America's Munitions 1917-1918

CHAPTER V.

EXPLOSIVES, PROPELLANTS, AND ARTILLERY AMMUNITION. HIGH EXPLOSIVE NOSE FUSE SHELL 75M/M TYPE Detonator (explosive) Bourrelet Explosive charge (T. N. T.) or (Amatol) Smokeless powder Primer (brass) Adapter (steel) Percussion fuse Booster case, or Jacket, or Gaine. (cold drawn or pressed steel-machined) Copper band or rotating band Cartridge case (drawn brass) GIRLS LOADING POINT-DETONATING FUSES FOR HIGH-EXPLOSIVE SHELL IN BODY-MACHINING DEPARTMENT OF A LOADING PLANT. The explosion of an H. E. shell is really a series of explosions. The process of the burst is about as follows: The firing pin strikes the percussion primer, which explodes the detonator. The detonator is filled with some easily detonated substance, such as fulminate of mercury. The concussion of this explosion sets off the charge held within the long tube which extends down the middle of the shell and which is known as the booster. The booster charge is a substance easily exploded, such as tetryl or trinitroaniline (T. N. A.). The explosion of the booster jars off the main charge of the shell, T. N. T. or amatol. This system of detonator, booster, and main charge gives control of the explosives within the shell, safety in handling the shell, and complete explosion when the shell bursts. Without the action of the booster charge on the main charge of the shell, the latter would be only partially burned when the shell exploded, and part of the main charge would thus waste itself in the open air. The shell used by our Army before the war had been largely of the base-fuse type. Interchangeability of ammunition with the French required that we adopt shell of the nose-fuse type. The boosters and adapters that went with this type were unfamiliar to our industry. The adapter is the metallic device that holds the booster and fuse and fastens them in the shell. The adapter, therefore, is a broad ring, screw-threaded both outside and inside. The inside diameter is uniform, so as to allow the same size of booster and fuse to be screwed into shell of different sizes. The outside diameters of the adapters vary with the sizes of the shell they are made to fit, the rings thus being thicker or thinner as the case may require. Fuses of several sorts are employed by the modern artillerist; and with shell equipped with adapters, any fuse may be inserted in the field right at the gun. Unexpectedly the manufacture of boosters and adapters proved to be much more difficult than it appeared to be at the start, and the shortage of these devices was a limiting factor in the American production of shell. On May 1, 1917, drawings and specifications were sent to the principal manufacturers of ammunition and ammunition components inviting bids on 3-inch ammunition. These bids were opened on May 15, 1917, and after full discussion with the Council of National Defense orders were placed for 9,000,000 rounds of 3-inch shell and shrapnel ammunition. The bids for shell and shrapnel ammunition for all the other calibers of guns and howitzers we had on hand then were about to be asked, when the French mission to this country arrived; and the sending out of proposals was deferred, while discussion ensued as to changing our 3-inch and 6-inch artillery to 75-millimeter and 155-millimeter calibers, so as to make our ammunition interchangeable with that of the French. This decision was made June 5, 1917. There then took place much discussion and consideration of the French ammunition. The French had several distinct types of shell, ranging from the very thin walled high capacity kind to the thicker walled types. The French specifications were radically different from our own or those of the British. The steel shell in the French practice was subjected to a drastic heat treatment, which did not seem necessary to us for the thicker walled types of shell. The French fusing system also was entirely different from that used by our service. French fuses were carried separately, and the adapter and the booster casing were screwed permanently into the shell. Our decision to adopt French types of ammunition made it necessary to rearrange all our plans, and to obtain drawings of the shell, boosters, adapters, and fuses from France. This caused much negotiating, and a considerable amount of time was consumed in getting the necessary specifications and drawings here. As a result of recommendations from French officials against production in this country during 1917 of the so-called " obus allongé " and the semisteel type of shell, no attempt was made to produce these for the 155-millimeter guns and howitzers during the first year of the war, but as a result of new recommendations and investigations of our officers in France in the spring of 1918 both of these types of shell were put into quantity production here. When the armistice was signed they were being turned out in such quantities that it appeared that there was sure to be an ample supply on hand in the early spring of 1919. Radical differences of manufacture existed between the French and British in the matter of specifications and methods of production. Large quantities of British ammunition had been made in this country, and we had adopted the British 8-inch howitzer, so that it appeared we should use British practice in the manufacture of shell. Manufacturers claimed that great delay would result in the production of shell here if the heat treatment and hydraulic tests were insisted upon as the French specifications called for, and investigation proved this to be essentially true, as no facilities for heat treating and hydraulic testing existed. The upshot of the entire matter was that it was decided to use French dimensions and shell for the 75-millimeter and 155-millimeter calibers so as to obtain uniformity of ballistics, but to permit American metallurgical practice to obtain in the manufacture. Shells made under these specifications were tested by the French commission in France. The verdict