Scientific American, Volume 56, No. 9, February 26, 1887

The Strength of Snails. TORPEDO BOAT ARMED WITH PNEUMATIC DYNAMITE GUNS. The Strength of Snails. Perceiving a common snail, Helix aspersa , crawling up the window blind one evening, it occurred to me to try what it could draw up perpendicularly. Accordingly, I attached to its shell four reels of cotton, fastening one after the other until I ascertained that a greater load would exceed the limit of its strength. I then weighed the entire load, and found that it weighed 2¼ ounces, while the snail weighed only ¼ ounce. Thus it was able to lift perpendicularly nine times its weight. I then made an experiment with a larger snail, weighing one-third ounce, the load being composed chiefly of the same material as the last, but so placed as to be drawn in a horizontal position on the table. Reels of cotton to the number of twelve were fastened to it, with a pair of scissors, a screw driver, a key, and a knife, weighing altogether seventeen ounces, or fifty times the weight of the snail. The same snail when placed on the ceiling was able to travel with a weight of four ounces suspended from its shell. I next tried it on a piece of common thread, suspended and hanging loose with another snail of its own weight, which it carried up the thread with apparent ease. After this I tried it on a single horsehair strained in a horizontal position, but it had then enough to do to crawl over this narrow bridge without a load.— E. Sandford, in Zoologist . CHEVREUL'S BLACK. T. O'CONOR SLOANE, PH.D. The production of absolute black by a pigment or surface coloration has been shown by Chevreul to be an impossibility. No substance is known that does not possess the power of reflecting light to some extent. If paper is blackened, its surface will reflect rays that can act powerfully upon the sensitive plate in a camera, even if the eye, by convention and association, would determine it to be actually black. The same is to be said of black silk and velvet. The latter, more than any other substance, approaches real black. It is an object of common observation that all colors show much more strongly in velvet than in any other material. The reason for this is that, owing to the depth of the pile, the light undergoes multiple reflection. The percentage of white light is diminished with each reflection, and the colored rays become less and less contaminated with those of other hues. The same reasoning applies to black velvet. The light by multiple reflection from its substance is more and more absorbed, and the familiar intense black is the result. A piece of this material, placed upon cloth or silk, always appears, and is, the blacker. In choosing velvet for such experiments, care must be taken not to use a blue black. The dead black is the proper one to select. CHEVREUL'S BLACK. Black being the absence of color is producible by excluding light. The production of the velvet black, we have seen, depends on the mechanical texture of the goods. Nothing is so black as a perfectly dark room. Carrying out these principles, Chevreul devised the wonderfully ingenious way of producing a true black which we illustrate. He lined the interior of a box with black. Pigment, black silk, or black velvet may be used. In the cover of the box he made a hole, not too large, but bearing a certain ratio to the area of the cover. The size should not exceed one-tenth this surface. The spot thus produced reflected no light, as there was no surface. The interior of the box, by color and shadow, was prevented from reflecting any light, so that absolute blackness resulted. The blackest velvet or silk placed alongside of this spot appears lighter in color. In constructing the apparatus illustrated, a famous proverb was selected as a theme, in which a certain personage is stated not to be so black as he is painted. The author of "English as She is Spoke" renders this proverb, "He not so devil as he is black." The blackness of this image is absolute. A pasteboard box is lined with black silk or velvet, and any desired figure is cut through the cover. This may then be painted as black as possible, or before the figure is cut out, silk or velvet may be pasted over it, and the figure cut through pasteboard and covering together. Then, on putting the cover in place, holding the box so that a side light will fall upon it, thus preventing direct access of light rays to the interior, the figure will stand out strongly black against a background which, but for the contrast, would itself be pronounced absolutely black. To apply the most rigorous test, a member of the Society of Amateur Photographers of New York made a photograph of such a box. A carbon B dry plate was used, with thirty-five minutes' exposure, with stop f-30. The result was a negative perfectly transparent where the figure came, but strongly affected by the black box cover. Part of the cover was coated with black silk and part was painted, but both reflected light enough to produce a full photograph upon the plate. A most interesting application of this principle on the large scale has been made of late years, especially by E. J. Marey, in the photography of moving animals. 2 With Chevreul's black as a screen, a plate can be exposed unaffected by the background, and will reproduce objects moving across the space with perfect fidelity. The American Exhibition, London. Recently we had an opportunity of going over the grounds of the forthcoming American Exhibition at Earls Court. The site is comprised in the triangle between Earls Court, West Brompton, and West Kensington stations, and is thus extremely well situated for easy access from all parts of London. The area that will be covered by the exhibition is about twenty-three acres, eight of which are on one and fifteen on the other side of the West London line, an iron bridge over the railway connecting the two portions. Although the work has been going on for some time, little is as yet seen of any building, the operations up to the present having been confined mostly to earth works, leveling, and draining. The land to be occupied by the exhibition might almost be called virgin soil, and all the drains had to be put in by the company. A good deal of soil has been moved, and some artificial mounds of considerable extent have been thrown up. In that portion of the exhibition which will be illustrative of the "Wild West," a large arena and a grand stand capable of seating 25,000 persons are in course of construction. The feature of special interest to engineers is, however, on the other side of the grounds, where the main building for the reception of the machinery and other exhibits is now being erected. The main hall has a frontage of brickwork 240 feet long, but the rest will all be constructed of iron and glass. The total length of this hall is 1,200 feet, and a special feature in its construction is the employment of old steel rails for the columns, purlins, and rafters, on a plan devised by Mr. H. G. Wynne, the engineer to the company. The whole of the framework is thus made out of old rails, the only portions specially made for the purpose being the cast iron sockets for the columns, cast steel shoes for