , 963 Kenmure, at Preston, 936 ; executed, 938 Keppel, receives Crown lands, 868 Keppel, quarrels with Pallisser, 1089 ; in the ministry, 1105 ; in the Cabinet, 1112 Khevenhüller, at Munich, 990 Kidd, Captain, 871 Kilwarden, murdered, 1242 Kirke, relieves Londonderry, 816 Kleber, in La Vendée, 1169 , 1170 ; in Egypt, 1224 ; assassinated, 1231 Korsakoff, in Switzerland, 1224 Laborde, at Rorica, 1291 Labourdonnais, in India, 1019 ; at the Mauritius, 1115 ; opposes Dupleix, 1116 Lafayette, goes to America, 1083 ; head of the National Guard, 1154 Lake, disarms Ulster, 1212 ; disarms Munster, 1213 ; in India, 1255 , 1257 Lally, in India, 1119 ; defeated, 1120 Lambert, at New Orleans, 1328 Lambton. [See Durham.] Land Bank, its failure, 851 Langrishe, supports Catholic relief, 1205 Lannes, with Napoleon, 1224 ; at Tudela, 1295 Lansdowne (son of Shelburne), Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1267 ; in the Cabinet, 1392 ; Home Secretary, 1394 ; President of the Council, 1423 La Peña, inefficiency of, 1309 Lauderdale, his views, 1162 ; negotiating with Talleyrand, 1270 Lauriston, his reception, 1234 Lauzun, at the Boyne, 826 , 827 ; leaves Dublin, 828 ; at St. Germains, 836 Leake, Sir John, in Spain, 890 Lebas, in Alsace, 1169 ; in Flanders, 1171 Le Brun, French minister, 1165 Leeds. [See Danby.] Legge, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1018 ; refuses to support subsidies, 1020 ; dismissed, 1021 ; resigns, 1037 Leopold, marries Princess Charlotte, 1358 ; supports Queen Caroline, 1368 ; refuses the kingdom of Greece, 1401 ; King of Belgium, 1462 Leopold I., his selfish policy, 857 ; objects to peace, 858 ; his claim to Spain, 862 , 863 ; joins the Grand Alliance, 873 ; his critical position, 882 ; dies, 888 Leopold II., concludes Convention of Reichenbach, 1149 Lincoln, surrenders Charleston, 1095 Lindsay, agent of James II., 818 ; arrested, 819 Littleton, Irish Secretary, 1439 ; his negotiations with O'Connell, 1448 ; resigns, 1449 Liverpool, Minister at War, 1323 ; Premier, 1325 ; at Queen Caroline's trial, 1367 ; a high Tory, 1387 ; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388 ; his illness, 1388 Lochiel. [See Cameron.] Locke, on the Currency Commission, 849 Lomenie de Brienne, 1147 , 1152 Londonderry. [See Castlereagh.] Londonderry, siege of, 813 - 816 Lorraine, ceded to France, 976 Loudon, Lord, incapacity of, 1025 ; dismissed, 1026 Loudon, Colonel, at Kunersdorf, 1032 Loughborough, opposes Catholic relief, 1229 , 1230 ; resigns, 1230 Louis XIV., assists James II., 811 ; alliance with Turkey, 812 ; takes Mons, 831 ; plans an invasion of England, 836 ; his great efforts, 840 , 841 ; acquainted with the Assassination Plot, 850 , 854 ; desires peace, 856 - 858 ; accepts Spain for Philip V., 870 ; captures the Dutch troops, 871 ; acknowledges James Edward, 873 ; secures friendship of Savoy, 877 ; loses Savoy, 880 ; his eight armies, 881 ; proposes peace, 894 ; rejects Marlborough's terms, 902 , 903 ; consents to treat, 915 ; assists Spain, 916 ; peace negotiations, 918 , 919 ; dies, 934 Louis XV., engaged to the Infanta, 958 ; marries Maria Leczinska, 960 ; influence of Madame de Pompadour over, 1023 Louis XVI., character, 1153 ; brought to Paris, 1154 ; flight to Varennes, 1158 ; dethroned, 1159 ; guillotined, 1165 Louis XVIII., restored, 1334 ; his views, 1336 Louis of Baden, in Alsace, 879 ; in Bavaria, 881 ; his character, 882 ; at Ingolstadt, 884 ; hinders Marlborough's plan, 888 ; at Hagenau, 888 ; dies, 895 Louis Philippe, Lieutenant of France, 1416 ; his sympathy with England, 1461 ; alliance with Leopold, 1462 Louvois, French minister, 836 Lowther, Lord Treasurer, 824 Lovat, against Charles Edward, 1001 ; his duplicity, 1008 ; executed, 1009 Lundy, at Londonderry, 813 ; deposed, 815 Luttrell, member for Middlesex, 1056 ; his sister marries Cumberland, 1064 Luxemburg, in Flanders, 832 ; at Steinkirk, 839 ; at Landen, 841 ; dies, 847 Lyndhurst, Chancellor, 1392 ; advises Wellington as Premier, 1395 ; his interview with George IV., 1407 ; opposes the Reform Bill, 1430 ; Chancellor, 1456 Lyttleton, member of the Opposition, 978 Macaulay, on the Coercion Bill, 1438 MacCallum More. [See Argyle.] Macclesfield, reforms the Calendar, 1014 Macdonald of Keppoch, besieges Inverness, 819 ; at Culloden, 1007 Macdonald, Sir Alexander, 1000 , 1008 Macdonald of Clanranald, 1000 , 1008 Mack, at Naples, 1221 ; capitulates at Ulm, 1264 Mackay, at Killiecrankie, 820 ; improves the bayonet, 821 ; in Ireland, 829 , 830 Mackintosh, Jacobite general, 935 Mackintosh, his "Vindiciæ Gallicæ," 1155 ; defends Peltier, 1238 ; opposes the Government, 1374 Mahon, with Chatham, 1086 Maine, Duke of, in Flanders, 847 ; his enmity to England, 943 ; his Jacobite intrigue, 944 ; arrested, 946 Maintenon, Madame de, favours the Jacobites, 873 ; influence over Louis XIV., 934 Maitland, at Alicante, 1317 ; at Waterloo, 1345 Malmesbury, in Spain, 1062 ; arranges George IV.'s marriage, 1182 ; negotiates at Paris, 1189 ; at Lisle, 1197 , 1198 ; requests Addington to resign, 1239 ; writes to the King, 1273 Manchester, Secretary of State, 874 Mansell, succeeds Seymour, 909 ; dismissed, 913 Mar, Secretary for Scotland, 922 ; head of the insurrection, 934 ; his first successes, 935 ; at Sheriffmuir, 937 ; escapes to France, 937 ; dies, 969 Marceau, in La Vendée, 1170 Maria Louisa, marries Napoleon, 1301 ; deserts him, 1329 ; receives Parma, 1339 Maria