The Eve of the Reformation Studies in the Religious Life and Thought of the English people in the Period Preceding the Rejection of the Roman jurisdiction by Henry VIII

INDEX INDEX Abbots, display in elections of, 129 Abraham, religious play, 320 Adrian VI., Pope, 157 Aggeus, Augustine, 310 Aldine press, at Venice, 160 Aldus, printer, 160 , 166 Alexander VI., Pope, 102 Alms, 132 Alton, foundation for obits at, 403-404 Amberbach, printer, 166 Amyas Chantry, 401-402 Angels, devotion to, 308 Anti-clerical spirit, 114 , 119 Antoninus, St., Archbishop of Florence, 96 “Apology” of Sir Thomas More, 71 , 73 , 115 , 122 , 144 Archæology, pagan and Christian, 206 Architecture, pre-Reformation activity in, 9-10 , 328 et seq. ; decline of the art, 329 Aretino, 23 Art, great activity of, prior to Reformation, 10-12 Arundel, Archbishop, 236 Ashley, Mr. W. J., cited, 379 Augmentation, Court of, 384 Badsworth, chantry foundation at, 401 Baigent, Mr. F. T., 372 , note Baker, mediæval fresco painter, 11 Baptism, 225 Barbarus, Hermolaus, 29 Barnes, Friar, 88 , 118 , 119 , 136 , 223 Basle, printing-press at, 165 Baynard’s Castle, meeting at, 68 Beccles, foundation at, 408 Becket, Thomas, 441 Bede-roll, 335 , 341 Benedict XII., 103 Benedictine Order, average of graduates at Oxford, 42 Benefices, 55 , 106 , 108 , note , 353 Benefit of clergy, 55 Bequests, mediæval, 389 et seq. Bere, Abbot, of Glastonbury, 39 , 40 , note Berthelet, publisher, 72 , note , 73 , 98 , note , 102 , note , 107 , note , 110 , 137 , note , 298 Bible, the Bishops’, 247 Bible, Erasmus’s translation, 168 et seq. Bible, English, hostility to, 236 ; evidence of Catholic acceptance, 237 , 242 , 247 ; supposed early Catholic version, 237 , 242 , 247 ; persecutions for possession examined, 240 , and note , 241 ; translations authorised, 242-243 , 247-249 ; not prohibited, 247 , 275-276 ; absence of popular demand for, 250-251 ; Tyndale’s version and Luther’s share in it, 252 et seq. ; useless without interpretation, 275 Bishops, and ordination, 148 ; and spiritual jurisdiction, 154 ; obstacles to Reformation, 444 Blackfriars, meetings at, 67 , 68 Bombasius, Paul, 33 , note , 34 Bond, William, 83 , 305 Boniface VIII., Pope, 99 Books, heretical, prohibited, 213-216 ; More on heretical, 218 et seq. ; earliest printed largely religious, 315 Bourbon, Duke of, 230 Boyer, Sebastian, Court physician, 160 Brentano, Mr., cited, 362-363 Brethren of St. John’s, 374 ; and Hospital, 375 Bretton, William, 310 , and note Brewer, Mr., cited, 147 , 211-212 , 250 , 279 Brotherhoods, Parish, 347 Brunfels, Otto, 194 Brygott, Richard, prior of Westacre, 44 Bucer, 214 Burials, 54 Burnet, historian, cited, 4 Bury St. Edmunds, chantries at, 409 Butley, Priory of, 43 Calendar of papers, domestic and foreign, of reign of Henry VIII., 4 Cambray, Bishop of, 159 Cambridge, portions of Prior Selling’s library at, 32 ; monastic students at, 43 ; petition of scholars to the king, 47 Campeggio, Cardinal, 179 , 180 , 181 Canterbury, Archbishop of, on clerical immunity, 69 Canterbury, entertainment of Emperor Manuel at Christchurch, 22 ; Selling and Hadley, monks of Christchurch, 24 et seq. ; Canterbury College at Oxford, 27 , 28 , note ; St. Augustine’s and the literary movement, 40 Caraffa, Cardinal, afterwards Paul IV., 105 , 107 , 438 Carmelites, origin, 117 ; responsibility for Lutheranism, 197 Caxton, 275 , note Chalcocondylas, Demetrius, 29 Chantries, 123 , 124 , 399 , 401 Chapels of ease, 413 Chaplains, evil effects of their position, 138-139 Charnock, Prior, 39 Chaucer, cited, 415 Children, and idols, 