the connections between purlins, rafters, and columns, and tie bars, which are made of ordinary round iron. There will be six bays of 30 feet each, and one bay of 60 feet. The columns are formed by two rails, riveted together with their flanges, so as to present a cross in transverse section. These are placed into cast iron sockets, which are set upon cement piers sunk in the ground. The outermost columns for the first and last spans are provided with struts, also formed out of rails, fixed to a sleeper, connecting the bottom of the strut with the foot of the column, this provision being made to provide against lateral strains; but the columns of the intermediate spans have no struts. The rafters are also made of rails, placed with the flanges uppermost, those for the short spans being in one length, but those for the long spans being fastened together by fish plates. The usual length of rail employed for the columns is 18 feet and 24 feet. There is a fall in the ground of about 2 feet to both sides from the middle of the building. To avoid the necessity of employing columns of different lengths, the ridge of the roof is carried parallel to the ground, and will therefore also show a fall of 2 feet on each side of the middle. This will be hidden by a loose louver, which is placed all along the ridge, so that the outline of the roof will appear straight and horizontal. The sides of the building will be of galvanized corrugated iron.— Industries . Petroleum In Egypt. —At Jemsah, in Egypt, in boring for petroleum, ozokerite, or solid petroleum, has been found at a depth of 365 feet, and 15 feet lower a close grained coral has been struck. At another boring, slight traces of gas and oil have also been found. ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. A spark arrester has been patented by Mr. John C. Albrecht, of Columbus, Ga. Combined with a draught pipe is a cone with curved volutes, and in its center and underneath it an inverted cone, with spark pockets, and other novel features, the sparks being returned to the fire box, the invention being an improvement on two former patented inventions of the same inventor. A steam condenser has been patented by Mr. John McIntyre, of New York City. It is cylindrical in form, a central perforated or slotted casing being used in connection with the cooling pipes, with a regulating valve to open or close the perforations or slots, in such way that the cooling effect will be more instant and the temperature of the cooling parts more equal than in ordinary condensers. A car coupling has been patented by Mr. George W. Giles, of Buffalo, West Va. In connection with a suitable drawhead, a weight and pin are joined by a flexible connection, the weight being adapted to overbalance the pin, and the weight being projected into the path of the drawbar, so that the entering drawbar will raise the weight, and thus permit the pin to fall by its own gravity into coupled position. A car coupling has been patented by Mr. Wesley E. Roberts, of Hartford, Ky. The coupling link consists of a straight bar, with a wedge shaped pointed lug at each end, a spring being fastened to the under side, and the coupling being effected by an arm dropping in front of the lug after the link enters the drawhead, the device being simple in construction, and one which can be operated from the side or top of the car. AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. A mower has been patented by Messrs. James B. Nieth and Charles L. Thomas, of Independence, Iowa. This invention covers a novel construction and combination of various parts of the machine, so that it will operate with less friction than ordinary mowers, while being simple in construction and not liable to get out of order. A plow has been patented by Mr. Thomas J. Eriom, of Union Church, Miss. It is an improved garden plow, with simple means for adjusting the gauge wheel to regulate the depth of working, and a breast bar for pressure by the operator to increase the propelling power and to give the plowman a better control of the plow, with other novel features. MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. An attachment for elevator doors has been patented by Mr. Edward P. Walker, of Kansas City, Mo. It is an attachment designed to effect by the movement of the elevator car the automatic operation of the doors of the shafts, so that the elevator man is relieved of this duty. A saw gummer has been patented by Mr. Eli Rogers, of Fulton County, Ind. The invention consists of a cam lever operating a spring arm on which is pivoted a tool holder, making a device which is simple in construction, durable, and effective in operation. A hame has been patented by Mr. John E. James, of Mossy Creek, Va. It is so made that the shoulder of the horse will not be affected by heavy jars, and the hames may not only be fitted to any length of collar, but the point of draught may be shifted, so that the draught will be brought to the proper point. A tongue support has been patented by Messrs. Charles W. Van de Mark and Calvin Moore, of Clyde, Kansas. The construction is such that the tongue may be supported so as to relieve the team of its weight, and the devices for supporting it are simple, inexpensive, and not likely to get out of order. A fence post has been patented by Mr. John J. Kimball, of Naperville, Ill. Combined with side strips are rivets, spacing strips arranged between the side strips, clips formed with apertures, and staples arranged to pass through the apertures, making a cheap, durable, and efficient post for barbed wire fences. A combined chair and lounge has been patented by Mr. Gustavus Hamel, of De Soto, Mo. The parts are so arranged that the back of the chair may be adjusted to any angle desired, and the attachment constituting the foot rest or foot of the lounge may be disposed beneath the main seat of the chair when not in use. A harmonic keyboard for violins has been patented by Mr. James F. Poage, of La Plata, Mo. It is designed to enable the performer to produce harmonic high tones without great difficulty, and is attached to the neck of violins of the usual construction, the keyboard being a combination of pivoted finger keys with a pivoted stop plate. A rein holder has been patented by Mr. William Tennison, of Mount Vernon, Ind. This invention covers an improvement in rein holders consisting of a skeleton frame adapted for attachment to a harness or for support upon a horse's back, and used for the purpose of supporting the reins out of the way of the animal's tail. A collar button has been patented by Mr. Leopold Baer, of San Francisco, Cal. To the center of the button back is secured a tubular shank in which is a spiral spring, there being a knuckle joint by which a tongue may be held in three different positions, the device making a conveniently working button for holding the necktie in place. A bridle has been patented by Mr. Benjamin S. Seaman, of Corning, N. Y. The cheek plate is formed with studs on which the blind sheet is adapted to be placed, and secured by a key plate constructed to engage with the studs, the cheek loop being secured to the cheek plate with the same stud plate and key plate which hold the blind. A