on these shell can be summarized in this quotation from their report: To sum up, from the test of 10,000 cartridges of 75 millimeter, it may be concluded that American ammunition is in every way comparable to French ammunition and that the two may be considered as interchangeable. Our designs for shrapnel and time fuses had been proven to be entirely satisfactory, and they were continued as they were. In fact it was generally agreed that ours was the best time fuse used on the allied side during the war. That our decision in the matter of continuing production of shrapnel and time fuses was warranted, is borne out by the fact that we obtained early deliveries in sufficient quantities to meet requirements. In the use of the adapters and boosters, which introduced an entirely new component to our service in shell making, we had had no experience, and subsequently met with great difficulties due to this lack of experience. Delays were encountered because in this part of shell manufacture it was generally necessary to await information from France whenever difficulties were encountered, or to conduct experiments before we could proceed. When we began receiving our bids for 3-inch gun ammunition there were comparatively few factories in the United States that were able to turn out complete rounds of ammunition. There were many factories, however, capable of turning out one or more of the shell components. It was necessary to place orders for complete rounds of ammunition with those factories that could furnish them, and have the remaining components manufactured separately, and to provide assembling plants. To get as many factories as possible on a production basis in anticipation of the future large orders for ammunition that must necessarily follow with extension of operations by our field forces, orders for our initial quantities of ammunition were distributed as widely as possible. To prevent confusion and loss of time because of the scramble for steel forgings and other raw materials it was decided that the Government would purchase all raw materials as well as furnish components for ammunition. How successful we were in getting into quantity production on ammunition after the numerous and large obstacles in the early months of the war can be indicated best by the fact that of the 11,616,156 high-explosive shell for 75-millimeter guns machined up to November 1, no less than 2,893,367 passed inspection in October; while of the 7,345,366 adapters and boosters for 75-millimeter guns that had been machined up to the 1st of November, 2,758,397 passed inspection in October. The figures for the 4.7-inch and 155-millimeter guns and howitzers follow: Kind of ammunition. Machined high-explosive shell accepted up to Nov. 1. Machined adapters and boosters accepted up to Nov. 1. 4.7-inch 994,852 [20] 636,096 155-millimeter 2,083,782 2,516,216 [20] For use in 4.7-inch and other sizes. Ammonium picrate or explosive D upon which this country had depended almost entirely up to the time of our entry into the war was forced into the shell under hydraulic pressure. The adoption of the point-fused shell and an explosive for shell filling new to this country, namely, amatol, made necessary the provision of new methods for shell loading and the expansion of plant facilities for these new methods capable of loading the vast and tremendous numbers of shell required in modern warfare. As a result of reports, following investigations by our officers of methods used abroad, various new shell-loading plants were built in the United States. The names, location, and output of the shell-loading plants in our country are as follows: Company. Location. Total capacity daily (shell). T. A. Gillespie Loading Co. Morgan, N. J. 47,000 Do. Parlin, N. J. 25,000 Do. Runyon, N. Y. 3,500 Poole Engineering & Machine Co. Texas, Md. 15,000 United States Arsenal Rock Island, Ill. 1,000 Sterling Motor Car Co. Brockton, Mass. 10,000 American Can Co. Kenilworth, N. J. 20,000 Atlantic Loading Co. Amatol, N. J. 53,500 Bethlehem Loading Co. Mays Landing, N. J. 41,000 Do. New Castle, Del. 27,400 Do. Redington, Pa. 4,000 du Pont Engineering Co. Penniman, Va., G plant 41,000 Do. Penniman, Va., D plant 13,330 J. D. Evans Engineer Corp. Old Bridge, N. J. 30,000 Total 331,730 It was found necessary in the early stages of the war to fill all shell with T. N. T., regardless of cost, until there could be built the required and properly equipped plants for the mixing and loading of amatol. Two methods for loading T. N. T. were adopted. The one most largely used, however, was the casting method by which the chemical was brought to a molten condition in a steam jacketed kettle and poured into the shell. To do this two operations were usual. First, the shell was filled approximately two-thirds full with the molten material, and then as soon as a crust was formed this was broken through and the second filling took place. This process was necessary to prevent the formation of cavities in the filling charge. Such cavities cause breakdowns, resulting almost invariably in incomplete or entire failure of detonation. The ammonium nitrate first produced in this country during the war was of such a character that proper densities could not be obtained when mixed with T. N. T. to form amatol. This difficulty was overcome after much investigation, and proper methods were outlined for the ammonium nitrate manufacturers, with the result that Grade III ammonium nitrate was produced as a sharp, hard crystal at a setting point of not less than 290° F. This was found to be perfectly satisfactory. EIGHT-INCH SHELL BEING LOADED WITH AMATOL. View of extruding machine bulkhead in background. MARK V FUSE ASSEMBLY. This picture shows two complete units for this assembly work. The operation begins in the foreground with cap assembly and progresses toward background, the fulminate detonator being inserted midway down table. The protecting bulkhead for cap supply is shown in the foreground. The