The story of Hungary

INDEX. GYPSIES AND LADY. The extraordinary influence obtained by Kossuth through his paper frightened Széchenyi, and, to even a greater degree, those whose prejudices were shocked or ancient privileges and interests were endangered by the democratic agitations for reform. Kossuth was attacked in books, pamphlets, and newspapers, but he came out victorious from all contests. In vain did Széchenyi himself, backed by his great authority in the land, assail him, declaring that he did not object to Kossuth’s ideas, but that his manner and his tactics were reprehensible, and that the latter were sure to lead to a revolution. The great mass of the people felt instinctively that revolution had become a necessity and was unavoidable, if Hungary was to pass from the old mediæval order to the establishment of modern institutions, and was to become a state where equality before the law should be the ruling standard. The masses were strengthened in this conviction by the unreasonable, short-sighted, and violent policy pursued by the government of Vienna, which obstructed the slightest reforms in the ancient institutions and opposed every national aspiration, and under whose protecting wing the reactionary elements of the Upper House were constantly paralyzing the noblest and best efforts made by the Lower House for the public weal, while the same government arbitrarily supported claims of the Catholic clergy, in flat contradiction to the rights and liberties of the various denominations inhabiting the country. The government, in its antipathy to the national movement, went even further. It secretly incited the other nationalities, especially the Croats, against the Hungarians, and thus planted the seeds from which sprang the subsequent great civil war. In observing the dangerous symptoms preceding the last-mentioned movement, and the bloody scenes and fights provoked at every election by the hirelings of the government, in order to intimidate the adherents of reform, the friends of progress became more and more convinced that the period of moderation, such as preached by Széchenyi, had passed by, and must give way to that resolute policy, advocated by Kossuth, which recoiled from no consequences. Numerous magnates, all the chief leaders of the gentry, boasting of enlightenment and patriotism, and imbued with European culture, rallied around Kossuth, until finally the public opinion of the country and the enthusiasm of which he was the centre caused him to be returned, in 1847, together with Count Louis Batthyányi, as deputy from the foremost county of the country, the county of Pesth. During the first months the Diet of 1847—’8, which was to raise Hungary to the rank of those countries that proclaimed equal rights and possessed a responsible parliamentary government, differed very little from the one preceding it. The opposition initiated, as before, great reforms, but there was no one who believed that their realization was near at hand. Kossuth repeatedly addressed the House, and soon convinced his audience that he was as irresistible an orator as he had proved powerful as a writer. But there was nothing to indicate that the country was on the eve of a great transformation. The revolution of February, 1848, which broke out in Paris, changed, as if by magic, the relative positions of Austria and Hungary. Metternich’s system of government, which was opposed to granting liberty to the people, collapsed at once. The storm of popular indignation swept it away like a house built of cards. At the first news of the occurrences in Paris Kossuth asked in the Lower House for the creation of a responsible ministry. Kossuth’s motion was favorably received by the Lower House, but in the Upper House it was rejected, the government not being yet alive to the real state of affairs, and still hoping by a system of negation to frustrate the wishes of the people. But very soon the revolution reared its head in Vienna itself, and the wishes of the Hungarian people, uttered at Buda-Pesth, received thereby a new and powerful advocate. At that time the Hungarian Diet still met at Presburg, but the two sister cities of Buda and Pesth formed the real capital of the country, and were the centre of commerce, industry, science, and literature. Michael Vörösmarty, the poet laureate of the nation, lived in Pesth, and there the twin stars of literature, Alexander Petöfi and Maurus Jókai, shone on the national horizon. Jókai, who is still living and enjoys a world-wide fame as a novelist, and Petöfi, the eminent poet, who was destined to become the Tyrtæus of his nation, were then both young men, full of enthusiasm and intrepid energy, and teeming with great ideas. About these two gathered the other writers and youth of the university, and all of them, helping each other, contrived, upon hearing the news of the sudden revolutions in Paris and Vienna, to enact in Buda-Pesth the bloodless revolution of the 15th of March, 1848, which obtained the liberty of the press for the nation, and at the same time, in a solemn manifesto, gave expression to the wishes of the Hungarians in the matter of reform. The only act of violence these revolutionary heroes were guilty of was the entering of a printing establishment, whose proprietor, afraid of the government, had refused to print the admirable poem of Petöfi, entitled Talpra Magyar (Up Magyar), and doing the printing there themselves. The first verse of this poem, which subsequently became the war song of the national movement, runs in a literal translation thus: Arise, oh Magyar! thy country calls. Here is the time, now or never. Shall we be slaves or free? That is the question—choose! We swear by the God of the Magyars, We swear, to be slaves no longer! This soul-stirring poem was improvised by Petöfi under the inspiration of the moment, and at the same establishment where it was first printed was also printed a proclamation which contained twelve articles setting forth the wishes of the people. HOUSE AT KRAPINA. While the capital was resounding with the rejoicings and triumphant shouts of her exulting inhabitants, the proper department of the government for the carrying through of these movements, the Diet, assembled at Presburg, lost no time, and set to work with great energy to reform the institutions of Hungary, constitutionally, and to put into the form of law the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The salutary legislation met now with no opposition, either from the Upper House or from the court at Vienna, and in a short time the Diet passed the celebrated acts of 1848, which, having received the royal sanction, were proclaimed as laws on the 11th of April, at Presburg, amidst the wildest enthusiasm, in the presence of King Ferdinand V. By these laws Hungary became a modern state, possessing a constitutional government. The government was vested in a ministry responsible to parliament, all the inhabitants of the country were declared equal before the law, the privileges of the nobility were abolished, the soil was declared free, and the right of free worship accorded to all. The institution of national guards was introduced, the utmost liberty of the press was secured, Transylvania became a part of the mother country—in a word, the national and political condition of the country was reorganized, in every particular, in harmony with the spirit, the demands, and aspirations of our age. At the same time the men placed at the head of the government were such as possessed the fullest confidence of the people. The first ministry was composed of the most distinguished patriots. Count Louis Batthyányi was the president, and acting in conjunction