292 ; religious instruction of, 312 , 313-314 Christchurch, see Canterbury Christianity and the classical revival, 203-206 Chrysoloras, Manuel, Greek scholar, 23 , and note Chrysostom, St., cited, 122 Church, position of, prior to Reformation, 1 , 147 , 211 ; need of reform in, 5 et seq. ; attitude to learning, 15 , 21 , 35-38 , 41 ; hostility to “New Learning” explained, 15 et seq. , 19 ; limits of jurisdiction, 51 ; and disputations entailed, ibid. ; State right to regulate temporalities of, 53 et seq. ; king as supreme head, 65 , 111 ; rights, 65 ; what constitutes, 70 ; riches coveted, 75 ; Pope as head, 83 et seq. ; Papal Commission appointed to save, 105 ; evils in, and how caused, 105-106 ; abuses pointed out by Commission, 107 , note , 108 , note ; limitations of king’s Headship, 111-112 ; controversy on riches of, 123 ; Erasmus’s attitude to, 167 et seq. , 199-200 ; Erasmus regarded as an enemy to, 175-176 ; Lutheran tenets concerning, 194 ; need of reform obscured by Reformation, 198 ; attack on, 216 ; attitude to vernacular Bibles, 236 et seq. , 245-248 ; but hostility to denied, 242-243 , 246-247 , 251 ; religious teaching prior to Reformation, 278 et seq. ; charges against on points of worship, 293 , 302-305 ; bequests to, 390 et seq. ; suggested disposal of wealth of, 444 ; abuses in, 415 Church of Christ, sermon on, 91 Church-building, activity of, 326 ; contributions of people towards bequests for, 327 , and note , 390 ; decoration, 328 , 332 Church House, 341 Churchyards, trees and grass in, 60 Cicero, and the classical revival, 203-206 Ciceroniana of Erasmus, 203 Clark, Dr. John, English ambassador, 94 Classical revival, Erasmus on, 203 ; absurdities of, 203-204 Claymond, John, Greek scholar, 40 , note , 41 , note Clement, John, 37 , note Clement, Pope, 109 , note Clergy, alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2 , 278 ; mortuary dues, 53 , 140-144 ; “benefit,” 55 ; rights and duties, 61 , 65-70 ; ordinations, 63 , 148-153 ; exemptions, 63 ; immunity, 66 et seq. ; not the Church, 70 ; position as individuals, 72 ; attack on their temporalities, 103 ; laity’s grievance against, 114 et seq. ; and its causes, 119 , 138 ; defended by More, 120-121 ; alleged mercenary spirit, 123 ; and idle laxity of living, 127 ; prayers, 131 ; alms, 132-133 ; fasting and mortification, 134 ; charges of corruption, 136 ; lack of definite work, 137 , note ; in households of laity, 138 ; tithe exactions, 142 ; faults, 143-145 ; alleged immorality, 145-146 ; charge of simony, 146 ; Mr. Brewer cited on, 147 ; ignorance of, 151 ; hostility to vernacular scriptures examined, 236 et seq. , 243 , 246 ; and reasons for not encouraging, 242 , 244 ; extent and character of their religious teaching, 280 et seq. ; books used by for teaching, 309 et seq. ; chantry clergy, 400 , 405-409 , 413 ; pilgrimages and relics maintained by, 415 ; and motives for, 422 , 425 “Clericus,” 74 Cloth, clerical, State’s right to legislate on, 60 Cochlæus, John, 253 , 254 , note Colet, Dean, 7 , 19 , 29 , and note , 33 , note , 149 , 160 , 164 , 168 Commerce, progress not due to Reformation, 8 Commissioners, royal, 380 , 384 Compostella, pilgrimages to, 416 , 417 Concordat, between Leo X. and Francis I., 76 Concubines, alleged licences for, 145 Confession, 225 , 282 , 287 Congregation, denoting church, 173 , note , 262-266 Conscience, examinations of, 286 Constantine, donation to Pope, 95 Constantine, George, 222 Constantinople, effect of fall of, 23 Constitution, Provincial, 237-239 , 242 , 280 Contarini, Cardinal, 107 , 109 , note