Theresa, marries Francis of Lorraine, 976 ; rejects the overtures of Frederick II., 989 ; supported by Hungary, 990 ; subsidies sent to, 991 ; concedes Silesia, 991 ; her secret treaties with Russia, 1023 ; partitions Poland, 1066 Maria of Portugal, 1410 ; visits England, 1411 ; Miguel's rebellion against, 1412 ; successful, 1463 Marischal, supports the Pretender, 983 Marlborough, made Earl, 811 ; military adviser to Queen Mary, 826 ; in Ireland, 828 ; his treason, 832 ; deprived of his offices, 833 ; his treachery to Talmash, 846 ; accused of treason, 855 ; his power over Anne, 876 ; Commander-in-chief, 878 ; his first successes, 879 ; thwarted by the Dutch, 881 ; his march to Vienna, 882 ; at Blenheim, 884 - 887 ; his plans, 888 ; at Ramillies, 891 , 892 ; rejects proposals for peace, 894 ; diverts Charles XII., 895 ; in England, 896 ; at Oudenarde, 897 - 900 ; his conduct to Webb, 901 ; at Malplaquet, 903 - 905 ; dislike to party conflicts, 906 ; removes extreme Tories, 909 ; keeps the war to Flanders, 911 ; loses Anne's favour, 913 , 917 ; his great plans, 918 ; difficulty of his position, 919 ; parliamentary attack on, 920 ; deprived of his offices, 920 ; excluded from the Council of Regency, 930 ; Commander-in-chief, 931 Marlborough, Duchess of, her influence over Anne, 833 , 909 ; her temper, 911 , 913 ; dismissed, 917 Marlborough (son of Sunderland), reinforces Ferdinand, 1027 Marmont, in Paris, 1224 ; succeeds Massena, 1312 ; at the Tagus, 1313 , 1314 ; invades Portugal, 1315 ; at Salamanca, 1316 ; wounded, 1317 ; at Paris, 1329 ; in the July revolution, 1415 , 1416 Marsin, succeeds Villars, in Bavaria, 881 ; at Blenheim, 884 ; in Alsace, 888 ; in Italy, 893 Mary, Queen, 806 ; head of the Government, 826 ; her quarrel with Anne, 834 ; her spirited behaviour, 837 ; dies, 844 Massena, in Switzerland, 1222 , 1224 ; successful, 1266 ; in Spain, 1306 , 1307 ; at Busaco, 1308 ; succeeded by Marmont, 1312 Maupeou, French minister, 1062 Maurepas, organizes the French navy, 981 Maximilian, renounces his claims on the Empire, 996 Maximilian II., of Bavaria, joins France, 879 ; in the Tyrol, 881 ; at Dillingen, 884 ; at Blenheim, 885 , 886 ; declines to treat, 887 ; at Ramillies, 892 ; on the Rhine, 896 Meer Cossim, 1120 , 1121 Meer Jaffier, 1119 , 1120 Melbourne, Home Secretary, 1423 ; receives a deputation, 1429 ; Premier, 1449 ; intended attack on, 1454 ; dismissed, 1455 Melfort, his folly, 818 ; his correspondence with Dundee, 819 ; his declaration, 837 Melville, his character, 817 ; High Commissioner, 830 Melville. [See Dundas.] Menou, in Egypt, 1231 , 1232 Methodists, rise of the, 1016 , 1017 Methuen, his treaty, 880 , 907 , 1139 Metternich, at the Congress of Vienna, 1334 ; his Turkish policy, 1396 , 1397 Miguel, regent, 1410 ; usurps the throne, 1411 ; defeated, 1463 ; banished, 1464 Minto, Governor-General of India, 1466 , 1467 Mirabeau, his power, 1157 Moira. [See Rawdon.] Monarchy, change in the character of, 806 - 808 ; the power of the Crown, 968 , 969 ; George III.'s views of, 1036 , 1060 ; contrast between English and French, 1160 , 1161 Monson, member of the India Council, 1124 ; dies, 1125 Montague, his financial powers, 839 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 843 ; establishes the Bank of England, 844 ; on the Currency Commission, 849 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 856 ; settles the India trade, 860 , 861 ; unpopularity of, 864 ; made Lord Halifax, impeached, 871 ; excluded from the Privy Council, 877 ; First Commissioner of the Treasury, 931 Montcalm, at Quebec, 1029 , 1030 ; dies, 1031 Montesquieu, his writings, 1152 Montrose, Secretary for Scotland, 934 ; deprived of his army commission, 975 Montrose, in the Cabinet, 1246 Moore, in Denmark, 1285 ; sent to Spain, 1290 , 1291 ; marches to Salamanca, 1294 ; reasons for his retreat, 1295 ; his march to Corunna, 1296 ; dies, 1297 Mordaunt. [See Peterborough.] Mordaunt, at Rochefort, 1025 Moreau, on the Rhine, 1187 ; in Italy, 1222 ; Napoleon's enmity to, 1251 Mornington. [See Wellesley.] Mountjoy, at Londonderry, 813 ; at St. Germains, 814 Muir, trial of, 1179 Mulgrave, in the Cabinet, 1246 ; Foreign Secretary, 1252 ; Privy Seal, 1450 Munro, in India, 1121 , 1127 Murat, leaves Egypt, 1224 ; in Bavaria, 1264 ; removed from Naples, 1336 , 1339 Murphy, Irish leader, 1214 Murray of Broughton, joins Charles Edward, 1000 ; turns king's evidence, 1009 Murray, Lord George, joins Charles Edward, 1001 ; commander, 1003 ; advises retreat, 1004 ; his prudence, 1006 , 1007 ; reassembles the army, 1008 ; his military skill, 1009 Murray, Attorney-General, 1018 ; Lord Chief-Justice, 1021 Murray, in Gujerat, 1255 ; successful, 1257 Napier, quoted, 1297 , 1311 Napoleon, at Toulon, 1169 ; at the establishment of the Directory, 1186 ; his Italian campaign, 1187 , 1188 ; Commander-in-chief, 1219 ; in Egypt, 1220 ; at Acre, 1223 ; leaves Egypt, 1224 ; First Consul, 1225 ; in Italy, 1226 ; his aggressions, 1235 - 1237 ; his interviews with Whitworth, 1239 , 1240 ; arrests English travellers, 1241 ; excites rebellion in Ireland, 1242 ; intends to invade England, 1247 , 1248 ; attempts to form a coalition, 1250 ; murders D'Enghien, 1251 ; obtains subsidies from Spain, 1252 ; offends Europe, 1260 , 1261 ; prepares to invade England, 1262 , 1263 ; attacks Austria, 1264 ; at Austerlitz, 1266 ; negotiates with Fox, 1268 , 1270 ; his vassal kingdoms, 1269 ; despises Prussia, 