with him were Francis Deák, as minister of justice, Count Stephen Széchenyi, as minister of home affairs, and Louis Kossuth, as minister of finance. HUNGARIAN GYPSY. The great mass of the people hailed with boundless enthusiasm the new government and the magnificent reforms. The transformation, however, had been so sudden and unexpected, and the old aristocratic world, with all its institutions and its ancient organization, had been swept away with such vehement, precipitation, that even under ordinary circumstances in the absence of all opposition, the new ideas and tendencies could have hardly entered into the political life of the nation without causing no little confusion and disorder. But, in addition to these natural drawbacks, the new order of things had to contend with certain national elements in the population, which, feeling themselves injured in their real or imaginary interests, were bent on mischief, hoping to be able to rob the nation, in the midst of the ensuing troubles, of the great political prize she had won. Certain circles of the court and classes of the people strove equally hard to surround with difficulties the practical introduction of the constitution of 1848. The court and the standing army, the party of the sol dier class, feared that their commanding position would be impaired by the predominating influence of the people. The non-Hungarian portion of the inhabitants, choosing to ignore the fact that the new laws secured, without distinction of nationality, equal rights to every citizen of the state, were apprehensive lest the liberal constitution would chiefly benefit the Hungarian element of the nation. They, therefore, encouraged by the secret machinations of the government of Vienna, took up arms, in order to drag the country, which was preparing to take possession of her new liberties, into a civil war. The Croatians, under the lead of Ban Jellachich, and the Wallachs and Serbs, led by other imperial officers, and yielding to their persuasions, rose in rebellion against Hungary, and began to persecute, plunder, and murder the Hungarians living among them. Dreadful atrocities were committed in the southern and eastern portions of Hungary, hundreds and hundreds of families were massacred in cold blood, and entire villages and cities were deserted by their inhabitants, just as had previously happened at the approach of the Turks, and thousands were compelled to abandon their all to the rebels, in order to escape with their bare lives. In the course of a few weeks, the flames of rebellion had spread over a large part of the country, and the Hungarian element, instead of enjoying the liberties won for the whole nation after a bitter struggle of many decades, was under the sad necessity of resorting to armed force in order to re-establish the internal peace. The Hungarians now had to prove on the battle-field and in bloody engagements that they were worthy of liberty and capable of defending it. The government, which, by virtue of the new laws, had meanwhile transferred its seat to Buda-Pesth, displayed extraordinary energy in the face of the sad difficulties besetting it. As it was impossible to rely upon the Austrian soldiers who were still in the country, it exerted itself to create and to organize a national army. A portion of the national guard entered the national army under the name of honvéds (defenders of the country), a name which became before long famous throughout the civilized world for the glorious military achievements coupled with it. The Hungarian soldiers, garrisoning the Austrian principalities, hastened home, braving the greatest dangers, partly accompanied by their officers and partly without them. The famous Hungarian hussars, especially, returned in great number to offer their services to their imperilled country. But all this proved insufficient, and as soon as the National Assembly, elected under the new constitution, met, Kossuth, who had been the life and soul of the government during this trying and critical period, called upon the nation to raise large armies for the defence of the country. The session of the 11th of July, during which Kossuth introduced in the House of Representatives his motions relating to the subject, presented a scene which beggars all description. Kossuth ascended the tribune pale and haggard with illness, but the never-ceasing applause which greeted him after the first few sentences soon gave him back his strength and his marvellous oratorical power. When he had concluded his speech and submitted to the House his request for 200,000 soldiers and the necessary money, a momentary pause of deep silence ensued. Suddenly Paul Nyáry, the leader of the opposition, arose, and lifting his right arm towards heaven, exclaimed: “We grant it!” The House was in a fever of patriotic excitement; all the deputies rose from their seats, shouting: “We grant it; we grant it!” Kossuth, with tears in his eyes, bowed to the representatives of the people and said: “You have risen like one man, and I bow down before the greatness of the nation.” These sacrifices on the part of the country had become a matter of urgent necessity. The Serb and Wallach insurrection assumed every day larger proportions, while the Croats, under the leadership of Jellachich, entered Hungarian territory with the fixed determination of depriving the nation of her constitutional liberties. But the Hungarian government was already able to send an army against the Croatians, who were marching on Buda-Pesth, plundering and laying waste every thing before them. They were surrounded by the Hungarian forces, and a portion of their army, nine thousand men strong, were compelled to lay down their arms, while Jellachich, with his remaining forces, precipitately fled from the country. The young Hungarian army had thus proved itself equal to the task of repulsing the attack of the Croats, but the recent events were nevertheless fraught with the gravest consequences. The news of the Croatian invasion filled the Hungarians with deep anxiety, and the extraordinary excitement caused by it cast a permanent cloud over the soul of that noble and great man, Count Széchenyi. The mind of the great patriot who had initiated the national movement gave way under the strain of the frightful rumors coming from the Croatian frontier. He had been ailing for some time back, and his nervousness constantly increased under the pressure of the great events following each other in rapid succession, so that when the news came that the enemy had invaded the country he thought that Hungary was lost. His despair darkened his mind and he sought death in the waves of the Danube. His family removed him to a private asylum near Vienna, where he recovered his mental faculties, and even wrote several books. But he was never entirely cured of his hallucination, and, exasperated by the vexations he was subjected to by the Viennese government, even in the asylum, the great patriot put an end to his own life on the 8th of April, 1860, by a shot from a pistol. Jellachich’s incursion had other important political consequences. The attack on Hungary had been made by Jellachich in the name of the Viennese government, and the intimate connection between the domestic disorders and the court of Vienna became more and more apparent. This state of things rendered inevitable a struggle between Hungary and the unconstitutional action of the court. The Austrian forces were arming against Hungary on every side. Vienna, too, rose in rebellion against the court, and now the Hungarians hastened to assist the revolutionists in the Austrian capital. Unfortu nately the young national army was not ripe yet for so great