machine for bending carriage thills has been patented by Mr. Thomas E. Montague, of West Lorne, Ont., Canada. It is for bending wooden shafts or thills for buggies, sulkies, carriages, and other vehicles, and covers a novel construction and combination of parts and details, whereby thills of greater or less thickness can be bent, the machine operating very rapidly and automatically. A nut lock has been patented by Mr. Jeremiah C. Butler, of Lexington, Mo. The construction is such that the key may be drawn off the bolt by the nut, and need not be bent out straight into the keyway of the bolt to prevent its locking portion engaging in the recesses of the nut as the latter is being turned off the bolt, the key needing only to be bent very slightly for adjustment into locked or unlocked position. A trousers stretcher has been patented by Mr. Charles E. Ray, of San Francisco, Cal. The trousers are clamped below the waist band and at the bottom, the clamp at the waist band attached to a spiral or rubber spring, secured in fixed position at one end, while to the clamp at the bottom is attached a strap by which tension can be placed upon the trousers, and permanently maintained. A log dog has been patented by Mr. Eugene H. Allman, of Mobile, Ala. It is made of heavy wrought iron, with a flat body portion, and having end points or fangs, and is applied to the chain by shouldered clips, all extra chains and dogs being dispensed with by its use, and when used on endless chains it being only necessary to point the logs in the logway, when the dogs take hold and bring them up. An electrical weighing scale has been patented by Mr. Willis M. Hunt, of Glen Gardner, N. J. Combined with feeding hoppers arranged above the scale pan are valves operated by connection with the foot lever for discharging the hoppers, and combined therewith is an electro-magnetic holding and releasing device, which automatically stops the feed when the scale beam is tipped. A boot or shoe stretcher has been patented by Mr. Lloyd Nottingham, of Norfolk, Va. Centrally pivoted levers have apertures in their lower end to receive pins with rounded outer ends, and above the pivotal point is an adjusting screw to separate the levers in stretching the boot or shoe, the levers being held apart by locking pieces, the device being simple, strong, and easily operated. A combined bench and ironing table has been patented by Mr. Daniel H. Weller, of Boyertown, Pa. Combined with a reversible board with covered socket boxes are supports hinged to the legs of a bench, with other details, to make a desirable piece of furniture to serve the two purposes of a seat and a table to iron upon, with compartments for keeping the cloths used in ironing. A window frame and sash has been patented by Mr. John E. Jones, of New York City. The construction is such that the sashes when closed are to all intents and purposes air tight, and wear and friction are removed from the packing strips, so the sashes may be raised and lowered without injury to the packing, the invention being an improvement on a former patented invention of the same inventor. A tug fastener has been patented by Mr. Daniel T. Chambers, of Mansfield, Ohio. It is in the nature of a divided button, one portion integral with a shank that goes in the end of the single tree, and the other formed of two limbs, one completing the periphery of the button and the other extending up parallel with the shank and forming a part of the neck beside the button on which the trace is contained. A tug fastener for single trees has also been patented by the above inventor. It consists of a tilting latch hinged upon a horizontal axis at or near the end of the single tree, with one hub adapted to lie longitudinally with the single tree and the other to project upwardly at about a right angle thereto, making an easily operated device for fastening the traces to a single tree. A plaster fastener has been patented by Messrs. Forest M. Lampson, Alpheus M. Laning, and George W. Hogben, of Ripon, Wis. It consists of a metallic washer formed of thin sheet metal, slightly convex, and provided with a countersink in the center, formed by the process of stamping, the device being intended to secure plastering loosened by shrinking of the lath, etc., before it becomes cracked and disintegrated. A combined towel, hat and paper rack has been patented by Mr. Elbridge L. Scribner, of Amesbury, Mass. (P. O. Box 98). It is a simple, inexpensive, and efficient device, consisting of a frame formed of end pieces of wood, connected by wooden slats on the back, and supporting three rods of metal or wood for receiving the articles to be held, the lower rod being designed for receiving a roller towel, and the upper rod being offset or cranked for convenience in placing articles on the lower rods. NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1885. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1886. Pp. 576. This is a carefully compiled volume, giving the statistics for mineral products in the United States. Coal, coke, petroleum, and natural gas are first treated of; the metals, from iron to zirconium, come next. Under aluminum the work of Col. Frishmuth, of Philadelphia, and of the Cowles Smelting Company, of Cleveland, are noted. In view of the demand for zirconium pencils for the oxyhydrogen light, the section on the sources and preparation of the oxide, by Mr. David T. Ray, is of special interest. Other subjects treated are structural materials, abrasive materials (buhr stones, etc.), precious stones, fertilizers, glass materials, and, under many other headings, a complete review of the titular subject appears. We also note a section of much interest on mineral paints, by Mr. Marcus Benjamin, F.C.S. In it the preparation of barytes as an adulterant for paints is described at some length. In some instances an elaborate explanation of the classification of paints as adopted is given. In other cases it is entirely omitted. The first system is certainly preferable. A very full index closes the work. It can be had on application to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., the cost of printing and binding (40 cents) being at the same time remitted. Business and Personal. The charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue. Best tempering fluid known—Mercury, potash, and hydrochloral. $2.00 per gallon. Samples, 25c. Address Chemical Works, New Albany, Ind. Hodges' universal angle union makes pipe connection at any angle. Rollstone Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass. To makers of water wheels, current wheels, and horizontal turbines—Please address W. H. Garlick, Calumet, Ohio. Sphero! A new and original game; an out-door sport; unlike any other. Apparatus of wood, simple, inexpensive. Packed like croquet, and cost to manufacture about the same. Patent pending. Rights, etc. Address J. M. Hughes, Brooklyn P. O., N. Y. The H. W. Johns Manufacturing Co., 87 Maiden Lane, N. Y., will send to any address in the United States, postage prepaid, a trial package of ¼ pound of asbestos wick packing and 1½ pounds of asbestos piston rod packing, on receipt of one dollar; or ¼ pound of asbestos wick packing and 3½ pounds of asbestos piston rod packing, on receipt of two dollars. Give address in full—name, town or city, county, and State. The H. W. Johns asbestos packings are the best and most economical made. For Sale—Ivory button works. Large, well lighted building; 20 H.P. engine; capacity, 200 gross per day; doing splendid business; plenty of cheap labor. Price, only $3,000. Address T. Bergy, Caledonia, Mich. Wanted—A pushing man, capable of taking charge of a shop for building engines. A fine chance for a skilled mechanic. Address, with references, etc., lock box 17, York, Pa. Blake's Improved Belt Studs are the best fastening for Leather and Rubber Belting. Greene, Tweed & Co., 83 Chambers St., New York. Wanted—Tool agents in shops. Outfit free. E. H. Randall & Co., 154 Lake St., Chicago, Ill. Link Belting and Wheels. Link Belt M. Co., Chicago. The Railroad Gazette , handsomely illustrated, published weekly, at 73 Broadway, New York. Specimen copies free. Send for catalogue of railroad books. Protection for Watches. Anti-magnetic shields—an absolute protection from all electric and magnetic influences. Can be applied to any watch. Experimental exhibition and explanation at "Anti-Magnetic Shield & Watch Case Co.," 18 John St., New York. F. S. Giles, Agt., or Giles Bro. & Co., Chicago, where full assortment of Anti-Magnetic Watches can be had. Send for full descriptive circular. Woodworking Machinery of all kinds. The Bentel & Margedant Co., 116 Fourth St., Hamilton, O. Guild & Garrison's Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pumps for liquids, air, and gases. New catalogue now ready. Concrete patents for sale. E. L. Ransome, S. F., Cal. The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 44 Washington St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just issued a new catalogue, in which are many new and improved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be mailed free of charge on application. Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J. Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. $100 " Little Wonder ." A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York. Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn. Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of information of any special engineering, mechanical, or scientific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Scientific American Supplement sent to them free. The Supplement contains lengthy articles embracing the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York. Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn. Billings' Drop Forged Steel C Clamps. Drop Forgings, all kinds. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn. Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 45. Chucks—over 100 different kinds and sizes in stock. Specials made to order. Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Ct. The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York. Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys, Cut-off Couplings. D. Frisbie & Co., 112 Liberty St., New York. If an invention has not been patented in the United States for more than one year, it may still be patented in Canada. Cost for Canadian patent, $40. Various other foreign patents may also be obtained. For instructions address Munn & Co., Scientific American patent agency, 361 Broadway, New York. Veneer Machines, with latest improvements. Farrel Fdry. Mach. Co., Ansonia, Conn. Send for circular. Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv., p. 28. Walrus, Bull Neck, and Buffalo Leather for polishing emery, glue, composition, Polishers' Supplies. Greene, Tweed & Co., New York city. Catarrh Cured. A clergyman, after years of suffering from that loathsome disease, catarrh, and vainly trying every known remedy, at last found a prescription which completely cured and saved him from death. Any sufferer from this dreadful disease sending a self-addressed stamped envelope to Dr. Lawrence, 212 East 9th St., New York, will receive the recipe free of charge. Lick Telescope and all smaller sizes built by Warner & Swasey, Cleveland, Ohio. Send for catalogue of Scientific Books for sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. Free on application. Notes & Queries HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Names and Address must accompany all letters, or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our information, and not for publication. References to former articles or answers should give date of paper and page or number of question. Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that some answers require not a little research, and, though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter or in this department, each must take his turn. Special Written Information on matters of personal rather than general interest cannot be expected without remuneration. Scientific American Supplements referred to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each. Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of price. Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly marked or labeled. (1) L. M. W. asks (1) a receipt for marsh mallows, as made by confectioners. A. Dissolve one-half pound of gum arabic in one pint of water, strain and add one half pound of fine sugar, and place over the fire, stirring constantly until the sirup is dissolved, and all of the consistency of honey. Add gradually the whites of four eggs well beaten. Stir the mixture until it becomes somewhat thin and does not adhere to the finger. Flavor to taste and pour into a tin slightly dusted with powdered starch, and when cool divide into small squares. 2. The title of a good veterinary journal. A. American Veterinary Review , New York. 3. The formula for a spavin cure? A. Take of sweet oil 4 ounces, spirits of turpentine 2 ounces, oil of stone 1 ounce. Mix and apply three times per day. 4. A receipt for a wash that will prevent rabbits from injuring the bark of fruit trees. A. We know of nothing good for this purpose. (2) A. L. K. asks how common fat can be rendered into tallow in an open kettle. A. Keep the tallow melted for some time, along with about two per cent of sulphuric acid largely diluted with water, employing constant agitation, and allowing the whole to cool slowly; then remelt the cake with a large quantity of hot water, and wash well. (3) W. C. B. asks about the process and kind of machinery used in preparing raw sienna for paint. A. The raw sienna is thrown directly on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace and kept thoroughly raked until it assumes a proper color. Very little, if any, sienna is known to be burnt in this country. (4) W. M. M. asks for some transparent paint suitable to paint on tracing muslin. A. You must use a transparent varnish such as the following: Dissolve 30 parts of copal and 2 parts of camphor in 120 parts of oil of turpentine and 30 parts of oil of lavender. Use lakes, gamboge, Prussian blue, and the other transparent colors, mixed with the vehicle. (5) S. S. asks a receipt for black heads. A. Cover the parts afflicted with a pomade consisting of kaolin 4 parts, glycerine 3 parts, acetic acid 2 parts, with the addition of a small quantity of ethereal oil. See Supplement , No. 542. (6) W. L. asks (1) a cure for frost bitten feet. A. For frost bites, rub the affected parts with pure oil of peppermint. It will also prevent the after effect of chilblains. Care should be taken to use only the pure oil, and not the essence of peppermint, as the essence will not have the desired effect. 