The Provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar to Diocletian. v. 1

INDEX 218 In the only vivid narrative from the Bosporan history which we possess, that of Tacitus, Ann. xii. 15–31, concerning the two rival brothers, Mithradates and Cotys, the neighbouring tribes, the Dandaridae, Siracae, Aorsi, are under rulers of their own not legally dependent on the Roman prince of Panticapaeum.—As to titles, the older Panticapaean princes are wont to call themselves archons of the Bosporus, that is, of Panticapaeum, and of Theudosia, and kings of the Sindi and of all the Maitae and other non–Greek tribes. In like manner what is, so far as I know, the oldest among the royal inscriptions of the Roman epoch names Aspurgos, son of Asandrochos (Stephani, Comptes rendus de la comm. pour 1866 , p. 128), as βασιλεύοντα παντὸς Βοοσπόρου, Θεοδοσίης καὶ Σίνδων καί Μαϊτῶν καί Τορετῶν Ψησῶν τε καὶ Ταναειτῶν, ὑποτάσαντα Σκύθας καὶ Ταύρους . No inference as to the extent of the territory may be drawn from the simplified title.—In the inscriptions of the later period there is found once under Trajan the doubtless adulatory title βασιλεὺς βασιλέων μέγας τοῦ παντὸς Βοοσπόρου ( C. I. Gr. 2123). The coins generally, from Asander onward, know no title but βασιλεύς , while yet Pharnaces calls himself βασιλεὺς βασιλέων μέγας . Beyond doubt this was the effect of the Roman sovereignty, with which a vassal–prince placed over other princes was not very compatible. 219 This was the king Mithradates, installed by Claudius in the year 41, who some years afterwards was deposed and replaced by his brother Cotys; he lived afterwards in Rome, and perished in the confusions of the four–emperor–year (Plutarch, Galba , 13, 15). The state of the matter, however, is not clear either from the hints in Tacitus, Ann. xii. 15 (comp. Plin. H. N. vi. 5, 17), or from the report (confused by the interchange of the two, Mithradates of Bosporus, and Mithradates of Iberia) in Petrus Patricius fr. 3. The Chersonese tales in the late Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, de adm. imp. c. 53, do not, of course, come into account. The bad Bosporan king Sauromates, Κρισκωνόρου (not Ῥησκοπόρου ) υἱός , who with the Sarmatians wages war against the emperors Diocletian and Constantius, as well as against the Chersonese faithful to the empire, has evidently arisen from a confusion of names between the Bosporan king and people; and just as historical as the variation on the history of David and Goliath, is the despatch of the mighty king of the Bosporans, Sauromates, by the small Chersonesite Pharnaces. The kings’ names alone, e.g. besides those named, the Asander, who comes in after the extinction of the family of the Sauromatae, suffice. The civic privileges and the localities of the city, for the explanation of which these mirabilia are invented, certainly deserve attention. 220 There are no Bosporan gold or pseudo–gold coins without the head of the Roman emperor, and this is always that of the ruler recognised by the Roman senate. That in the years 263 and 265, when in the empire elsewhere after the captivity of Valerian Gallienus was officially regarded as sole ruler, two heads here appear on the coins, is perhaps due only to want of information; yet the Bosporans may at that time have made another choice amid the many pretenders. The names are at this time not appended, and the effigies are not to be certainly distinguished. 221 This we may be allowed to believe at the hands of the Scythian Toxaris in the dialogue placed among those of Lucian (c. 44); for the rest he narrates not merely μύθοις ὅμοια , but a very myth, of whose kings Leucanor and Eubiotes the coins, as may well be conceived, have no knowledge. 222 As respects the export of grain, the notice in the report of Plautius (p. 218), deserves attention. 223 From the offer of a township of the Siracae (on the Sea of Azoff) hard pressed by the Roman troops to deliver 10,000 slaves (Tacitus, Ann. xii. 17), it may be allowable to infer a lively import of slaves from these regions. 224 Had the state of Lysimachus endured it would probably have been otherwise. His foundations, Alexandria in the Troad and Lysimachia, Ephesos–Arsinoe strengthened by the transference of the inhabitants of Colophon and Lebedos, tended in the direction indicated. 225 Nowhere have the boundaries of the vassal states and even of the provinces changed more than in the north–east of Asia Minor. Direct imperial administration was introduced here for the districts of king Polemon, to which Zela, Neocaesarea, Trapezus belonged, in the year 63; for Lesser Armenia, we do not know exactly when, probably at the beginning of the reign of Vespasian. The last vassal king of Lesser Armenia, of whom there is mention, was the Herodian Aristobulus (Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 7, xiv. 26; Josephus, Ant. xx. 8, 4), who still possessed it in the year 60; in the year 75 the district was Roman ( C. I. L. iii. 306), and probably one of the legions garrisoning Cappadocia from Vespasian’s time was stationed from the first in the Lesser–Armenian Satala. Vespasian combined the regions mentioned, as well as Galatia and Cappadocia, into one large governorship. At the end of the reign of Domitian we find Galatia and Cappadocia separated and the north–eastern provinces attached to Galatia. Under Trajan at first the whole district is once more in one hand, subsequently ( Eph. Ep. V. n. 1345) it is divided in such a way that the north–east coast belongs to Cappadocia. On that footing it remained, at least in so far that Trapezus and so also Lesser Armenia were thenceforth constantly under this governor. Consequently—apart from a short interruption under Domitian—the legate of Galatia had nothing to do with the defence of the frontier, and this, as was implied in the nature of the case, was always combined with the command of Cappadocia and of its legions. 226 Urban coining and setting up of inscriptions are subject to so manifold conditions that the want or the abundance of the one or the other do not per se warrant inferences as to the absence or the intensity of a definite phase of civilisation. For Asia Minor in particular we must take note that it was the promised land of municipal vanity, and our memorials, including even the coins, have for by far the greatest part been called forth by the fact that the government of the Roman emperors allowed free scope to this vanity. 227 “The ordinance,” says the jurist Modestinus, who reports it (Dig. xxvii. 1, 6, 3) “interests all provinces, although it is directed to the people of Asia.” It is suitable, in fact, only where there are classes of towns, and the jurist adds an instruction how it is to be applied to provinces otherwise organised. What the biographer of Pius, c. 11, reports as to the distinctions and salaries granted by Pius to the rhetoricians, has nothing to do with this enactment. 228 Dio of Prusa, in his address to the citizens of Nicomedia and of Tarsus, excellently lays it down that no man of culture would have such empty distinctions for himself, and that the greedy quest of the towns for titles was altogether inconceivable; how it is the sign of the true petty–townsman to cause a display of such attestations of rank on his behalf; how the bad governor always screens himself under this quarrelling of towns, as Nicaea and Nicomedia never act together. “The Romans deal with you as with children, to whom one presents trifling toys; you put up with bad treatment in order to obtain a name; they name your town the first in order to treat it as the last. By this you have become a laughing–stock to the Romans, and they call your doings ‘Greek follies’ ” ( Ἑλληνικὰ ἁμαρτήματα ). 229 Pausanias of Caesarea in Philostratus ( Vitae soph. ii. 13) places before Herodes Atticus his faults: παχείᾳ τῇ γλώττῃ καὶ ὡς Καππαδόκαις ξύνηθες, ξυγκρούων μὲν τὰ σύμφωνα τῶν στοιχείων. συστέλλων δὲ τὰ μηκυνόμενα καὶ μηκύνων τὰ βραχέα . Vita Apoll. i. 7; ἡ γλῶττα Ἀττικῶς εἶχεν, οὐδ’ ἀπήχθη τὴν φωνὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔθνους . 230 Amyntas was placed over the Pisidians as early as 715 39. before Antonius returned to Asia (Appian, B. C. v. 75), doubtless because these had once more undertaken one of their predatory expeditions. From the fact that he first ruled there is explained the circumstance that he built for himself a residence in Isaura (Strabo, xii. 6, 3, p. 569). Galatia went in the first instance to the heirs of Deiotarus (Dio, xlviii. 33). It was not till the year 718 36. that Amyntas obtained Galatia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylia (Dio, xlix. 32). 231 That this was the cause why these regions were not placed under Roman governors is expressly stated by Strabo (xiv. 5, 5, p. 671), who was near in time and place to the matters dealt with: ἐδόκει πρὸς ἅπαν τὸ τοιοῦτο (for the suppression of the robbers and pirates) βασιλεύεσθαι μᾶλλον τοὺς τόπους ἢ ὑπὸ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ἡγεμόσιν εἶναι τοῖς ἐπὶ τὰς κρίσεις πεμπομένοις, οἳ μήτ’ ἀεὶ παρεῖναι ἔμελλον (on account of the travelling on circuit) μήτε μεθ’ ὅπλων (which at all events were wanting to the later legate of Galatia). 232 Amidst the great unnamed ruins of Sarajik, in the upper valley of the Limyrus, in eastern Lycia (comp. Ritter, Erdkunde xix. p. 1172), stands a considerable temple–shaped tomb, certainly not older than the third century after Christ, on which mutilated parts of men—heads, arms, legs—are produced in relief, as emblems we might imagine, as the coat of arms of a civilised robber–chief (communication from Benndorf). 233 The famous list of services rendered to the community of Ancyra of the time of Tiberius ( C. I. Gr. 4039) designates the Galatian communities usually by ἔθνος , sometimes by πόλις . The former appellation subsequently disappears; but in the full title, e.g. of the inscription, C. I. Gr. 4011, from the second century, Ancyra always bears the name of the people: ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Γαλατίας Σεβαστὴ Τεκτοσάγων Ἄγκυρα . 234 According to Pausanius, x. 36, 1, among the Γαλάται ὑπὲρ φρυγίας φωνῇ τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ σφίσιν the scarlet berry is termed ὗς ; and Lucian, Alex. 51, tells of the perplexities of the soothsaying Paphlagonian, when questions were proposed to him Συριστὶ ἢ Κελτιστὶ and people conversant with this language were not just at hand. 235 If in the list mentioned at p. 314 , note, from the time of Tiberius the largesses are given but seldom to three peoples, mostly to two peoples or two cities, the latter are, as Perrot correctly remarks ( de Galatia , p. 83), Ancyra and Pessinus, and Tavium of the Trocmi is in the matter of largesses postponed to them. Perhaps there was at that time among these no township which could be treated as a town. 236 Cicero ( ad Att. vi. 5, 3) writes of his army in Cilicia: exercitum infirmum habebam, auxilia sane bona, sed ea Galatarum, Pisidarum, Lyciorum: haec enim sunt nostra robora . 237 Decrees of the ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας Ἕλληνες , C. I. A. 3487, 3957; a Lycian honoured ὑπὸ τοῦ κο[ινο]ῦ τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας Ἑλλήνων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐ[ν Πα]μφυλίᾳ πόλεων , Benndorf, Lyk. Reise , i. 122; letters to the Hellenes in Asia, C. I. Gr. 3832, 3833; ὦ ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες in the address to the diet of Pergamus, Aristides, p. 517.—An ἄρξας τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν ἐν Βιθυνίᾳ Ἑλλήνων , Perrot, Expl. de la Galatie , p. 32; letter of the emperor Alexander to the same, Dig. xlix. 1, 25.—Dio, li. 20: τοῖς ξένοις, Ἕλληνας σφᾶς ἐπικαλέσας, ἑαυτῷ τινα, τοῖς μὲν Ἀσιανοῖς ἐν Περγάμῳ, τοῖς δὲ Βιθυνοῖς ἐν Νικομηδείᾳ τεμενίσαι ἐπέτρεψε . 238 Besides the Galatarchs (Marquardt, Staatsverw. i. 515) we meet in Galatia even under Hadrian Helladarchae ( Bull. de corr. Hell. vii. 18), who can only be taken here like the Hellenarchs in Tanais ( p. 315 , note 2). 