Convocation, grant of headship of Church to the king, 111 ; enactment regarding ordination, 148-149 ; powers of legislation transferred to Crown, 153 ; draws up list of heretical books, 215 Corpus Christi, feast of, 373 ; procession of guilds, 374 ; at Corunna, 217 Council of Trent, 5 , 109 , note , 440 Courts, ecclesiastical, subject to Pope, 80-81 Coverdale, Myles, 102 , 258 Cranmer and English Bible, 236 , 247 ; on hearing mass, 326 Creeping to the Cross, 302 Criticism in the Church, 155 , 171 Croke, Richard, 36 , note , 102 , note Cromwell, Thomas, 112 , 153 Cross, honour to on Good Friday, 302 Crowley, quoted, 382 Crucifix, reverence of image of, 126 , 289-290 , 300 , 307 ; not an idol, 293 Curates and mortuaries, 140-141 ; and tithes, 142 Cuthbert, Bishop, 219 Dalton, John, of Hull, will of, 391 Dead, prayers for, 387 , 399 De Athegua, George, Bishop, 178 , and note De Burgo, John, 309 Dee, Dr., supplication to Queen Mary, 48 Defence of Peace , 103 , and note , 104 , note Degree, advantage of to religious, 44 De Melton, William, Chancellor of York, 149 De Ribbe, M. Charles, on wills, 389 , note Determinations of the Universities , 102 , note Deventer, school, 157 De Worde, Wynkyn, 83 , 149 , 275 , note , 280 , and note , 298 , 312 Digon, John, Canterbury monk, 41 , and note Dislike of clergy, alleged, 114 ; reasons for, 127 , 138 Dispensations, 106 Dives et Pauper , 284 , 298 , 353 , 354 Division between spirituality and temporality, Saint-German’s work on, 115 et seq. , 122 , 127 , 140 Divorce question, the, and its share in Reformation, 208 , and note Doctors of divinity, Erasmus’s satire on, 201 Döllinger, Dr., cited, 21 Dominicans, the, and Erasmus, 187 ; responsibility for Lutheranism, 197 Dorpius, Marten, 169-170 Dues of clergy, 53 Dunstan’s, St., Canterbury, 346 ; parish accounts, 347 Dyalogue of Saint-German, 53 et seq. , 115 , 140 ; of More, 262 , 269 , 289 Ecclesiastical authority, alleged discontent of laity under, 1 , 114 , 208 et seq. , 416 ; limits of, 51 Ecclesiastical discipline, inquiry into, 438 Ecclesiastics, attitude to revival of learning, 36-38 , 41 ; resistance to encroachment, 51 , 53 ; Erasmus’s satire on, 201 et seq. ; attitude to English Bible, 236 et seq. ; alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2 , 278 Edgworth, Roger, preacher, 16 , 46 , 212 , 244 , 272 , 273 , note , 292 , 359 Education, fostered by monasteries, 45 Enconium Moriæ , of Erasmus, 161-162 , 201 et seq. Erasmus, attitude to Reformation, 7 , 20 ; made responsible for “New Learning,” 16 , note ; but attitude to defined, 19 , 20 ; his chief support in England, 38 ; position and views, 155 ; considered a Reformer, 156 , 178 , 180-181 ; birth and education, 156-157 ; joins order of St. Augustine, 157 ; ordained, ibid. ; unfitness for religious life, 157 ; hostility to religious orders, 158 , 180 , 187 , 200 ; denounces enticing of youths into cloister, ibid. ; leaves the religious life, 159 ; takes pupils, ibid. ; at Oxford, 159-160 ; in London, 160 ; visits Italy, ibid. ; his Adagia , ibid. ; visits Venice, ibid. ; returns to London, 161 ; his Enconium Moriæ , 161-162 , 201 et seq. , 431 ; at Cambridge, 161-162 ; testimony to Archbishop Warham’s kindness, 162-163 ; praise of English ecclesiastics, 163 , note ; amounts received from English friends, 164 ; again leaves England, 165 ; settles at Basle, ibid. ; superintends Froben’s press, 166 ; death, 167 ; attitude to Church, 167 et seq. , 199-200 ; translation of New Testament, 168 et seq. ; attacks on, 173 et seq. ; regarded as an enemy to the Church, 175-176 ; opposition to his revival of Greek, 177-178 ; defends himself to the Pope, 179 , 181-182 ; disclaims connection with Luther, 180-182 , 185 , 195-198 ; opposition to national churches, 182 , note ; attitude to Luther, 185 , 195 , 196-198 ; attacks Luther, 186 ; replies to von Hutten’s attacks, 187 et seq. ; attitude to the Pope, 189-190 , and note , 193 , 194-195 , 197 ; attacks Lutheran motives, 191-192 ; letter to Bishop Marlianus on attitude to Luther, 197 ; general attitude to religious movement of his age, 200 et seq. ; and to the classical revival, 203 ; on pilgrimages and relics, 415 , 418 , 431 ; on devotion to saints, 431 et seq. Eton College Chapel, wall paintings of, 11 Evensong, said before noon, 134 Exemptions of clergy, 63 , 76 Fairs, 378 et seq. ; at Winchester, 379 Faith, The Olde, of Great Brittayne and the New Learning of England , 17 , and note Fasting, 134 Ferguson, Mr., quoted on architectural art, 329 Fineux, Chief-Justice, tries John Savage, 57 et seq. ; opinion on spiritual courts, 69 Fisher, Bishop, love of learning, 36 , note ; object in studying Greek, 38 ; views on Papal supremacy, 90 , and note ; books against Luther, 90 , note , 192 ; execution, 91 ; sermon on, 92 ; on moral character of religious, 137 , note ; invitation to Erasmus, 161 ; on Erasmus’s New Testament, 169 , 175 , note ; supports study of Greek, 177 Fisher, Rev. J., 311 , note Fleming, Robert, 23 Foxe, cited, 240 , note , 251 Francis I., 76 Francis, Order of St., 117 Free, John, 40 , and note Frith, 215 , 222 , 223 , 227 Froben, printer, 165 , 182 Froude, on Erasmus’s New Testament, 172 Funerals, 54 Gairdner, James, cited on jurisdiction of Pope, 81 , note ; on the divorce question, 208 , note ; on Reformation influences, 210 , 211 , note Gardiner, Bishop, 438 Gardynare, Germen, 227 Garlekhithe, St. James, 366 German reformers, books prohibited, 214-215 Gibbon, cited, 22 Glasse of Truth , 101-102 , note Glastonbury monastery, 39 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 23 God, love of, 299 ; worship of, 304 Goldstone, Reginald, monk, companion of Selling, 26 Goldstone, Thomas, Prior of Christchurch, 24 Gonville Hall, Cambridge, 43 , 44 Good Friday observances, 302-303 Government, true principle of, 106 Grace at meals, 314 Graduates at Oxford, register of, 41-42 Greek emperors, journeys to courts of Western Europe, 22 Greek, influence in revival of learning, 14 , 21 et seq. ; first schools of the revival, 23 ; effect of fall of Constantinople, 23-24 ; decline in study of after Reformation, 47 ; Erasmus and the Greek Testament, 168 et seq. ; outcry against studies in, 177 Green, historian, cited, 16 , note Gregory VII., Pope, 101 Grocyn, William, 29 , and note , 160 Grudge of laity against ecclesiastics, 114 Guardian angel, prayer to, 309 Guarini, pupil of Chrysoloras, 23 Guilds, 351 ; founded upon principle of Christian brotherhood, 352 et seq. ; trade, and religious, 361 ; benefit societies, 363 ; their work, 365 , 385 ; constitution, 366 et seq. ; “Pinners’” Guild, 368 ; accounts, 369-370 ; fees, 371 ; Guild of Tailors, 371 ; members, 371 ; expenditure, 372 , and note ; their part in Corpus Christi processions, 373-374 ; brethren of St. John’s, 374 ; feasts, 376 , and note ; Candlemas Guild of Bury St. Edmunds, 377 ; bequests, 377-378 ; connection with fairs, 378 ; final destruction, 380 Hadley, William, companion of Prior Selling, 24 ; studies at foreign universities, 25 ; returns to Christchurch, 26 Hair shirts, 131 , 134 Headship of the Church, the king’s, 56 Hegius, Alexander, 157 Henley on Thames, chantries at, 