2. How plate glass is made. A. See Scientific American Supplement , No. 340. (7) A. T.—Hard rubber is a very good insulator; gutta percha is also very good, and can be softened by boiling water and given any desired shape. (8) J. H. S. wants a good receipt to prevent hair coming out. A. Scald black tea, 2 ounces, with 1 gallon of boiling water, strain, and add 3 ounces glycerine, tincture cantharides ½ ounce, bay rum 1 quart. Mix well and perfume. This is a good preparation for frequent use in its effect both on the scalp and hair, but neither will be kept in good condition without care and attention to general health. See articles in Supplements , 102, 388, 396. (9) A. H. asks the size of steel wire rope necessary to suspend a weight of 16,000 pounds, each end of the rope being fastened 1,600 yards apart, the weight to travel from one end to the other on the rope. A. The scheme of so long a span carrying a load is impracticable. A span of 4,800 feet will nearly absorb the margin of safety by its own weight, depending upon the amount of deflection that could be allowed in the catenary curve. The largest steel cables that are made, 2⅝ inches, weigh 13 pounds per foot, or over 31 net tons for your span; with a deflection of one twenty-fifth, or nearly 200 feet, the tension would be 3¼ times the weight, or 254,800 pounds, while the ultimate strength is but 400,000 pounds. (10) G. A. L. asks: Why will a brake on the hind end of a train of cars hold more than a brake set ahead of it on train? A. We do not know that it is so. It is possibly a fancy. (11) A. K. H. asks: Will hot air cool off by sending it rapidly through a wooden tube 300 or 400 feet long? If so, how much? A. Yes, slightly. An iron pipe is better if you wish to cool the air. How much the air will be cooled will depend on initial temperature and the temperature of the conductor and surrounding air. (12) H. H. writes: I have large quantities of iron and steel to pickle, or, in other words, to clean. I use oil of vitriol, which is expensive and dangerous. Is there an acid that would be cheaper and at the same time as effective? A. We know of nothing cheaper or better than sulphuric acid for pickling castings. The most economical method, as practiced here, is found in the hot bath, a tub lined with lead, or if of small requirement a stone pot. Water 5 to 8 parts, acid 1 part. Boil the work in the acid bath for a few minutes, then rinse in hot water. There is no danger if properly managed. For wrought iron and steel, use hydrochloric acid and water. (13) W. F. E. asks: 1. How are bath bricks made? A. Bath bricks are found native as minerals, and are imported from England. 2. How are papier mache ornaments moulded, and where can I procure a work on the subject? A. We can send you Spons' "Workshop Receipts" for $2.00, first series, which contains full information on papier mache. See also various articles in Scientific American Supplement on the technology of the paper trade. (14) W. M. S. asks how to make liquid glue. A. Take a wide mouthed bottle, and dissolve in it 8 ounces best glue in ½ pint water, by setting it in a vessel of water, and heating until dissolved. Then add slowly 2½ ounces strong nitric acid 36° Baume, stirring all the while. Effervescence takes place, with generation of fumes. When all the acid has been added, the liquid is allowed to cool. Keep it well corked, and it will be ready for use at any time. (15) E. H. F. asks what preparation steam laundries use to make their goods so stiff and have such a fine gloss, and how is it used, and, if used with starch, is hot or cold starch used? A. Melt 2½ pounds of the very best A 1 paraffine wax over a slow fire. When liquefied, remove from the fire and stir in 100 drops oil of citronella. Have a lot of round new pie tins, clean and nice; place them on a level table, coat them slightly with sweet oil, and pour about six tablespoonfuls of the enamel into each tin. The pan may be floated in water to cool the contents sufficiently to permit the mixture to be cut or stamped out with a tin cutter into small cakes about the size of a peppermint lozenge. Two of these cakes added to each pint of starch will cause the smoothing iron to impart the finest possible finish to muslin or linen, besides perfuming the clothes. (16) J. T. M., Jr., asks for a tempering liquid for tempering a flat coiled spring, ⅛ of an inch thick, 1½ inches wide, 20 feet long, without drawing the temper. A. You can get a spring temper in the hardening bath. Harden in water or oil and draw temper in an iron pan of linseed oil at boiling temperature. (17) C. E. H. writes: I have nearly 1,000 feet of out-door steam pipe carried in elevated wooden boxes. What is a good and cheap pipe covering to prevent loss of heat? A. Pulverized charcoal or sawdust makes a good cheap insulation for steam pipes. The boxes should be large enough to allow 2 inches clearance all around the pipe, the latter to be retained in position by cleats. Boxes should be tight enough to prevent circulation of air. Tar the outside to make weather proof. (18) B. L. asks: 1. Is there any method for removing rust stains from white cloth or linen? A. See the table in Scientific American Supplement No. 158, for the "Removal of Stains and Grease Spots." 2. Is there any book showing how to work out chemical problems, and giving answer in the back of the book? A. Professor J. P. Cooke's "Chemical Problems and Reactions" can be sent you postpaid for $1. (19) D. B. wants a receipt for a dark cherry stain for a white pine floor. A. Use rain water 3 quarts, annatto 4 ounces; boil in a copper kettle till the annatto is dissolved, then put in a piece of potash the size of a walnut; keep it on the fire about half an hour longer, and it is ready to bottle for use. (20) J. T. S.—Engines with automatic cut-offs will run steady with variable work. If you have a governor that only controls a throttle valve, there will be a small variation of speed with as much variation in the work as you state. Much depends upon the relative amount of work absorbed by the mill and the variable machinery. TO INVENTORS. An experience of forty years, and the preparation of more than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the laws and practice on both continents, and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. A synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all foreign countries may be had on application, and persons contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices, which are low, in accordance with the times and our extensive facilities for conducting the business. Address MUNN & CO., office Scientific American , 361 Broadway, New York. INDEX OF INVENTIONS For which Letters Patent of the United States were Granted February 8, 1887, AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] Account register or coin counter, L. Benham. 