239 The συνέδριον τῶν ἐννέα δήμων (Schliemann, Troia , 1884, p. 256) calls itself elsewhere Ἰλιεῖς καὶ πόλεις αἱ κοινωνοῦσαι τῆς θυσίας καὶ τοῦ ἀγῶνος καὶ τῆς πανηγύρεως ( ib. p. 254). Another document of the same league from the time of Antigonus is given in Droysen, Hellenismus , ii. 2, 382 ff. So too other κοινά are to be taken, which refer to a narrower circle than the province, such as the old one of the thirteen Ionic cities, that of the Lesbians (Marquardt, Staatsverw. i. p. 516), that of the Phrygians on the coins of Apamea. These have also had their magisterial presidents, as indeed there has recently been found a Lesbiarch (Marquardt, l.c. ), and likewise the Moesian Hellenes were under a Pontarch ( p. 308 ). Yet it is not improbable that, where the archonship is named, the league is more than a mere festal association; the Lesbians as well as the Moesian Pentapolis may have had a special diet, over which these officers presided. On the other hand the κοινὸν τοῦ Ὑργαλέου πεδίου (Ramsay, Cities and bishoprics of Phrygia , p. 10), which stands alongside of several δῆμοι , is a quasi–community destitute of civic rights. 240 The composition of the diets of Asia Minor is most clearly apparent in Strabo’s account of the Lyciarchy (xiv. 3, 3, p. 664) and in the narrative of Aristides ( Or. 26, p. 344) as to his election to one of the Asiatic provincial priesthoods. 241 See examples for Asia, C. I. Gr. 3487; for Lycia, Benndorf, Lyk. Reise , i. p. 71. But the Lycian federal assembly designates the years not by the Archiereus but by the Lyciarch. 242 Tacitus, Ann. iv. 15, 55. The town which possesses a temple dedicated by the diet of the province (the κοινὸν τῆς Ἀσίας κ. τ. λ. ) bears on that account the honorary predicate of the “(imperial) temple–keeper” ( νεωκόρος ); and, if one of them has several to show, the number is appended. In this institution one may clearly discern how the imperial worship obtained its full elaboration in Asia Minor. In reality the neocorate is general, applicable to any deity and any town; titularly, as an honorary surname of the town, it meets us with vanishing exceptions only in the imperial cultus of Asia Minor—only some Greek towns of the neighbouring provinces, such as Tripolis in Syria, Thessalonica in Macedonia, participated in it. 243 However little the original diversity of the presidency of the diet and the provincial chief–priesthood for the cultus of the emperor can be called in question, yet not merely in the case of the former does the magisterial character of the president, still clearly recognisable in Hellas, whence the organisation of the κοινά generally proceeds, fall completely into the shade in Asia Minor, but here in fact, where the κοινόν has several ritual centres, the Ἀσιάρχης and the ἀρχιερεὺς τῆς Ἀσίας seem to have amalgamated. The president of the κοινόν never bears in Asia Minor the title of στρατηγός , which sharply emphasises the civil office, and ἄρξας τοῦ κοινοῦ ( p. 344 , note) or τοῦ ἔθνους ( C. I. Gr. 4380 ᵏ ⁴, p. 1168) is rare; the compounds Ἀσιάρχης, Λυκιάρχης , analogous to the Ἑλλαδάρχης of Achaia, are already in Strabo’s time the usual designation. That in the minor provinces, like Galatia and Lycia, the Archon and the Archiereus of the province remained separate, is certain. But in Asia the existence of Asiarchs for Ephesus and Smyrna is established by inscriptions (Marquardt, Staatsverw. i. 514), while yet according to the nature of the institution there could only be one Asiarch for the whole province. Here, too, the Agonothesia of the Archiereus is attested (Galen on Hippocrates de part. 18, 2, p. 567, Kühn: παρ’ ἡμῖν ἐν Περγάμῳ τῶν ἀρχιερέων τὰς καλουμένας μονομαχίας ἐπιτελούντων ), while it is the very essence of the Asiarchate. To all appearance the rivalries of the towns have here led to the result, that, after there were several temples of the emperor dedicated by the province in different towns, the Agonothesia was taken from the real president of the diet, and, instead, the titular Asiarchate and the Agonothesia were committed to the chief priest of each temple. In that case the Ἀσιάρχης καὶ ἀρχιερεὺς ιγʹ πόλεων is explained on the coins of the thirteen Ionic towns (Mionnet, iii. 61, 1), and on Ephesian inscriptions the same Ti. Julius Reginus may be named sometimes Ἀσιάρχης βʹ ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ (Wood, Inscr. from the great theatre , p. 18), sometimes ἀρχιερεὺς βʹ ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ( ib. n. 8. 14, similarly 9).—Only in this way, too, are the institutions of the fourth century to be comprehended. Here a chief priest appears in every province, in Asia with the title of Asiarch, in Syria with that of Syriarch, and so forth. If the amalgamation of the Archon and the Archiereus had already begun earlier in the province of Asia, nothing was more natural than now, on the diminution of the provinces, to combine them everywhere in this way. 244 C. I. Gr. 3902 ᵇ . 245 Dio of Prusa, Or. 35, p. 66 R., names the Asiarchs and the analogous archons (he designates clearly their Agonothesia , and to it also point the corrupt words τοὺς ἐπωνύμους τῶν δύο ἠπείρων τῆς ἑσπέρας ὅλης , for which probably we should read τῆς ἑτέρας ὅλης) τοὺς ἁπάντων ἄρχοντας τῶν ἱερέων . There is, as is well known, an almost constant absence in the designation of the provincial priests of express reference to the worship of the emperors; there was good reason for that absence, if they were expected to play in their spheres the part of the Pontifex Maximus in Rome. 246 Maximinus for this purpose placed military help at the disposal of the chief priest of the individual province (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. viii. 14, 9); and the famous letter of Julian ( Ep. 49, comp. Ep. 63) to the Galatarch of the time gives a clear view of his obligations. He is to superintend the whole religious matters of the province; to preserve his independence in contradistinction to the governor, not to dance attendance upon him, not to allow him to appear in the temple with military escort, to receive him not in front of, but in, the temple, within which he is lord and the governor a private man. Of the subsidies which the government has settled on the province (30,000 bushels of corn and 60,000 sextarii of wine), he is to expend the fifth part on the poor persons who become clients of the heathen priests, and to employ the rest otherwise on charitable objects; in every town of the province, if possible, with the aid of private persons, to call into existence hospitals ( ξενοδοχεῖα ), not merely for heathens, but for everybody, and no longer to allow the Christians the monopoly of good works. He is to urge all the priests of the province by example and exhortation generally to maintain a religious walk, to avoid the frequenting of theatres and taverns, and in particular to frequent the temples diligently with their family and their attendants, or else, if they should not amend their ways, to depose them. It is a pastoral letter in the best form, only with the address altered, and with quotations from Homer instead of the Bible. Clearly as these arrangements bear on their face the stamp of heathenism already collapsing, and certainly as in this extent they are foreign to the earlier epoch, the foundation at any rate—the general superintendence of the chief priest of the province over matters of worship—by no means appears as a new institution. 247 This troop, according to its position in Josephus, Bell. Jud. ii. 16, 4, between the provinces of Asia and Cappadocia not provided with garrisons, can only be referred to Galatia. Of course it furnished also the detachments, which were stationed in the dependent territories on the Caucasus, at that time—under Nero—apparently also those stationed on the Bosporus itself, in which, it is true, also the Moesian corps took part ( p. 318 ). 248 Praetorian stationarius Ephesi , Eph. epigr. iv. n. 70. A soldier in statione Nicomedensi , Plin. ad Trai. 74. A legionary centurion in Byzantium, ib. 77, 78. 249 In the municipal matters of Asia Minor everything occurs except what relates to arms. The Smyrnaean στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ὅπλων is of course a reminiscence equally with the cultus of Herakles ὁπλοφύλαξ ( C. I. Gr. 3162). 250 The Eirenarch of Smyrna sends out these gens d’armes to arrest Polycarp: ἐξῆλθον διωγμῖται καὶ ἱππεῖς μετὰ τῶν συνήθων αὐτοῖς ὅπλων, ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν τρέχοντες ( Acta mart. , ed. Ruinart, p. 39). That they had not the armour of soldiers proper, is also elsewhere remarked ( Ammian. xxvii. 9, 6: adhibitis semiermibus quibusdam —against the Isaurians— quos diogmitas appellant ). Their employment in the Marcomanian war is reported by the biographer of Marcus, c. 26: armavit et diogmitas , and by the inscription of Aezani in Phrygia, C. I. Gr. 3031 a 8 = Lebas–Waddington, 992: παρασχὼν τῷ κυρίῳ Καίσαρι σύμμαχον διωγμείτην παρ’ ἑαυτοῦ . 251 In Cnidus ( Bull. de corr. Hell. vii. 62), in the year 741–742 U.C. 13–12. , some apparently respectable burgesses had during three nights assailed the house of one with whom they had a personal feud; in repelling the attack one of the slaves of the besieged house had killed one of the assailants by a vessel thrown from the window. The occupants of the besieged house were thereupon accused of manslaughter, but, as they had public opinion against them, they dreaded the civic tribunal and desired the matter to be decided by the verdict of the emperor Augustus. The latter had the case investigated by a commissioner, and acquitted the accused, of which he informed the authorities in Cnidus, with the remark that they would not have handled the matter impartially, and directed them to act in accordance with his verdict. This was certainly, as Cnidus was a free town, an encroachment on its sovereign rights, as also in Athens appeal to the emperor and even to the proconsul was in Hadrian’s time allowable ( p. 262 , note 2). But any one who considers the state of things as to justice in a Greek town of this epoch and of this position, will not doubt that, while such encroachment gave doubtless occasion to various unjust decisions, it much more frequently prevented them. 252 The Gerusia often mentioned in inscriptions of Asia Minor has nothing but the name in common with the political institution founded by Lysimachus in Ephesus (Strabo, xiv. 1, 21, p. 640; Wood, Ephesus, inscr. from the temple of Diana , n. 19); its character in Roman times is indicated partly by Vitruvius, ii. 8, 10; Croesi ( domum ) Sardiani civibus ad requiescendum aetatis otio seniorum collegio gerusiam dedicaverunt , partly by the inscription recently found in the Lycian town Sidyma (Benndorf, Lyk. Reise , i. 71), according to which council and people resolve, as the law requires, to institute a Gerusia, and to elect to it 50 Buleutae and 50 other citizens, who then appoint a gymnasiarch for the new Gerusia. This gymnasiarch, who meets us elsewhere, as well as the Hymnode of the Gerusia (Menadier, qua condic. Ephesii usi sint , p. 51), are, among the office–bearers of this body known to us, the only ones characteristic of its nature. Analogous, but of less estimation, are the collegia of the νέοι , which also have their own gymnasiarchs. To the two overseers of the places of gymnastic exercise for the grown–up citizens the gymnasiarchs of the Ephebi form the contrast (Menadier, p. 91). Common repasts and festivals (to which the Hymnodes has reference) were of course not wanting, particularly in the case of the Gerusia. It was not a provision for the poor, nor yet a collegium reserved for the municipal aristocracy; but characteristic for the mode of civil intercourse among the Greeks, with whom the gymnasium was nearly what the citizens’ assembly–rooms are in our small towns. 253 The milestones begin here with Vespasian ( C. I. L. iii. 306), and are thenceforth numerous, particularly from Domitian down to Hadrian. 254 This is most clearly shown by the road–constructions executed in the senatorial province of Bithynia under Nero and Vespasian by the imperial procurator ( C. I. L. iii. 346; Eph. v. n. 96). But even in the case of the roads constructed in the senatorial provinces of Asia and Cyprus the senate is never named, and the same may be assumed for them. In the third century here, as everywhere, the construction even of the imperial highways was transferred to the communes (Smyrna: C. I. L. iii. 471; Thyatira, Bull. de corr. Hell. i. 101; Paphos, C. I. L. iii. 218). 