a military enterprise, and Prince Windischgrätz, having crushed the revolution in Vienna, invaded Hungary. A last attempt was now made by the Hungarians to negotiate peace with the court, but it failed, Windischgrätz being so elated with his success that nothing short of unconditional submission on the part of the country would satisfy him. To accept such terms would have been both cowardly and suicidal, and the nation, therefore, driven to the sad alternative of war, determined rather to perish gloriously than to pusillanimously submit to be enslaved by the court. They followed the lead of Kossuth, who was now at the head of the government, whilst Görgei was the commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army. The two names of Kossuth and Görgei soon constituted the glory of the nation. Whilst these two acted in harmony they achieved brilliant triumphs, but their personal antagonism greatly contributed, at a subsequent period, to the calamities of the country. Windischgrätz took possession of Buda in January, 1849, thus compelling Kossuth to transfer the seat of government to Debreczen, whilst Görgei withdrew with his army to the northern part of Hungary, but the national army fought victoriously against the Serbs and Wallachs, and the situation of the Hungarians had, in the course of the winter, become more favorable all over the country. The genius of Kossuth brought again and again, as if by magic, fresh armies into the field, and he was indefatigable in organizing the defence of the country. Distinguished generals like Görgei, Klapka, Damjanics, Bem, and others transformed the raw recruits, in a wonderfully short time, into properly disciplined troops, who were able to hold their own and bravely contend against the old and tried imperial forces whom they put to flight at every point. The fortunes of war changed in favor of the Hungarians in the latter part of January, 1849. Klapka achieved the first triumph, which was followed by the brilliant victory won by one of Görgei’s divisions commanded by Guyon in the battle of Branyiszkó, and very soon the Hungarian armies acted on the offensive at all points. In the course of a few weeks they achieved, chiefly under Görgei’s leadership, great and complete victories over the enemy near Szolnok, Hatvan, Bicske, Vácz, Isaszegh, Nagy Sarló, and Komárom. Windischgrätz lost both the campaign and his position as commander-in-chief. Towards the close of the spring of 1849, after besieged Komárom had been relieved by the Hungarians, and Bem had driven from Transylvania not only the Austrians, but the Russians who had come to their assistance, the country was almost freed from her enemies, and only two cities, Buda and Temesvár, remained in the hands of the Austrians. The glorious efforts made by the nation were attended at last by splendid successes, and the civilized world spoke with sympathy and respect of the Hungarian people which had signally shown its ability to defend its liberties, constitution, and national existence. It should have been the mission of diplomacy, at this conjuncture, to turn to advantage the recent military successes by negotiating an honorable peace with the humbled dynasty, as had been done before in the history of the country, after similar military achievements by the ancient national leaders, Bocskáy and Bethlen. Görgei, the head of the army was disposed to conclude peace. But the Hungarian Parliament sitting in Debreczen, led by Kossuth and under the influence of the recent victories, were determined to pursue a different course. The royal house of Hapsburg, whose dynasty had ruled over Hungary for three centuries, was declared to have forfeited its right to the throne by instigating and bringing upon the country the calamities of a great war. This act had a bad effect, especially on the army, tending also to heighten the personal antagonism between Kossuth and Görgei. But its worst consequence was that it gave Russia a pretext for armed intervention. The emperor Francis Joseph entered into an alliance with the Czar of Russia, the purpose of which was to reconquer seceded Hungary and ultimately to crush her liberty. One more brilliant victory was achieved by the Hungarian arms before the fatal blow was aimed at the country. The fortress of Buda was taken after a gallant assault, in the course of which the Austrian commandant bombarded the defenceless city of Pesth on the opposite bank of the Danube, and thus the capital, too, was restored to the country. Yet after this last glorious feat of war, good fortune deserted the national banners. The grand heroic epoch was hastening to its tragic end. Two hundred thousand Russians crossed the borders of Hungary, and were there reinforced by sixty thousand to seventy thousand Austrians, whom the Viennese government had succeeded in collecting for a last great effort. It was easy to foresee that the exhausted Hungarian army could not long resist the superior numbers opposed to them. For months they continued the gallant fight, and it was in one of these engagements that Petöfi, the great poet of the nation, lost his life, but in the month of August, the Russians had already succeeded in surrounding Görgei’s army. Görgei, who was now invested with the supreme power, perceiving that all further effusion of blood was useless, surrendered, in the sight of the Russian army, the sword he had so gloriously worn in many a battle, near Világos, on the 13th of August, 1849. The remaining Hungarian armies followed his example, and either capitulated or disbanded. The brave army of the honvéds was no more, and the gallant struggle for liberty was put an end to by the superior numbers of the Russian forces. Kossuth and many other Hungarians sought refuge in Turkey. Above Komárom, the largest fortress in the county, alone the Hungarian colors were still floating. General Klapka, its commandant, bravely defended it, and continued to hold it for six weeks after the sad catastrophe of Világos. The brave defenders, seeing at last that further resistance served no purpose, as the Hungarian army had ceased to exist, and the whole country had passed into the hands of the Austrians, capitulated upon most honorable terms. This was the concluding act of the heroic struggle of the Hungarian people, the brave attitude of the garrison and their commander adding another bright page to the already honorable record of the military achievements of 1848 and 1849. As soon as the imperialists had obtained possession of Komárom, their commander-in-chief, Baron Haynau, began to persecute the patriots, and to commit the most cruel atrocities against them. Those who had taken part in the national war were brought before a court-martial and summarily executed. The bloody work of the executioner commenced on the 6th of October. Count Louis Batthyányi was shot at Pesth, and thirteen gallant generals, belonging to Görgei’s army, met their deaths at Arád. Wholesale massacres were committed throughout the country, until at last the conscience of Europe rose up against these cruel butcheries, and the court itself removed the sanguinary baron from the scene of his inhuman exploits. The best men in the country were thrown into prison, and thousands of families had to mourn for dear ones who had fallen victims to the implacable vindictiveness of the Austrian government. Once more the gloom of oppression settled upon the unhappy country. HUNGARIAN LADY. Many of the patriots had accompanied Kossuth to Turkey, or found a refuge in other foreign countries, and for ten years a great number of distinguished Hungarians were compelled to taste the bitterness of exile. Kossuth himself went subsequently to