357,361 Acid, concentrating sulphuric, J. B. F. Herreshoff. 357,528 Alarm. See Burglar alarm. Fire and burglar alarm. Albumen from blood, obtaining, T. Nordenfelt. 357,331 Anvil for steam hammers, A. E. Barnard. 357,546 Auger, earth, S. Albright. 357,544 Baling press, S. T. McCanless. 357,400 Bandage, suspensory, Miller & Maughmer. 357,494 Banjo, E. J. Cubley. 357,270 Basin or grease trap, settling, G. E. Waring, Jr. 357,349 Basins, alarm attachment for overflow, F. Brandt 357,307 Basket cover, A. S. Chamberlin. 357,466 Battery. See Galvanic battery. Bed bottom frames, machine for securing fabrics to, W. S. Seymour. 357,343 Bed bottom, spring, T. E. O'Brien. 357,224 Bed, sofa, G. E. Krause. 357,530 Bed, sofa, L. S. Trotter. 357,348 Bed spring, oscillating, J. R. Masters. 357,215 Bedstead fastening device, N. H. Waters. 357,252 Bee feeder, W. H. McWilliams. 357,493 Beer in fermenting tubs, apparatus for cooling, M. Gottfried. 357,196 Belt for transmitting power, F. M. Walker. 357,432 Bench. See Wash bench. Bit. See Bridle bit. Blind stop, L. T. Gulick. 357,381 Blind, window, J. Fawcett. 357,277 Boiler furnace, steam, J. R. Youart. 357,442 Bolt threading machine, J. W. Adams. 357,300 Book adjuster, I. J. Adair. 357,543 Boot and shoe uppers, device for packing, C. W. Haselton. 357,556 Boots or shoes, heel plate for, F. E. Hollenbeck. 357,386 Bottle, nursing, C. B. Wheelock. 357,439 Bottles, machine for capsuling, E. Gumbrecht. 357,315 Box. See Fare box. Bracelet, C. W. Lord. 357,326 Brake. See Car brake. Brake shoe, J. N. Mileham. 357,284 Bridle, B. S. Seaman. 357,341 Bridle bit, J. L. Murphy. 357,497 Bucket, chamber and water, L. Z. Jenkins. 357,390 Buckle, L. B. Stowell. 357,243 Bungs, machine for cutting, S. C. Chase. 357,175 Burglar alarm, electrical, G. Schleicher. 357,416 Button, M. D. Shipman. 357,237 Button, collar, L. Baer. 357,358 Buttonhole stitching machine, J. H. Reed. 357,537 Button ornamenting and engraving machine, C. R. Bannihr. 357,264 Button or stud, W. W. Covell. 357,179 Button, spring, F. W. Lynn. 357,327 Calendar, perpetual combination date, J. M. Anderson. 357,262 Cap, J. J. Seldner. 357,418 Capsules, machine for cutting off gelatine, F. A. Hubel (r). 10,807 Car brake, H. R. Wolfe. 357,257 Car brake, railway, J. L. Brown. 357,455 Car coupling, R. Bigney. 357,451 Car coupling, W. Brendon. 357,266 Car coupling, G. W. Giles. 357,477 Car coupling, S. Haltom. 357,555 Car coupling, J. Mullen. 357,496 Car coupling, W. E. Roberts. 357,504 Car coupling, C. Snyder. 357,562 Car coupling, R. S. Sumner. 357,510 Car, sleeping, G. Leve. 357,531 Car starter and brake, R. B. Avery. 357,263 Car, stock, L. Mengeler. 357,219 Car, stock, Ott & Cordray. 357,535 Cars, electro-magnetic attraction device for, J. B. Atwater. 357,516 Cardboard or pasteboard, apparatus for cutting or dividing, W. R. Bacon. 357,445 Card, game, P. K. Dealy. 357,184 Carding machines, condenser for, W. Gill. 357,478 Carriage curtain, F. A. Bradenburg. 357,265 Carriage, folding baby, C. Haller. 357,382 Carriage top, C. A. Keyser. 357,485 Carriages, canopy top for, R. F. Krause. 357,324 Carrier. See Crock carrier. Cart, road, G. W. Payne. 357,501 Cartridge loading machine, G. Burdick. 357,457 Case. See Egg case. Fishing rod case. Organ case. Pigeon hole case. Watch case. Cash carrier apparatus, S. W. Barr. 357,449 Casks, machine for pitching, T. Krausch. 357,323 Caster, furniture, L. Scofield. 357,340 Casting, manufacture of moulds for, R. Bagaley. 357,303 Chair. See Rocking chair. Tilting chair. Chair, G. Hunzinger. 357,388 Chair and lounge, combined, G. Hamel. 357,383 Chair bottom, R. Mitchell. 357,405 Check register and coin counter, V. A. Krepps. 357,557 Chimney cowl, C. W. Ackermann. 357,355 Chimney cowl and ventilator, W. B. Crowther, Sr. 357,269 Chuck, J. L. Kirkpatrick. 357,394 Chuck, lathe, J. H. Westcott. 357,437 Churn, W. H. Talley. 357,247 Cider press, J. L. Barnes. 357,448 Cigar cutter, W. H. Myers. 357,560 Clamp. See Clothes suspending clamp. Clamp, F. F. Houston. 357,387 Clamp or vise, W. H. Denney. 357,524 Clasp. See Pocket clasp. Cleaner. See Flue cleaner. Clock, programme alarm, E. Cushing. 357,373 Closet. See Earth closet. Clothes suspending clamp and tag holder, combined, Carson & Witherell. 357,464 Clothes washer, E. C. Willis. 357,441 Coffin, J. Maxwell. 357,490 Collets, machine for drilling and splitting, C. V. Woerd. 357,514 Coloring matter for dyeing by the action of tetrazo dyes with beta naphthylamine sulpho acid, red, C. Duisberg. 357,274 Coloring matter from tetrazodiphenyl, blue, C. Duisberg. 357,273 Comb. See Gauge comb. Combing machine, circular, J. W. Bradley. 357,171 Condenser, steam, J. McIntyre. 357,401 Cork fastener, W. M. Fischer. 357,311 Corn husker, A. Decker. 357,523 Corset, M. Adler. 357,356 Corset, I. W. Birdseye. 357,362 Cotton and other presses, packing attachment for, W. R. Rodgers et al . 357,232 Coupling. See Car coupling. Thill coupling. Crock carrier, G. K. Schauer. 357,339 Cuff holder, G. E. Adams. 357,167 Cultivator, S. T. Hudson. 357,202 Cultivator, W. V. Walker. 357,250 Cultivator, tongueless, H. J. Schmeiser. 357,235 Cutter. See Cigar cutter. Dental waste receptacle, T. F. Spencer. 357,421 Derrick for use on dredging machines, Butler, Jr., & Clarke. 357,520 Desk, wall, M. A. Miller. 357,533 Digger. See Mechanical digger. Potato digger. Disinfectant mixture, E. G. Xander. 357,259 Distance indicator for cabs, etc., G. B. Smith. 357,420 Doors, fastening for hinged and sliding, G. G. Smith. 357,344 Draught equalizer, D. Conover. 357,178 Draught or tug link, spring, J. T. B. Siden. 357,419 Dredging purposes, float or ponton for carrying, lines of pipes for, E. Chaquette. 357,367 Dyeing with basic aniline, Holliday & Rau. 357,281 Earth closet, J. H. Watson. 357,253 Egg case, J. R. Jones. 357,484 Electric cut-out, O. B. Shallenberger. 357,293 Electric machines, commutator for dynamo, Westinghouse, Jr., & Schmid. 357,295 Electrical distribution, W. B. Harvey. 357,280 Electro-magnetic motor, Darling & Bock, Jr. 357,374 Elevator. See Hydraulic elevator. Elevator doors, attachment for, E. P. Walker. 357,430 Engine. See Oscillating engine. Steam engine. Evaporating apparatus, A. Miller. 357,404 Evaporating apparatus, vacuum, J. H. Hancock. 367,481 Exhibitor. See Wall paper exhibitor. Fanning mill, C. Altringer. 357,261 Fare box, electrical, W. A. Crowdus. 357,372 Fare register, C. E. Pratt. 357,229 Farm gate, B. F. Ellis. 357,275 Faucet, C. H. Loper. 357,488 Faucet and filter for cans, H. H. Hull. 357,319 Feed motion, C.E. Ring. 357,415 Feed water heater, E. G. T. Colles. 357,268 Feed water purifying apparatus, I. B. McCormack. 357,328 Fence post, Gough & Speakman. 357,314 Fence post, J. J. Kimball. 357,393 Fence post base, W. W. McCallip. 357,217 Fence wires, machine for winding and tightening, W. Knapp. 357,209 Fertilizer distributer, S. H. Everett. 357,376 File, binding, J. W. Dickieson. 357,375 Filter, McLean & Cumming. 357,402 Filter, H. Roeske. 357,505 Fire and burglar alarm, combined. I. S. Bunker. 357,366 Firearm, magazine, A. Burgess, 357,458 to 357,462, 357,517 to 357,519 Firearm, repeating, C. J. Bjerkness. 357,170 Fire extinguisher, chemical, J. P. Scott. 