so-called 50-50 amatol, composed of 50 parts ammonium nitrate and 50 parts T. N. T., is loaded into shell by a casting method similar to that used in loading T. N. T. alone. The so-called 80-20 amatol, composed of 80 parts ammonium nitrate and 20 parts T. N. T., was originally loaded cold, by hand, and then followed up with mechanical pressing. As a substitute for this method, which is accompanied by a certain element of danger, the use of hot 80-20 amatol, was resorted to in England. This was tamped by hand to the proper density, it being more compressible than cold amatol. As this is an exceedingly tedious method of operation it was entirely done away with in England, except for large shell, by the use of what is known as the horizontal extruding machine. With this machine the British were able to load 80-20 amatol with great success into the 75-millimeter shell and higher calibers up to 8 inches. This machine took a mixture of T. N. T. and ammonium nitrate in a jacketed hopper, so that the temperature might be maintained, and the hopper fed it down through a funnel upon a screw that was placed against the shell by counterweights to give the proper density. One of these machines was imported here from England, but, as it was unsatisfactory from a construction standpoint, new and satisfactory machines were built on the same principles of construction in our own amatol loading plants. Experimental work with these machines was carried on at the Government testing station Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., and the du Pont Experimental Station, Gibbstown, N. J., as well as experimental plant operations at the Morgan plant of the T. A. Gillespie Co., Parlin, N. J., and the Penniman plant of the du Pont Co., Penniman, Va. All difficulties of the operations were overcome so satisfactorily that the greater portion of the loaded shell was produced by this method. The metal parts as received at the shell-filling plant are inspected and cleaned to remove all traces of foreign matter such as grit or grease before being sent to the loading room. After being loaded the shell are again inspected. At intervals a split shell is loaded and then taken apart and examined, so that any loading defects may be found quickly and conditions remedied, before any large quantities of shell are produced. The cavity left in the amatol by the tube of the extruding machine is filled with molten T. N. T., and a cavity is produced in this T. N. T. into which the booster fits. This is necessary in order to provide for complete detonation. The booster cavity is produced either by the use of a former, which upon removal leaves a cavity of the proper size, or by plunging the booster into the shell filling before this is cooled, or by drilling out a cavity for the booster after the filling has been thoroughly cooled. A large number of rounds of ammunition of all calibers had also to be loaded with a flashless compound that was inserted in the propelling charges, so that the discharge of the guns would not betray their positions to the enemy at night, while a smoke compound was inserted in a large quantity of shell so that each missile of this character might be located after firing to determine the accuracy of the shot. Coordination of manufacture of metallic parts so as to cause the proper quantities of shell, fuse, and boosters to be produced without leaving any incomplete rounds that would have to be held awaiting other components caused the greatest difficulty. The magnitude of the task of providing the necessary shell components in the tremendous quantities required can be better appreciated by a realization of the fact that the various parts of each component must be made to fit each other properly and perfectly. Gauging had to be resorted to frequently in the process of manufacture to make certain that there was perfect interchangeability of parts of each component to prevent any waste of time in selecting parts to fit each other. The complete components, too, must themselves be made with equal care and scrupulous attention to make certain that they fit properly. Thus, the booster had to be made in such a fashion and with such precision and accuracy that it would fit perfectly into the shell as well as into the booster cavity in the shell filling into which it is screwed and also at the same time accommodate the fuse which screws into the booster. This extreme accuracy made necessary a large number of gauges, which had to be designed at the same time as, and in coordination with, the design of the component. For example, in a complete round of artillery ammunition, 80 dimensions must be gauged. To standardize the gauges used for these 80 dimensions, 180 master gauges are required, while the actual number of different gauges used during the various stages of manufacture of a complete round is over 500. Government inspectors required over 200 gauges in their work of inspecting and gauging the finished components for the shell, so in all about 800 gauges were used in the process of manufacturing a complete round of artillery ammunition, to insure interchangeability of parts, proper fit for the projectile in the gun, and perfect functioning of the various parts. LOADING SMOKELESS POWDER. Notice safety door at the girl's elbow. A flash in this room will not communicate to an adjoining room. The room is heated by overhead hot-air heating system. FULMINATE COMPOSITION CHARGING, STEEL SHIELD, WITH WINDOW OF HEAVY GLASS TO THE RIGHT. Girl operating the same device on the left. The view shows the bulkhead between the operations. SHELL PAINTING. This view shows the exhaust hood open and turntable lowered. Operator raises turntable by foot lever and closes hood before spraying. GENERAL VIEW OF SHELL-PAINTING ROOM. Shell is received on the elevated platform and trucked to the edge on hand trucks, where the trolley hook just enters the eyebolt as shell is removed from truck, thus making it unnecessary to lift the shell during any operation