England, and visited also the United States. In the latter country he was enthusiastically received by the free and great American nation, who took delight in his lofty eloquence. During the Crimean war, and the war of 1859 in Italy, Kossuth and the Hungarian exiles were zealously laboring to free their country by foreign aid from the thraldom of oppression. At last, however, the Hungarian nation succeeded in reconquering, without any aid from abroad, by her own exertions, her national and political rights, and made her peace with the ruling dynasty. But the Hungarian exiles had their full share in the work of reconciliation, for it was owing to their exertions that the nations of Europe remembered that, in spite of Világos, Hungary still existed, and that again, at home, the people of Hungary were not per mitted to lose their faith in a better and brighter future. Kossuth, the Nestor of the struggle for liberty, lives at present in retirement in Turin, and, although separated from his people by diverging political theories, his countrymen will forever cherish in him the great genius who gave liberty to millions of the oppressed peasantry, and who indelibly inscribed on the pages of the national legislation the immortal principles of liberty and equality of rights. It is proper, however, to present in their regular order the chief events through which down-trodden Hungary of 1849 became from a subordinate province again an independent kingdom, taking part as an equal partner in the great realm of Austria-Hungary. It was not until 1854 that the state of siege inaugurated in 1849 was abolished, and only in 1856 that an amnesty was proclaimed. In 1857 the emperor visited Hungary, and during his stay, he decreed the restoration of their confiscated estates to the late political offenders. From this time the emperor and the government of Vienna seemed anxious, by means of concessions to the national aims, to cause the Hungarians to forget the bitterness and strife of 1848 and 1849. In 1858 agricultural colonists were given special inducements to settle in specified districts, and were allowed certain exemptions from taxation. In 1859 a most important concession was made by the imperial government to the spirit of nationality. By a ministerial order the language used in the higher schools was for the future to be regulated according to the circumstances of nationality, the pre dominance of German being thereby abolished. In the same year was issued what was known as the Protestant patent, which granted to the communes the free administration of their own educational and religious matters. WOMAN’S HEAD-DRESS. In 1860 the supreme court of judicature, known as the curia regia , and the county assemblies were reinstated, and the Magyar was recognized as the official language. Later in the year the district called the Banate of Temesvár was re-annexed to Hungary. In 1861 the old constitution was restored to Hungary, including Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia, and the Hungarian Diet reassembled in the old capital, Buda, afterwards removing across the river to Pesth. Within a few months, however, an address was presented at Vienna demanding the fullest autonomy for Hungary. To this the emperor declared himself unable to accede, and the Diet was dissolved. Stringent measures were again put into force by the impe rial government, and military aid was invoked to enforce the collection of the taxes. In 1865 the Diet was opened by the emperor in person, and the imperial assent was given to the principle of self-government for Hungary. The provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction (of 1722) were proposed as the basis for the settlement of the questions still at issue. The Diet also demanded, however, an acknowledgment of the continuity of the constitutional rights of 1848. Before an imperial decision had been reached on this point, the war of 1866 broke out between Austria and Prussia (allied with Italy), and the Diet was prorogued. The Hungarian troops formed an important contingent in the Austrian army which faced the Prussians in Bohemia, and the general in command, Marshal Benedek, was himself by birth a Hungarian. Hungarians also fought in the army of the south, which, under the leadership of the Archduke Albrecht, made a brief but brilliant campaign against the Italians. In Bohemia the Austrians met with a decisive defeat at Sadowa (in July, 1866), and although in Italy Archduke Albrecht gained the important battle of Custozza, and Admiral Tegetthoff a naval victory near Lissa (in the Adriatic), the general results of the summer’s campaign were adverse to Austria, and brought about material changes in its relations to Germany and in its own imperial organization. By the peace of Prague (August, 1866) the German confederation was dissolved, and Austria’s long preëminence among the states of Germany came to an end, the leadership in German affairs being trans ferred to Prussia. The centre of gravity of the Austrian empire (which was thus, as it were, pushed out of Germany) was thrown southward and eastward, and the most important result for Hungary was the constituting of the present dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, finally sanctioned in February, 1867. CARTS. Under this arrangement the constitutional, legal, and administrative autonomy of 1848 was secured to Hungary, while the full control of the army rested with the emperor-king. The representative committee of the Diet, which conducted and completed the new constitutional arrangements, was headed by Deák, and the presidency of the first ministry was given to Count Andrássy. In June, 1868, the emperor and empress were crowned at Buda-Pesth King and Queen of Hungary, and a complete pardon was proclaimed for all political offenders. It is worthy of note that twice in the checkered history of Hungary has Prussia been instrumental in securing for the kingdom from its Austrian rulers recognition and privileges which, had it not been for the pressure of the Prussian attacks, might long have been delayed. In 1765, Maria Theresa, in grateful acknowledgment of the cordially loyal support given her by her “faithful Hungarians” in the bitter struggle against Frederic the Great, initiated various most important reforms, while just a century later, under the convincing influence of the second great struggle with Prussia, the Austrian ruler again falls back on his Hungarian subjects as the chief support of his reorganized realm, and in the new dual empire of Austria-Hungary the ancient kingdom of the Magyars, whose wonderfully elastic national vitality had withstood so many vicissitudes and disasters, again takes a commanding place among the nations of Europe. BARKS ON DANUBE. INDEX. A Abdi Pasha surrenders Buda to Duke Charles, 332 Academy of Sciences at Buda-Pesth founded, 407 Adalbert, St., Bishop of Prague, 56 Agram, Bishopric of, founded, 111 Ahmed Pasha, besieges Temesvár, 302 ; takes fortress, 305 ; besieges Erlau, 308 ; is repulsed, 311 Albert, Emperor of Germany, comes to the assistance of Wenceslaus, 153 Albert, King of Hungary, dies, 210 Aladar and Csaba, sons of Attila, 30 Albert, Duke of Poland, lays waste Hungary, 262 Albrecht, Archduke, 438 Alföld (Lowland), taken by the Turks, 340 ; colonized by the Servians, 361 ; depopulated, 368 Ali Pasha of Buda, besieges Drégel, 299 ; clemency to two youths, 300 ; takes Drégel, 301 ; generosity to remains of Szondi, 301 Aliportug, 315 Almos, first duke of the Huns, 36 ; oath to, 36 Almos, brother of Coloman, rebellion of, 116 ; defeated 116 ; deprived of sight, 116 ; rebels against Stephen II., 116 ; dies, 117 Altai Mountains, cradle of Magyar