357,292 Fishing rod case, G. Kamp. 357,206 Flatiron heater, E. A. Nelms. 357,406 Flue cleaner, C. F. W. Doehring. 357,309 Fog horn, steam, C. A. Davis. 357,469 Fork. See Saddle tree fork. Frame. See Spectacle frame. Funnel, A. Gersdorff. 357,476 Furnace. See Boiler furnace. Heating furnace. Reheating furnace. Furnaces, air feeding device for, T. W. Jenkins. 357,391 Gauge comb, O. C. Hubbell. 357,201 Galvanic battery, S. A. Chase. 357,550 Garbage receptacle, E. G. Xander. 357,258 Garments, shape retainer for the breasts of, J. Markmann. 357,397 Gas holder. C. G. Fairchild. 357,276 Gas motor, Gavillet & Martaresche. 357,193 Gate. See Farm gate. Gate, J. B. Holton. 357,529 Gate latching device, Snow & Higgins. 357,507 Glass, decorating, L. Winterhoff. 357,354 Gloves or shoes, fastening for, A. Nolte. 357,287 Governor, tread power, C. C. Smalley. 357,239 Grader and ditcher, C. Cook. 357,522 Grain winnower, C. J. Ericson. 357,525 Hame, J. E. James. 357,389 Hammers, lifting device for drop, W. S. Ward. 357,433 Hand and spring motor, combined, C. Nicholson. 357,222 Handle. See Ratchet tool handle. Tool handle. Hanger. See Picture cord and hook hanger. Harrow, F. M. Everingham. 357,377 Harrow, E. A. Grady. 357,278 Harrow, G. I. Waughtal. 357,254 Harvesters, cutting mechanism for, F. Van den Bosch. 357,512 Hat bodies, etc., felting machine for, J. T. Waring. 357,350 Hat hook, O. I. Foster. 357,192 Hat protector, M. E. C. Hopkirk. 357,200 Hat ventilator, F. C. Bowen. 357,364 Hay press, C. A. Hamilton. 357,480 Hay rake and loader, W. & B. F. Bader. 357,446 Hay rake and loader, J. T. Hart. 357,198 Head rest, Bonnell & Gilson. 357,305 Heater. See Feed water heater. Flatiron heater. Heating and ventilating apparatus, R. A. Rew. 357,411 Heating buildings, apparatus for, I. J. Ordway. 357,332 Heating furnace, air, J. Weik. 357,513 Heel strips, making, F. W. Coy. 357,552 Hinge for step ladders, A. Edmondson et al . 357,188 Hoisting and supporting device, R. F. De Grain. 357,185 Holder. See Cuff holder. Gas holder. Napkin holder. Rein holder. Hook. See Hat hook. Horse power, B. A. Lombard. 357,212 Hub attaching device, I. Johnson. 357,321 Hydraulic elevator, R. C. Smith. 357,345 Indicator. See Distance indicator. Ingot moulds, feeder for, G. Nimmo. 357,286 Joint. See Tripod joint. Kiln. See Ore roasting kiln. Knapsack reservoir, G. B. Donavin. 357,272 Knife. See Pocket knife. Knitting machine, circular, J. C. Egly. 357,472 Ladder, step, H. C. Russell. 357,233 Lamp, F. Rhind. 357,412 Lamps and lamp stoves, wick tube for, L. J. Atwood. 357,545 Lamps, switch and holder for incandescent electric, W. Hochhausen. 357,385 Latch, B. A. Stevens. 357,242 Lathes, drum for turning, G. Brenner. 357,453 Leather creasing machine, S. H. Randall. 357,230 Leather, machine for japanning and enameling, Wood & Reilly. 357,515 Life detecting and preserving apparatus, Farnham & Askew. 357,190 Lifting apparatus, J. Sargent. 357,234 Link blanks, machine for cutting and bending, H. Brauchler. 357,172 Liquid separator, centrifugal, H. F. Beimling. 357,547 Lock. See Nut lock. Lubricating composition, J. Plante. 357,227 Lubricator, E. McCoy. 357,491 Mattress, folding woven wire, Kunkel & Van Sas. 357,558 Measuring rack for goods in the piece, Newton & Ferrill. 357,534 Mechanical digger, M. R. Pryor. 357,536 Mechanical movement. E. E. Orrell. 357,499 Metal, machine for bending and upsetting, Dosme-Chatain & Guibert. 357,186 Meter. See Water meter. Milk, preparing powdered, J. Carnrick. 357,465 Mill. See Tanning mill. Mirror, hand, P. Wiederer. 357,352 Motor. See Electro-magnetic motor. Gas motor. Hand and spring motor. Steam motor. Water motor. Motor, Fisher & Hart. 357,378 Mower, Nieth & Thomas. 357,330 Multiple switch board systems, local battery circuit >for, J. A. Seely. 357,540 Multiple switch boards, metallic circuit for, J. A. Seely. 357,539 Musical instrument, V. T. Barnwell. 357,168 Musical instrument, mechanical, Racca & Seward 357,502 Napkin holder, E. Gaillac. 357,313 Nut lock, J. T. Clark. 357,467 Oliver. A. & E. Welsh. 357,255 Ore pulverizer, N. Clement. 357,369 Ore roasting kiln, H. H. Burden. 357,456 Organ case, E. H. Loring. 357,559 Oscillating engine, W. L. Todd. 357,248 Outsoles, laying. F. F. Raymond, 2d. 357,335 Paper box machines, printing mechanism for, H. P. Fiske. 357,553 Paper making machine, G. Ferguson. 357,474 Paper may be made to adhere to metal, process by which, D. Macdonald. 357,213 Pen, fountain, A. H. Cobb. 357,176 Photographic plates, apparatus for coating, Ismay & Dodds. 357,483 Piano, upright, Richardson & Warren. 357,291 Pianos, pianissimo pedal for, P. Weber. 357,436 Picture cord and hook hanger, G. B. Fowler. 357,312 Pigeonhole case, D. C. Meehan. 357,403 Pin. See Rafting boom pin. Scarf pin. Pipe moulding apparatus, J. C. McDermott. 357,492 Plane, bench, J. Brice. 357,454 Planter and marker, corn, S. Davis. 357,470 Planter, check rower corn, C. E. Sweney. 357,563 Planter, corn, F. M. H. Hempel. 357,199 Planter, corn, T. C. Young. 357,509 Plasterer's hawk, G. W. Jaques. 357,203 Plow, J. W. Allen. 357,443 Plow, T. J. Erwin. 357,526 Plow, F. Grimm. 357,279 Pneumatic dispatch tubes, automatic gate lock lock for, Bryson, Jr., & Mudge. 357,174 Pocket clasp, H. M. Welliver. 371,351 Pocket knife, J. Wiesner. 357,353 Post. See Fence post. Potato digger, W. Young. 357,260 Press. See Baling press. Cider press. Hay press. Pressure regulator, steam, J. P. Stabler. 357,422 Printing and delivery mechanism, web, L. C. Crowell. 357,551 Protector. See Hat protector. Watch protector. Puller. See Stump puller. Pulleys to shafts, securing, C. C. Smalley. 357,238 Pulp, process of and apparatus for cooking wood, C. Cornwell. 357,371 Pulverizing machine, J. B. Waring. 357,434 Pulverizing machines, feeder for, J. B. Waring. 357,435 Pump, measuring lift, L. D. & P. W. Miller. 357,285 Pumping and distributing semi-fluids or liquids holding solid matter in suspension, J. V. V. Booraem. 357,363 Rack. See Measuring rack. Radiator, heat, J. F. Keener. 357,207 Rafting boom pin, C. Buisson. 357,365 Railway rail, R. L. Harris. 357,316 Railway rails, cast iron brace chair for street. O. W. Meysenburg. 357,532 Railway signaling, electric, G. Westinghouse, Jr. 357,296 Railway switch. A. H. Ege. 357,189 Railway switch, W. Wharton, Jr. 357,438 Railway switch stand, D. H. Foreman. 357,475 Railway time signal, A. P. Odell. 357,407 Railway track, J. Lawler. 357,396 Railways, construction of, J. J. Anderson. 357,301 Rake. See Hay rake. Ram, hydraulic, J. Richards. 357,413 Ram or engine, hydraulic, W. A. Rife. 357,414 Ratchet tool handle, J. Swan. 357,245 Reaping and mowing machine, Grimes & Williams. 357,527 Register. See Account register. Check register. Fare register. Regulator. See Pressure regulator. Watch regulator. Reheating furnace for sheet iron or steel. W. H. Bailey. 357,447 Rein holder, W. Tennison. 357,427 Ring. See Sheet metal ring. Rivet receptacle, A. L. Conklin. 357,177 Riveting machine, J. F. Webster. 357,294 Rocking chair, reclining, I. W. Johnson. 357,205 Roller bearing for shafts and axles, J. Gibbons (r) 10,805 Roof, slate, W. Redett. 357,503 Saddle tree fork, R. Wines. 357,297 Sash balancing device, A. G. Johnson. 357,204 Sash, window, T. A. Sweet. 