1275 ; murders Palm, 1276 ; at Jena, 1276 ; his Berlin Decree, 1277 ; desires war with Russia, 1279 ; at Eylau, 1280 ; at Tilsitt, 1283 ; intrigues in Spain, 1286 ; makes Joseph King, 1287 ; excites popular anger, 1289 ; at Erfurth, 1294 ; at Madrid, 1295 ; leaves Spain, 1296 ; at Aspern, 1300 ; at Wagram, marries Maria Louisa, 1301 ; tyranny over Joseph, 1312 ; desires war with Russia, 1312 - 1314 ; his retreat from Moscow, 1320 ; at Dresden, 1321 ; abdicates, 1321 , 1328 ; withdraws to Elba, 1329 ; escapes, 1339 ; in Belgium, 1340 ; at Waterloo, 1343 - 1345 ; banished, 1346 National Debt, origin of, 840 ; amount of, 927 ; dread of, 949 , 950 , 1012 , 1134 , 1138 , 1377 , 1441 Necker, dismissed, 1152 ; recalled, 1153 Nelson, takes Bastia, 1172 ; at St. Vincent, 1193 ; at the Nile, 1220 ; at Copenhagen, 1232 , 1233 ; at Boulogne, 1234 ; pursues Villeneuve, 1262 - 1264 ; at Trafalgar, 1265 Newcastle, Privy Seal, 910 ; character, 969 ; seeks George II.'s favour, 981 ; intrigues against Walpole, 983 ; remains in office, 987 , 988 ; thinks of declaring for the Pretender, 1005 ; head of the Whigs, 1010 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1018 ; incapacity of, 1018 , 1019 ; attempts the election of the Archduke Joseph, 1020 ; secures the support of Fox, 1020 ; resigns, 1021 ; returns to office, 1022 ; his parliamentary influence, 1022 , 1025 , 1037 ; resigns, 1040 ; deprived of his Lord-Lieutenancy, 1041 ; Privy Seal, 1050 Newton, on the Currency Commission, 849 ; approves of the new coinage for Ireland, 957 Ney, in Switzerland, 1237 ; pursues Moore, 1296 ; at Quatre Bras, 1341 ; at Waterloo, 1344 , 1345 Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, 1397 Nithsdale, escape of, 938 Noailles, in Franconia, 991 ; at Dettingen, 992 ; withdraws, 993 Normanby, Privy Seal, 877 North (William), Lord, a Jacobite, 954 North, Frederick, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1059 ; his policy, 1060 , 1061 ; his supporters, 1064 ; yields to the King, 1070 , 1085 , 1089 ; his reconciliation scheme, 1072 ; desires to resign, 1084 ; shields Sandwich, 1089 ; his Irish Bills, 1090 , 1091 ; upholds toleration, 1094 ; resigns, 1104 ; his objections to the peace, 1112 ; Secretary of State, 1112 ; his Regulating Act, 1123 Northington, Lord Chancellor, 1049 ; his talents, 1050 ; Lord President, 1053 Northumberland, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1050 Northumberland, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1406 Nottingham, Secretary of State, 810 ; remonstrates with William, 824 ; dismissed, 843 ; Secretary of State, 877 ; dismissed, 909 ; returns to office, 931 Nuncomar, rival to Reza Khan, 1122 ; accuses him, 1124 ; accuses Hastings, trial and death, 1125 O'Connell, forms the Catholic Association, 1390 ; his election, 1403 , 1404 ; his power, 1405 ; agitates for repeal, 1409 , 1421 , 1435 , 1446 , 1455 ; in Parliament, 1434 , 1437 , 1439 , 1450 ; his conversation with Littleton, 1448 , 1449 O'Connor, plans French invasion, 1211 ; his confession, 1216 ; his Catholic petition, 1272 Oliver, Government spy, 1354 , 1357 Orange, Stadtholder, 1010 Orford. [See Russell and Walpole.] Orleans, in Italy, 893 ; Regent, 934 ; negotiations with George I., 940 ; applied to by the Jacobites, 955 Ormond, Commander, 920 ; his Jacobite tendencies, 922 ; joins the Pretender, 932 ; attempts to land in England, 935 ; collects a second expedition, 945 ; a third, 955 ; a fourth, 983 Orrery, in Atterbury's plot, 954 , 955 Ostend Company, established, 959 ; suspended, 961 , 962 ; destroyed, 971 Overkirk, promoted, 810 ; serves with Marlborough, 878 Oxford. [See Harley.] Paine, effect of his writings, 1077 ; his "Rights of Man," 1155 ; spread of his works, 1179 Pakenham, at Salamanca, 1317 ; at New Orleans, 1317 Pallisser, his quarrel with Keppel, 1089 Palm, murdered, 1276 Palm, Austrian ambassador, 961 Palmerston, under secretary, 1323 ; quoted, 1387 , 1388 ; supports Wellington, 1395 ; resigns, 1402 ; quoted, 1403 , 1404 ; Foreign Secretary, 1423 ; his foreign policy, 1461 ; his Belgian policy, 1462 ; his Quadruple Alliance, 1464 Paoli, in Corsica, 1172 Parker, Sir Hyde, 1099 ; at Copenhagen, 1232 , 1233 Parker, his mutiny, 1195 ; hanged, 1196 Parliament, increased power of, 807 ; factions in, 821 ; venality of, 824 ; jealousy between the two Houses, 839 ; William's position with regard to, 842 ; Triennial Act, 844 ; quarrel between the two Houses, 865 , 906 , 907 ; arbitrary assertions of privilege, 872 ; the Union with Scotland, 928 ; the Septennial Act, 938 , 939 ; subservient to the Crown, 968 ; venality of, 969 ; Pension Bill rejected, 972 ; Wyndham's description of, 977 ; power over the ministry, 985 ; in no sense representative, 986 ; little interest shown by the people in the debates, 1002 ; the nation desires a truer representation, 1017 ; irritating privileges of, 1018 , 1043 , 1044 ; Pitt unable to stand without, 1022 , 1025 ; his power over, 1033 ; venality of, 1041 , 1055 ; want of harmony with the people, 1043 , 1044 ; struggle of George III. against, 1060 ; the liberty of reporting debates, 1062 . [See Reform.] Paterson, his financial scheme, 844 ; his Darien scheme, 865 - 867 Paul, Emperor of Russia, 1221 ; his character, 1227 Peel, his financial measures, 1359 ; Home Secretary, 1369 ; Tory, 1387 ; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388 ; resigns, 1392 ; Home Secretary, 1395 ; desires repeal of Test