race, 32 Anagarini, John, Papal envoy to Matthias, 236 Andrássy, Count, 439 Andrew, Prince, rebellion of, 60 ; made king, 61 ; issues rigorous laws, 61 Andrew I., King of Hungary, 102 ; victories over pagan rebels, 103 ; gives one third of his realm to Béla, 103 ; son born, 104 ; feud with Béla, 105 ; defeated by Béla, 106 Andrew, brother of Emeric, 123 ; defeats Emeric and proclaims himself Duke of Croatia, Dalmatia, Rama, and Chulmia, 123 ; captured by Emeric, 124 ; made guardian of his nephew, 125 Andrew II., ascends the throne, 125 ; under his wife’s dominion, 125 ; weakness of, 126 ; campaign in Galicia, 126 ; goes to the Holy Land, 129 ; grants “Golden Bull,” 129 ; dies, 133 Andrew III., ascends the throne, 149 ; death, 150 Andrew, son of Charles of Anjou, betrothed to Joanna of Naples, 164 ; assassinated, 166 Anjou, house of—first king, 151 Anna, daughter of Uladislaus, 265 ; betrothed to Ferdinand, son of Maximilian, 266 Anna, Duchess of Teschen, mother of Stephen Szapolyai, 265 Anna of Candal, wife of Uladislaus, dies, 276 Anna Pekry, wife of Losonczy, tries to raise money for her besieged husband, 303 Apaffy, Prince of Transylvania, 357 Apors, 147 Apotheosis of Augustus , 18 Arnulph, King of Germany, 39 Árpád, first ruler of Hungary, 42 ; death, 44 ; house of, 97 ; extinction of, 149 Astrik, mission to Rome, 76 Attila, pushes forward, 23 ; death of, 24 ; sons of, contend for possession of empire, 24 ; Aladar and Csaba, sons of, 30 Augsburg, victory near, 48 Aurelian, withdraws legions, 32 ; allows Goths to settle, 23 Austrian government persecutes the Protestants, 344 ; encourages the Catholics, 347 ; defeated by Kossuth, 431 ; declared to have forfeited its right to Hungary, 432 Austria, supremacy comes to an end, 438 Austria-Hungary, new kingdom of, 440 Avars, first appearance, 24 ; conquered by the Franks, 25 B Baján, prince of the Avars, 25 Bajazet, on Hungarian soil, 182 ; defeats Sigismund, 184 Bakacs, Thomas, archbishop, aspires to the papal see, 268 ; organizes crusade against the Turks, 268 ; appointed guardian to Louis, 276 Balassa, Valentine, 318 ; takes part in the storming of Gran, 319 Balkan Peninsula, appearance of Turks on, 299 Barbara, wife of Sigismund, negotiates with Ladislaus III. of Poland, 193 ; imprisoned, 193 Bardico, John, captain of the republic of Venice, 180 Báthory Stephen, traitor to the son of Matthias, 261, 285 ; at battle of Mohács, 288 Batthyányi, Count Louis, deputy from county of Pesth, 121 ; president of new ministry, 424 Batu Khan, leads Mongolians across the Carpathian range, 138 ; massacres Kuthen, defeats Béla at Muhi, 139 ; retreats from Trau, 141 Bavaria, invaded by the Hungarians, 48 Bazarád, Ban Michael, ruler of Wallachia, revolt of, 160 Beatrice, daughter of the king of Naples, wife of Matthias, 234 ; favors candidature of Maximilian of Germany, 260 Béla, Adalbert, brother of Andrew, 103 ; defeats Henry III., 103 ; popularity of, 104 ; feud with Andrew, 105 ; conquers Andrew, 106 ; proclaimed king, 106 Béla I., rebellion against, 106 ; sons of, resign claim to throne in favor of Solomon, 107 Béla II., son of Almos, ascends the throne, 117 ; Ilona, wife of, 117 ; vengeance of, at Arad, 117 ; dies, 118 ; Geyza II., son of, 118 Béla III., brother of Stephen III., 98 ; goes to Constantinople, 119 ; adopted by Manuel, 119 ; takes oath never to attack the Greek empire, 119 ; returns to his native country and ascends throne, 120 ; restores order, 120 ; introduction through wives of German and French manners, 122 ; Emeric, son of, 123 ; dies, 123 Béla IV., ascends the throne, 133 ; drives back Frederic, of Austria, 134 ; admits Kuthen, king of the Kuns, and his people into the land, 135 ; defeated by the Mongolians at Muhi, 139 ; flees to Spalato, then to Trau, 141 ; returns to Hungary, 141 ; strives to revive his desolated country, 142 ; founds Buda, 144 ; triumphs over Frederick, of Austria, 144 ; dies, 145 Belgrade, Turks defeated by Hunyadi at, 214 ; taken by the Turks, 284 Benedek, Marshal, 438 Beni, 431 Bethlen, Gabriel, Prince of Transylvania, leads the Czechs and Protestants of Hungary, and takes Presburg, 348 ; makes terms With Viennese government, 348 ; dies, 350 Black Troop , organized by Matthias, 224 Bocskay, Stephen, Prince of Transylvania, leads insurrection against the Hapsburgs, 345 ; proclaimed king of Hungary by the Turks, 345 ; counsels a conciliatory policy, 346 Bonafini, lectures of, at the court of Matthias, 249 Brankovitch, Prince of Servia, 212 Branyiszkó, 431 Brebiris the, 147 Bruno, 56 Buda, assembly of lords at, 184 ; under Matthias, 252 ; founded by Béla IV., 144 ; captured by Solyman the Magnificent, 289 ; restored to Hungary, 332 ; diet at, 386 Buda-Pesth, 10 ; statue of Stephen Szechenyi at, 400 ; national casino at, 411 ; newspaper started at, by Kossuth, 415 ; real capital, 422 ; revolution in, 422 ; seat of government, 428 C Capistrano, John, preaches a crusade against the Turks, 213 Caraffa, 360 Carlowitz, treaty of peace signed at, 334 Carpathian range, 1 Casimir, King of Poland, 159 ; acknowledges Louis, son of Charles of Anjou, his heir, 162 ; dies, 171 Census in Hungary opposed, 384 Charles Robert, of Anjou, ascends the throne, 151 ; crowned the fourth time, 154 ; defeats Matthias Czák, 157 ; introduces chivalry, 158 ; popularity, 159 ; escapes from Wallachia, 161 ; acquires Naples and Poland, 162 ; arranges with Cassius, King of Poland, that Poland should descend to Louis, his son, 162 ; death, 164 Charles of Durazzo conquers Naples, 168 ; crowned at Stuhlweissenburg, 177 ; death, 178 Charles IV., of Germany, suspicious of Louis of Hungary, 170 Charles, Duke of Lorraine, routs the Turks, 331 ; takes Buda, 332 ; conquers at Mohács, 333 Charles III. of Austria and Hungary inaugurates new policy, 368 Church of Hungary, relations with the Vatican, 186 Church of Rome, condition of, 187 Christianity, victory of, 60 Cities, franchises of, 186 ; privileges of, 343 Climate, 9 Coloman, ascends throne, 114 ; drives crusaders away, 114 ; receives Godfrey of Bouillon, 114 ; increases domains, 115 ; styles himself King of Croatia and Dalmatia, 115 ; called Könyves , a bookish king, 115 ; Brother Almos rebels, 115 ; administers justice, 115 ; Stephen, son of, 116 Congress of Vienna, 404 Conrad, death of, 50 Conrad II., Emperor of Germany, 88 ; war with Stephen, 89 Constantinople, capital of the Turkish empire, 212 Constitution, 16 ; restored to Hungary, 437 Constitutional monarchy established, 424 ; enthusiasm for, 424 Corvinus, John, son of Matthias, candidate for the throne, 259 Council of Constance, 190 County assemblies, 437 Court of Matthias, 250 Cracow, coronation of Louis of Hungary at, 172 Croatia added to Hungary, 111 ; dissatisfaction in, 176 ; old constitution restored to, 437 Croats, incited by the Viennese government against the Hungarians, 420 ; rebel, 426 ; defeated, 428 Crown, double, of Hungary removed by Joseph IV. to Vienna 382 ; sent back to Buda, 386 Crusade, 114 ; third, 122 ; against the Turks, 213 ; proclaimed, 268 Csák, Matthias, 159 ; marauding expeditions from the castle of Trecsén, 155 ; excommunication of, 156 ; defeated by Charles Robert of Anjou at Kassa, 157 ; dies a horrible death, 157 Csák (family), 147 ; extermination of 159 Csáky, Nicholas, killed, 271 Cselényi, John, 160 Culture, renaissance of, 247 Curia regia , supreme court of judicature, 437 Custozza, battle of, 438 Czechs, clamors of, against Hungary, 203 ; routed on plain of Morava, 146 ; joined by the Protestants in insurrection against the Hapsburgs, 348 ; routed by Tilly near Prague, 348 D Dacia, province of, 20 Damjanics, 431 Danube Steam Navigation Company, 411 Debruzen, seat of government, 430 Deák, Francis, 