in this room. All fixed ammunition was assembled at the shell-filling plants, making it necessary to install at these points storage capacity and equipment to handle the propellant powder as well as to fill the high-explosive shell. Boosters and fuses were loaded at separate plants and shipped to the shell-filling assembly places to be packed for shipment with the shell for transportation overseas. The cost of a loaded 75-millimeter shell with the fuse and propellant charge ready to be fired is about $11. Such a shell contains a little over 1½ pounds of high explosive, which costs $1. The loading and assembling of the complete round costs $4. A loaded 155-millimeter shell complete with fuse costs about $30, exclusive of the propellant charge of powder, which is loaded separately. A shell of this caliber holds about 14¼ pounds of high explosive, which costs $10, while the loading and assembling costs $4. The 75-millimeter and 155-millimeter shell were used in the greatest quantities on the European battle fields, and at the time of the signing of the armistice our American loading plants were concentrating on filling ammunition for guns of these two calibers. The nature of the work carried on at these shell-loading plants, of course, made the danger of a disaster ever present. Prior to our entry into the war an explosion at the Canadian Car & Foundry Co.'s plant, Kingsland, N. J., resulted in the entire destruction of the plant with large loss of life. In October, 1918, the Morgan plant of the T. A. Gillespie Co., South Amboy, N. J., was wiped out by an explosion in which about 100 employees lost their lives. Plans for rebuilding this plant, had progressed far when the armistice was signed. In the fall of 1917, 40 people were killed in an explosion at the Eddystone Loading Plant, Eddystone, Pa. For the successful carrying out of our program for the production of vast quantities of explosives and propellants, as well as shell loading, the women of America must be given credit, on account of the highly important part they took in this phase of helping to win the war. Fully 50 per cent of the number of employees in our explosive plants were women, who braved the dangers connected with this line of work, to which they had been, of course, entirely unaccustomed, but whose perils were not unknown to them. In connection with the production of shell themselves, the American Ordnance Department adopted certain changes of design which were not only radically different from what we had known before the war but were interesting for the way in which they were brought about and for the results they accomplished. The modern shell as we knew it before the war was simply a metal cylinder cut off squarely at the base and roundly blunted at the nose. The shell is zoned with a so-called rotating ring, a circular band of copper which by engaging the rifling channels of the gun gives to the shell the whirl that keeps it from tumbling over and over and thus holds it accurately on its course in flight. In the proof-firing of the 6-inch seacoast guns it was discovered that their fire was none too accurate; and the American ordnance engineers began studying the shell to see if the fault lay there. One of these experts was Maj. F. R. Moulton, who before accepting a commission in the Army had been professor of astronomy at the University of Chicago. Maj. Moulton began a study of the 6-inch shell; and soon it was discovered that the mathematics which could chart the orbits of comets could also deal with the flight of projectiles, calculate the influences of air resistance and gravitation, and eventually work out new, scientific contours for offsetting these influences as much as possible. Maj. Moulton first dealt with the inaccuracy of our 6-inch shell. He discovered the cause in the rotating band. Although but a slight portion of this band was upraised above the surface of the shell's circumference, yet the enormous force exerted upon the projectile to start it from the gun actually caused the cold copper to "flow" backward. The result was that when the shell emerged from the muzzle of the gun it bore around its sides an entirely unsuspected and undesirable flange. This flange not only shortened the range of the shell by offering resistance to the air, but it was seldom uniform all the way around, a condition giving rise to the idiosyncracies of our 6-inch shell as they were fired at the target. The remedy for this was a redesigned rotating band, making it somewhat thicker in front. The "flow" of the copper could thus be accommodated without causing any detrimental distortion to the projectile. When this improvement was made the 6-inch shell became as accurate as any. But Maj. Moulton was to make an even greater contribution to the 6-inch shell. This shell, like those of our other types, was square ended at the base. Maj. Moulton in his new design tapered in the sides somewhat, making the shell "boat ended." He elongated the nose, bringing it out to a much sharper point. The result was the first American "streamline" design for a shell. Shell of this new model were built experimentally and tested. The 6-inch gun could fire its old shell 17,000 yards, while the streamline shell went 4,000 or 5,000 yards farther—2 or 3 miles added to the range of an already powerful weapon by the application of brains and mathematics. Figure 10. Improvement of Field Guns Since the Napoleonic Wars. MUZZLE VELOCITY. Type. Date. Feet per second. Early rifled guns 1863-1870 ██████████████████████ 1090 Later rifled guns 1870-1893 ██████████████████████████████ 1466 Early quick firers About 1900 ██████████████████████████████████ 1696 Modern quick firers 1914-1918 ████████████████████████████████████ 1770 RANGE WITH SHRAPNEL. Smooth bores 1815-1850 ████ 1257 Early rifled guns 1863-1870 ██████ 2004 Later rifled guns 1870-1893 ████████████ 4120 Early quick firers About 1900 ██████████████████ 6160 Modern quick firers 1914-1918 ███████████████████ 6500 RANGE