Act, 1401 ; supports Catholic emancipation, 1406 , 1408 ; resigns his seat at Oxford, 1407 ; his interview with George IV., 1407 ; leader of the Tories, 1434 ; supports the Coercion Bill, 1439 ; his Liberal views, 1447 ; refuses to join Melbourne, 1449 ; Premier, 1456 ; his Tamworth Manifesto, 1457 ; resigns, 1458 Pelham, Henry, character, 983 ; Premier, 988 ; his timidity, 996 ; resigns, 1009 ; restored, 1010 ; pacific policy, 1011 ; financial policy, 1012 , 1013 ; dies, 1018 Pelham, Thomas (brother of Henry). [See Newcastle.] Peltier, his paper, 1237 Pembroke, made Lord President, 877 ; dismissed, 913 Perceval, Attorney-General, 1247 ; opposes Catholic claims, 1273 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1274 ; accused of bribery, 1299 ; Premier, 1323 ; assassinated, 1325 ; approved of the Walcheren expedition, 1330 Perron, in the Douab, 1255 ; defeated, 1257 Peter the Great, war with Charles XII., 895 , 896 , 941 , 943 ; threatens to invade England, 945 ; deserted by his allies, 946 Peter III., Emperor, 1040 ; dies, 1041 Peterborough (Mordaunt), First Lord of the Treasury, 811 ; impeached, 823 Peterborough (nephew of the above), in Spain, 889 , 890 ; recalled, 895 Petty. [See Lansdowne.] Philip V., his claim to Spain, 863 , 869 ; becomes King, 870 ; marries Princess of Savoy, 877 ; supported by the Castilians, 890 ; proposal to dethrone him, 894 , 902 ; retires from Madrid, 915 ; renounces his claim on France, 921 ; marries Elizabeth of Parma, 944 ; dismisses Alberoni, 946 ; candidate for the Empire, 989 ; dies, 1010 Pichegru, his victories, 1169 , 1171 , 1172 ; meditates treachery, 1174 ; his conspiracy, 1251 Pigot, Governor in Madras, 1126 Pitt (Lord Chatham), in Opposition, 978 ; his first speech, 982 ; excluded from Wilmington's Ministry, 987 ; does not oppose Pelham, 996 , 997 ; George II. dislikes him, 997 , 1018 ; Paymaster of the Forces, 1010 ; popularity of, 1017 ; refuses to support subsidies, 1020 ; dismissed, 1021 ; Secretary of State, 1022 ; his vigorous rule, 1022 ; apparent change of policy, 1024 ; his energy, 1025 ; appoints fresh generals, 1026 ; raises the English spirit, 1028 ; his plan for the capture of Quebec, 1030 ; discovers Wolfe's merits, 1029 , 1031 ; his success, 1033 ; he opposes peace, 1038 , 1039 ; resigns, accepts a pension, 1039 ; interview with George III., 1042 ; supports Wilkes, 1044 ; his negotiation with Cumberland, 1049 , 1050 ; retires, 1050 ; his speech on America, 1051 , 1052 ; refuses to join Rockingham, 1052 ; Prime Minister, Lord Chatham, 1053 ; his grand plans, his illness, 1054 ; retires, 1055 ; reconciliation with Temple and Grenville, his speech on America, 1058 ; supports the press warrants, 1062 ; his Reform Bill, 1063 ; opposes Rockingham, 1064 ; his motion of conciliation, 1071 ; his speech for America, 1083 ; his energy, 1084 ; his death, 1086 ; his plans for India, 1054 , 1123 Pitt, William, with Chatham, 1086 ; in Parliament, 1103 ; refuses office, 1105 ; his Reform Bill, 1107 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, quarrels with Fox, 1111 ; the support of the old Tory party, 1112 ; Premier, 1132 ; his India Bill, 1133 , 1135 ; popular admiration for, 1133 ; his first budget, 1134 , 1135 ; his Irish legislation, 1136 , 1137 ; his Reform Bill, 1137 , 1138 ; his sinking fund, 1138 ; supports the charge against Hastings, 1140 ; his Regency Bill, 1143 ; his power, 1144 ; effect of the French Revolution on, 1145 , 1160 , 1161 ; his foreign policy, 1146 - 1148 ; dreads Russia, 1147 ; procures the Convention of Reichenbach, 1149 ; his opinion of the French Revolution, 1154 ; his hopes of peace, 1157 ; opposes reform, 1162 ; determines on repression, 1164 ; desires peace, 1166 ; his energy, 1170 ; recalls York, 1172 ; interferes in Spain, 1173 ; negotiates with De Puisaye, 1174 ; popular confidence in, 1177 ; his repression, 1178 ; his energy, 1180 ; paramount in Parliament, 1182 ; desires peace, 1184 ; his first negotiations, 1187 ; desires peace, 1189 ; his loan, 1190 ; desires the Union, 1199 , 1206 , 1208 ; desires Catholic relief, 1204 , 1205 , 1229 ; resigns, 1230 , 1231 ; approves of the peace, 1234 ; leaves Parliament, 1239 ; negotiations for his return, 1240 ; in Parliament, 1243 ; his volunteers, 1244 , 1248 ; offers himself as Premier, 1245 , 1246 ; his ministry, 1247 , 1252 ; sad close to his life, 1257 ; his friendship for Melville, 1259 ; forms the coalition, 1250 , 1261 ; dies, 1266 ; his funeral, 1267 ; his efforts against the slave trade, 1271 Polignac, signs the Treaty of London, 1398 ; French minister, 1413 ; unpopularity of, 1415 Pompadour, influence over Louis XV., 1023 Ponsonby, Attorney-General, 1208 ; opposes the Union, 1217 ; Home Secretary, 1450 Popham, takes Gwalior, 1127 ; rescues Hastings, 1128 Popham, Sir Home, at Buenos Ayres, 1280 ; in Spain, 1317 Poor Law, misery caused by, 1228 , 1333 , 1361 ; reformed, 1451 - 1453 Porter, his conspiracy, 847 Porteous riots, 979 Portland. [See Bentinck.] Portland (grandson of Bentinck), First Lord of the Treasury, 1112 ; joins Pitt, 1163 ; Secretary of State, 1181 ; his Irish views, 1208 ; remains in office, 1246 ; resigns, 1252 ; offers to form a ministry, 1273 ; Premier, 1274 ; resigns, 1323 Pragmatic Sanction, Charles VI. desires guarantee of, 959 , 970 ; guaranteed, 960 , 971 , 976 , 989 , 1011 Pratt, acquits Wilkes, 1043 ; Lord Camden, Chancellor, 1053 ; attacks the ministry, 1058 ; in the ministry, 