414 ; minister of justice, 424 ; heads representative committee, 437 Diákovár, 179 Diet (1567) inveighs against the foreign soldiery, 341 ; religious discussion in, prohibited by Rudolph, 345 ; minority of Protestants in, 358 ; relinquishes the people’s right, 360 ; at Buda, 386-389; removed to Presburg, 387 ; reforms institutions of Hungary, 423 ; removed to Buda-Pesth, 427 ; driven to Dubreczen, 430 ; declares the house of Hapsburg to have forfeited its right to Hungary, 432 ; dissolution of 437 ; opened by the emperor, 438 Dobó, Stephen, commandant at Erlau, 307 ; repulses the Turks, 311 Dobozy, Michael, flight and death of 293 Dózsa George, made leader of crusade, 270 ; leads his men against the nobles, 271 ; besieges Temesvár, is defeated and executed, 272 Drágfy, John, Chief-Justice, at the battle of Mohács, 287 Drégel, taken by the Turks under Ali Pasha, 300 ; monumental chapel erected at, 301 E Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew III., 151 Elizabeth, wife of Charles of Anjou, builds cathedral at Kassa, 162 ; goes to Naples in aid of her son Andrew, 162 Elizabeth, wife of Louis of Hungary, offers to Poland her daughter Hedwig as queen, 176 ; strangled, 179 Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, married to Albert of Austria, 186 Emeric, son of Stephen, 90 ; education of, 90 ; death of, 94 Emeric, son of Béla III., ascends the throne, 123 ; defeated by Andrew, 123 ; dies, 125 Emperor and Pope, rivalry of, 70 Eperjes, bloody tribunal of, 360 Erlau besieged by Ahmed Pasha, 308 Eugene, Duke of Savoy, assumes commandership of Hungarian forces, 333 ; annihilates a Turkish army, 334 ; defeats the Turks near Peterwardein, 335 ; defeats the Turks, 359 Europe threatened by a new foe, 170 F Ferdinand of Austria, elected king of Hungary 295 ; king of Bohemia, 338 Ferdinand II., cousin of Matthias, King of Bohemia, 347 Ferdinand V., King of Hungary, 424 Field of Blood, 396 Fiume, city of, 7 ; given to Hungary by Maria Theresa, 371 France, revolution in, 386 Francis I., of France, stirs up Solyman, 286 Francis I., crowned, 390 ; persecutes enlightened men, 396 ; arbitrary government, 398 ; returns to constitutional government, 399 Francis, Joseph, enters into alliance with Czar of Russia, 432 ; visits Hungary, 436 Frangepán Christopher, 267 ; conspires against Leopold I., 355 ; beheaded, 355 Frederic Barbarossa leads third crusade, 122 Frederic, Duke of Austria, defeated by Béla IV., 144 ; dies, 144 French enter Hungary, 397 ; defeat the Hungarians near Ráab, 398 Fuggers, the, 279 Fünfkirchen (Pécs), University of, 174 G Galamböcz, siege of, 191 Galicia, campaign in, 126 Garay, palatine of Croatia, 176 ; defends the queens and dies, 178 George of Brandenburg, appointed guardian to Louis, 276 Gepidæ, ruling people in Hungary, 24 Gerhard, St., death, 61 Germans, defeat of, 44 ; victory of, 48 ; in Hungary, 322 German confederation dissolved, 438 Gertrude, wife of Andrew II., 125 Geyza II., ascends throne, 109 ; son of Béla, 118 ; hostilities, 118 ; dies, 118 ; Stephen III., son of, 118 Gisella, wife of Stephen, 69 Golden Bull, 99 ; rights granted by, relinquished by diet, 360 Görgei, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army, 430 ; surrenders, 433 Gran (Esztergom), capital of Hungary, 68 Gregory VII., claims submission from Ladislaus, 110 Grosswardein, Tomb of Ladislaus, 112 ; Hungarian victory at, 168 Gustavus Adolphus, 350 Guyon, 431 Gyula, Duke, rebellion of, 60 ; defeated, 60 H Hajnoczi, Joseph, 393 ; arrested, 395 Hapsburg, house of, rulers of Hungary, 337 ; Rudolph of, 145 Hatvan, diet at, 280 Haynau, Baron, persecutes the patriots, 434 Hedervári, Francis, deserts Belgrade, 284 Hedwig, daughter of Louis of Hungary, marries Duke Jagello, 174 ; becomes queen of Poland, 175 Henry the Fowler, 47 Henry II. of Germany, 88 Henry III. visits Stephen, 89 Horváthy, John, attacks the two queens near Diákovár, 179 Holubar, contest with Matthias, 229 Horse-racing introduced into Hungary, 411 Hungarian Alps, 6 Hungarians (early), legends in regard to origin, 27 ; invade Germany, 42 ; invade Italy, 44 ; incursion into Germany and France, 46 ; disasters of, 56 Hungary, topography and climate, 1 ; cities of, 16 ; conquest by the Huns, 39 ; invasion by Luitpold and Ditmar, 44 ; under two kings, 295 ; reduced to an Austrian province, 356 ; reorganized by government of Vienna, 361 ; material condition improved by Maria Theresa, 372 ; German made the official language, 382 ; new laws, 423 ; recovers her national rights, 436 Huns, first appearance, 23 ; of Turkish extraction, 33 ; seven dukes of, 34 ; mode of warfare, 37 ; conquer Hungary, 39 Hunyadi, John, 194 ; defeats the Turks, 197 ; gallantry, 198 ; triumphs in the Balkan passes, 205 ; victorious at Varna, 207 ; defeated, 209 ; governor of Hungary, 210 ; unites with the Albanians, 211 ; defeated, 211 ; death, 215 Hunyor, 28 ; settlement of progeny, 29 Huss, John, 189 I Illeshäzy, 344 Ilona, wife of Béla II., 117 ; opens diet at Arad, 117 ; orders massacre at Arad, 117 Industrial and commercial status, 16 Iron gate (Vaskapu), 5 , 411 Ishak, pasha of Semendria, 198 Izolda, nurse of Andrew, 165 J Jacobins, Hungarian league of, 392 Jagello, Duke of Lithuania, marries Hedvig, a daughter of Louis of Hungary, 174 James, son of Vatha, leads pagan rebellion against Béla I., 107 ; defeated, 107 Jellachich, Ban, leader of the Croats, 426 ; defeated, 428 Jesuits inaugurate Thirty Years’ War, 347 Joanna of Naples, wife of Andrew, conspires against her husband, 165 ; marries Louis of Taranto, 167 ; sentenced by the Pope, 168 Jókai, Maurus, 422 Joseph I., Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, 366 ; grants amnesty to the insurgents, 367 Joseph II., sends crown back to Buda, 386 ; death, 386 Joseph II. refuses to receive the crown of Hungary, 375 ; called the “ kalapos ” king, 375 ; wages war against the Hungarian nationality, 376 ; reigns as absolute sovereign, 278 ; hated by the people, 380 ; gives religious freedom to the Protestants, 380 ; shocks the religious feelings of the Hungarians, 381 ; removes double crown to Vienna, 382 ; makes, by edict, German the official language of Hungary, 382 ; declares war against Turkey, 385 Julius II., 268 Juranics, Lawrence, 317 ; death at siege of Szigetvár, 317 Juricsies, Michael, commander of Köszeg, 297 ; saves Austria, 298 K Kaan, Prince, defeated by Stephen, 60 “ Kalandos ” Society, 281 Károlyi, Alexander, 335 Kassa, battle of, 157 ; cathedral of, 162 ; given to the Catholics, 344 Kazinczy, Francis, regenerator of Hungarian literature, 394 ; imprisonment of, 396 Kiev, fate of, 136 Kieystut, Prince of Lithuania, 168 Kinizsy, Paul, captain of Matthias, 230 ; traitor to the son of Matthias, 261 ; massacres Hungarian soldiers near Halos, 264 ; dies, 264 Kisfaludy, Charles, 285 Klapa, 431 ; defends Komárom, 433 Komárom, 431 ; taken by the Imperialists, 433 Kont, Stephen, of Hédervár, death, 181 Kopán, rebellion of, 59 ; death of, 60 Korogi, Peter, of the wonderful stomach, 277 Kosovo, battle of, 186 Kossuth, Louis, rival of Széchenyi, 412 ; refuses to be bought by the government, 415 ; starts newspaper, 415 ; imprisoned, 416 ; pardoned, 417 ; obtains permission to edit a paper, 417 ; attacked by the press, 418 ; deputy from the county of Pesth, 421 ; asks for responsible ministry, 421 ; Minister of Finance, 424 ; introduces motions in Assembly, 427 ; head of the government, 430 ; exile, 434. Köszeg, refuses to do homage to Solyman, 297 ; siege of, 298 Krafi Bey, death of, 208 Kuns (Cumanians), routed by Ladislaus, III; under Kuthen, settle in Hungary, 135 ; cruelties, 152 ; devastate Moravia, 170 Kurucz-Labancz era, 357 Kurucs, rebellion, 268 ; insurgents, 