WITH SHELL. Smooth bores 1815-1850 █████ 1670 Early rifled guns 1863-1870 ████████████ 3965 Later rifled guns 1870-1893 ██████████████████ 6168 Early quick firers About 1900 ██████████████████████ 7340 Modern quick firers 1914-1918 █████████████████████████ 8500 With streamline shell 1918-19 ████████████████████████████████████ 12130 The limiting factor in the development of light field guns has always been the continuous hauling power of 6 horses, which is about 4,000 pounds. The gun has been as powerful as possible within the limits of this weight, which includes the carriage and limber as well as the cannon itself. Improved technique and materials have reduced the necessary weight of the cannon from 1,650 pounds in 1815 to about 800 pounds to-day, permitting the use of weight for recoil mechanism and shield of armor plate without exceeding the limit. The 800-pound nickel-steel gun of 1918 fires as heavy a projectile (12-15 pounds) as the 1,650-pound bronze gun of the Napoleonic wars. The improved material permits a more powerful propellant charge, which results in greater muzzle velocity, a flatter trajectory, and longer maximum range. The latter is due in part also to improved shapes of projectiles and the introduction of rifling. The efficiency of artillery is further increased by the introduction of high-explosive bursting charge. The modern 75-millimeter shell contains about 1.76 pounds of high explosive as against about 0.5 pound of black powder in shell prior to 1893. The French were experimenting with streamline shell. We adopted the French streamline 75-millimeter shell and put it into production, calling it our Mark IV shell. Our regular 75-millimeter shell, known as the Mark I 1900 shell, had a maximum range of 9,000 yards. The Mark IV shell proved to have a maximum range of 12,130 yards, giving an increase in range of well over a mile. America up to April 3, 1919, turned out about 524,000 of these streamline shell. The French also built shell of semisteel, steel to which iron was added. It was claimed that these shell, by bursting into fine fragments upon exploding, were more effective against troops than all-steel shell, because the fragments of the latter were larger. We adopted this shell also and produced it experimentally. In contour it was a compromise between the old cylindrical shell and the extreme streamline type and was easier to make than the latter. Artillery ammunition, complete rounds—Acceptances in United States and Canada on U. S. Army orders only. [Figures in thousands of rounds.] To Jan. 1. 1918 Total. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Calibers for American Expeditionary Force program. 75-mm. gun H. E. 235 287 809 1,168 1,122 1,175 790 5,586 75-mm. gun shrapnel 20 121 124 483 888 1,011 1,049 730 732 802 1,057 812 738 8,567 75-mm. gun gas 188 164 213 15 580 75-mm. A. A. shrapnel 92 97 185 134 126 634 3-inch A. A. shrapnel 11 59 2 72 4.7-inch gun H. E. 32 45 43 46 166 4.7-inch gun, shrapnel 9 9 14 17 18 23 35 23 38 29 28 15 19 277 5-inch S. C. gun H. E. 7 5 12 6-inch S. C. gun H. E. 2 1 36 23 62 155-mm. gun H. E. [21] 9 33 51 98 155-mm. howitzer H. E. [21] 11 113 193 119 173 140 749 155-mm. shrapnel 12 22 66 41 93 234 8-inch howitzer H. E. 91 8 99 9.2-inch howitzer H. E. 13 8 24 3 48 240-mm. howitzer H. E. 2 2 8-inch S. C. gun H. E. 20 11 31 10-inch S. C. gun H. E. 20 50 4 11 85 Total [22] 29 [22] 130 [22] 138 [22] 500 [22] 906 [22] 1,034 1,321 1,051 1,984 2,548 3,062 2,570 2,024 17,297 Calibers for use in United States only. 2.95-inch mountain gun H. E. 22 22 2.95-inch mountain gun shrapnel 37 9 14 2 62 3-inch F. G. H. E. 333 73 212 142 128 95 3 1 84 1,071 3-inch F. G. shrapnel 957 164 231 174 55 60 15 1,656 3.8-inch howitzer H. E. 3 3 2 2 1 11 3.8-inch howitzer shrapnel 12 1 13 4.7-inch howitzer H. E. 14 4 5 1 1 1 1 12 39 4.7-inch howitzer shrapnel 4 23 5 8 10 10 60 6-inch howitzer H. E. 20 1 3 24 35 83 6-inch howitzer shrapnel 1 3 4 Total 1,398 246 448 342 224 160 20 34 107 10 10 22 3,021 Grand total 1,427 376 586 842 1,130 1,194 1,341 1,085 2,091 2,558 1,072 2,592 2,024 20,318 [21] All thick walled type; not all supplied with fuses. [22] Shrapnel only. The following table lists the name of each manufacturer of the various types and sizes of shell for big guns and states the quantity turned out by each: Contractor. Forgings. Machinings. Quantity ordered to Nov. 1, 1918. Quantity accepted to Nov. 1, 1918. Quantity ordered to Nov. 1, 1918. Quantity accepted to Nov. 1, 1918. 3-inch antiaircraft high-explosive shell. Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 1,938,806 135,435 John Inglis Co., Toronto, Ontario 500,000 131,542 Saskatchewan Bridge & Iron Works, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan 84,000 West Shell & Box Co., North Edmonton, Alberta 83,000 Manitoba B. & I. Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba 83,000 Medicine Hat P. & B. Co., Medicine Hat, Alberta 83,000 Dominion Bridge Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba 84,000 Salisbury Wheel & Axle Co., Jamestown, N. Y. 500,000 1,097 3-inch antiaircraft shrapnel. Symington Machine Corporation, Rochester, N. Y. 1,052,099 1,013,199 1,000,000 1,000,000 75-millimeter antiaircraft high-explosive shell. Moline Forge Co., Moline, Ill. 939,866 540,532 Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich. 225,000 Spencer Engine Co., Toledo, Ohio 500,000 28,293 Chamberlain Machine Works, Waterloo, Iowa 365,000 23,669 75-millimeter antiaircraft shrapnel. Symington Manufacturing Co., Rochester, N. Y. 672,625 672,625 672,625 672,625 75-millimeter gas and high-explosive shell. T. A. Gillespie, Parlin, N. J. 