1105 Preston, his conspiracy, 825 ; captured, 831 Pretender. [See James and Charles Edward.] Prideaux, secures Montreal, 1029 Priestley, his house burnt, 1156 Princess of Wales. [See Augusta.] Prior, his negotiations, 918 , 919 Pulteney, his opposition to Walpole, 958 ; friendship with Bolingbroke, 962 ; joins the Prince of Wales, 978 ; Lord Bath, 987 ; candidate for the Premiership, 988 Quebec, siege of, 1029 , 1030 Queensberry, Lord Commissioner, 925 Quiberon, expedition to, 1174 - 1177 Ragotski, threatens Vienna, 882 ; invades Austria, 945 Rawdon, in Carolina, 1098 ; his severity, 1098 ; at Hobkirk's Hill, 1100 ; at Charleston, 1101 ; Lord Moira, at Quiberon, 1175 ; friend of Prince of Wales, 1245 ; Master of the Ordnance, 1267 ; quarrels with Grey, 1325 ; Marquis of Hastings, Governor-General of India, 1467 - 1471 Reform, Chatham's plan for, 1054 ; need of, 1052 , 1055 ; Dunning's agitation for, 1091 , 1092 ; Pitt's Reform Bills, 1107 , 1137 , 1138 ; Flood's Bill, 1155 ; agitation for, 1162 , 1163 , 1179 , 1352 ; of Scotch burghs, 1360 ; effect of the Queen's trial on, 1366 , 1368 ; the Reform Bill, 1423 - 1434 Revenue. [See Civil List.] Revolutionary Societies, 1155 , 1162 , 1164 ; prosecuted, 1179 , 1180 ; meetings of, 1183 Reza Khan, minister, 1122 ; apprehended, 1124 Rice, Colonial Secretary, 1447 Richmond, his speech, 1086 ; in the ministry, 1105 ; supports Pitt, 1107 Ripon. [See Robinson.] Ripperda, his intrigues, 959 , 960 Robespierre, his rule, 1185 ; his fall, 1186 Robinson, Leader of the House, 1018 ; dismissed, 1020 Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1377 ; his financial measures, 1378 ; Lord Goderich, Colonial Secretary, 1392 ; Premier, 1394 ; resigns, 1395 ; his Turkish policy, 1400 ; Colonial Secretary, 1423 ; Earl of Ripon, Privy Seal, 1439 ; resigns, 1447 Rochambeau, at New York, 1096 Rochester, Privy Councillor, 870 ; opposes Marlborough, 877 , 905 ; dislikes the war, 906 ; resigns, 906 ; Lord President, 915 Rockingham, removed from his Lord Lieutenancy, 1041 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1050 ; retires, 1053 ; leader of the old Whigs, 1058 ; character, 1104 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1105 ; death, 1109 , 1111 Rodney, at Havre, 1028 ; his successes, 1040 ; his victory, 1094 ; captures Eustatia, 1098 ; returns home, 1099 ; defends Jamaica, 1109 Roman Catholic, [See Catholic.] Romilly, quoted, 1274 , 1299 ; in Parliament, 1359 Rooke, at La Hogue, 838 ; guards the Smyrna fleet, 841 ; takes Gibraltar, 887 ; vote of thanks to, 909 ; dismissed, 910 Rousseau, his influence, 1152 Runjeet Singh, treaty with, 1467 ; intrigues with the Mahrattas, 1468 Russell, Admiral, 826 ; his treason, 832 ; effect of Mary's letter on, 837 ; Whig leader, 842 ; head of the Admiralty, 843 ; pursues Tourville, 846 ; guards the Channel, 854 ; accused of treason, 855 ; made Earl of Orford, 856 ; parliamentary attack on, 865 ; impeached, 871 ; excluded from the Privy Council, 877 ; head of the Admiralty, 913 Russell, John, member of the Friends of the People, 1162 ; his Reform Bill, 1368 ; moves for the repeal of the Test Act, 1401 ; Paymaster-General, 1423 ; introduces the Reform Bill, 1425 ; his motion on the Irish Church, 1458 Rutland, in the Privy Council, 1132 Ruvigny. [See Galway.] Sacheverell, a Whig leader, 821 , 823 Sacheverell, his sermons, 914 Sackville, joins Ferdinand, 1027 ; at Minden, 1032 St. John. [See Bolingbroke.] St. Just, in Alsace, 1169 ; in Flanders, 1171 ; his rule, 1185 ; arrested, 1186 St. Ruth, organizes the Irish army, 829 ; killed, 830 St. Vincent. [See Jervis.] Salisbury, impeached, 823 Sancroft, his letter to James II., 831 Sandwich, Secretary of State, 1043 ; prosecutes Wilkes, 1044 ; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1063 ; opposes Chatham, 1072 ; escapes censure, 1089 Sandys, proposes a Pension Bill, 972 ; his motion against Walpole, 984 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 987 Sarsfield, his skill, 828 ; prudence, 829 ; at Aghrim, 830 Saunders, at Quebec, 1030 Savile, proposes Catholic relief, 1087 ; presents a petition, 1091 ; his house burnt, 1093 Saxe, at Dunkirk, 995 ; in Flanders, 996 ; at Fontenoy, 998 Saxe-Coburg, defeats Dumouriez, 1168 Schérer, in Italy, 1187 , 1222 Schill, in Saxony, 1301 Schomberg, in Ireland, 822 ; killed, 827 Schomberg, at the Boyne, 827 ; in Portugal, 887 Schuyler, defeats Burgoyne, 1081 , 1082 Scotland, character of the Revolution in, 817 , 818 ; Killiecrankie, 819 , 820 ; re-establishment of order, 830 ; massacre of Glencoe, 834 - 836 ; the Darien scheme, 865 - 867 ; discontent in, 896 ; the Union, 924 - 928 ; the rebellion of 1715, 932 - 938 ; disturbances in, 957 , 958 ; the rebellion of 1745, 999 - 1009 Scott, Hastings' agent, 1125 , 1139 Sebastiani, his report, 1239 ; at Constantinople, 1281 Selim, his war with Russia, 1281 Selwyn, Mrs., quarrel in her house, 972 , 978 Seymour, Tory leader, 848 ; in the Privy Council, 877 ; dismissed, 909 Shah Allum, defeated, 1119 ; taken prisoner, 1121 ; receives a dominion, 1122 ; deprived, 1124 ; restored, 1126 ; restored by Lake, 1257 Shelburne (Marquis of Lansdowne), Secretary of State, 1053 ; retires, 1055 ; leader of the Whigs, 1104 ; Secretary of State, 1105 ; his Irish legislation, 1106 ; his conduct of American affairs, 1108 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 1111 ; resigns, 1112 Sheridan, his speeches against Hastings, 1140 , 1141 ; his sympathy with the French Revolution, 1161 , 1162 ; friend of George IV., 1324 Shiel, his opinion of Ireland, 1405 Shippen, leader of the Jacobite party, 947 , 968 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, in Spain, 889 ; Commander-in-chief, 910 Shrewsbury, Secretary of State, 810 ; remonstrates with William, 824 ; rejoins the ministry, 843 ; accused of treason, 855 ; Lord Chamberlain, 914 ; Lord Treasurer, 924 ; his influence, 930 Sidmouth. [See Addington.] Sindia, his power, 1126 ; defeated, 1127 ; extent of his territory, 1254 ; war with Wellesley, 1255 , 1256 ; his treaty with Hastings, 1469 ; his treachery, 1471 Slavery, first motion for abolition, 1142 ; abolition supported by Pitt, 1157 ; abolition of the trade, 1271 , 1272 ; in the Mediterranean, 1347 ; Canning's circular, 1382 , 1383 ; the Emancipation Bill, 1443 - 1445 Smith, Sir Sydney, at Acre, 1223 ; in Egypt, 1231 Smith, the missionary, persecuted, 1383 Smyrna fleet, loss of, 841 Solmes, at Steinkirk, 839 Sombreuil, at Quiberon, 1176 , 1177 Somers, Whig leader, 842 ; Lord Keeper, 843 ; on the Currency Commission, 849 ; Lord Chancellor, 856 ; objects to disband the army, 860 ; remonstrates with William, 864 ; attacked, 868 ; removed, 869 ; impeached, 871 ; acquitted, 872 ; excluded from the Privy Council, 877 ; his declaration, 912 ; President of the Council, 913 ; his Alien Bill, 926 Sophia of Hanover, proposal to name her in the succession, 823 ; succession settled upon her, 871 ; dies, 923 ; her nomination rejected by Scotland, 925 Sophia of Mecklenburg, marries George III., 1048 Soubise, at Kirch-Denkern, 1037 Soult, in Spain, 1295 ; pursues Moore, 1296 ; at Corunna, 1297 ; takes Oporto, 1298 ; retreats, 1303 ; at Palencia, 1305 ; attacks Cadiz, 1306 , 1308 ; at Albuera, 1310 ; at Tarifa, 1313 , 1314 ; joins Joseph, 1317 ; threatens Hill, 1318 ; in command, 1320 ; his skill, 1321 South Sea Company, 918 , 949 - 953 ; trade of, 981 Spencer, his interview with Parker, 1195 ; resigns, 1230 ; disapproves of the peace, 1235 ; alliance with Fox, 1243 ; Home Secretary, 1267 Stair, at Glencoe, 834 , 835 ; friendship with Orleans, 934 ; dismissed, 975 ; at Dettingen, 991 , 993 Stanhope, General, in Spain, 915 , 916 ; Whig leader, 923 ; Secretary of State, 931 ; his friendship with Orleans, 934 ; at Hanover, 940 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 942 ; Secretary of State, 945 ; his foreign policy, 946 ; his toleration, 947 , 986 ; dreads the accession of George II., 948 ; dies, 954 Stanhope, Charles, his share in the South Sea frauds, 954 Stanhope, William (Lord Harrington), character, 969 ; dismissed, 987 ; Secretary of State, 996 ; resigns, 1009 Stanhope, Charles, President of the Revolutionary Society, 1155 Stanislas of Poland, 1066 Stanley, Hans, ambassador in Paris, 1038 ; at Berlin, 1054 Stanley, Secretary for Ireland, 1423 ; his Church policy, 1435 , 1437 ; his Coercion Bill, 1438 ; his speech against O'Connell, 1439 ; Colonial Secretary, 1439 ; supports slave emancipation, 1445 ; resigns, 1447 ; refuses to join Peel, 1456 Staremberg, in Spain, 901 , 916 Stevenson, in India, 1255 , 1266 Stofflet, Chouan leader, 1175 , 1177 Stormont, in the Cabinet, 1112 ; votes against Pitt's India Bill, 1131 Strangford in Portugal, 1288 Strathallan, collects an army for Charles Edward, 1004 ; joins him, 1005 Suchet, in Valencia, 1313 , 1317 Suffolk, Secretary of State, 1063 Sujah Dowlah, 1121 , 1122 , 1128 Sullivan, his dispute with Clive, 1121 Sullivan, General, 1088 Sunderland, advises a Whig ministry, 842 ; son-in-law of Marlborough, Secretary of State, 910 ; dismissed, 915 ; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 931 ; at Hanover, Secretary of State, 942 ; disliked by George II., 948 ; leaves the ministry, dies, 954 Surajah Dowlah, 1118 , 1119 Suwarrow, in Italy, 1222 , 1224 Swift, his Drapier's Letters, 957 ; writes against Walpole, 978 Sydney, Secretary of State, 1132 Talbot, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 812 ; his intrigues, 813 , 814 ; invites James over, 814 ; evacuates Dublin, 828 ; returns from France, 829 Tallard, ambassador to London, 862 ; in Alsace, 881 , 882 ; at Augsburg, 884 ; at Blenheim, 886 ; taken prisoner, 887 Talleyrand, at Amiens, 1234 ; negotiates with Fox, 1268 , 1270 ; deserts Napoleon, 1329 ; at Vienna, 1336 ; opposes Russia, 1338 Talmash, General, in Ireland, 829 ; killed at Brest, 846 Tandy, Irish demagogue, 1136 ; raises the National Guards, 1206 ; escapes, 1216 Tarleton, in Carolina, 1098 ; defeated, 1100 Tate, invades Bristol, 1191 Temple, his selfish claims, 1033 ; supports Pitt, 1039 , 1042 ; visits Wilkes, 1043 ; deprived of his Lord Lieutenancy, 1043 ; his connection with Grenville, 1049 , 1050 ; forsakes Pitt, 1053 ; reconciled with him, 1058 ; opposes Fox's India Bill, 1131 Tessé, in Spain, 890 ; at Toulon, 895 Thelwall, trial of, 1180 , 1181 Thistlewood, a Spencean, 1352 ; in Cato Street Conspiracy, 1365 Thurot, blockaded, 1028 ; defeated, 1029 Tierney, opposes Government, 1374 ; joins Canning, 1392 ; supports Althorp, 1394 Tippoo, war with Hastings, 1128 ; intrigues with France, 1219 ; killed, 1224 Tone, Irish malcontent, 1189 ; corresponds with Clark, 1190 ; character, 1203 ; his Society, 1204 ; raises National Guards, 1206 ; his hopes sink, 1207 ; goes to France, 1209 ; dies, 1216 Tooke, trial of, 1180 , 1181 Torcy, French ambassador, 902 ; desires peace, 918 Torrington. [See