405 Henry IV., 136 Henry VII. obtains Bull from Innocent VIII., 56 ; purchases pardon for Westminster and Savoy, 124 Henry VIII., calendar of papers of reign, 4 ; exerts his influence on behalf of learning, 36 , 177 ; determined to maintain rights of Crown, 69 ; book against Luther, 90 , 94 ; defends Church, 94 , 226 ; reputed book, 102 , note ; petition of Commons, &c., against spirituality, 153 ; quarrel with Rome on divorce question, 208 , and note ; forbids Lutheran books, 214 , 259 ; authorises English Bibles, 273 ; destroys the guilds, 380 ; the reformers and, 440 Heresy, spread by books, 213 , 218 Hobhouse, Bishop, cited, 346 , 357 Holidays, determined by ecclesiastical law, 71 Holy Land, pilgrimages to, 416 Hortulus Animæ , the, 214 , and note Huchin, William, see Tyndale Hunn, Richard, 240 Hunting, by priests, 138 , 139 , 151 Hutton, Rev. W. H., cited, 208 , note Hytton, Sir Thomas, 224 , 225 Idolatry, charges of, 293 , 303 , 305 Idols, distinguished from images, 265 , 289 et seq. , 305-306 Ignorance, alleged prevalence of, 2 , 278 Images, confused with idols, 265 , 292 ; veneration of, 289 et seq. , 423 et seq. Immunity of clergy, 63 , 66 et seq. Indulgences, 108 , note , 435 et seq. Innocent VIII. grants Bull to Henry VII., 56 , note Janssen, historian, cited, 6 , 7 , 279 , 354 Jerome, St., corrections in Testament, 170 ; cited on Papal supremacy, 197 Jessop, Dr., cited, 43 ; on popular gifts to churches, 336 ; on poverty, 360 Jesus, bowing at name of, 283 Joye, George, or Clarke, 221 , 224 , 253 , 257-258 , 438 Judges, English prelates as, 81 Julius II., Pope, 96 , 102 , 109 , 204 Jurisdiction, limits of ecclesiastical and lay, 51 , 65 et seq. , 176 ; leading factor in Reformation, 52 ; Papal, 78 et seq. ; Roman curia as court of appeal, 80 Katherine, Queen, 178 Kent, Holy Maid of, 441 King’s power, 75 ; his headship of Church, 65 , 111 Knowledge, result of increase of, 2 Laity, Reformation opposed to convictions of, 1 ; alleged disaffection to Church, ibid. ; and reasons advanced, ibid. ; attitude to Church’s jurisdiction, 51 ; absence of enthusiasm among in doctrinal disputes, 52 ; grudge against ecclesiastics, 114 et seq. ; charge clergy with mercenary spirit, 123 ; dislike of clergy, and reasons for, 127 ; “mortuaries” a great offence to, 140 Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, 33 , and note Languages, battle of, 176-179 Laocöon, the, statue of, 206 , note Latimer, William, Bishop, 34 , 38 , 47 ; lawsuits, 348 et seq. “Latria,” 294-304 , 306-307 Lawyers, ecclesiastical, 95 Learning, revival not due to Reformation, 7-8 , 15 ; adverse effects of Reformation on, 9 , 198-199 ; “New Learning” applied only to religious teaching, 15 et seq. ; Church’s attitude to learning, 15 , 19 , 38 ; Erasmus on Reformation’s effect on, 20 ; general aspect of revival, 21 ; Greek influence in, 14 , 21 et seq. ; subsequent progress, 35 ; occasional pulpit denunciations, ibid. ; slight nature of opposition, 36 ; laymen associated with revival, 37 ; fostered by monasteries, 39 ; condition of things at universities, 41-44 ; education assisted by religious houses, 45 ; decay of after Reformation, 45-48 ; revival of, associated with Lutheranism, 178 ; but without cause, 180-181 ; Erasmus’s attitude to revival of letters, 203-207 Lee, Edward, afterwards Archbishop of York, 173-174 , and note , 252 Leeds, chantries at, 411-412 Leland, cited, 24 , note , 25 Leo X., Pope, 28 , and note , 76 , 94 , 96 , 173 , 179 , 181 , 185 , 439 Leo XIII., Pope, cited, 355 , note Leonicenus, 34 Leonicus, 34 , and note Leverton, parish