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,977,149 American International Corporation, New York City 3,000,000 2,433,438 American Can Co., New York City 7,000,000 2,563,151 4,000,000 399,728 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 12,000,000 4,455,090 Valley Forge Co., Verona, Pa. 4,000,000 880,263 New York Air Brake Co., New York City 2,000,000 192,774 1,300,000 17,652 Worthington Pump Machine Co., New York City 2,650,000 1,473,929 2,660,000 634,159 The Canadian Allis-Chalmers Co., Toronto, Ontario 2,267,062 1,802,117 435 140,647 Canada Car & Foundry Co., Montreal, Quebec 1,656,302 1,592,877 A. P. Smith Co., Orange, N. J. 125,000 S. A. Wood Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. 1,500,000 405,344 Vermont Farm Machine Co., Bellows Falls, Vt. 750,000 188,300 American Machinery Corporation, Port Huron, Mich. 200,000 Consolidated Car Heating Co., Albany, N. Y. 810,000 181,885 Wire Wheel Corporation, Springfield, Mass. 300,000 71,239 The Canadian Crocker Wheeler, St. Catherines, Ontario 475,000 160,935 Lachine Manufacturing Co., Lachine, Quebec 660,000 255,264 The Electric Steel & Metal Co., Welland, Ontario 11,458 11,458 J. Bertram & Co., Dundas, Ontario 100,000 51,141 Canadian Fairbanks Morse, Toronto 1,584,548 1,377,800 W. H. Banfield & Sons, Toronto 1,620,000 670,000 Canadian Bridge Co., Walkerville, Ontario 1,450,000 456,993 Canadian Metal Co., Toronto 3,250,000 1,154,371 Goldie & McCullough, Galt, Ontario 1,100,000 921,206 410,000 61,476 John Inglis Co., Toronto 1,700,000 775,033 75,000 42,400 Cluff Ammunition Co., Toronto 600,000 509,343 G. W. McFarland Engineering Co., Paris, Ontario 1,500,000 285,335 Dayton, Ohio, Products Co., New York City 3,500,000 732,842 E. W. Bliss Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1,300,000 701,804 Lymburner (Ltd.) Co., Montreal, Quebec 800,000 630,978 2,474,000 1,126,556 Moline Forging & Machining Co., Moline, Ill. 1,500,000 471,281 Laconia Car Co., Laconia, N. H. 550,000 Symington Machine Co., Rochester, N. Y. 4,025,000 6,025,000 1,200,686 Roberts Filter Co., Darby, Pa. 600,000 151,975 Auto Transportation Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 350,000 107,441 Dominion Bridge Co., Montreal, Quebec 795,000 301,144 Canadian Ingersoll Rand Co., Sherbrooke, Quebec 1,100,000 290,431 Steel Co. of Canada, Brantford, Ontario 515,000 162,399 Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 1,520,000 347,635 Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich. 775,000 67,570 Maxwell Motor Co., Detroit, Mich. 800,000 61,761 Batavia Steel Products, Batavia, N. Y. 1,175,000 311,417 Wheeling Mold & Foundry, Wheeling, W. Va. 500,000 118,496 Eddystone Munitions, Eddystone, Pa. 1,000,000 190,100 Lachine Manufacturing Co., Lachine, Quebec The International Clay & Machine, Dayton, Ohio 124,000 3,812 Smead & Co., Jersey City, N. J. 1,100,000 246,841 Manufacturing Production Co., Dayton, Ohio 1,600,000 340,885 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, Ill. 250,000 132,321 Mueller Manufacturing Co., Port Huron, Mich. 500,000 78,300 The Westfield Manufacturing Co., Westfield, Mass. 1,740,000 413,578 The Platt Iron Works, Dayton, Ohio 1,600,000 170,312 The Mueller Metal Co., Wayne, Mich. 750,000 75-millimeter field-gun shrapnel. American Can Co., New York City 969,039 969,039 904,067 904,067 Eddystone Munitions Co., Eddystone, Pa. 769,961 769,961 750,000 750,000 Bartlett-Hayward Co., Baltimore, Md. 6,565,519 4,272,900 6,200,000 3,492,863 Symington Machine Co., Rochester, N. Y. 5,459,378 4,868,942 8,375,000 3,329,025 Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 650,000 4,713 750,000 4,713 Laconia Car Co., Laconia, N. H. 450,000 369,483 Bossert Corporation, Utica, N. Y. 200,000 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 2,285,000 10,000 Canada Forge Co., Welland, Ontario 730,000 The Liberty Ordnance Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 1,000,000 27,000 155-millimeter howitzer high-explosive shell, Mark I, type B. Whittaker Glessner, Portsmouth, Ohio 130,000 137,406 American Rolling Mills, Middletown, Ohio 100,000 49,785 Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh Pa. 600,000 552,867 American Car & Foundry Co., New York City 2,800,000 1,110,964 New York Air Brake Co., New York City 350,000 1,158 138,316 Wm. Wharton Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 280,000 61,224 Standard Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 450,000 Standard Forging Co., Chicago, Ill. 21,141 Curtis & Co., Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 500,000 404,645 American Steel Foundry Co., Chicago, Ill. 412,042 412,042 Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 130,000 130,000 Detroit Shell Co., Detroit, Mich. 500,000 45,563 J. J. Cavrick, Batavia, N. Y. 300,000 92,974 Standard Sanitary Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 600,000 94,409 Potter & Johnson, Pawtucket, R. I. 175,000 North American Motor Co., Pottstown, Pa. 30,000 29,446 Minneapolis Steel & Machine Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 400,000 245,344 W. J. Oliver Manufacturing Co., Knoxville, Tenn. 130,000 88,662 Twin City Forge & Foundry Co., Stillwater, Minn. 600,000 54,483 Winslow Bros. Co., Chicago, Ill. 600,000 176,081 American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., New York City 750,000 184,697 American Clay & Machine Co., Bucyrus, Ohio 700,000 Elyria Machine Co., Elyria, Ohio 100,000 32,139 American Machine & Manufacturing Co., Atlanta, Ga. 240,000 75,063 Haroun Motor Corporation, Wayne, Mich. 200,000 23,899 Wagner Electric Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 300,000 12,569 155-millimeter howitzer high-explosive shell, Mark IV, type D. National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 800,000 48,263 P. Lyall & Sons, Montreal, Quebec 400,000 4,774 150,000 2,559 National Iron Works, Toronto, Ontario 400,000 9,137 Dominion Steel Foundry, Hamilton, Ontario 400,000 23,270 Studebaker Corporation, Detroit, Mich. 800,000 800,000 Fairfax Forge Co., Montreal, Quebec 400,000 150,000 Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1,000,000 15,122 Cleveland Crane Co., Wickliffe, Ohio 500,000 Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem, Pa. 600,000 139,103 G. W. McFarland, Paris, Ontario 370,000 521 LaClede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. 