Herbert.] Tourville, at Beachy Head, 826 ; burns Teignmouth, 828 ; prepares to invade England, 836 ; at La Hogue, 837 ; in the Mediterranean, 846 Townshend, Charles, Secretary of State, 931 ; head of the ministry, 940 ; his policy, 941 ; dismissed, Viceroy of Ireland, 942 ; Lord President, 948 ; Secretary of State, 954 ; makes the Treaty of Hanover, 962 ; quarrels with Walpole, 967 , 972 ; retires, 973 Townshend, Charles (grandson of the above), Secretary at War, 1037 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1053 ; his rash measures, 1054 Trade. [See Commerce.] Treaties— Limerick, 1691, 830 ; Ryswick, 1697, 857 , 858 ; First Partition, 1698, 863 ; Second Partition, 1700, 869 ; Grand Alliance, 1701, 873 ; Methuen, 1703, 880 , 907 , 1138 ; Gertruydenberg, 1710, 915 ; Utrecht, 1713, 919 , 921 ; Rastadt, 1714, 921 ; Barrier, 1715, 941 ; Triple Alliance, 1717, 942 ; Passarowitz, 1718, 945 ; Quadruple Alliance, 1718, 945 ; general peace 1720, 946 ; Congress of Cambrai, 1724>, 968 ; Vienna, 1725, 960 ; Hanover, 1725, 961 ; the Pardo, 1727, 970 ; Congress of Soissons, 1728, 970 ; Seville, 1729, 971 ; Vienna, 1731, 971 ; Vienna, 1738, 976 ; Kleinschnellendorf, 1741, 990 ; Breslau and Berlin, 1742, 991 ; with Charles VII., 1743, 994 ; Worms, 1743, 995 ; Frankfort, 1744, 995 ; Fuessen, 1745, 996 ; Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 1011 ; Warsaw and St. Petersburg, 1745, 1023 ; Family Compact, 1761, 1039 ; Peace of Paris, 1763, 1040 ; Partition of Poland, 1773, 1066 ; between America and France, 1777, 1084 ; with America, 1783, 1110 ; Commercial, with France, 1786, 1138 ; with Holland and Prussia, 1789, 1147 ; Convention of Reichenbach, 1790, 1149 ; Yassy, 1792, 1149 ; Convention of Pilnitz, 1791, 1157 ; at Basle, 1795, 1173 ; Léoben, 1797, 1188 ; Campo Formio, 1797, 1193 ; Erckmar, 1799, 1224 ; Alessandria, 1800, 1226 ; Lunéville, 1801, 1227 ; El Arish, 1801, 1231 ; St. Petersburg, 1801, 1233 ; Amiens, 1802, 1234 , 1236 ; Tripartite, 1800, 1253 ; Bassein, 1802, 1255 ; Subsidiary, 1803, 1257 ; St. Petersburg, 1805, 1261 ; Schonbrunn, 1805, 1269 ; Presburg, 1805, 1269 ; Tilsitt, 1807, 1283 ; Fontainebleau, 1807, 1286 ; Cintra, 1808, 1293 ; Vienna, 1809, 1301 ; Chaumont, 1814, 1328 ; Paris, 1815, 1346 ; Vienna, 1815, 1338 , 1339 , 1347 ; Paris, 1815, 1347 ; Holy Alliance, 1815, 1348 ; Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818, 1359 ; Quadruple Alliance, 1834, 1464 ; Unkiar Skelesi, 1833, 1465 Trenchard, Secretary of State, 843 Trevor, Speaker, 824 ; expelled, 845 Trimbucjee, favourite of the Peishwa, 1468 ; escapes, 1469 ; captured, 1470 Tullibardine, joins Mar, 934 ; joins Charles Edward, 1000 Turgot, 1152 Turner, letter to James II., 831 Tweeddale, Commissioner, dismissed, 926 Tyrconnel. [See Talbot.] Vansittart, Governor of Calcutta, 1120 Vansittart, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1349 ; resigns, 1376 ; Lord Bexley, his financial views, 1377 ; resigns, 1392 Vauban, French engineer, 838 ; fortifies Brest, 846 ; fortifies Namur, 847 Vaughan, at Eustatia, 1099 Vendome, takes Barcelona, 858 ; succeeds Villeroi, 879 ; in Savoy, 881 ; successful, 887 ; in Italy, 893 ; in Flanders, 893 , 896 ; at Oudenarde, 898 ; in Spain, 916 Vergennes, negotiates peace, 1108 ; supports the Democrats in Holland, 1147 Vernon, takes Porto Bello, 984 Victor Amadeus of Savoy, 877 , 880 Victor, in Portugal, 1298 ; at Talavera, 1303 , 1304 ; at Barosa, 1309 Victoria of Saalfield, marries Edward Duke of Kent, 1358 Villaret, Joyeuse, French admiral, 1172 , 1173 Villars, French general, 879 ; recalled, 881 ; in the Cevennes, 881 ; on the Moselle, 888 ; at Stolhofen, 895 ; in Piedmont, 896 ; at Malplaquet, 903 , 904 ; wounded, 905 ; his non plus ultra, 918 Villeneuve, prepares to invade England, 1262 , 1263 ; at Trafalgar, 1265 Villeroi, succeeds Luxemburg, 847 ; in Italy, 879 ; in Flanders, 881 ; in Alsace, 884 ; falls back, 887 ; in Flanders, 888 ; at Ramillies, 892 Voltaire, his influence, 1152 Wade, assembles his army, 1002 ; marches against the Pretender, 1003 ; superseded, 1005 Waldeck, at Fontenoy, 998 , 999 . Walker, Obadiah, impeached, 823 Walmoden, Dutch general, 1172 Walpole, Robert, Secretary at War, 913 ; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 931 ; dismissed, 942 ; his opposition, 946 - 948 ; Paymaster of the Forces, 948 ; his sinking fund, 950 ; his settlement of the South Sea frauds, 953 , 954 ; First Lord of the Treasury, 954 ; his tact in dealing with Ireland, 957 ; refuses to restore Bolingbroke, 962 ; retains his power with George II., 966 ; his quarrel with Townshend, 962 , 967 , 972 ; purchases a majority, 969 ; his financial measures, 973 , 974 ; refuses to join the European war, 976 ; his speech in answer to Wyndham, 977 ; retains his influence after the Queen's death, 980 ; his desire for peace, 981 ; declares war, 982 ; opposition to, 983 , 984 ; made Lord Orford, resigns, 985 ; review of his ministry, 985 - 987 ; dies, 997 Walpole, Horace (son of Robert), quoted, 1020 , 1093 Ward, his motion on the Irish Church, 1446 Wardle, insults Pitt, 1259 ; accuses York, 1299 Washington, fighting against the French, 1019 ; signs the Declaration, 1061 ; raises a regiment, 1070 ; Commander-in-chief, 1073 ; his army, 1074 ; takes Boston, 1075 ; goes to New York, 1076 ; retires, takes Trenton, 1079 ; defends Philadelphia, 1080 ; reorganizes his army, 1081 ; undervalued, 1087 ; trusted, 1088 ; at New York, 