255 The Christians of the little town of Corycus in the Rough Cilicia were wont, contrary to the general custom, to append regularly in their tomb–inscriptions the station in life. On the epitaphs recovered there by Langlois and recently by Duchesne ( Bull. de corr. Hell. vii. 230 ff.), there are found a writer ( νοτάριος ), a wine–dealer ( οἰνέμπορος ), two oil–dealers ( ἐλεοπώλης ), a green–grocer ( λαχανοπώλης ), a fruit–dealer ( ὀπωροπώλης ), two retail dealers ( κάπηλος ), five goldsmiths ( αὐράριος thrice, χρυσόχοος twice), one of whom is also presbyter, four coppersmiths ( χαλκότυπος once, χαλκεύς thrice), two instrument–makers ( ἀρμενοράφος ), five potters ( κεραμεύς ), of which one is designated as work–giver ( ἐργοδότης ), another is at the same time presbyter, a clothes–dealer ( ἱματιοπώλης ), two linen–dealers ( λινοπώλης ), three weavers ( ὀθονιακός ), a worker in wool ( ἐρεουργός ), two shoemakers ( καλιγάριος, καλτάριος ), a skinner ( ἱνιοράφος , doubtless for ἡνιοράφος , pellio ), a mariner ( ναύκληρος ), a mid–wife ( ἰατρινή ); further a joint tomb of the highly reputable money–changers ( σύσστεμα τῶν εὐγενεστάτων τραπεζιτῶν ). Such was the look of things there in the fifth and sixth centuries. 256 This traffic attested for the fourth century (Ammianus, xxii. 7, 8; Claudianus in Eutrop. i. 59) is beyond doubt older. Of another nature is the fact, that, as Philostratus states ( Vita Apoll. viii. 7, 12), the non–Greek inhabitants of Phrygia sold their children to the slave–dealers. 257 Συνεργασία τῶν λαναρίων (Wood, Ephesus , city, n. 4). On the inscriptions of Corycus (p. 359) Latin descriptions of artisans abound. The stair is called γράδος in the Phrygian inscriptions, C. I. Gr. 3900, 3902 i . 258 One of these is Xenophon son of Heraclitus of Cos, well known from Tacitus ( Ann. xii. 61, 67) and Pliny, H. N. xxix. 1, 7, and from a series of monuments of his native place ( Bull. de corr. Hell. v. 468). As physician–in–ordinary ( ἀρχιατρός , which title first occurs here) to the emperor he acquired such influence that he combined with his medical activity the position of imperial cabinet–secretary for Greek correspondence ( ἐπὶ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποκριμάτων ; comp. Suidas s. v. Διονύσιος Ἀλεξανδρεύς ), and he procured not merely for his brother and uncle the Roman franchise and posts as officers of equestrian rank, and for himself, besides the horse of a knight and the rank of officer, the decoration of the golden chaplet and the spear on occasion of the triumph over Britain, but also for his native place freedom from taxation. His tomb stands on the island, and his grateful countrymen set up statues to him and to his, and struck in memory of him coins with his effigy. He it is who is alleged to have put an end to Claudius, when dead–sick, by further poisoning, and accordingly, as equally valuable to him and to his successor, he is termed on his monuments not merely, as usual, “friend of the emperor” ( φιλοσεβαστός ), but specially friend of Claudius ( φιλοκλαύδιος ) and of Nero ( φιλονέρων ; so according to certain restoration). His brother, whom he followed in this position, drew a salary of 500,000 sesterces (£5000), but assured the emperor that he had only taken the position to please him, as his town–practice brought in to him 100,000 sesterces more. In spite of the enormous sums which the brothers had expended on Naples in particular, as well as on Cos, they left behind an estate of 30,000,000 sesterces (£325,000). 259 The document is given by Dittenberger, n. 349. Attalus II. made a similar endowment in Delphi ( Bull. de corr. Hell. v. 157). 260 A physician of Smyrna, Hermogenes, son of Charidemus ( C. I. Gr. 3311), wrote not merely 77 volumes of a medical tenor, but, in addition, as his epitaph tells, historical writings: on Smyrna, on the native country of Homer, on the wisdom of Homer, on the foundation of cities in Asia, in Europe, on the islands, itineraries of Asia and Europe, on stratagems, chronological tables on the history of Rome and of Smyrna. A physician of the imperial household, Menecrates ( C. I. Gr. 6607), whose descent is not specified, founded, as his Roman admirers attest, the new logical and at the same time empiric medicine ( ἰδίας λογικῆς ἐναργοῦς ἰατρικῆς κτίστης ) in his writings, which ran to 156 volumes. INDEX Abdagaeses, ii. 44. Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 (under Severus). Abrinca, rivulet, i. 119 n. Achaeans, diet, i. 264 . Achaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, 10; “seven houses,” 6. Achaia, province, i. 255 f. n. ; under the emperors, 260 . Acraephia, inscription, i. 265 n. , 273 n. Actiads, i. 296 n. Actian games, i. 296 n. Adane, ii. 288 f.; destroyed, 293 f. n. Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 n. , 88. Adiabenicus , ii. 78 n. Adminius, i. 174 . Adrianopolis, i. 307 . Adulis, ii. 280, 281, 282, 296. Aedemon, ii. 313. Aegium, diet of, ii. 264 n. Aeizanas, ii. 284 n. Aelana, ii. 288. Aemilianus, Marcus Aemilius, i. 241 . Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 251. Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275–278; traffic, 278. Afer , ii. 304 n. Africa, North, ii. 303; Berber stock, 303–305; Phoenician immigration, 306; government of republic, 306 f.; Caesar’s policy, 307 f.; extent of Roman rule, 308 f.; no strict frontier, 309; province of, 310; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; physical conformation, 314; Africano–Numidian territory, 316 f.; war against Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317–320; Roman civilisation in Mauretania, 320 f.; continuance of Berber language, 325 f.; of Phoenician, 326 f.; coinage, 327 n. ; Latin language, 329; Phoenician urban organisation, 329; transformed into Italian, 331; number of towns, 331 n. ; Italian colonists, 332; large landed estates, 333 f.; husbandry, 336; corn supplied to Rome, 337; oil and wine, 337 f.; manufactures and commerce, 338 f.; prosperity, 339; roads, 339 f.; introduction of camels, 340; character and culture of people, 340 f.; scholasticism, 342; Christian literature, 343–345; Latin Scriptures, 343 f. n. Agonistic institutes, i. 289 n. Agonothesia , i. 347 n. , 348 n. Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. 182 –184, 194 . Agrippa; see Herod Agrippa. Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on the Danube, i. 22 ; transference of Ubii, 25 ; combats in Gaul, 80 . Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. 218 . Agrippina (Cologne), i. 119 . Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedition to Elbe, i. 31 ; dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34 . Ahuramazda, ii. 10 f., 84. Alamanni, war with, i. 161 f., 163 ; raids, 166 f. Alani, ii. 62 n. , 64, 73, 74 n. Albani, ii. 72 f. Alexander the Great, basing his empire on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120. Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. 232. Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, 26; installed king of Armenia, 33. Alexander Severus, purchases peace in Germany, i. 162 ; murder, 162 ; ii. 91; character, 89 f.; war with Ardashir, 90 n. ; nicknamed “chief Rabbi,” 263. Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 350 . Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 242 n. , 246 n. Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Palmyrenes, ii. 107, 108 n. , 250; number and position of Jews, 165 n. , 200 n. , 267; Jew–hunt, 192, 193 n. ; deputations to Gaius, 193 f.; “Greek city,” 235 f.; chief priest of, 238; exemptions and privileges, 240 n. ; libraries, 246, 271; chief officials, 248 n. ; distribution of corn, 251 n. ; Italian settlement in, 257; mariners’ guilds, 257 n. ; comparison with Antioch, 262; Alexandrian Fronde, 263; nicknames, 263; tumults frequent and serious, 264 n. , 265; worship, 265 f., 266 n. ; old cultus retaining its hold, 267; learned world, 267 f.; physicians and quacks, 268; scholar–life, 269 f.; Museum, 271 f., 272; labours of erudition, 271 f.; “jointure” of Greek science, 273; camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274. Alexandria, in Troas, i. 326 f. Alexandropolis, ii. 15. Aliso, fortress, i. 34 f., 36 ; defence by Caedicius, 48 . Allegorical interpretation, Jewish, ii. 168 f. Allobroges, i. 87 , 88 n. , 91 . Alps, subjugation, i. 15 ; military districts, 17 f.; roads and colonies, 19 . Amasia, i. 331 . Amâzigh, ii. 303. Ambubaia , ii. 133. Amida, ii. 115. Amisus, i. 331 f. Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, i. 254 n. , 255 n. Amsivarii, i. 124 . Amyntas, i. 335 n. ; ii. 24, 37. Ananias, ii. 102 f. Ancyra, i. 341 n. , 342 n. Anthedon, ii. 210. Antigonea, ii. 127 n. Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175–178. Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 n. , 297 n. Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68; capture by the Persians (260), 101, 132; and by Aurelian, 109; creation of monarchic policy, 127; capital of Syria, 127; Daphne, 128; water supply, and lighted streets, 129 n. ; poverty of intellectual interests, 130; paucity of inscriptions, 132; exhibitions and games, 132; races, 132 n. ; immorality, 133; dissolute cultus, 134; fondness for ridicule, 134 f.; support of pretenders, 134; reception of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135; Jew–hunt at, 219. Antioch in Pisidia, i. 336 f. Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, 53; tomb of, 125; his buildings at Athens, i. 278 . Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196. Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174–177. Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to Clyde, i. 187 n. ; conflicts in Britain under, 188 n. Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.; position in 38 B.C. , 23 f.; his army, 24 ; his aims, 24 f.; children by Cleopatra, 26 n. ; preparations for Parthian war, 26 f.; temperament, 27 ; Parthian war, 27 f.; resistance in Atropatene, 29 ; retreat, 30 , 31; last years in the East, 32 ; dismisses Octavia seeking reconciliation, 33 ; punishes those blamed for his miscarriage, 33 ; attempt on Palmyra, 93 ; government in Alexandria, 232 . Apamea in Phrygia, i. 327 . Apamea in Syria, ii. 136, 141. Aper, Marcus, i. 113 . Apharban, ii. 114. Apion, ii. 193, 194 n. Apocalypse of John: conception of Roman and Parthian empires as standing side by side, ii. 1 n. ; pseudo–Nero of, 64 f.; directed against the worship of the emperors, 196, 197–199 n. Apollinaris, Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342. Apollo, Actian, i. 295 f. Apollonia, i. 201 f., 299 . Apollonius of Tyana, i. 350 . Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223. Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342. Appuleius, Pseudo–, Dialogue of the gods quoted, ii. 266 n. Apri, i. 306 . Apronius, Lucius, i. 125 . Apulum, i. 228 . Aquae Sextiae, i. 78 , 81 . Aquileia, i. 197 f., 231 , 233. Aquincum, i. 228 ; contra–Aquincum, 249 . Aquitania, wars, i. 64 , 80 ; coins, 79 n. ; province, 88 ; cantons of, 96 . Arabia, ii. 13; Roman, what it included, 143 f.; institution of province by Trajan, 152; west coast of, 284 f.; Homerites, 286 f.; Felix, 285, 289; policy of Augustus, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; state of the coast, 291 n. ; expedition of Gaius, 293 n. ; injury to its commerce, 293. Arachosia, ii. 13, 15. Aradus, ii. 138 n. Aramaic language, ii. 164. Arbela, ii. 4, 88. Archaism, Greek, i. 282 n. Archelaus of Cappadocia, ii. 41. Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, ii. 183 f. Architecture, Syrian, ii. 156 f. Ardashir (Artaxares), ii. 81 n. , 83 n. , 84, 85, 89 n. , 91. Arelate, i. 86 , 89 ; amphitheatre, 106 . Aretas, ii. 148 n. , 149 f. n. , 150 f. Argentoratum, i. 119 , 147 , 159. Ariarathes of Cappadocia, ii. 33. Ariobarzanes, ii. 38, 39. Aristobulus, of Chalcis, ii. 49. Aristobulus, prince of Judaea, ii. 175 f. Aristotle’s recommendation to Alexander, ii. 241. Armenia, ii. 6, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 f.; Parthian appanage for second son, 51, 60; Roman policy as to, 50–52; subdued by Corbulo, 53 f.; under Parthian prince vassal to Rome, 60 f.; Roman province under Trajan, 67 f., 70 f.; becomes again vassal–state, 72; Parthian invasion, 74 f., 80 n. , 89 f., 92, 102, 104, 112 n. , 113, 114 n. , 115 n. Arminius, i. 43 ; defeat of Varus, 46 f.; combats with Germanicus, 54 ; attack on Maroboduus, 60 f.; desertion of Inguiomerus, 61 ; civil war and end, 62 . Arnobius, ii. 345. Arrianus, Flavius, ii. 20 n. , 73 n. Arsaces, founder of Parthian dynasty, ii. 3, 4, 6. Arsaces, son of Artabanus, ii. 42. Arsacids and their rule, ii. 3–12 el. Arsamosata, ii. 56, 59. Arsinoe, ii. 280, 291 f. Art, constructive, in Gaul, i. 115 ; in Syria, ii. 156 f. Artabanus (III.), king of the Parthians, ii. 40–45. Artabanus (IV.), ii. 87 f. Artageira, ii. 40. Artavazdes of Armenia, ii. 28–33. Artavazdes of Atropatene, ii. 28, 29, 32. Artaxares; see Ardashir. Artaxata, ii. 48, 53 f., 75. Artaxes, ii. 33–38. Artaxias of Armenia, ii. 42 f. Asander, i. 312 , 313 n. Ascalon, ii. 212. Asia Minor: natives and colonists, i. 320 ; Hellenism, 321 f.; formation of new centres, 322 ; provinces of, 323 ; territories added to empire, 323 f.; senatorial and imperial government, 323 f.; changes in boundaries of provinces and vassal–states, 324 n. ; municipal vanity, 328 n. ; honorary Hellenism, 344 ; leagues of Hellenism, 343 , 344 n. ; representatives, 344 n. ; land–diets and land festivals, 344 f.; provincial priests and Asiarchs, 345 f.; superintendence of emperor–worship, 348 ; system of religion, 350 ; public safety, 350 ; occupying force, 350 f.; justice in, 352 n. ; constitution of towns, 352 f.; clubs, 353 ; free autonomous communities, 354 ; urban life, 354 f.; prosperity, 354 f.; defects of municipal administration, 357 ; roads, 358 n. ; trade, 359 f.; commerce, 360 ; supplies teachers and physicians to Italy, 361 , 365 ; literary activity, 362 ; instruction, 362 ; sophistic system, 362 –366. Asia, Roman: extent of province, i. 325 ; coast–towns, 325 f.; inland townships, 326 f.; position under Romans, 327 ; urban rivalries, 329 f.; legions in, ii. 63. Asiarchs, i. 345 –347 n. Asklepios, i. 350 . Asoka, ii. 13, 14 n. Astarte, ii. 331. Astingi, i. 237 . Astures, i. 65 , 71 . Asturica Augusta, i. 66 . Athens: privileged position, i. 254 , 258 ; administration, 276 f.; possessions, 277 ; Hadrian’s grants, 277 f.; street–riots, 279 ; state of the language, 281 , 282 n. Atropatene, ii. 6, 19, 28 f., 33 f., 38. Attalia, i. 334 . Augusta Emerita, i. 64 n. Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), i. 19 f. Augusta Vindelicorum, i. 19 , 20 , 154 , 196 f. Augustamnica, ii. 298. Augustan History, falsification as to Postumus, i. 164 n. Augustodunum, seat of Gallic studies, i. 112 f. Augustinus, Aurelius, picture of Carthage, ii. 341; Itala , 343 n. ; Confessions , 345. Augustus, the Emperor: expedition against Alpine tribes, i. 16 ; monument to, above Monaco, 17 ; roads or colonies in Alps, 19 f.; visit to Germany, 26 ; German policy and motives for changing it, 56 –59; visits Spain, 64 ; organisation of towns there, 68 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; restricted franchise of Gauls, 98 ; altar at Lugudunum, 94 ; altar for Germanic cantons, 35 , 97 , 118 ; discharge of Batavian guards, 121 ; project of connecting Rhine and Danube, 148 ; projects as to Britain not carried out, 172 ; reasons for and against its occupation, 172 ; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; arrangements on the Danubian frontier, 195 f.; Illyricum subdued, 201 ; settlement of veterans in Dalmatia, 202 ; his Amphictiony, 254 f.; dealings with Greece, 261 ; treatment of Athens, 277 ; insurrection at, 279 ; foundation and privileges of Nicopolis, 294 f.; colonies in Macedonia, 301 ; pacification of Cilicia and Pisidia, 335 f.; diets and festivals for, in Asia Minor, 345 ; cancels debtors’ claims there, 357 ; decorum of, ii. 26 n. ; first arrangements in East, 34 f.; policy open to him, 36; inadequate measures, 36 f.; in Syria (20 B.C. ), 37 f.; mission of Gaius to East, 39; Nicolaus Damascenus on his youth, 168; treatment of the Jews, 171 f.; dealing with Herod’s testament, 182, 184; attitude towards Jewish worship, 187; annexation of Egypt, 232 f., 239; Egyptian titles, 244; policy as to south–western Arabia, 290; expedition of Gallus, 290 f.; of Gaius, 293; repression of piracy in Red Sea, 298; colonisation in Mauretania, 333; death, i. 50 . Aurelianus, defeats the Juthungi, i. 166 ; combats with the Goths on Danube, 248 f.; against the Palmyrenes, ii. 108 f.; battle of Hemesa, 109 n. , 110 n. ; destruction of Palmyra, 111 n. Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Germany under, i. 160 ; Chattan war, 161 ; Roman wall in Britain attacked, 188 ; Marcomanian war, 229 f.; his qualities, 232 ; progress of war, 232 f.; takes name of Germanicus, 234 ; terms laid down for the vanquished, 234 ; second war, 235 ; death, 235 ; Parthian war under Marcus and Verus, ii. 74 f.; embassy to China, 302. Aures, ii. 317, 318, 320. Ausonius, i. 109 , 113 , 114 n. Autonomy, idea of, ii. 120. Autricum, i. 91 . Auzia, ii. 319, 325. Aventicum, i. 129 . Avestâ, ii. 10. Axidares, ii. 66 n. Axomis, kingdom of, ii. 281 n. ; extent and development, 282 f.; Rome and the Axomites, 284; envoys to Arvidian, 284; relation to piracy, 298. Azania, ii. 289. Bactra , ii. 14, 15 n. , 18. Bactro–Indian empire, ii. 14, 16 n. Baetica, i. 67 ; towns with burgess–rights, 68 ; exemption from levy, 73 ; Moors in, ii. 324. Bagradas, ii. 336. Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, ii. 315 n. Ballomarius, i. 230 n. Bâmanghati, coins found at, ii. 301 n. Baquates, ii. 324, 325 n. Bar–Kokheba, Simon, ii. 224 n. Barley–wine, i. 108 n. Barsemias of Hatra, ii. 78. Barygaza, ii. 16 n. , 300. Basil of Caesarea, i. 333 . Bassus, Caecilius, ii. 21 f. Bassus, Publius Ventidius, ii. 23, 27. Bastarnae, i. 12 , 217 , 238 . Batanaea, ii. 144; see Haurân. Batavi, i. 26 , 43 , 97 n. ; settlements and privileges, 120 ; rising of Batavian auxiliaries, 129 f.; Civilis, 130 ; progress of the movement, 130 f.; its consequences, 143 f.; later attitude, 145 . Bato, the Dalmatian, i. 39 , 41 . Bato, the Pannonian, i. 39 –42. Beads, glass, ii. 255. Beer, i. 108 . Belatucadrus (Mars), i. 193 . Belgica, i. 85 ; division of command, 118 n. Belus, ii. 266. Berbers, ii. 302 f.; type, 304, 305 n. ; language, 325 f.; organisation of gentes , 334 f. Berenice, sister of Agrippa II., ii. 219. Berenice, Trogodytic, ii. 280, 284 n. , 286, 288, 297. Beroe, i. 240 . Berytus, ii. 121; Latin island in the East, 130; factories in Italy, 139 n. Bescera, ii. 319. Bessi, i. 12 , 209 n. Bether, ii. 225. Betriacum, i. 130 , 143 . Biriparach, ii. 80. Bithynia, i. 323 , 324 , 330 ; Greek settlements in, 330 f.; Hellenism of, 330 f.; place in literature, 331 ; Gothic raids, 245 . Bithyniarch, i. 346 . Blaesus, Quintus Junius, ii. 318. Blemyes, ii. 250 n. , 277 n. , 278. Bocchus, ii. 309, 310, 311 n. Boeotian league, i. 259 , 265 . Bogud, ii. 308 f., 310, 311 n. Borani, i. 243 , 245 . Bosporan kingdom, i. 242 ; Greek towns of, 244 , 312 ; kings, 314 n. ; extent of, 314 f.; coins, 317 n. , 318 ; titles, 316 n. ; military position, 316 f.; court, 318 ; trade and commerce, 319 . Bostra, ii. 95; plain around, 144 f.; legionary camp at, 153; importance of, 155; Hellenic basis, 155. Boudicca, i. 179 , 181 . Boule, the, in Egyptian cities, ii. 236 n. Bracara, i. 16 . Breuci, i. 23 . Brigantes, i. 178 , 181 , 182 , 188 . Brigetio, i. 228 . Britain, Caesar’s expedition, i. 170 ; designs of Augustus, 171 ; reasons for and against occupation, 172 f.; conviction of its necessity, 173 f.; occasion for the war, 174 ; arrangements for occupation, 174 n. ; its course, 175 f.; Roman towns, 176 f.; resistance in West Britain, 177 f.; national insurrection, 179 f.; subjugation of the West, 180 f.; of the North, 182 ; Caledonia abandoned, 184 ; grounds for this policy, 184 f.; diversities of race, 185 ; fortifying of northern frontier, 186 f.; wars in second and third centuries, 188 f.; Roman fleet, 189 ; garrison and administration, 190 ; taxation and levy, 190 f.; communal organisation, 191 ; prosperity, 192 ; roads, 192 ; Roman manners and culture, 193 ; country houses, 194 ; scholastic training, 194 . Brixia, i. 191 . Bructeri, i. 36 , 51 , 133 , 145 . Burdigala, i. 113 . Burebista, i. 10 , 216 , 220 , 309 f. Burgundiones, i. 167 . Buri, i. 221 , 224 . Burnum, i. 203 . Burrus, ii. 206. Busiris, ii. 251. Buthrotum, i. 295 . Byzacene, ii. 336. Byzantium, i. 246 , 292 , 305 , 306 n. , 308 . Cabinet–secretary , imperial, ii. 272 f. Cadusians, ii. 88 n. Caecina, Aulus, governor of Moesia, i. 40 f.; march to the Ems, and retreat, 52 f. Caedicius, Lucius, defence of Aliso, i. 48 . Caesar, Gaius Julius, measures for Dalmatian war, i. 7 f.; Romanising of southern Gaul, 86 ; policy as to cantons of Gaul, 92 f.; Britannic expedition and aims, 170 ; project of crossing Euphrates, ii. 22; arrangements as to Judaea, 175 f.; African policy, 307 f.; Italian colonists in Africa, 332 . Caesar, Gaius, mission to East, ii. 38 f.; meeting with Phraataces, 39; early death, 40. Caesaraugusta, i. 68 . Caesarea in Cappadocia, i. 332 ; ii. 101 f. Caesarea (Iol), province of, ii. 313, 314, 321. Caesarea Paneas, ii. 65, 147, 151. Caesarea Stratonis, ii. 182, 186 f.; insurrection, 205 f., 209 f.; obtains Roman organisation, 218. Caesarion, ii. 25 n. , 26 n. Caesian Forest, i. 124 . Calama, ii. 319 n. , 329 n. , 335 n. Calceus Herculis, ii. 319. Caledonia abandoned, i. 184 ; probable grounds for this policy, 184 f.; under Severus, 189 . Caligula, Gaius Caesar, incapable of serious plans, i. 172 ; declines “great number” of statues, 291 ; the East under, ii. 45; pardons Aretas, 151; treatment of Jews, 191 f.; Jewish deputations to, 193 f.; orders his effigy to be set up in the Temple, 195; death, 195. Callaecia, Roman, i. 63 f.; separated from Lusitania, 65 . Callistus, ii. 102 n. , 103. Calybe, i. 303 , 305 n. Camalodunum, i. 170 , 171 , 175 , 176 , 180 , 192 f. Camels in Africa, ii. 340. Camunni, i. 15 f. Canabae , i. 168 . Canal, Egyptian, ii. 279, 280, 297 f. Canatha, ii. 147; temple of Baalsamin, 156; “Odeon,” 157. Candace, ii. 275 n. , 276, 277. Cane, ii. 296. Canius Rufus, i. 76 . Cannenefates, i. 36 , 97 n. , 121 , 126 f., 131 , 139 , 141 . Canopus, ii. 258 n. ; decree of, 260. Cantabri, i. 65 , 66 , 67 . Cantonal system of Spain, i. 71 , 72 n. ; of Gaul, 90 f.; influence of, 94 ; cantons represented in diet, 95 n. , 96 n. ; in Britain, 191 . Cappadocia, i. 323 , 324 ; inland, 332 ; division into praefectures, 332 ; Greek accent of, 333 ; ii. 19, 41, 63. Caracalla, Severus Antoninus, campaign against Alamanni, i. 162 ; named Geticus , 139 ; Parthian war, ii. 87; assassinated, 88; treatment of Alexandria, 263; uniting the vices of three races, 126, 340. Caratacus, i. 175 f., 178 . Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 n. Carên, ii. 6, 46, 84. Carnuntum, i. 23 , 198 , 206 . Carnutes, i. 91 . Carpi, i. 238 f. Carrhae, ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, 114. Carteia, i. 68 . Carthage, ii. 307, 330, 331, 341. Carthage, New, i. 68 . Cartimandus, i. 182 f. Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. 112 f.; death, 113. Caspian gates, ii. 62 n. Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 n. , 262. Cassivellannus, i. 170 . Castra Regina, i. 197 . Cattigara, ii. 302. Catualda, i. 61 , 215 . Caucasian tribes, ii. 35, 36, 61, 68, 72 n. , 73, 91 n. Cavalry recruited mainly from Gaul, i. 107 . Celtic inscriptions, i. 100 n. ; divinities, 104 f.; language; see Gaul. Cenomani, i. 91 . Census of Gaul, i. 84 . Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. 140 f., 142 , 180 , 183 . Cernunnos, i. 104 . Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 n. Chaeronea in the civil wars, i. 267 . Chalcedon, i. 245 . Chalcidian peninsula, i. 300 . Chandragupta, ii. 13. Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 n. Charibael, ii. 294 n. Chariomerus, i. 146 . Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 240 n. Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295. Chatti, i. 27 , 28 , 29 , 51 , 133 ; take the lead, 149 ; Chattan wars, 150 n. ; under Domitian, 151 n. , 158 ; under Marcus, 161 , 197 , 230 f. Chauci, i. 28 , 29 ; renewed rising, 36 , 43 ; settlements and attitude, 121 ; revolt, 125 . Chemi , ii. 251. Chemmis, ii. 235. Cherusci, i. 27 , 28 , 29 ; rising, 36 ; under Arminius, 43 , 52 , 60 ; later position, 146 . China, embassy to, ii. 302. Chosroes, ii. 66. Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135. Chrestus, ii. 199 n. Christianity in Syria, ii. 126; Syriac Christian literature, 124; Christian symbols, 141; effect on Christians of destruction of Jerusalem, 220 f.; Christians not, like Jews, a nation, 226 n. ; Christianity and Judaism, 229 f.; Christians and the imperial cultus, i. 348 ; conception of the persecutions of the Christians, ii. 198 n. Chrysogonus, i. 245 . Cidamus, ii. 316. Cilicia, i. 323 , 324 ; piracy in, 334 ; becomes province, 334 . Cimbri, i. 37 . Cinithii, ii. 317. Circesium, ii. 91, 95 n. Circumcision, ii. 224; prohibited, 228 n. , 229. Cirta, ii. 310, 311 n. , 319, 332, 342. Civilis, i. 130 f.; siege of Vetera, 133 f.; capitulation of Romans, 138 ; last struggles, 141 f. Classieus, Julius, i. 137 f., 139 . Claudius I., emperor, a true Gaul, i. 98 ; cancels restriction of Gallic franchise, 99 ; rising of Chauci, 125 ; directs withdrawal from right bank of Rhine, 125 ; occupation of Britain, 172 , 175 f.; Jazyges under, 216 ; re–establishes old arrangement in Greece, 276 ; policy of Claudius in the East, ii. 45; death, 49 ; policy towards the Jews, 199 f.; directs his works to be read publicly, 271 . Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, i. 247 f.; renewed fortifying of Danubian frontier, 248 . Cleopatra, ii. 25 n. , 27, 178 f. Clitae, i. 336 . Clubs, i. 353 , 354 n. , 356 . Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, 352 n. Cogidumnus, i. 176 . Colonate, i. 237 . Columella, i. 76 . Column of Trajan, i. 124 f. Commagene, ii. 19; annexed, 41; kingdom revived by Gaius, 45; province, 63 n. , 118. Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. 188 ; frontier–regulation in Dacia, 228 ; character, 236 ; peace with Marcomani, 236 . Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140. Coptic, ii. 244. Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 n. Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Frisians, i. 125 ; directed to withdraw from right bank of Rhine, 125 ; sent to Cappadocia, ii. 49; character of troops, 50; offensive against Tiridates, 52; in Armenia, 53 n. ; capitulation of Paetus, 57 n. , 58 n. ; conclusion of peace, 58–60; partiality of Tacitus’s account, 57 n. , 58 n. , 60 n. Corduba in Latin literature, i. 75 . Corinth, treatment of, i. 257 ; Caesar’s atonement, 260 f. Corn drawn from Egypt, ii. 239 f. Correctores , i. 279 f. Corycus, epitaphs of Christians at, i. 359 n. , 361 n. Costoboci, i. 242 . Cottius of Segusio, i. 16 , 18 . Cotys, i. 210 n. Cragus–Sidyma, i. 355 f. Cremna, i. 335 , 337 , 338 . Crete, i. 323 , 324 , 343 . Ctesiphon, ii. 3, 8, 28, 77, 79, 83, 113. Cugerni, i. 33 , 124 n. Cunobelinus, i. 171 n. , 174 , 175 . Cyprian, ii. 345. Cyprus, i. 323 , 324 , 343 ; Jews in, ii. 221 f., 223, 226. Cyrene, i. 323 f.; Pentapolis, 343 ; “peasants,” 343 ; categories of population, ii. 165 n. ; Jewish rising in, 221, 223, 234 n. Cyzicus, i. 330 , 348 . Dabel , ii. 149 n. , 151. Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dacian war, i. 10 ; internal troubles, 11 ; raid to Apollonia, 13 ; war of Lentulus, 42 ; Dacian language, 208 ; Daci under Tiberius, 217 ; war under Domitian, 219 ; chronology of it, 220 n. ; war under Trajan, 221 f.; second war, 222 f.; Dacia an advanced position, 228 f.; loss of Dacia, 241 . Daesitiatae, i. 38 f., 41 . Dalmatia, war, i. 8 f.; towns with Roman franchise, 10 ; Dalmato–Pannonian rising, 38 f.; Italian civilisation, 201 ; ports, 202 ; state of interior, 203 ; prosperity under Diocletian, 203 f. Damascus, environs of, ii. 144; Greek, 146; under Nabataean protection, 148 n. ; relation to Aretas, 149 n. ; Jews in, 167; Jews put to death, 209. Danava, ii. 95, 153. Danube, region of, i. 21 f.; boundary of empire, 23 , 195 f.; fleet, 205 ; army, 218 f.; military position after Trajan, 225 ; primacy of Danubian armies, 250 . Daphne, ii. 109; pleasure–garden, 128, 129 n. Dardani, i. 9 , 12 , 299 . Decapolis, ii. 146 n. Decebalus, i. 220 f., 223 . Decianus, i. 76 . Decianus Catus, i. 180 . Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, i. 240 ; conflicts with Goths and relief of Nicopolis, 240 ; death, 241 . Declamations in Gaul, i. 114 . Decumates ( agri ), i. 152 n. , 196 f. Deiotarus, i. 339 f. Dellius, ii. 32 n. Delminium, i. 203 . Delos, i. 258 , 269 ; Delian inscriptions, ii. 257 f. Dentheletae, i. 12 . Deultus, i. 307 . Deva, camp of, i. 178 , 193 . Dexippus, i. 239 n. , 241 n. , 243 n. , 246 n. , 247 n. , 281 . Diegis, i. 221 . Dio of Prusa, i. 268 f., 274 , 293 n. , 366 f.; address to Rhodians, i. 270 f. Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and Salonae, i. 203 f.; Sarmatian victories, 250 ; Persian war under, ii. 110 f.; terms of peace, 115; revolt in Egypt, 251; edict, as to grain, 251 f.; as to linen, 254 n. ; resolves to cede the Dodecaschoinos to Nubians, 277 f. Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. 250 n. Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 n. Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. 14 , 24 ; Thracian god, 209 . Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296. Dioscurias, i. 242 . Dmêr, ii. 149, 153. Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 n. , 277 n. , 278 n. Dodona, i. 297 n. Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, ii. 318. Domitianus: careful administration, i. 108 ; restricts number of vines, 108 f.; wars with the Chatti, 150 f.; construction of the “Flavian altars,” 153; Dacian war, 219 f.; defeated by Marcomani, 221 ; gives urban rights to Philippopolis, 307 . Domitius Afer, Gnaeus, i. 111 . Double names in Egypt, ii. 244. Drobetae, bridge at, i. 222 . Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. 104 f.; prohibited by Tiberius and Claudius, 105 ; schools of priests, 112 ; in Anglesey, 185 . Druidesses, i. 106 . Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Raeti, i. 16 , 17 ; sent to the Rhine, 22 ; German war, 26 f.; expedition to North Sea, 28 ; death of, 29 f.; character, 26 , 30; German tribes subdued, 123 f. Dubnovellaunus, i. 171 n. Durocortorum, i. 89 , 90 . Durostorum, i. 227 , 309 . Dusaris, ii. 153; Dusaria, 153 n. Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. 233. Dyme, letter of governor to, i. 237 n. , 260 n. Dynamis, i. 313 . Dyrrachium, i. 201 , 299 , 301 . Earthquakes in Asia Minor, i. 358 . Eburacum, i. 183 , 186 , 193 , 194 . Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28. Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 102, 125 n. Education in Gaul, i. 112 f.; in Asia Minor, 362 f.; in Africa, ii. 341 f. Egypt: annexation, ii. 232 f.; exclusively an imperial possession, 233 f.; twofold nationality, 234; land–districts and Greek cities, 235 f.; coinage, 237 n. ; absence of land–diet, 238; government of Lagids, 238 f.; imperial administration financially, 239 f.; revenues, 239 f.; privileged position of Hellenes, 240 f.; personal privileges in Roman period, 242; native language, 243; titles of Augustus in, 244 n. ; abolition of resident court, 244 f.; officials, general and local, 246–248; insurrections, 249; in the Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), 249 f.; revolt under Diocletian, 251; opposition emperors, 251; agriculture, 251; granary of Rome, 252 f.; revenue from imperial domains, 253 n. , 254; trades, 254; linen, 254; papyrus, 255; building materials, 256; navigation of Mediterranean, 257 f.; population, 258; manners, 258 f.; religious customs, 259 f.; sorcery, 261; other abuses connected with the cultus, 261; revolt of the “Herdsmen,” 261 f.; Alexandria, 262–273; strength of occupying army, 273 f.; recruited from camp–children, 274; task of the troops, 274; east coast and general commerce, 278 f.; canal, 279 f.; sea–route to India, 279; eastern ports, 280; relations with west coast of Arabia, 284 f.; land–routes and harbours, 297; piracy repressed, 298; active traffic to the east, 298 f. Eirenarchs, i. 351 n. , 353 . Elagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123. Elateia, i. 242 . Eleazar, ii. 207, 208, 214, 215. Eleazar of Modein, ii. 224 n. Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74. Elentherolacones, i. 260 . Elis, i. 261 ; flax of, 292 . Elymais, ii. 7. Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218. Emona, i. 10 , 20 , 198 , 206 . Ephesus, i. 329 , 360 , 361 . Epictetus, i. 273 . Epidaphne , a blunder of Tacitus, ii. 128 n. Epirus, i. 294 f.; northern, i. 297 . Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. 233 n. , 242 n. , 246, 247, 249. Eratosthenes, ii. 241 n. Esus, i. 104 . Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. 193 n. Euergetes, title of, ii. 238. Eumolpidae, i. 281 . Eupatorids, i. 314 . Euphorion, librarian to Antiochus the Great, ii. 130. Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. 1; Romano–Parthian frontier–regions, 19; recognised as boundary, 21; customs–district, 70 f., 97 n. ; Romans on left bank, 77; need of watch, 118 f.; as route for commerce, 278 f. Europus, battle at, ii. 76. Eurycles, i. 283 . Exegetes in Alexandria, ii. 248 n. Eziongeber, ii. 288 n. Ezra, ii. 161. Fadus , Cuspius, ii. 204. Faustinopolis, i. 333 . Favorinus, polymath, i. 110 f. Felix, Antonius, ii. 202, 204. Filosofi locus , ii. 342. Firmus in Egypt, ii. 111 n. Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 n. , 193. “Flavian altars,” i. 153 n. Floras, Gessius, ii. 206. Forath, ii. 98 n. Forum Julii, i. 86 . Frankincense routes, ii. 286 n. , 288 n. , 299. Franks, i. 163 , 165 , 167 ; settled on Black Sea, 250 . Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. 181 . Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. 234 . Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342. Frisians, i. 27 , 28 , 43 , 97 n. , 121 , 124 , 126 n. , 129 , 131 , 145 . Furtius, i. 233 f. Fuscus, Arellius, i. 365 . Fuscus, Cornelius, i. 220 . Gabinius , Aulus, ii. 174 f., 232. Gades, i. 68 , 74 f.; Gaditanian songs, 75 . Gaetulians, ii. 304, 322 n. , 323 f. Galatia, i. 323 f., 336 , 338 f.; Galatian kingdom, 339 f.; province, 340 ; inhabitants, 340 ; former cantons, 341 ; language under the Romans, 341 f.; Galatians as soldiers, 342 ; garrison of, 350 . Galatarchs, i. 344 n. ; Julian’s letter to, 349 n. Galba, i. 130 ; ii. 198 n. , 213. Galenus of Pergamus, i. 366 . Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius, ii. 64 n. Gallienus, energetic action in Germany, i. 163 ; victory over pirates at Thrace, 246 ; character, 247 ; murder, 247 ; recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f. Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of, ii. 290 f.; Strabo’s account of it, 291 n. Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f. Gallus, Trebonianus, i. 240 f. Ganna, i. 146 . Gannascus, i. 125 . Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318. Gaul, administrative partition of, i. 33 n. ; acquisition of Southern, 78 ; later conflicts in three Gauls, 79 f.; Celtic rising under Tiberius, 80 ; gradual pacification, 81 ; rising after Nero’s death, 82 , 136 f.; Romanising policy, 82 f.; organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.; law and justice, 85 ; Romanising of Southern province, 88 f.; cantonal organisation, 90 f.; influence of cantonal constitution, 92 ; smaller client–unions, 92 n. ; diet, 94 ; altar and priest, 94 ; composition of the diets, 95 f.; officials, 94 n. , 95 n. ; restricted Roman franchise, 98 f.; Latin rights conferred on individual communities, 99 ; Celtic language, 99 f.; evidences of its continued use, 101 ; Romanising stronger in Eastern Gaul, 102 ; land measurement, 102 ; religion, 103 ; economic condition, 106 ; culture of vine, 108 ; network of roads, 109 ; Hellenism in South Gaul, 110 ; Latin literature in Southern province, 111 ; literature in imperial Gaul, 112 ; constructive and plastic art, 114 ; extent of the three Gauls, 117 ; attempt to establish a Gallic empire, 137 –141. Gaza, ii. 210. Gedrosia, ii. 13. Gelduba, camp at, i. 144 f. Geneva, i. 91 . Gens and civitas , ii. 334 n. Georgius, murder of, ii. 265. Gerba, ii. 338. Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, i. 41 ; in sole command on the Rhine, 49 ; course after death of Augustus, 50 ; renewed offensive, 51 f.; expedition to the Ems, 50 f.; campaign of the year 16, 53 f.; disaster to his fleet, 54 ; recall, 55 ; aims and results of campaigns, 55 –59; triumph, 62 ; mission to the East, ii. 40; its results, 41 f. Germany and Germans: Rhine–boundary, i. 25 f.; war of Drusus, 26 f.; Roman camps and base, 31 f.; organisation of province, 35 ; altar for Germanic cantons, 35 , 118; rising under Arminius, 42 f.; character of Romano–German conflict, 49 ; abolition of command–in–chief on the Rhine, 55 ; Elbe frontier and its abandonment, 56 –59; Germans against Germans, 60 ; original province, 117 ; Upper and Lower, 118 f.; strength of the armies, 119 n. ; right bank of Rhine abandoned, 125 f.; position after fall of Nero, 127 ; consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.; later attitude of Romano–Germans on left bank, 144 f.; free Germans there, 145 ; Upper Germany, 147 f.; Limes , 154 –160; distribution of troops, 156 n. , 159 n. ; under Marcus, 160 ; later wars, 161 –167; Romanising of, 167 ; towns arising out of encampments, 168 ; Germanising of the Roman state, its beginnings and progress, 168 f.; picture of, by Tacitus, 169 . Gerusia, i. 353 , 354 n. Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323. Getae, language of, i. 208 . Gibbon, i. 6 . Gindarus, battle of, ii. 23. Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. 272 . Glass of Sidon, ii. 137; glass–wares, 255. Gods, Iberian, i. 75 ; Celtic, in Spain, 75 n. ; British, 193 ; Syrian, ii. 123; Egyptian, 235, 260 f. Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 n. Gordianus, “conqueror of Goths,” i. 239 ; Persian wars of, ii. 91. Gordiou Kome, i. 330 . Gorneae, ii. 48 n. Gotarzes, ii. 7 n. , 12 n. , 46, 47. Goths: migrations, i. 238 ; Gothic wars, 239 ; under Decius, 240 f.; invasions of Macedonia and Thrace, 240 ; maritime expeditions, 243 f.; victories of Claudius, 247 f.; character of these wars, 248 . Graupian Mount, battle of, i. 183 f., 190 . Great–king, ii. 7. Greece: Hellas and Rome, i. 253 ; towns under republic, 256 ; city–leagues broken up, 256 f.; revived, 259 ; freed communities and colonies, 258 –261; decay of, 261 ; decrease of population, 268 ; statements of Plutarch, Dio, and Strabo, 268 f.; tone of feeling, 270 f.; good old manners, 271 f.; parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273 ; misrule of provincial administration, 275 ; misrule in towns, 276 ; clinging to memories of past, 280 ; religion, 280 ; worship of pedigrees, 280 f.; language––archaism and barbarism, 281 f.; great families, 283 f.; career of state–offices, 284 f.; personal service of the emperor, 285 ; municipal administration, 285 ; Plutarch on its duties, 286 ; games, universal interest in, 287 –290; municipal ambition, its honours and toils, 290 f.; trade and commerce, 292 f.; roads, 294 ; piratic invasions, i. 245 f.; description of Greece from the time of Constantius, i. 293 n. Greek islands, places of punishment, i. 343 . Gregorius Nazianzenus, i. 333 . Hadrianoi , i. 328 . Hadrianus: Hadrian’s wall, i. 186 ; disaster at Eburacum, 188 n. ; Panhellenism at Athens, 266 ; grants to Athens, 277 f.; his Novae Athenae , 278 ; Olympieion, 278 ; evacuates Assyria and Mesopotamia, and restores Armenia as vassal–state, ii. 71, 72; Jewish rising under, 223 f.; lays out Antinoopolis, 236; gives exceptional right of coining, 237; alleged letter to Servianus, 256 n. ; “Hadrian’s road” in Egypt, 297 n. Haedui, i. 80 , 99 . Hairanes, Septimius, ii. 97 n. Harmozika, ii. 64. Hasmonaeans, ii. 161. Hatra, ii. 69, 78, 79, 89. Haurân, red soil, ii. 144; mountain–pastures, 145; cave–towns, 147; robbers, 147 n. ; bilingual inscriptions, 148 n. ; forts, 153; agriculture, 154; Ledjâ, 154; aqueducts, 155; buildings, 156. Hebron, ii. 213. Hecatompylos, ii. 4. Heliopolis, ii. 121, 123. Helladarch, i. 255 , 265 n. , 344 n. Hellenism and Panhellenism, i. 252 f. Helvetii, i. 27 , 92 , 93 , 99 , 117 , 119 , 128 ; “Helvetian desert,” 152 . Hemesa, ii. 103, 106, 109 f.; oil–presses near, 136 n. Heraclea (Chersonesus), i. 305 , 312 ; coins of, 315 n. Hercules in Gaul, i. 106 . Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. 366 n. Hermunduri, i. 31 , 38 , 150 f., 158 , 214 f. Herod the Great, ii. 176 f.; confirmed by Antonius as tetrarch, 177; king of Judaea, 178; under Augustus, 179; government in relation to the Romans, 179 f.; in relation to the Jews, 180; character and aims, 180 f.; energy of his rule, 182; extent of his dominions, 182; partition of his kingdom, 183; revenues of, 187 n. ; territory beyond the Jordan, ii. 146 f.; represses brigandage, 147. Herod Agrippa I., ii. 49, 191, 194 f., 200. Herod Agrippa II., ii. 152, 171, 173 n. , 181, 183, 207, 208, 209, 219. Herod Antipas, ii. 150. Herod of Chalcis, ii. 201. Herodes Atticus, i. 281 , 282 , 283 n. , 284 . Herodians, ii. 218. Heroonpolis, ii. 261. Heruli, i. 246 f. Hiera Sycaminos, ii. 276 n. Hieronymus, i. 101 . Hilary of Poitiers, opinion of his countrymen, i. 83 . Hippalus, ii. 299. Hippo, ii. 310, 319, 328, 339. Homerites, ii. 286 f.; coinage, 287 f., 290; later fortunes, 294; united with kingdom of Axomites, 295 n. ; commercial intercourse of, 296. Homonadenses, i. 335 f. Hordeonius Flaccus, i. 132 . Hyginus, i. 75 . Hypatia, murder of, ii. 265. Hyrcanus, ii. 174, 175 n. , 177, 179. Iapydes , i. 9 . Iazyges, i. 216 , 220 , 230 , 234 . Iberians, range and language, i. 69 ; Romanising, 69 f.; north of Pyrenees, 79 ; coinage, 79 n. Iceni, i. 179 . Iconium, i. 336 f. Idiologus , ii. 247 n. Idumaea, ii. 213, 214. Igel column, i. 115 f. Igilgili, ii. 324. Illyrian stock, i. 199 f.; range and character, 199 f.; admixture of Celtic elements, 200 f. Illyricum, relation to Moesia, i. 14 n. ; erection and extent of province, 20 f.; rising in, 39 ; administrative subdivision, 195 , 201 ; excellence of Illyrian soldiers, 250 f.; Illyrian emperors, 251 . India, commercial intercourse with, ii. 300 f. Indus, region of, ii. 13 f. Inguiomerus, i. 52 , 60 , 61 . Insubres, i. 91 . Iol (Caesarea), ii. 311, 321. Iran, empire of: Iranian stocks and rule, ii. 1 f.; religion, 9 f.; Bactria bulwark of Iran, 18. See Persia. Irenaeus, i. 101 . Isauria, i. 334 f., 337 . Isca, camp of, i. 178 , 193 . Isidorus (leader of “herdsmen”), ii. 262. Isidorus, geographer, ii. 39. Isis, i. 280 ; ii. 266. Istachr; see Persepolis. Isthmus of Corinth, piercing of, i. 294 . Istria, i. 200 . Istros, i. 239 . Istropolis, i. 13 . Itala version of Bible, by whom prepared, ii. 343 n. Italica, i. 67 . Italicus, i. 146 . Italy, northern frontier of, i. 7 f.; ceases to be military, 251 . Ivernia, i. 178 , 182 , 184 . Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46, 167. Jahve , ii. 160, 161, 169. Jamblichus, ii. 76 n. , 123 n. , 131. Jannaeus Alexander, ii. 162. Jerusalem, standing garrison, ii. 186; destruction of, 215, 218; colony of Hadrian, 224 n. See Judaea. Jews: Jewish traffic, ii. 141 f.; Pariah position in Rome, 142 f.; Diaspora, 142, 162 f.; at Alexandria, 162 n. , 163; at Antioch, 163; in Asia Minor, 163 n. ; Greek language compulsory, 163 f.; retention of nationality, 164 f.; self–governing community in Alexandria, 165; extent of the Diaspora, 166 f.; proselytism, 166 f.; Hellenising tendencies, 167; Jewish–Alexandrian philosophy, 168; Neo–Judaism, 168 f.; fellowship of, as a body, 169 f.; Philo, 170; Roman government and Judaism, 171 f.; policy of Augustus, 171 f.; of Tiberius, 172; treatment in the West, 172; and in the East, 173 f.; treatment by Gaius, 191 f.; Jew–hunt at Alexandria, 192 f.; statue of emperor in the Temple, 194 f.; impression produced by the attempt, 195; hatred of emperor–worship depicted in the Apocalypse, 196–198 n. ; treatment by Claudius, 199 f.; preparations for the insurrection, 201 f.; high–priestly rule, 202; Zealots, 203 f.; outbreak in Caesarea, 205 f.; and in Jerusalem, 206 f.; struggle of parties, 208 f.; extension of the war, 209; war of Vespasian, 210 f.; forces, 211 n. ; first and second campaigns, 213; Titus against Jerusalem, 213; task of assailants, 214 f.; destruction of Jerusalem, 215; breaking up of Jewish central power, 216; central worship set aside, 216 f.; tribute transferred to Capitoline Jupiter, 217 f.; territory becomes domain–land, 218 n. ; further treatment, 219 f.; consequences of catastrophe, 220; Palestinian Jews, 220 f.; rising under Trajan, 221; under Hadrian, 223, 225 n. ; position in second and third centuries, 225 f.; toleration of worship, 226; corporative unions, 226 f.; patriarchs, 227 n. ; exemptions from, and obligations to, public services, 227, 228 n. ; circumcision prohibited, 228 n. ; altered position of Jews and altered character of Judaism in the imperial period, 229, 230. John of Gischala, ii. 214. Joppa, ii. 175 n. , 176. Josephus, on cave–towns of Haurân, ii. 147; account of Titus’s council of war, 217 n. ; value of statements in the preface to his History of the Jewish War, ii. 205 n. Jotapata, ii. 212. Juba I., ii. 308. Juba II., ii. 312, 313, 338 n. ; his Collectanea, ii. 39, 293 n. Judaea: distinction between Jewish land and Jewish people, ii. 160; priestly rule under Seleucids, 160 f.; kingdom of Hasmonaeans, 161; Pharisees and Sadducees, 161; under the republic, 174; Caesar’s arrangements, 175 f.; freedom from dues, 175 n. ; Parthians in Judaea, 177 f.; under Herod, 180–182; under Archelaus, 183 f.; Roman province, 184, 185 n. ; provincial organisation, 186; military force in, 186; tribute, 186 f.; native authorities, 187; deference to Jewish scruples, 189 f.; the Jewish opposition, 190 f. See also Jews. Judaism; see Jews and Judaea . Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198. Jugurtha, war with, ii. 307. Julianus defeats Dacians at Tapae, i. 220. Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley–wine, i. 108 ; reply to “beard–mockers” of Antioch, ii. 135. Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. 115 . Juridicus , ii. 247 n. Jurisprudence, studied at Berytus, ii. 130. Juthungi, i. 161 , 166 . Kainepolis , ii. 75 n. Kanata and Canatha, ii. 146 n. Kanerku, ii. 16, 17 n. Kerykes, i. 246 , 281 . King of kings, ii. 11. Labeo , Claudius, i. 136 . Labienus, Quintus, ii. 22, 23. Lachares, i. 283 . Lactantius, ii. 345. Lactora, i. 97 n. Laetus, ii. 79. Lagids, government of, ii. 238; finance of, 239 f., 241. Lambaesis, ii. 319. Lancia, i. 66 . Langobardi, i. 35 , 37 , 146 , 230 . Laodicea, i. 327 , 360 ; ii. 130. Larisa, i. 298 . Latifundia , ii. 334. Latin version of Bible, ii. 343 n. Latobici in Carniola, i. 200 . Latro, Marcus Porcius, i. 76 . Lauriacum, i. 198 . Leagues of Greek cities, i. 259 , 264 n. ; diets, 264 f. Lentulus, Gnaeus, Dacian war, i. 42 . Leptis, Great, ii. 316, 326, 327, 328. Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 291. Leuga , i. 103 . Lex Julia II., i. 10 . Libanius, description of Antioch, ii. 129 n. Library of Alexandria, ii. 271 f. Libyans, ii. 304, 317. Licinianus, Valerius, i. 76 . Limes , meaning of, i. 122 n. ; Limes Germaniae , 122 f.; Upper Germanic, 154 f.; Raetiae , 155 f.; construction of, 156 , 197; object and effect of these structures, i. 157 –160. Lindum, i. 182 . Linen, Syrian, ii. 137, 138; Egyptian, 254 n. Lingones, i. 102 , 139 , 140 ; testament of man of rank among, i. 107 . Logistae , i. 353 . Lollius, Marcus, defeat of, i. 26 . Londinium, i. 177 , 180 , 192 . Longinus (Pseudo–), on the Sublime, ii. 168, 231. Lucanus, i. 76 . Lucian of Commagene, ii. 131; on the Syrian goddess, 134 n. ; (Pseudo–), parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273 f. Lugii, i. 37 , 215 , 220 . Lugudunum, i. 87 –90. Lusitania, i. 63 , 64 ; towns with burgess–rights in, 68 . Lutetia described by Julian, i. 109 . Lycia, i. 323 f., 333 ; Lycian cities–league, 333 . Lydius, robber–chief, i. 337 . Lysimachia, i. 303 , 322 n. Macedonia , frontier of, i. 11 f.; extent under the empire, 298 f.; nationalities, 299 f.; Greek polity, 300 f.; diet, 300 ; economy, roads and levy, 301 f.; Macedonians at Alexandria, ii. 164, 165 n. Machaerus, ii. 215. Macrianus, Fulvius, ii. 102 n. , 103. Macrinus, ii. 88. Mactaris, ii. 339 n. Madaura, ii. 341. Madeira, dyeworks at, ii. 323, 338 n. Maeates, i. 189 . Magians, ii. 10, 84. Magnesia on Maeander, i. 325 , 329 . Malchus, ii. 151. Mamaea, ii. 90. Marble quarries, i. 292 . Marcianopolis, i. 308 , 310 . Marcomani, i. 27 ; retire to Bohemia, 29 ; isolated, 31 ; under Maroboduus, 37 , 60 f.; under Roman clientship, 214 f.; war under Marcus Aurelius, 229 f.; invasion of Italy, 231 ; pestilence, 231 ; progress of war, 232 ; submission of Quadi, 233 ; terms of, 234 ; second war, 235 ; results, 235 f.; conclusion of peace by Commodus, 236 . Mareades, ii. 101 n. Margiane (Merv), ii. 18. Mariaba, ii. 287 n. , 292, 295. Mariamne, ii. 177, 181. Mariccus, i. 129 . Marmarica, ii. 315. Marnus, temple of, ii. 133. Maroboduus, i. 37 , 43 , 48 , 60 f. Marsi, i. 51 . Martialis, Valerius, i. 76 . Mascula, ii. 319. Massada, ii. 215. Massilia, i. 78 , 79 , 86 , 110 . Massinissa, ii. 305, 309. Mattiaci, i. 33 , 133 , 149 n. Mauretania, Roman dependency, ii. 308; two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.; Roman civilisation in, 320 f.; Gaetulian wars, 322; incursions of Moors into Spain, 324 n. ; colonisation of Augustus, 333; large landed estates, 333 f. Mauri, ii. 304. Maximianus, Galerius, ii. 114. Maximinus, expedition into heart of Germany, i. 162 ; Mesopotamia falls to Ardashir, ii. 91. Maximus, Terentius, ii. 65. Mazices, ii. 303, 324. Media, ii. 4, 6, 10. Mediolanum, i. 91 . Mediomatrici, i. 141 . Megasthenes sent to India, ii. 130. Megistanes , ii. 5 f. Meherdates, ii. 46. Mela, Pomponius, i. 76 . Menahim, ii. 208. Menecrates, physician, i. 366 n. Menippus of Gadara, ii. 131. Meroe, ii. 275, 277. Mesembria, i. 305 . Mesene, ii. 68. Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians, ii. 21; Vologasus in, 55; occupied by Trajan, 68; revolt of Seleucia and siege, 68 f.; Roman province, 68, 70 f.; evacuated by Hadrian, 72; again Roman province under Severus, 79; battle of Nisibis, 88; falls to Ardashir, 91; reconquered by Gordian, 91; but ceded by Philippus, 92; struggle under Valerian, 100; action of Odaenathus, 104; once more Roman under Carus, 113 n. ; invaded by Narseh, but recovered by Diocletian, 113–115. Messalla, Marcus Valerius, vanquishes the Aquitanians, i. 80 . Minaeans, ii. 285 n. , 286 n. , 290, 295. Minnagara, ii. 15, 16 n. Minucius, Felix, ii. 345. Mithra, worship of, ii. 126. Mithradates I., ii. 4, 5. Mithradates, brother of Pharasmanes, ii. 43, 45, 46 n. , 47. Mithradates of Pergamus, i. 313 , 340 . Moesia, i. 12 ; subjugation by Crassus, 13 , 212; relation to Illyricum, 14 n. ; province, 22 ; Latin civilisation of, 213 ; legionary camps, 213 n. , 218 , 227; Greek towns in lower, 308 f.; mints in, 308 n. Mogontiacum, i. 32 , 49 , 118 , 149, 168 . Mona, i. 178 , 179 , 180 , 182 . Monachism cradled in Egypt, ii. 267. Monaeses, ii. 24, 26, 28, 29, 31. Monobazus of Adiabene, ii. 54. Montanus, Votienus, i. 111 . Months, Persian names of, ii. 85 n. ; Palmyrene, 96 n. Morini, i. 80 . Mosaic pavements in Britain, i. 194 . Moselle valley, i. 115 f. Museum of Alexandria, president of the, ii. 248 n. ; savants of the, 268 f., 271 n. , 272. Musulamii, ii. 317, 318, 319 n. Muza, ii. 289, 296, 299 n. Muziris, ii. 301. Myos Hormos, ii. 280, 288, 297, 298. Nabata , ii. 275, 281, 282 n. Nabataea: language and writing, ii. 146; kingdom of Nabat, 148; its extent and power, 148 f.; Nabataean inscriptions, 148, 149 n. ; king subject to the Romans, 150; coins of, 150 n. ; Greek designations of magistrates, 181 f.; merged partly in Roman province of Arabia by Trajan, 152; worship, 153; Phylarchs, 154. Naissus, i. 248 . Namara, stronghold of, ii. 153, 157. Napoca, i. 228 . Narbo, i. 78 f., 86 . Narcissus, i. 175 . Naristae, i. 237 . Narona, i. 202 . Narseh, ii. 114 n. Nasamones, ii. 316. Nattabutes, ii. 319 n. Naucratis, ii. 235 n. , 236 n. Nauplia, i. 293 . Nauportus, i. 8 , 198 . Neapolis, Flavia, ii. 218. Necho, ii. 278. Neckar, region of the, i. 152 f. Negrin, oasis of, ii. 320. Neith, sanctuary of, ii. 260. Nelcynda, ii. 301. Nemausus, i. 87 ; temples, 106 ; coins, 110 . Neocorate, i. 346 f. Neoi , i. 353 . Neo–Judaism, ii. 269. Neo–Platonism, ii. 126, 209. Neo–Pythagoreanism, ii. 269. Nero, report of Aelianus as to Moesia, i. 217 ; attempt to pierce the Isthmus of Corinth, 294 ; under Burrus and Seneca, ii. 49; aims of the government in the East, 50, 51; Parthian war under, 55 f.; intended Oriental expedition, 61 f.; Vologasus on Nero’s memory, 62; confiscations in Africa, 334; Pseudo–Nero, ii. 62, 64. Nicaea, i. 245 , 329 . Nicanor, Julius, buys back Salamis, i. 278 . Nicephorium, ii. 76, 94, 114. Nicetes of Smyrna, i. 365 . Nicolaus of Damascus, ii. 167 f. Nicomedia, i. 245 , 329 , 345 ; Dio’s address to, 330 n. Nicopolis, Epirot, i. 254 , 295 f. Nicopolis on Haemus, i. 240 , 307 . Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria, ii. 274. Niger, Pescennius, ii. 77, 78 n. , 118. Nile: Nile–flood, ii. 252, 253; Nile–route for commerce, 278. Nisibis, ii. 68 f., 76, 78 n. , 79, 115; battle at, 88, 91. Nomes, constitution and distinctive features of, ii. 235 f.; agoranomy in, 235 f., 239 n. ; presidents of the nomes, 248 f. Nonnus, epic of, ii. 268. Noreia, i. 198 . Noricum, province of, i. 18 , 196 ; Italising of, 197 f.; military arrangements, 198 ; townships, 199 . Novae, i. 227 . Novaesium, i. 132 –136, 141 , 142 . Novempopulana, i. 197 . Noviodunum, i. 87 n. Noviomagus, i. 119 , 120 . Nubians, ii. 275, 278. Numidians, ii. 304; Numidia in civil wars, 307; a province, 307, 310. Obodas , ii. 150, 290. Octavia, ii. 27, 32. Odaenathus, Septimius, ii. 97 n. Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, ii. 103 n. ; campaign against Persians, 104 f.; assassination, 106 n. Odessus, i. 13 , 315 . Odrysae, i. 11 , 209 f., 304 , 306 n. Oea, ii. 316, 327. Oescus, i. 214 , 309 . Ogmius, i. 104 . Olbia, i. 239 , 242 , 305 , 310 n. , 311 . Olympic games, i. 288 f. Ombites, ii. 261, 262. Onias, temple of, closed, ii. 217. Ordovici, i. 178 , 182 . Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23 f., 43. Orontes valley, ii. 134, 141. Osicerda, coin of, i. 70 . Osiris worship, ii. 266 n. Osrhoene, ii. 88. Otho, defeat of, i. 128 . Oxus, ii. 83. Pacorus I. , son of Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23. Pacorus, Parthian king in time of Trajan, ii. 65 n. Paetus, Lucius Caesennius, ii. 56 f.; capitulation at Rhandeia, 57 f.; recalled, 59. Pahlavi language, ii. 11, 12 n. , 85. Palikars, i. 207 . Palma, Aulus Cornelius, ii. 152. Palmyra, ii. 92 f.; predatory expedition of Antonius, 93; military independence, 93, 94 n. ; distinctive position, 93 f.; administrative independence, 95 f.; language, 95 f.; votive inscriptions, 96 n. ; magistrates, 96 f.; “Headman,” 97; official titles, 97 n. ; customs–district, 97 n. ; commercial position, 98; under Odaenathus, 103 f.; under Zenobia, 106–110; destruction, 111 f.; chronology, 111 n. Pamphylia, i. 324 ; coast towns, 333 f.; earlier rulers, 334 ; assigned to governor of its own, 336 . Panhellenism, i. 252 f.; Panhellenes, 265 ; Panhellenion of Hadrian, 266 n. ; letters of recommendation, 267 n. ; Olympia, 288 f. Pannonia, province, i. 22 ; first Pannonian war, 22 f.; Dalmatio–Pannonian rising, 38 f.; military arrangements, 204 f.; urban development, 206 f.; camps advanced, 219 ; prosperity, 229 . Panopeus, i. 290 . Panopolis, ii. 235. Panticapaeum, i. 305 , 312 , 313 , 315 n. , 316 f., 318 , 319 . Papak, ii. 87 n. Papyrus, ii. 255 n. Paraetonium, ii. 235 n. Paropanisus, ii. 14. Parthamaspates, ii. 69. Parthia and Parthians, rule of, ii. 2 f.; Parthians Scythian, 3; regal office, 5; Megistanes, 5, 6 n. ; satraps, 6; as vassals, 7; Greek towns, 8; counterpart to Roman empire, 9; language, 11 f.; coinage, 12; extent of empire, 12 f.; wars between Parthians and Scythians, 18; Romano–Parthian frontier–region, 19; during the civil wars, 21; at Philippi, 22; in Syria and Asia Minor, 22; [Judaea, 177 f.]; seizure of Armenia, 45 n. ; occupation of Armenia, 47 f.; war under Nero, 55 f.; the East under the Flavians, 61 f.; coinage of pretenders, 65 n. ; war under Trajan, 65 f.; his oriental policy, 70 f.; reaction under Hadrian and Pius, 71 f.; war under Marcus and Verus, 74 f.; wars under Severus, 77 f.; wars of Severus Antoninus, 87; beginning of Sassanid dynasty, 80 f., 89; Partho–Indian empire, ii. 15 f., 17 n. Parthini, i. 9 . Parthomasiris, ii. 66 n. , 67. Patrae, i. 260 f., 292 f., 297 . Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 n. Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, ii. 130. Patronatus , contracts of, ii. 329 n. , 330 n. Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. 149 n. Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. 179 f., 181 , 182; ii. 313, 323. Pedigrees, i. 287 f. Pentapolis, Pontic, i. 308 f.; coinage of, 309 . Pergamus, i. 326 , 329 , 345 , 350. Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83. Persian empire, extent of, ii. 1 f.; see Sassanids. Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 n. ; king of, 7; royal dynasty, Sassanids, 81. Pertinax, Helvius, i. 233 . Petra, client–state of Nabat, ii. 65; residence of king, 148; traffic–route, 151 n. , 288; constitution under Hadrian, 155; structures of, 156; rock–tombs, 157. Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. 276. Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, ii. 194. Pessinus, i. 341 , 342 n. Phanagoria, i. 315 , 319 . Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43, 47, 53. Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73. Pharisees, ii. 161, 183, 188, 208. Pharnaces, i. 312 , 339 . Pharnapates, ii. 23. Pharsalus, i. 298 n. Phasael, ii. 177 f. Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. 360 . Philadelphia (in Syria), ii. 146. Philae, ii. 276, 278. Philhellenism of the Romans, i. 276 f. Philippi, i. 301 , 303 . Philippopolis, i. 211 , 232 , 260 , 304, 307 . Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed emperor, ii. 91 f.; cession of Euphrates frontier, 92. Philo, Neo–Judaism, ii. 170; deputations to Gaius, 193; silence accounted for, 196 n. Phoenician language in Africa, ii. 326 f., 328 n. Phraataces, ii. 39. Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38. Phrygia, Great, i. 325 ; language, i. 328 ; coins and inscriptions, 328 . Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 n. Picti , i. 189 . Piracy in Black Sea, i. 242 f.; expeditions to Asia Minor and Greece, 245 f.; in Pisidia, 334 f.; in Red Sea, ii. 298. Piraeus, i. 278 , 293 . Pirustae, i. 41 . Pisidia, independence, i. 334 ; subdued by Augustus, 335 ; Pisidian colonies, 336 ; brigandage in, 351 . Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. 24 f. Pityus, i. 242 , 243 f. Pius, Cestius, i. 365 . Plataeae, i. 266 n. , 267 n. Plautius, Aulus, i. 175 , 177 . Plotinus, ii. 126. Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. 272 ; account of his countrymen, 272 ; on population of Greece, 268 ; character of, 274 f.; view of municipal duties, 286 , 290 . Poetovio, i. 18 , 23 , 205 , 206 . Polemon, i. 313 ; ii. 24, 35. Polis and Nomos , ii. 237. Politarchs, i. 300 n. Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48. Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. 233 . Pompeiopolis, ii. 102. Pontus, province organised by Pompeius, i. 331 f.; annexation of kingdom of, ii. 61. Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167. Porphyrius, ii. 126. Portus, mariners’ guild at, ii. 257 n. Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133. Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, proclaimed emperor in Gaul, i. 164 ; takes Cologne, 165 ; falsifications of the Imperial Biographies in his case, 164 n. Potaissa, i. 228 . Praaspa, ii. 29. Praefectus , ii. 233 n. , 246, 247 n. Prasutagus, i. 176 . Premis, ii. 276. Priests in Asia Minor, i. 348 . Princeps: position as to Egypt, ii. 233 f.; princeps et undecim primus , 335 n. Priscus, Statius, ii. 75. Priscus, governor of Macedonia, i. 240 . Proaeresios, ii. 268 n. Probus, opens vine–culture to provincials, i. 109 ; resumes aggression against the Germans, 166 f.; transfers Bastarnae to Roman bank, 249 ; subdues Lydus in Isauria, 337 ; delivers Egypt from Palmyrenes, ii. 108, 250, 277; restores water–works on Nile, 253. Provincia , alleged use of term, ii. 233 n. Prucheion, ii. 250, 251. Pselchis, ii. 276. Pseudo–Nero, ii. 62, 64 f. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of Antonius, ii. 25. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, ii. 280. Ptolemaeus, king of Mauretania, ii. 312 f. Ptolemais, “Greek” city in Egypt, ii. 235, 236. Ptolemais “for the Chase,” on Red Sea, ii. 280. Ptolemies, court of the, ii. 245 f. Punic inscriptions, ii. 326 n. Punt, ii. 285 n. Purple dyeworks, Syrian, ii. 137. Puteoli, called little Delos, ii. 139 n. Quadi , i. 214 , 229 , 230 , 233 , 234 , 237 . Quadratus, Ummidius, ii. 48 f., 202. Quarries, Egyptian, ii. 256. Quietus, Fulvius, ii. 103. Quietus, Lusius, i. 222 ; ii. 69, 223, 322 n. Quinquegentiani, ii. 325 n. Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, i. 77 . Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, i. 336 ; ii. 136, 188, 315. Raetia , affinity of Raeti, i. 196 ; subjugation, 16 , 17; organisation, 17 f.; war in Raetia, 161 ; late civilisation, 196 ; military arrangements, 197 ; Raetian limes , 197 . Ratiaria, i. 214 . Religion in Spain, i. 75 ; in Gaul, 103 f.; in Britain, 193 ; in Greece, 280 ; in Asia Minor, 350 ; in Iran, ii. 9 f.; in Syria, 123 ; in Egypt, 265 , 266 n. Resaina, battle at, ii. 91, 95. Rhadamistus, ii. 47 f. Rhagae, ii. 4, 28. Rhandeia, capitulation of, ii. 56, 57 f. Rhapta, ii. 289. Rhetoric, professors of, at Treves, i. 89 n. ; professorship of Greek, at Rome, ii. 272. Rhetors in Alexandria, ii. 264 n. Rhine, boundary, i. 25 ; camps on left bank, 31 f.; positions on right bank, 33 f.; canal to Zuider–Zee, 28 , 34; dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34 ; Rhine–army as bearing on Gaul, 81 ; Rhine fleet, 119 ; army of Lower Rhine, 147 n. Rhodians, Dio’s address to, i. 270 f., 285 . Rhoemetalces, i. 40 , 209 f. Riff in Morocco, ii. 321, 324. Roads in Spain, i. 74 ; in Gaul, 109 f.; road–measurement in Gaul and Germany, 102 f.; in Britain, 192 ; in Greece, 294 ; in Asia Minor, 358 ; in Egypt, ii. 297; in Africa, 339. Roman empire, character of its history as compared with that of the republic, i. 3 f.; value of authorities for it, 4 ; nature of task assigned to it, 4 f.; object and limits of the present work, 4 –6; its divisions, 6 ; northern frontier of, 7 f. Roxolani, i. 217 , 238 . Sabaeans , ii. 158, 286, 290. Sabinus, Julius, i. 137 , 139 . Sabinus, Oppius, i. 220 . Sacae, ii. 14; Sacastane, 15; empire on Indus, 16, 17 n. Sacrovir, Julius, rising of, i. 80 f. Sadducees, ii. 161.