850,000 850,000 Standard Forging Co., Chicago, Ill. 500,000 Whittaker Glessner Co., Portsmouth, Ohio 900,000 31,909 Curtis & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 130,000 Warden King & Co., Montreal, Quebec 180,000 John Inglis Co., Toronto, Ontario 400,000 Canada Iron Foundry Co., Montreal, Quebec 100,000 100,000 Cluff Ammunition Co., Toronto, Ontario 500,000 Taylor Forbes (Ltd.), Toronto, Ontario 90,000 Moon Motor Co., St. Louis, Mo. 200,000 Standard Sanitary, Pittsburgh, Pa. 150,000 Holden Morgan Thread Co., Toronto, Ontario 100,000 E. Leonard & Sons, London, Ontario 80,000 Otis Fenson Elevator Co., Hamilton, Ontario 200,000 Dominion Copper Products, Montreal, Quebec 150,000 2,056 Caron Bros., Montreal, Quebec 125,000 235 Potter & Johnson, Pawtucket, R. I. 350,000 Biscoe Motor, Jackson, Mich. 325,000 Hudson Motor, Detroit, Mich. 400,000 Munition & M. N. (Ltd.), Sorel 50,000 John Bartram Sons, Dundas, Ontario 450,000 155-millimeter howitzer gas shell. American Rolling Mills, Middletown, Ohio 500,000 492,399 Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 120,000 96,799 American Radiator Co., Washington, D. C. 625,000 500 416,667 Wilson Foundry & Machine Co., Pontiac, Mich. 400,000 300,000 Rathbone Sard & Co., Aurora, Ill. 600,000 400,000 155-millimeter gun high-explosive shell, Mark III, type B. Standard Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1,000,000 568,092 1,000,000 431,238 Whittaker Glessner Co., Portsmouth, Ohio 350,471 350,471 Standard Forging Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. 800,000 730,950 Mead Morris & Co., Gloucester, Mass. 300,000 2,056 Twin City Forge & Foundry Co., Stillwater, Minn. 425,000 136,053 Chicago Rlg. Equipment Co., Chicago, Ill. 400,000 23,356 Minneapolis Steel & Machine Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 200,000 41,254 International Arms & Fuse, Bloomfleld, N. J. 500,000 310,130 North American Motors, Pottstown, Pa. 70,000 Potter & Johnson, Pawtucket, R. I. 100,000 73,836 Templer Motor Co., Cleveland, Ohio 450,000 45,014 New York Air Brake Co., New York City 211,684 Jackson Munitions, Jackson, Mich. 177,500 25,981 Pullman Co., Pullman, Ill. 300,000 New Home Sewing Machine Co., Orange, Mass. 200,000 155-millimeter gun high-explosive shell, Mark V, type D. Symington Chicago Corporation, Chicago, Ill. 1,000,000 805,000 American Rolling Mills, Middletown, Ohio 755,000 36,161 Milton Manufacturing Co., Milton, Pa. 10,000 Whittaker Glessner Co., Portsmouth, Ohio 750,000 Dominion Foundry & Steel Co., Hamilton, Ontario 500,000 Winslow Bros., Chicago, Ill. 400,000 Grant Motor Car Co., Cleveland, Ohio 260,000 Cribbon Sexton Co., Chicago, Ill. 200,000 155-millimeter gun gas shell. Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem, Pa. 100,000 92,430 Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. 850,000 100 657,000 100 American Radiator Co., Washington, D. C. 125,000 83,333 Whittaker Glessner Co., Portsmouth, Ohio 5,000 5,000 American Car & Foundry Co., New York City 1,350,000 63,914 155-millimeter gun and howitzer shrapnel. Dayton, Ohio, Production Co., Dayton, Ohio 850,000 131,329 Wm. Wharton, jr., Philadelphia, Pa. 540,947 345,457 Bartlett-Hayward Co., Baltimore, Md. 200,000 1,600,000 135,590 Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 100,000 3.8-inch howitzer shell. Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 1,000 1,000 15,928 11,757 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 105,000 F. R. Wilford & Co. 105,000 3.8-inch howitzer shrapnel. Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 18,522 14,264 43,522 14,264 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 35,000 4.72-inch shell. National Tube Co., Christie Pks. Works 12,500 5,614 United States Government 1,850 1,850 1,850 1,850 Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 12,705 Twin City Forge, Stillwater, Minn. 2,500 4.7-inch antiaircraft shell. National Tube Co., Christie Pks. Works 230,000 188,495 Maritime Manufacturing Co., Montreal, Quebec 100,000 Spartan Manufacturing Co., Montreal, Quebec 46,000 45,159 Darling Bros., Montreal, Quebec 42,500 15,060 Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., Alberta 42,500 6,170 4.7-inch antiaircraft shrapnel. The E. W. Bliss Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 10,000 Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 60,000 60,000 National Tube Co., Christie Pks. Works 100,000 42,840 Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., Alberta 42,500 4.7-inch drill projectile. Grand Rapids Brass Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. 2,975 404 2,975 405 4.7-inch gun gas shell. Milton Manufacturing Co., Milton, Pa. 400,000 194,612 400,000 92,342 American Radiator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 189,360 4.7-inch gun shrapnel. Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 22,897 22,440 22,897 22,440 Bartlett-Hayward Co., Baltimore, Md. 312,005 327,183 701,500 306,635 National Tube Co., Christie Pks. Works 754,777 338,507 Metal Production Co., Beaver, Pa. 150,000 11,264 4.7-inch howitzer shell. Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 87,833 26,614 87,833 26,614 4.7-inch howitzer shrapnel. Bartlett-Hayward, Baltimore, Md. 46,115 46,294 40,000 40,000 Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 79,865 19,999 79,865 20,379 4.7-inch gun high-explosive shell. National Tube Co., Christie Pks. Works 1,284,848 908,543 Allegheny Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 900,000 435,978 The E. W. Bliss Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. 