of, 339 ; Church accounts, 343 et seq. Lewes, Cluniac House at, 43 Liberty advocated by Luther, 227 Libraries, destruction of, 48 ; Dr. Dee’s supplication to Queen Mary, 48 ; national library suggested, 49 Life, daily rules of, 286-287 , 313 Lilly, George, 29 , note Linacre, pupil of Selling, sketch of early life, 27 ; accompanies Selling to Italy, 28 ; becomes pupil of Politian, 28 ; at Rome, 29 ; returns to Oxford, 30 ; appointed Court physician, ibid. ; receives priest’s orders, ibid. ; friend of Erasmus, 160 , 164 Liveries for chaplains, 138 Lollards, the, 209 et seq. , 214 , 240 London, Mors’s Lamentation against, 440 Longland, Bishop, 93 , 146 , 147 , note Louvain, University of, 160 , 174 , note , 176 , 178 , 179 , 180 Love of God, 299 Luce, M. Siméon, cited, 351 Lupset, Thomas, sketch of, 36 , note ; on study of Bible, 248 Luther, Martin, aims of, 7 ; cited on pre-Reformation progress, 8 ; “New Learning” inculcated by, 16 , and note ; books against, 84-85 , 90 , 94 ; sermon against, 93 ; Henry VIII. opposes, 94 ; method of, 108-109 , note ; More and Lutherans, 120 ; considered disciple of Erasmus, 156 , 178 , 180 ; revival of letters not connected with his movement, 180-181 ; Erasmus’s repudiation of, 180-182 , 195-198 ; efforts to win over Erasmus, 183-184 ; attacked by Erasmus, 186 , 191-192 ; supported by von Hutten, 186 et seq. ; tenets of Lutheranism, 194 ; methods of attacking condemned, 196 ; who responsible for his movement, 197 ; effects of Lutheranism, 198 ; and spread of, 212-213 ; books prohibited, 213-215 ; disciples, 216 ; his book, 222 ; “New Learning” and, 225 ; advocacy of liberty, 227 ; evils of Lutheranism, 228-230 ; and of Lutheran literature, 244 ; Tyndale’s connection with, 252 ; share in Tyndale’s Testament, 252-255 ; direction of his remonstrances, 279 Lutheranism, tenets of, 194 ; responsibility for, 197 ; effects of, 198 ; evils of, 228-230 ; expectations of English Lutherans, 440 , 445 Lyndwood, cited, 247 , 353 Mace, George, canon of Westacre, 44 Maitland, Professor, quoted on pre-Reformation position of the Pope, 80 Manuel, Greek Emperor, arrival at Canterbury, 22 Mary Magdalene, religious play, 320 Marlianus, Bishop, 197 Marshall, William, 103 Marsilius of Padua, 103 , 104 , note Mary, Queen, attempt to restore learning under, 48 Mass, the, 225 , 271 , 283 , 285 Matrimony, State regulation of, 62 ; Hytton’s view of, 225 Matthew, Simon, preacher, 91 Medici, Lorenzo de, 28 Mentz, Cardinal Archbishop of, 181 , 184 Metal-working, inventions in, 428 “Miles,” mouthpiece of Saint-German, 74 Miracles, 62 , 427 Monasteries, scholarship in, 39 , and note ; members of at universities, 42 et seq. Monks, hostile to Erasmus, 176 , 180 ; Erasmus quoted on, 202 ; pilgrimages and relics maintained by, 415 Morality, of clergy, 145-146 More, Sir Thomas, attitude to Reformation, 7 ; and to learning, 19 , 35-37 ; connection with Christchurch, 28 ; at Oxford, 29 , and note ; on immunity of clergy, 70 ; his “Apology,” 71 , 73 , 115 , 122 , 144 ; on spiritual authority, 73 ; on Papal supremacy, 85 et seq. , 88 ; on nature of the Church, 86 et seq. ; against Friar Barnes, 88 ; book against Luther, 90 ; death, 91 ; sermon on, 92 ; controversy on clergy and laity, 115 et seq. ; on quarrels between religious, 116-117 ; defends clergy, 120 ; and replies to allegation of their mercenary spirit, 124 ; and of their idle laxity of life, 127 ; on abuses in religious life, 130 ; on prayers and alms of clergy, 131-135 ; defends clergy from charges of corruption, 136 ; on faults of clergy, 143-145 ; and on their