357,246 Saw gummer, E. Rogers. 357,336 Sawing machine, circular, H. M. Darling. 357,182 Scale, weighing, W. M. Taylor. 357,426 Scales, attachment for calculating, R. C. Smith. 357,346 Scarf pin, C. Huffner. 357,318 Screen. See Window screen. Screw cutting machine, H. F. Coy. 357,180 Seam pressing machine, Haselton & Felt. 357,482 Separator. See Liquid separator. Sewage or other impurities, apparatus for removing, F. Sanders. 357,338 Sewing machine, Fisher & Hart. 357,379 Sewing machine, Ramsden & Ellis. 357,334 Sewing machine driving mechanism, C. Nicholson 357,223 Sewing machines, rotary take-up for, S. W. Wardwell, Jr. 357,251 Shackle clips, manufacture of, F. P. Bates. 357,450 Shackle, spring, Bergman & Miller. 357,169 Sheathing and lath machine. E. M. Byrkit. 357,521 Sheet metal bending machine, O. Pocock. 357,228 Sheet metal, machine for shearing and bending, A. J. Duncan. 357,187 Sheet metal ring and making the same, C. C. Andrews. 357,302 Shell, C. G. Otis. 357,500 Shirt, E. A. Lehmann. 357,325 Shoe fastening, C. F. W. Seidel. 357,541 Signal. See Railway time signal. Skirt spring, dress, M. Cohn. 357,370 Snow excavator, railway, Newman & Greene. 357,498 Spade, H. C. Pittenger. 357,408 Spark arrester, J. C. Albrecht. 357,357 Spectacle frame, W. R. Johnston. 357,392 Speculum, J. W. McCall. 357,216 Spinning spindles, cap for footsteps for, Pickford & Jagger. 537,226 Spring. See Bed spring. Skirt spring. Spring jack switch, C. E. Scribner. 357,538 Square, calipers, and dividers, combined, Kline & Jadicke. 357,487 Stamp, pocket. L. Ehrlich. 357,473 Stand. See Railway switch stand. Steam engine, C. E. Robertson. 357,231 Steam engine, W. Steers. 357,423 Steam engines, reverse gear for. G. W. Cushing. 357,308 Steam motor, H. Davey. 357,468 Stone cutting saw, J. W. Maloy. 357,214 Stone flower, cut, F. Stickel. 357,425 Stoneware, etc., composition for the manufacture of, R. C. Remmey. 357,410 Stove doors, device for opening, Wood & Brown. 357,298 Street sweeper, H. Whiley. 357,440 Structure, extensible, W. W. Atkinson. 357,444 Stump puller, Tichenor & Walker. 357,347 Switch. See Railway switch. Spring jack switch. Table leaf support, G. L. Slater. 357,506 Telephone receiver, W. C. Barney. 357,360 Telephone support. S. Rosenblatt. 357,337 Telephone transmitter, W. C. Barney. 357,359 Telephone transmitter, F. Blake. 357,452 Tent. M. P. McKoon. 357,329 Thermostat, J. L. Campbell. 357,463 Thill coupling, D. Murray. 357,221 Thill coupling, J. C. Oliver. 357,225 Thrashing machine, Morgan & Tolson. 357,495 Tilting chair, C. E. Davis. 357,183 Time signals, instrument for transmitting audible, J. R. Etter. 357,310 Tires, heating, setting, and removing, Gentry & O'Brien. 357,194 Tobacco stems, machine for granulating, S. E. Hascall. 357,317 Tongue support, Van de Mark & Moore. 357,428 Tool handle for interchangeable tools, E. Walker. 357,429 Traction engine driving gear, F. M. Walker. 357,431 Transplanting trees, device for, C. D. Harsin. 357,197 Trestle tree, W. L. Bradford. 357,548 Tripod joint, F. E. Wright. 357,299 Trunk fastener, G. D. Spielman. 357,240 Tug fastener, D. T. Chambers. 357,549 Tug fastener for singletrees, D. T. Chambers. 357,368 Type writing machines, attachment for, A. B. Dick. 357,271 Valve, automatic air, H. L. Ide. 357,320 Valve, balanced slide, A. J. Stevens. 357,424 Valve for engine cylinders, relief, T. M. Fell. 357,191 Valve gear, W. Wilson. 357,256 Valve, globe, A. B. Rohney. 357,561 Valve, throttle, J. J. Tonkin. 357,511 Vehicle running gear, F. S. Seagrave. 357,417 Vehicle, spring, J. W. Brown. 357,173 Vehicle, spring propelled, D. M. Pfantz. 357,289 Velocipede, L. P. Valiquet. 357,249 Veneers, apparatus for cutting, H. B. Crandall. 357,181 Ventilator. See Hat ventilator. Violin tail piece, E. P. Jenison. 357,283 Violins, keyboard for, J. F. Poage. 357,409 Vise, pipe, C. S. Bonney. 357,306 Wagon, dumping, T. Hill. 357,384 Wall hangings and other fabrics, decorating, W. Sochefsky. 357,508 Wall paper exhibitor, J. Travis. 357,542 Wardrobe attachment, Goodrich & Corwin. 357,554 Wash bench, D. Beaudry. 357,304 Washboard plate, J. H. & O. T. Lapham. 357,211 Washer. See Clothes washer. Washing machine, J. M. Gilman. 357,479 Washing machine, Schumpe & Mollenkamp. 357,236 Washing machine, H. A. Stumpf. 357,244 Watch balances, machine for drilling and tapping, E. A. Marsh 357,398 Watch case, J. C. Landmann. 357,395 Watch case pendant, C. K. Giles. 357,195 Watch protector, M. Marx. 357,399 Watch regulator, A. Platt. 357,333 Watch, stem winding, E. Kuhn. 357,210 Watch, stem winding and setting, J. Johnson. 357,322 Water closets and other sanitary appliances, flushing apparatus for, O. J. McGann. 357,218 Water meter, rotary, L. H. Nash (r). 10,806 Water motor, W. J. Mingle. 357,220 Water pipes from freezing, device for preventing, F. Steinkoenig. 357,241 Wheel. See Wind wheel. Wind wheel, W. Ecker. 357,471 Wind wheel, H. C. Hutchinson. 357,282 Windmill attachment, automatic, M. Oppenheimer. 357,288 Windmill tower, C. B. Putnam. 357,290 Window screen, J. A. Bryan. 357,267 Wire covering machine, D. Macduff. 357,489 Wire fabrics, machine for weaving coiled, W. S. Seymour. 357,342 Wire springs, machine for making coiled, W. L. Goddard. 357,380 Wool for spinning, preparing, P. L. Klein. 357,486 Yarn dresser, W. S. Kenyon. 357,208 DESIGNS. Bridle front, F. M. Livingston. 17,094 to 17,096 Casket lid, J. Maxwell. 17,108 Corsets, ornamentation of, C. A. Griswold. 17,088 Glassware, ornamentation of, D. Forbes. 17,086 Hat rack, J. K. Palmenberg. 7,098 Knitted fabric, J. H. Osborne. 17,097 Lamp burner, L. Henkle. 17,090 Purse, I. Heymann. 17,107 Quilted fabric, A. Hildt. 17,092, 17,093 Rug, G. B. Fox. 17,087 Rug, J. Pegel. 17,099, 17,100 Starching machines, frame for, F. M. Watkins. 17,105 Statuary, group of, J. Rogers. 17,102 Statue, P. Dumont. 17,106 Stove rail, J. A. Price. 17,101 Target, flying, A. H. Hebbard. 17,089 Toy savings bank, Shepard & Adams. 17,103 Type, font of printing script, C. E. Heyer. 17,091 Watch case, F. Rapp. 17,109 Watch case, P. Stucker. 17,104 TRADE MARKS. Copies, apparatus for producing transferred, O. Lelm. 14,067 Crackers, biscuits, and kindred articles, C. D. Boss & Son. 14,049 Crackers, soda, Dozier-Weyl Cracker Company. 14,053 Electromotor necklaces for teething children, Gehrig Gebruder. 14,054 Face powder, C. L. Diehl. 14,052 Fertilizer, bone phosphate. Lancaster Chemical Company. 14,056 Flavoring extracts, M. Michaelis & Son. 14,068 Floor covering, Corticine Floor Covering Company. 14,050 Flour, wheat, H. C. Cole & Co. 14,063 Gloves, kid, V. X. Jouvin. 14,055 Heating by hot water, apparatus for, Gurney Hot Water Heater Company. 14,064 Jewelry and silverware, S. F. Myers & Co. 14,059 Liniment, Staats Pine Liniment Company. 14,061 Liniment, liquid, T. Tindale. 14,062 Medicinal preparation in the form of a lotion, Lynde & Hough. 14,065 Milk, condensed, N. Y. Condensed Milk Company. 14,051 Mitts, gloves, hose, and hand and arm coverings, A. G. Jennings & Sons. 14,066 Pantaloons, E. F. Miller. 14,058 Preservative liquids, Avenarius Brothers. 14,048 Soap, laundry and toilet, C. F. Miller. 14,057 Stove polish, F. H. Schweizer. 14,060

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