10,000 Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 40,286 12,047 40,286 12,047 Milton Manufacturing Co., Milton, Pa. 700,000 351,731 700,000 285,000 Hydraulic Pressed Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio 200,000 Darling Bros., Montreal, Quebec 65,000 Spartan Machine Co., Montreal, Quebec 165,000 Robb Engineering Co., Amherst, N. J. 95,000 3,720 Motor Trucks Co., Brantford, Ontario 205,000 11,083 P. Lyall & Sons, Montreal, Quebec 845,000 318,578 Steel Products Co., Huntington, W. Va. 100,000 9,023 Armstrong Ck. Co., Lancaster, Pa. 475,000 20,238 Campbell Howard Machine Co., Sherbrooke, Quebec 350,000 Thurlow Steel Works, Chester, Pa. 136,500 35,116 Bell Manufacturing Co., Fairmount, Ind. 75,000 5,289 Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 350,000 70,975 Indiana Fiber Co., Marion, Ind. 75,000 12,520 Canadian Westinghouse Co., Hamilton, Ontario 300,000 94,156 Ry. Ind. Engineering Co., Greensburg, Pa. 100,000 34,347 Sherbrooke Ironworks, Sherbrooke 60,000 14,026 Bridgeport Project Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 20,000 16,802 American & British Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. 87,319 57,932 Maritime Manufacturing Co., St. Johns, New Brunswick 100,000 Alberta Foundry & Machinery Co., Alberta 50,000 8-inch gun and howitzer high-explosive and gas shell. Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 561,548 210,171 Root & Vandervoort Engineering Co., East Moline, Ill. 40,000 40,928 190,000 144,815 Wagner Electrical & Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 40,000 40,000 170,000 48,586 McMyler Interstate Co., Cleveland, Ohio 500,000 263,674 450,000 238,470 Pollak Steel Co., New York City 100,000 Curtis & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 295,000 167,202 Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 140,000 135,176 Standard Steel Car Co., Butler, Pa. 100,000 6,072 Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 250,000 Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 360,000 166,803 Willys Overland Co., Toledo, Ohio 600,000 Motor Products Corporation, Detroit, Mich. 100,000 British War Mission, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. 101,817 100,277 Imperial Munitions Board, Ottawa 8,612 7,722 Pollak Steel Co., New York City 75,000 22,681 American Steel Foundry Co., Chicago, Ill. 570,000 247,649 Dominion Steel Foundry Co., Hamilton, Ontario 100,000 91,191 Canada Cement Co., Montreal, Quebec 150,000 22,304 650,000 4,700 British Forgings (Ltd.), Toronto, Ontario 275,000 24,933 Dominion Bridge Co., Montreal, Quebec 150,000 55,324 Standard Forging Co., Chicago, Ill. 300,000 38,659 Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 250,000 85,750 Wm. Wharton, jr., & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 125,000 Dominion Foundries & Co. (Ltd.), Hamilton, Ontario 250,000 10,746 American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., New York City 250,000 197,250 Maritime Manufacturing Corporation, St. John, New Brunswick 460,000 26,000 9.2-inch howitzer high-explosive shell. Russell Motor Car Co., Toronto, Ontario 335,000 15,049 St. Lawrence Bridge Co., Montreal 335,000 31,880 United States Ammunition Corporation, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 250,000 6,486 Fisher Motor Co., Orilla, Ontario 180,000 100 Canadian Bridge Co., Walkersville, Ontario 110,000 240-millimeter high-explosive shell. Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 190,000 92,316 Curtis & Co. Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. 275,000 174,174 American Car & Foundry Co., New York City 90,000 400,000 47,953 American Steel Foundries Co., Chicago, Ill. 80,000 3,277 Scullin Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. 350,000 A. F. Smith Manufacturing Co., East Orange, N. J. 25,000 Motors Truck (Ltd.), Brantford, Ontario 125,000 Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. 526,014 5-inch seacoast gun shell. Cleveland Crane & Engineering Co., Wickliffe, Ohio 244,812 122,324 McMyler Interstate Co., Cleveland, Ohio 5,000 5,107 Milton Manufacturing Co., Milton, Pa. 30,000 29,121 Machine Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio 75,000 21,532 A. J. Vance & Co., Winston-Salem, N. C. 40,000 1,578 Twin City & Foundry Co., Stillwater, Minn. 400 A. B. Ormsby Co. (Ltd.), Toronto, Ontario 50,000 10,029 P. Tyrall Construction Co., Montreal 105,000 38,385 6-inch seacoast gun shell. Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 40,950 25,957 40,950 25,957 Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. 16,000 22,053 16,000 15,910 Columbian Iron Works, Chattanooga, Tenn. 40,000 40,346 132,542 149,281 The Pressed Steel Car Co., McKeesport, Pa. 385,000 370,677 Standard Steel Car Co., Hammond, Ind. 400,000 376,827 Anniston Steel Co., Anniston, Ala. 243,812 Westinghouse Electric Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 35,000 31,310 385,000 192,684 Wm. Wharton, jr., Easton, Pa. 24,000 The Southern Machinery Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 447,458 19,537 10-inch seacoast gun shell. American Car & Foundry Co., New York City 24,360 24,360 275,000 130,040 Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 60,000 61,770 Carnegie Steel Co., Munhall, Pa. 225,000 137,168 12-inch seacoast gun shell. Carnegie Steel Co., McKees Rocks, Pa. 165,000 7,627 Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass. 15,000 1,449 Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., Giesboro Manor, D. C. 28,631 6,129 38,000 1,907 Leaside Munitions Corporation, Toronto, Ontario 105,000 105,000 Standard Forging Co., Chicago, Ill. 15,000 Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. 32,000 American Clay Machine Co., Bucyrus, Ohio 15,000 14-inch seacoast gun shell. Carnegie Steel Co., McKees Rocks, Pa. 10,000 220 Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass. 9,000 Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., Washington, D. C. 80 16-inch seacoast howitzer shell. Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., Washington, D. C. 140 140

Related documents

• Our Casualty, and Other Stories 1918#42447
• 50 U.S.C. § 1512a — Transportation of chemical munitions#599765
• Special issue introduction: war casualties and the production of knowledge#454503
• Rationed Victory: A Study of American Civilian Rationing in World War II#405095
• The Choice 1916#42425