357 ; receives aid from the French, Porte, and Transylvania, 358 ; led by Tökölyi, 358 ; led by Francis Rákóczy II., 363 ; demands of, 394 Kuthen, King of the Kuns, settles in Hungary, 135 ; massacred by Batu Khan, 138 L Labancz (Austrians), 357 ; surrender, 358 Laczkovics, John, 393 ; arrested, 395 Ladislaus, son of Béla, 109 ; ascends throne, 109 ; character of, 110 ; sides with Pope, 110 ; extends his kingdom, 111 ; routs the Kuns, 111 ; laws of, 112 ; buried at Grosswardein, 112 ; apparition of, 168 Ladislaus, son of Emeric, dies, 125 Ladislaus IV., 155 ; defeats Ottokar, 146 ; alliance with Rudolph, 147 ; death, 148 Ladislaus of Naples, penetrates into the interior of Hungary, 186 ; defeated, 186 Ladislaus V., King of Hungary, 212 Ladislaus, son of Hunyadi, assassinated, 218 Lands of the Sacred Crown, 374 Language, regulated according to nationality, 436 ; Magyar recognized as the official language, 437 Lazarevitch, Stephen, Prince of Servia, 191 Lehel, Duke, death of, 50 Leo the Wise, Emperor of Byzantium, 39 Leo X., Pope, 268 Leopold I., tries to conciliate the Turks, 331 ; defeats George Rákóczy II., 352 ; defeated by the Turks near Raab, 353 ; endeavors to make homogeneous empire, 354 ; imposes land and corn tax, 355 ; death, 366 Leopold II., ascends the throne, 387 ; crowned, 389 ; death, 390 Library of Matthias, 252 ; destroyed by Solyman, 289 Linz, Peace of, 327 Lissa, naval battle at, 438 Literature, leaders in, 404 Lithuanian insurrection, 172 Logody, Simon, heroically defends Shabatz, 224 Longobards, invited by Justinian to settle in Pannonia, 24 ; collision between, and Gepidæ, 25 Losonczy, Stephen, commander of garrison at Temesvár, 302 ; besieged by Ahmed Pasha, 302 ; tries to raise money, 303 ; writes last letters, 304 ; withdraws troops, 305 ; death, 305 Louis of Taranto marries Joanna, widow of Andrew, 167 Louis Laczfy, voyvode of Transylvania, defeated at Grosswardein, 168 Louis, son of Charles of Anjou, acknowledged heir to the throne of Poland, 162 ; ascends Hungarian throne, 164 ; swears revenge for his brother’s death, 166 ; subdues Naples, 167 ; puts an end to incursions from the East, 168 ; Servian victories, 169 ; Venetian victories, 169 ; offered the German crown, 170 ; crowned king of Poland, 172 ; death, 174 Louis II., son of Uladislaus, born, 266 ; crowned, 276 ; poverty of, 277 ; marries Mary of Austria, 283 ; defeated and killed at Mohács, 289 Lukács, Bishop of Cenád, 263 M Magyars, 28 ; rebellion against, in 997, 59 Manuel, Emperor of the East, 118 ; offers peace to the Hungarians, 118 ; promises to adopt Béla heir, 119 Marcomanni, the, invasion of, 21 Maria Theresa, policy of, 368 ; appeals to the Hungarians, 370 ; gives Fiume to Hungary, 371 ; improves the material condition of Hungary, 372 Maritza, defeat of the Turks at, 171 Martinovics, Ignatius, leader of Hungarian Jacobins, 392 ; arrested, 395 Marton, Father, embassy of, to Ali Pasha, 300 Mary, daughter of Louis of Hungary; betrothed to Sigismund, son of the Emperor Charles IV., 170 ; proclaimed queen of Hungary, 175 ; marriage of, 176 ; made prisoner, 179 ; dies, 183 Mary, widow of Louis I., flies to Presburg, 292 Matthias, son of Hunyadi, proclaimed king, 217 ; chivalric character of, 220 ; victories over the German knight Holubar, 220 ; captures Vienna, 222 ; organizes Black Troop , 224 ; lays siege to Shabatz, 224 ; anecdotes of, 226 ; campaign against Frederic, 229 ; sends embassy to France, 233 ; to Naples, 234 ; reforms the laws, 240 ; capacity, 243 ; increases royal revenue, 246 ; dies, 256 Matthias, successor to Rudolph, 346 Maximilian, treaty with Uladislaus, 266 Maximilian of Austria, King of Hungary, 341 Melancholy Magyars , 49 Merseburg, battle of, 47 Mészáros, Lawrence, 270 Metternich, Prince, 408 , 421 Mezid Bey, dispatched by the Sultan against the Hungarians, 198 Miecislas, wife of Béla, 103 Mohács, battle at, 288 ; slaughter at, 292 Mohammed I., Sultan, 190 ; Viceroy of Hervoga, 191 Mohammed II. makes Constantinople his capital, 212 Mongolians, invasion of, 137 ; defeat the Hungarians at Muhi, 139 ; retreat of, 141 Money (paper), issue of, 398 Morava or March, plain of, route of the Czech armies, 146 Moré, Michael, treachery of, 284 Muhi, battle of, 139 Murad, Sultan, death, 182 Mustapha II., Sultan, defeated by Duke Eugene near Zentu, 334 N Nádasdy conspires against Leopold, I; seized and beheaded, 355 Nagy, Paul, 407 Nagy, Simon, 229 Napoleon endeavors to tempt the Hungarians from their Austrian allegiance, 397 National Assembly, 427 National Breeding Association, 411 National casino at Buda-Pesth, 411 National exhibition (1885), 17 National museum of Buda-Pesth, 402 Nicopolis , battle near, 183 Nickolsburg, treaty of, 328 Nobles arm under Báthory (Comes) and Csáky, 271 ; oppose the Austrian government, 343 ; poll-tax imposed upon by Leopold I., 356 ; Honvéds , national guard, 427 Nyáry, Paul, leader of the opposition, 428 O Oláh, Blasius, 284 Ostyaks, 32 Ottakar, King of Bohemia, overthrown by Béla IV. and his sons, 145 Otto the Bavarian, assists Wenceslaus, 153 ; decoyed by the vayvode of Transylvania, 154 Otto the Great, of Germany, 48 P Palace of Matthias, 252 ; sacked by Solyman, 295 Palæologos, John (Emperor of the East), 171 ; visits Buda, 171 Palisna, John, delivers up Mary, wife of Sigismund, to Venice, 180 Pannonians, 18 Parliament (diet), 16 ; at Arad, 117 Patriots, persecutions of, 434 Pázmány, Cardinal Peter, 326 ; primate of Hungary, 347 Peasants, condition of, 269 ; oppressive laws for, 274 Peasant War, 267 ; end of, 273 Perényi, Francis, Bishop of Grosswardein, 287 Persecutions, 391 Pesti Hirlap (Pesth newspaper), 417 Petchenegs, defeated by Stephen, 79 Peter, successor to Stephen, 100 ; asks help of the German emperor, 100 ; takes oath of fealty to Germany, 100 ; rebellion against, 101 ; prisoner and deprived of sight, 102 Peterwardein, 287 Petöfi, Alexander, 422 ; death, 433 Philip of Taranto, son of Catherine of Valois, at Naples, 165 Pilgrin, Bishop of Passau, 55 Piso, Jacob, teacher of Louis, 257 , 277 ; Podrebrád, George, King of the Czechs, 242 Poland, troubles in, 172 Political divisions, 9 Porte, secretly promises aid against the Austrians, 357 Pragmatic Sanction, 369 Prague, root of the Czechs at, 348 ; peace of, 438 Press, liberty of, gained by the Revolution in 1848, 422 Presburg, battle of, 45 ; taken by the Turks, 293 ; taken by Bethlen, 348 ; diet at, 389 Protestantism, rise of, 320 ; loses ground in Hungary, 348 Protestants, laws against, 323 ; persecuted, 325 ; given equal rights by Stephen Bocskay, 326 ; persecuted by the Austrian government, 344 ; join the Czechs against the Hapsburgs, 348 ; freedom of worship interfered with, 361 ; receive religious freedom from Joseph II., 380 R Raab, Turkish victory at, 353 ; French victory at, 398 Rákóczy, George I., Prince of Transylvania, 351 Rákóczy II., George of Transylvania, rebels against the Austrian rule, 334 ; retires to Poland, 335 ; victorious over the Germans and Turks, 352 ; defeated by Leopold, 352 Rákóczy, Francis, conspires against Leopold I., and estates confiscated, 355 ; leads new insurrection, 363 Rákos, diet at, 258 ; meeting of National assembly at, 265 Raven Knight, the, 196 Reformation, 282 ; in Hungary, 323 Religions, 14 Rivers and islands, 8 Roman influence, weakening of, 23 Roman emperors of Pannonian origin, 22 Rozgonyi, Cecilia, heroism of, 192 Rudolph of Hapsburg, alliance with Ladislaus IV., 145 ; letter to Ladislaus, 146 Rudolph, son of Maximilian, King of Hungary, 342 ; irritated with the Hungarian diet, 342 ; leaves Hungary for 25 years, 342 ; prohibits religious discussion in the diet, 345 Ruprecht, Emperor of Germany, dies, 187 Russ, Melchior, Swiss envoy, received