1095 ; his conference with Rochambeau, 1096 ; condemns André, 1097 ; recommends Greene, 1100 ; takes Yorktown, 1102 ; proposal to make him Dictator, 1107 Watson, Clive forges his name, 1119 Watson, a Spencean, 1352 Wayne, in Virginia, 1101 Webb, Marlborough's conduct to, 901 Wedderburn, character, 1064 ; counsel for Hutchinson, 1068 ; insults Franklin, 1069 ; his opinion of the Riot Act, 1094 Wellesley, Governor-General in India, 1224 ; his subsidiary system, 1254 ; war with the Mahrattas, 1255 , 1256 ; Foreign Secretary, 1323 ; resigns, 1323 ; negotiations for his return, 1325 ; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1369 ; his administration, 1389 , 1390 ; his correspondence on the Coercion Bill, 1448 Wellington, in India, 1224 ; his genius, 1290 ; Secretary for Ireland, 1290 ; lands in Portugal, at Rorica, 1291 ; at Vimiero, 1292 ; thwarted by Burrard, 1293 ; in command, 1298 ; victorious, 1303 ; at Talavera, 1304 ; made Duke of Wellington, 1305 ; fortifies Lisbon, 1306 ; at Busaco, 1307 ; his plans, 1309 ; at Albuera, 1310 ; badly supplied, 1312 ; his plans, 1314 ; at Badajos, 1315 ; at Salamanca, 1316 ; at Madrid, 1317 ; at Vittoria, 1318 ; at Toulouse, 1321 ; at Congress of Vienna, 1339 ; in Belgium, 1340 ; at Waterloo, 1341 - 1345 ; his moderation, 1346 ; arranges the evacuation of France, 1359 ; at the Congress of Verona, 1375 ; opposes the Corn Bill, 1388 ; resigns, 1392 ; returns, 1394 ; Premier, 1395 ; Ambassador to Russia, 1397 ; his Turkish policy, 1400 ; his Government, 1401 ; dismisses Huskisson, 1402 ; supports Catholic emancipation, 1405 , 1406 , 1408 ; his foreign policy, 1410 - 1412 ; his friendship for Polignac, 1413 ; his isolated position, 1417 , 1420 ; reconciliation with Huskisson, 1421 ; his speech, 1422 ; resigns, 1423 ; prepares to suppress tumults, 1429 ; fails to form a ministry, 1430 ; assaulted, 1433 ; in opposition, 1445 ; Foreign Secretary, 1456 Wesley, his teaching, 1016 , 1017 West, at Minorca, 1021 Westmoreland, his policy, 1209 ; in office, 1246 ; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388 ; resigns, 1392 Westermann, in La Vendée, 1170 Weymouth, Secretary of State, 1056 Wharnecliff, Opposition leader, 1426 ; Privy Seal, 1456 Wharton, Whig leader, 842 Wharton, Jacobite leader, 960 ; dies, 969 Whitbread, his motion against slavery, 1142 ; attacks Melville, 1258 Whitelocke, at Buenos Ayres, 1281 Whitewell, Governor of Madras, 1127 Whitfield, 1016 Whitworth, his interviews with Napoleon, 1239 , 1240 ; leaves Paris, 1241 Wilberforce, member for Yorkshire, 1134 ; votes against Melville, 1259 ; his efforts against slavery, 1271 ; dies, 1445 Wilkes, his trial, 1043 ; expelled the House, 1044 ; his election, 1055 , 1056 ; decline of his power, 1063 William III., accepts the crown, 806 ; character, 807 ; forms his ministry, 808 ; his view of royalty, 809 ; his tolerance, 811 , 817 ; declares war, 811 ; negotiates with Tyrconnel, 813 ; abused for neglecting Ireland, 814 ; his letter to Scotland, receives the Scotch crown, 818 ; difficulty of his position, 821 ; threatens to leave England, 824 ; his revenue, 825 ; his Act of Grace, 825 ; goes to Ireland, 826 ; battle of the Boyne, 827 ; enters Dublin, 828 ; returns to England, 828 ; successful abroad, 831 ; deprives Marlborough of his offices, 833 ; his part in the massacre of Glencoe, 834 , 835 ; goes abroad, 836 ; at Steinkirk, 839 ; returns, 839 ; at Landen, 841 ; forms a united ministry, 842 , 843 ; death of his wife, 844 ; reconciliation with Anne, 847 ; goes to Flanders, 847 ; takes Namur, 848 ; his triumphant return, 848 ; his Land Bank scheme, 851 ; the Assassination Plot, 853 , 854 ; his wisdom during Fenwick's trial, 855 , 856 ; desires peace, 857 ; success of his reign, 859 ; forced to reduce his army, 860 ; attention to foreign politics, 862 ; makes the First Partition Treaty, 863 ; threatens to leave England, 864 ; goes to Holland, 865 ; disapproves of the Darien scheme, 867 ; grants land to his Dutch favourites, 868 ; arranges the Second Partition Treaty, 869 ; his unpopularity, 870 ; forms the Grand Alliance, 873 ; burst of loyalty on James II.'s death, 873 ; dies, 874 ; censured by the Tory party, 906 William IV., his marriage, 1358 ; High Admiral, 1392 ; character, 1418 ; supports his ministers, 1426 ; dissolves the Houses, 1427 ; opposes the Reform Bill, 1429 ; his Church policy, 1449 ; dismisses Melbourne's ministry, 1455 Willis, Dr., his treatment of George III.'s illness, 1142 , 1143 , 1230 Wilmington. [See Compton.] Winchelsea, retires from the ministry, 996 Windham, Secretary at War, 1181 ; resigns, 1230 ; disapproves of the peace, 1235 ; disliked by Addington, 1240 ; his alliance with Fox, 1243 ; opposes the volunteer movement, 1244 ; Secretary at War, 1267 Winter, at Camperdown, 1198 Wolfe, at Rochefort, 1025 ; succeeds Loudon, 1026 ; takes Quebec, 1029 , 1030 ; dies, 1031 Wolseley, his speech at Stockport, 1362 ; his trial, 1366 Woodstock, receives grant of Crown lands, 868 Wray, candidate for Westminster, 1134 Wright, Lord Keeper, 869 Wurmser, in Italy, 1188 Wyndham, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 922 ; leader of Hanoverian Tories, 968 ; his speech against Walpole, 977 ; joins the Prince of Wales, 978 ; dies, 983 York. [See Frederick.] Yorke. [See Hardwicke.] Yorke (son of Hardwicke), commits suicide, 1015 Young, character, 983 ; in office, 987

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