Sagalassus, i. 337 . Salabus, ii. 323. Salassi, i. 15 ; extirpated by Augustus, 19 . Salice (Ceylon), ii. 301. Salonae, i. 202 , 204 , 232 . Samaria, ii. 187. Samaritans, ii. 160. Sanabarus, ii. 16 n. Sapor, ii. 91; title and policy of conquest, 99 f. Sapphar, ii. 295. Saracens, ii. 158 f. Sarapis, ii. 265, 266 n. , 268; festival of, ii. 258 n. Sardes, i. 327 , 330 . Sarmatae, ii. 43. Sarmizegetusa, i. 221 , 228 . Sassanids, ii. 3 f.; official historiography, 3 n. ; legend of, 81, 85 f.; dynasty of Persis, 81; extent of Sassanid kingdom, 82; distinction between Sassanid and Arsacid kingdoms, 82 n. ; official titles of ruler, 83 n. ; church and priesthood, 84 f.; languages of the country under, 85 f.; new Persians and Romans, 86; strike gold pieces, 86 f.; chronology, 89 n. ; East forfeited to Persians, 101. Satraps, ii. 6. Saturninus, Gaius Sentius, i. 38 . Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, i. 150 . Sauromates, i. 311 , 314 n. , 317 n. Savaria, i. 205 , 206 . Saxa, Decidius, ii. 22. Saxons, i. 60 f., 167 . Scapula, Publius Ostorius, i. 178 . Scarbantia, i. 206 . Scaurus, Marcus, expedition against Nabataeans, ii. 149 f. Scironian cliffs, i. 294 . Scodra, i. 200 . Scordisci, i. 200 f., 300 . Scoti, i. 189 . Scythians, i. 239 , 242 , 243 n. , 311 ; (Asiatic), ii. 14, 15, 17. Segestes, i. 43 , 46 , 51 , 62 . Segusiavi, i. 88 n. , 92 n. Sejanus, ii. 172 n. , 173. Seleucia (in western Cilicia), i. 334 . Seleucia Siderus (in Pisidia), i. 336 , 337 . Seleucia (in Syria), ii. 127 n. , 128. Seleucia (on the Tigris), ii. 8, 11, 43, 44, 45, 68, 77, 79, 85, 113, 127. Seleucids, ii. 3 al. Seleucus, saying of, ii. 245. Selga, i. 337 , 359 . “Seminumidians and Semigaetulians,” ii. 341. Semnones, i. 146 , 161 . Senate and senators excluded from Egypt, ii. 233 n. Seneca, M. Annaeus and L. Annaeus, i. 76 . Septuagint, ii. 164. Sequani, i. 80 , 99 , 139 . Seres, i. 302 . Servianus, letter (of Hadrian?) to, ii. 256 n. Severianus, ii. 74. Severus, Alexander; see Alexander Severus. Severus Antoninus; see Caracalla. Severus, Septimius, Wall of Severus, i. 187 n. ; conflicts in Britain, 189 ; death at Eburacum, 189 , 269 ; Parthian wars under, ii. 77 f.; title of Parthicus , 78 n. ; partition of Syria, 118. Severus, Sextus Julius, ii. 224 f. Sicca, ii. 332. Sido, i. 216 , 229 . Silk, Chinese, ii. 302; silk of Berytus, ii. 137 f. Silures, i. 177 f., 179 , 181 . Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius Plautius, i. 217 . Simon, son of Gioras, ii. 214. Singidunum, i. 213 , 228 . Sinnaces, ii. 44. Sinope, i. 331 f. Siraci, i. 316 n. , 317 , 319 . Siscia, i. 9 , 205 . Sittius, Publius, ii. 311 n. , 332. Skipetars, i. 199 . Slaves, treatment of, in Greece, i. 273 ; traffic in, through Galatia, ii. 360. Smyrna, i. 325 f., 329 , 346 , 354 ; Jews at, ii. 163 n. Sohaemus of Hemesa, ii. 49. Sohaemus, king of Armenia, ii. 75 n. , 126. Sophene, ii. 115. Sophists, addresses of, i. 363 f.; Asia Minor takes the lead in, 365 . Sostra, dam at, ii. 102. Spain, conclusion of its conquest, i. 63 f.; visit of Augustus to organise, 64 ; triumphs over, 63 n. , 64 ; warfare in north of Spain, 64 f.; military organisation and distribution of legions, 65 n. , 66 ; incursions of Moors, 67 ; introduction of Italian municipal law, 67 ; diffusion of Roman language, 70 ; cantons, 71 ; broken up, 72 ; levy, 73 ; traffic and roads, 73 f.; religious rites, 75 ; Spaniards in Latin literature, 75 –77. Sparta, treatment of, i. 259 f. Statianus, Oppius, ii. 29. Statues, honorary, i. 291 n. Stobi, i. 301 . Successianus, i. 244 . Suebi, i. 60 f., 206 , 214 , 216 , 220 . Sufetes, ii. 329, 330 n. Sugambri, i. 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 124 ; probably = Cugerni, 124 n. Sulis, i. 177 , 194 . Surên, ii. 6, 84. Syene, ii. 256, 280. Syllaeos, ii. 291 n. Symmachus, i. 113 . Synhedrion of Jerusalem, constitution and jurisdiction, ii. 187 f.; disappears, 217. Synnada, i. 326 . Synoekismos , i. 295 f. Syria, conquest of, ii. 116; boundaries of territory, 117; provincial government, and its changes, 117 f.; partition into Coele–Syria and Syro–Phoenicia, 118; troops and quarters of legions, 63 n. , 118 n. ; inferiority in discipline, 66 n. , 119 f.; Hellenising of, 120 f.; Syria = New Macedonia, 121; continuance of native language, 121 f.; Macedonian native and Greek names, 121 f.; worship, 123; later Syriac literature, 124 n. ; Syro–Hellenic mixed culture, 125; minor Syrian authorship, 130 f.; epigram and feuilleton , 130 f.; culture of soil, 133 f.; wines of, 137; manufactures, 137; commerce, 137 f.; ship–captains, 138 n. ; Syrian factories abroad, 138 f.; Syrian merchants in the West, 139 n. ; Syro–Christian Diaspora, 140 n. ; wealth of Syrian traders, 140; country houses in valley of Orontes, 141; military arrangements after 63 A.D. , 210 n. Syria, Eastern, conditions of culture in, ii. 144 f.; Greek influence in, 145 f.; inhabitants of Arabian stock, 145; Pompeius strengthens Greek urban system, 146; civilisation under Roman rule, 153 f.; agriculture and commerce, 154; buildings, 156; south Arabian immigration, 158. Syrtis, Great, ii. 306, 316. Tacapae , ii. 314. Tacfarinas, ii. 313, 314, 317, 318. Tacitus, dialogue on oratory, i. 113 ; picture of the Germans, 169 ; narrative of war in Britain criticised, 181 n. Tadmor, ii. 92 n. Talmud, beginnings of, ii. 219, 231. Tanais, i. 315 n. , 319 . Tarraco, i. 64 . Tarraconensis, towns in the, i. 68 . Tarsus, ii. 101, 122. Taunus, i. 33 , 148 . Tava (Tay), i. 183 , 186 . Tavium, i. 341 , 342 n. Taxila, ii. 14 n. Teachers and salaries at Teos, i. 362 . Teimâ, description of, ii. 285 n. Temple–tribute, Jewish, ii. 169, 173; temple–screen, tablets of warning on, 189 n. Tencteri, i. 26 , 27 , 124 , 133 , 139 f. Tenelium, ii. 335. Teos, decree as to instruction, i. 362 . Tertullian, ii. 342, 345. Tetrarch, title of, ii. 177 n. Tetricus submits to Aurelian, i. 166 . Teutoburg forest, i. 53 , 55 . Thaema, ii. 148 n. Thagaste, ii. 341. Thamugadi, ii. 319. Themistius, i. 342 . Theocracy, Mosaic, ii. 160. Thessalonica, i. 300 f., 302 . Thessaly, i. 297 f.; diet in Larisa, 298 . Theudas, ii. 204. Theudosia, i. 315 . Theveste, ii. 317, 320, 339. Thrace: dynasts and tribes, i. 13 f.; vassal–princes, 14 ; war of Piso, 24 f., 210 ; Thracian stock, 207 f.; language, 208 ; worship, 209 ; principate, 209 f.; province, 210 f.; rising under Tiberius, 211 ; garrison and roads, 212 f.; Hellenism and Romanism in, 212 f.; Hellenism imported, 302 , 304 ; Philip and Alexander, 303 ; Lysimachus, 303 ; empire of Tylis, 303 ; later Macedonian rulers, 304 ; Roman province, 304 f.; Greek towns in, 305 ; strategies of, 306 n. ; townships receiving civic rights from Trajan, 307 ; “Thracian shore,” i. 212 . Thubursicum, ii. 336. Thubusuctu, ii. 325 n. Tiberias, ii. 183. Tiberius, assists Drusus in Raetia, i. 16 , 17 ; first Pannonian war, 22 f., 205 ; German war, 30 f.; resigns command on Rhine, 35 ; reconciliation with Augustus, 36 ; resumes command, 36 ; further campaigns in Germany, 36 f.; expedition to North Sea, 37 ; campaign against Maroboduus, 37 f.; return to Illyricum, 40 f.; again on Rhine after defeat of Varus, 48 f.; recall of Germanicus, 55 ; German policy, 55 ; motives for changing it, 56 –59; Gallic rising under, 80 ; Frisian rising, 124 ; road–making in Dalmatia, 203 ; procures recognition for Vannius, 215 ; Dacians under, 217 ; takes Greece into his own power, 276 ; small number of statues, 291 f.; leads force into Armenia, ii. 37 f.; again commissioned to the East, but declines, 39 ; mission of Germanicus to the East, 40 f.; Artabanus and Tiberius, 40 f.; mission of Vitellius, 42 f.; movement against Aretas, 151 ; treatment of the Jews, 172 ; attitude towards Jewish customs, 189 , 190; war against Tacfarinas, 317 f. Tigranes, brother of Artaxias, invested with Armenia by Tiberius, ii. 37, 38. Tigranes, installed in Armenia by Corbulo, ii. 54 f. Tigranocerta, ii. 45, 54. Tigris, boundary of, ii. 71, 115 n. Timagenes, ii. 106. Timarchides, Claudius, i. 283 n. Timesitheus, Furius, ii. 91. Tingi, i. 67 ; ii. 360 f., 312 f., 314, 321, 331.

Tiridates, proclaimed king of Parthia under Augustus, ii. 34, 35, 37. Tiridates set up as king of Parthia in opposition to Artabanus, under Tiberius, and superseded, ii. 44. Tiridates I., king of Armenia, brother of Vologasus I., ii. 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 [and ii. 11]. Tiridates II., king of Armenia under Caracalla, ii. 87. Tiridates, king of Armenia under Sapor, ii. 99. Titus, against Jerusalem, ii. 213 f.; Arch of, 216; refuses to eject Jews at Antioch, 219. Togodumnus, i. 175 f. Tombstones, Gallic, i. 116 . Tomis, i. 13 , 227 n. , 305 , 308 ; Ovid’s description of, 309 ; Mariners’ guild, 310 n. Town–districts in Egypt, ii. 235 f. Trachonitis, ii. 144; see Haurân. Trajanus, M. Ulpius: military road from Mentz towards Offenburg, i. 153 ; settlements in Upper Germany, 160 ; mission thither, 160 n. ; Dacian war, 221 f.; second Dacian war, 222 f.; column in Rome, 224 f.; confers civic rights on Thracian townships, 309 ; Parthian war, ii. 65 f.; death, 69 f.; triumph accorded after death, 70; Oriental policy, 70 f.; erects province of Arabia, 143; Jewish rising under, 221 f.; enlargement of Egyptian canal, 297 f. Transport–ship, Egyptian, ii. 256, 257 n. Trapezus, i. 245 , 332 ; ii. 35, 53. Trebellianus Rufus, Titus, i. 211 . Treveri, i. 80 , 93 , 94 , 102 , 136 , 137 , 139 , 140 . Treves, primacy in Belgica, i. 89 ; subsequently capital of Gaul, 89 ; receives Italian rights, 99 . Triballi, i. 12 . Triboci, i. 117 , 140 , 147 . Trinovantes, i. 170 , 171 n. , 180 . Tripolis, ii. 314 f. Trismegistus, Hermes, ii. 261, 266 n. , 268. Troesmis, i. 227 . Trogodytes, ii. 280, 286. Trogus Pompeius, historian of Hellenic type, i. 110 . Trumpilini, i. 15 . Tungri, i. 133 , 136 . Turan, ii. 12, 17, 45. Turbo, Quintus Marcius, ii. 223. Tyana, i. 333 ; ii. 109. Tylis, empire of, i. 303 . Tyra, i. 226 , 239 , 242 , 244 , 305 , 310 . Tyrian factories in Italy, ii. 138 n. Ubii , i. 25 , 35 , 97 , 98 f., 102 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 134 , 136 ; Roman town of, 168 . Ulpia Noviomagus, i. 168 . Ulpia Traiana, i. 168 . Universe, anonymous treatise on, ii. 168. Usipes, i. 26 , 27 , 51 , 124 , 133 , 150 . Utica, ii. 331. Vaballathus , ii. 106 n. , 108. Valerianus, Publius Licinius, conquers Aemilianus, i. 241 ; piratical expedition of Goths, 243 f.; character, 247 ; ii. 100; capture by the Persians, 100 n. , 101 n. Vangio, i. 215 , 229 . Vannius, i. 215 , 216 . Vardanes, ii. 45, 46. Varus, Publius Quintilius, character, i. 44 ; defeat and death, 45 –47; locality of the disaster, 47 n. ; governor of Syria, ii. 184. Vascones, i. 66 . Vatinius, Publius, i. 89 . Veleda, i. 140 , 142 , 145 . Veneti, i. 200 . Verulamium, i. 179 , 180 , 193 . Verus, Lucius, character of, i. 232 f.; in the East, ii. 75. Verus, Martius, ii. 75. Vespasianus: municipal organisation in Spain, i. 69 , 73 ; proclaimed as emperor, 128 ; instigation of Civilis, 130 f.; consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.; takes possession of “Helvetian desert,” 152 ; pushes forward camps on the Danube, 219 ; Eastern arrangements, ii. 62 f.; Jewish war, 210 f.; possessing himself of Rome through corn–fleet, 252; nicknamed the “sardine–dealer” and “six–farthing–man,” 263. Vestinus, L. Julius, ii. 273 n. Vetera (Castra), i. 32 , 49 , 118 , 133 , 138 . Via Augusta in Spain, i. 74 ; in Gaul, 109 f. Via Claudian, i. 20 . Via Egnatia, i. 302 . Victorinus, Gaius Aufidius, i. 230 . Vienna, i. 87 , 88 n. , 91 . Viminacium, i. 212 , 213 , 228 , 241 . Vindelici, i. 16 , 17 , 196 . Vindex, rising of, i. 82 , 127 , 128 f. Vindex, Marcus Macrinius, i. 234 . Vindobona, i. 206 . Vindonissa, i. 18 , 119 , 140 , 159 . Vine–culture in Gaul, i. 108 f.; restricted by Domitian, 108 ; on Moselle, 109 . Viroconium, camp of, i. 178 , 182 . Vitellius, Lucius, i. 128 , 129 , 130 ; ii. 42, 43, 44, 213. Vocula, Villius, i. 132 , 134 –136, 137 , 138 . Volcae, i. 86 f., 93 . Vologasias, ii. 47, 65, 98 n. Vologasus I., ii. 47, 49, 52, 54 f., 57, 62, 63, 64, 65 n. Vologasus IV., ii. 74. Vologasus V., ii. 77 f. Vonones, ii. 40, 41. Vorodes, Septimius, ii. 104 n. Weaving in Asia Minor, i. 360 . Wines, Gallic, i. 109 . Xenophon , of Cos, physician, i. 361 n. Zabdas , ii. 105 n. , 107, 109. Zaitha, ii. 92. Zarai, tariff of, ii. 338 n. Zealots, ii. 191, 203 f., 207, 208. Zenobia, government of, ii. 106 f.; claim to joint–rule, 106 n. ; occupation of Egypt, 107, 249 f.; Aurelian against, 108; battle of Hemesa, 109 f.; capture, 110. Zenodorus, of Abila, ii. 147. Zimises, ii. 322 n. Zoelae, i. 73 n. Zoskales, ii. 283. Zula, ii. 280.

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