by Matthias, 236 S Sadowa, battle of, 438 Sarolta, wife of Duke Geyza, 51 ; mother of Stephen, 68 Selim, Sultan, vows to build mosques in Jerusalem, Buda, and Rome, 282 Semendria, fortress of, 196 Serbs, rebellion of, 426-428 Serédy, Caspar, 286 Servia, conquered by the Turks, 182 Shabatz, siege of, 224 ; siege of, by the Turks, 283 ; taken by the Turks, 284 Shamanism, 53 ; Magyars, religion of the, contains traces of the Parsee religion, 55 Sigismund, husband of Queen Mary, hypothecates the countries’ funds, 176 ; crowned king of Hungary, 179 ; marches into Croatia and Bosnia, 180 ; makes alliance with Manuel, Emperor of the East, 183 ; defeated by Bajazet, 184 ; imprisoned, 185 ; marries Barbara, daughter of Count Arminius Cilley, 186 ; establishes the Order of the Dragon, 186 ; elected emperor of Germany, 187 ; war with Venice, 188 ; travels of, 190 ; offered the crown of Bohemia, 192 ; death, 193 Sigismund Hampr, Bishop of Fünfkirchen, 263 Siklós, castle of Sigismund, 185 Silistria, conquered by the Turks, 182 Simon Kemény, 199 Slavonia, old constitution restored to, 437 Slovaks, sway of, 37 Slovenes, 37 Sobieski, John, of Poland, routs the Turks, 331 Solomon, son of Andrew, 104 ; betrothal of, 104 ; ascends throne, 108 ; feud with sons of Béla, 109 ; defeated at Mogyoród, 109 ; leads the life of a hermit, 109 Solyman the Magnificent, 282 ; sends ambassador to Louis II., attacks Shabatz and Belgrade, 283 ; invades Hungary, 286 ; defeats Louis at Mohács and enters Buda, 289 ; returns to Constantinople, 295 ; marches towards Vienna, 297 ; retreats after siege of Köszeg, 298 ; besieges Temesvár, 302 ; invades Hungary for the sixth time, 311 ; besieges Szigetvár, 311 Spalato, 141 Spanish war of succession, 364 Standing army, 369 States, general meeting of, 260 Stephen, baptism of, 57 ; rebellion against, 59 ; defeats Gyula and Khan, 60 ; first king of Hungary, 65 ; extinguishes the pagan faith, 72 ; founds abbeys, 80 ; munificence of, 82 ; constitutional reforms, 84 ; war with Conrad, 89 ; advice to his son, 91 ; chooses his successor, 95 ; death of, 95 ; canonization, 96 Stephen II., son of Coloman, ascends the throne, 116 Stephen III., son of Geyza, ascends the throne, 118 ; dies, 119 Stuhlweissenburg, capital of Hungary, 102 ; Wenceslaus crowned at, 152 Svatopluk, King of Moravia, 39 ; death of, 41 Sylvester II., Pope, confirms Hungarian bishoprics, 74 ; gives Stephen title of “Apostolic King,” 75 ; presents crown to Stephen, 75 Szalánkemén, complete rout of Turks at, 333 Szalkán, primate of Hungary, 267 Szalkay, Bishop, 285 Szapolyai, Governor of Vienna, sells Hungarian throne to Uladislaus of Poland, 261 Szapolyai, Stephen, aspires to the throne of Hungary, 265 ; attempts to murder Uladislaus, 266 Szechenyi, Stephen, statue of, 400 ; birth and history of, 402 ; travels, 404 ; speaks in Hungarian, 406 ; founds the Academy of Sciences, 407 ; first literary work, 409 ; “Credit,” 410 ; introduces horse-racing, 411 ; rivalry with Kossuth, 412 ; aristocratic tendencies of, 413 ; insanity and suicide, 429 Szécsi, Desiderius, death of, 161 Szerenc, Emeric, 280 Szigetvár besieged by Solyman, 312 ; death, 317. Szondi, George, gallant defence of Drégel, 299 ; asks favor of Ali Pasha, 300 ; death, 301 Szörény, Turks repulsed by Kinizsy at, 264 T Talpra Magyar , poem by Petöfi, 422 Táltos, Shamanish priests, 54 Tartars defeat Ráckóczy in Poland, 352 Tax, land and corn, imposed, by Leopold I., 355 ; oppressive, imposed, 362 ; made permanent, 369 Tax-poll, imposed on every inhabitant of Hungary, 356 Taxes, military aid invoked to collect, 437 Tcheremisses, 32 Tegetthoff, Admiral, 438 Telegdy, Stephen, protests against crusade, 268 ; killed, 271 Temesvár, royal seat of Charles Robert of Anjou, 157 ; siege of 302 ; taken by Turks, 305 ; restored to Hungary, 335 Theiss, battle of, 106 ; regulation of, 411 Thirty Years’ War, beginning of, 347 Throne, claimants to, 151 Thurzó, Alexius, lends money to King Louis, 280 Tilly routs the Czechs near Prague, 348 Tinódy, Sebastian, poem on siege of Szigetvár, 318 Tökölyi, head of the rebels, 358 ; proclaimed by the Porte king of Hungary, 359 ; exiled in Turkey, 363 Tömöry, Paul, defeats the Turks at Nagy-Olasz, 286 ; commander-in-chief at Mohács, 287 Torma, Andrew, heroically defends and is killed at Shabatz, 284 Törok, Valentine, deserts Belgrade, 284 Trajan, campaign in Dacia, 20 Transylvania, gold and salt mines of, 20 ; still asserts independence, 306 ; forms a bulwark against the Turks, 320 ; under Bethlen, 348 ; downfall of, 351 ; devastated by Tartar hordes, 354 ; refuge for Hungarians, 357 ; remains a separate duchy, 361 ; old constitution restored to, 437 Trau, castle of, 141 ; siege of, 141 Treaty of peace signed, 334 Tripartite code, 274 Turks , defeated at Maritza, 171 ; invade Servia, 182 ; condition of, 190 ; a dangerous enemy, 197 ; defeated by Hunyadi, 200 ; victorious, 209 ; invade Albania, 210 ; defeated by Hunyadi near Belgrade, 214 ; repulsed near Szörény, 264 ; victorious at Mohács, 288 ; take Buda, 289 ; take Presburg, 293 ; take Drégel, 301 ; take Temesvár, 305 ; repulsed before Erlau, 311 ; take Szigetvár, 317 ; routed near Vienna, 339 ; defeated at Mohács, 333 ; completely routed near Szalánkemén, 333 ; annihilated by Duke Eugene, 334 ; defeated near Peterwardein, 335 ; oppose the increase of power of the house of Hapsburg, 339 ; seize Alföld, 340 ; treaty with the Germans, 351 ; attack Leopold, 353 ; invade Hungary, 359 ; defeated by Prince Eugene, 359 Two kings, the rivalry between, 295 U Uladislaus, elected to the throne of Hungary, 210 ; King of Hungary and Poland, 203 ; defeated by the Turks, 209 ; dies, 210 Uladislaus of Poland, elected king of Hungary, 262 ; birth of son, Louis, 266 ; Anna of Candal, wife of Uladislaus, dies, 276 ; dies, 276 Ujlaky, Duke, molests the royal domains, 267 United States enthusiastic reception of Kossuth, 435 V Vajdafy, leader of the forces of Sigismund, 181 Valentine, John, envoy from Ferrara, received by Matthias, 236 Various nationalities, 12 , 13 Varna, Hunyadi’s victory at, 208 Vaskapu (Iron Gate), 5 , 201 , 411 Vata, rebellion of, 60 Vatha, leads Pagan rebellion against Peter, 102 ; defeat of, 103 ; James, son of, 106 Vatican, the relations with the Church of Hungary, 186 Venice, humiliation of, 169 ; beaten by the Hungarians, 188 Verboczy, Stephen, leader of party hostile to Uladislaus, 264 ; tripartite code, 274 Vezprém, engagement at, 60 Viddin conquered by the Turks, 182 Vienna, Matthias holds court at, 249 ; peace of, 346 ; besieged, 359 ; rebellion at, 429 Világos, battle near, 433 Visegrád, Charles of Anjou makes his residence at, 158 ; tournaments at, 159 ; guests at, 162 ; Matthias’ sojourn at, 236 ; gorgeousness of, 254 Voguls, 32 Volga and Danube, country between, 34 Votyaks, 32 Vörösmarty, Michael, 422 W Wallachs, rising of, 385 ; led by Hora and Kloska, 385 ; rebellion of, 426 Wenceslaus, King of the Czechs, crowned at Stuhlweissenburg, 152 Wesselényi, palatine of Hungary, heads conspiracy against Leopold I., 355 ; dies, 355 Windischgratz, Prince, invades Hungary, 430 ; loses his position, 431 Wolfgang, tries to spread Christianity, 55 Z Zalán, Bulgarian prince, 37 Zemplén, 395 Zenta, defeat of Turks at, 334 Zernivar, fortress of, 329 Ziska, John, of Bohemia, devastates Hungary, 210 Zoltán, son of Arpád, 38 Zrinyi, Nicholas, commander at Szigetvár, 311 ; begs aid from king, 312 ; tempted and threatened by Solyman, 314 ; makes oration to his soldiers, 317 ; death, 317 , 329 ; annoys the Turks from his fortress of Zerinvár, 329 ; dies, 330 Zrinyi, Peter, conspires against Leopold I., seized and beheaded, 355 Zyrians, 32

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