morality, 145-146 ; visited by Erasmus, 160-161 ; share in Erasmus’s Enconium Moriæ , 161-162 , 201 ; defends Erasmus’s translation of New Testament, 169-170 , 173 , note ; defends Greek studies, 177 ; urges Erasmus against Luther, 186 ; opinion of Erasmus’s Enconium Moriæ , 202 , note ; on spread of heresy, 213 , 218 ; on “New Learning” and Lutheranism, 225 ; on Luther’s advocacy of liberty, 227 ; on evils of Lutheranism, 228-230 ; on English Bible, 237 et seq. ; on case of Richard Hunn, 241 ; on Church’s acceptance of vernacular Bibles, 242-243 , 247-249 ; and on false translations, 243 ; and reasons for condemnation of Tyndale’s version, 243 , 260-270 ; on reverence of images, 289-291 , 293-298 ; on prayer, 307 ; on pilgrimages, 419 et seq. , 425 et seq. ; on relics, 429 ; on indulgences, 437 Morebath, village of, well-supported church, 337 Mors, Roderigo, his “Lamentation,” 440 Mortality among pilgrims, 418 Mortmain, lands in, 54 Mortuaries, 53 , 140 Morysine, Richard, 105 , 107 , note Mountjoy, Lord, 159 , 161 , 164 Music, pre-Reformation progress in, 12-13 ; Richard Pace quoted on, 35 Mystery plays, 316 et seq. National churches, opposed by Erasmus, 182 , note National feeling and the Papacy, 82 et seq. National library, suggested, 49 Nevill, Archbishop, 281 “New Learning” defined, 15 et seq. ; its purely religious application, 16 et seq. ; result of, 50 ; founded on Luther’s teaching, 225 New Testament, Erasmus’s translation, 168 et seq. ; English versions destroyed, 236 ; Tyndale version, and Luther’s share in it, 252 et seq. Nicholas V., Pope, 96 Nicholas of Cusa, reforms in Germany, 6 ; opinion on Constantine’s gift to Pope, 96 “Noah and his Sons,” religious play, 320 Nobility, attitude to clergy, 136 Norwich, Visitations of Diocese of, 43 ; Benedictine Cathedral Priory of, ibid. Nottinghamshire, chantries in, 401-402 , 406 Obits, 399 et seq. Œcolampadius, 184 , 214 “Open Bible,” 236 , 246 , 273 , 275 Orders, religious, their graduates at Oxford, 42 ; suggested alterations in constitutions, 129 ; hostility of Erasmus, 158 Ordinations, proposed prohibition regarding, 63 ; abuses in, 107 , 148 ; action by Convocation, 148-149 ; William de Melton on, 149-153 , note ; reformers on, 225 , 232 Oxford, Register of Graduates at, 41-42 ; refounding of Durham College at, 48 ; heresy at, 227 ; Constitution or Synod of, 238 , 247 , 280 Pace, Richard, befriended by Bishop Langton, 33 ; his De Fructu , 33 , note ; at foreign universities, 34 ; the Pope’s library, ibid. ; remarks on music, 35 ; indebtedness to Abbot Bere, 40 ; supports Greek studies, 177 Pagula, Walter, 309 Papal Commissions, 105 , 439 Papal jurisdiction, meaning of renunciation, 78 ; general acceptance, 79 ; books against, 101 Papal prerogatives, in England, 52 , 107-108 ; in France, 77 Papal supremacy, 83 et seq.; rejection of, 90 ; English belief in, 93-95 ; rejection defended by Bishop Tunstall, 109 ; Erasmus on, 190 , and note , 194-195 Pardons, 124 , 435 et seq. Parish churches, sanctuary privileges, 57 ; religious teaching in, 280 et seq. Parish life, 323 et seq. ; devotion of people, 325 ; care of the churches, 328 ; raising of money, 340 ; brotherhoods, 347 Parliament, legislation on mortuaries, 53 , 141 ; and on immunity of clergy, 66 ; need for settlement of religious divisions, 60 ; suggested legislation, 55 , 62 , 71 ; right of legislation, 141 ; transfers powers of Convocation to Crown, 153 ; petition of Commons against spirituality, ibid. ; authorises destruction of guilds, 380 Paul III., Pope, 105 , 439 Paul IV., Pope, 438 Payment for “Pardons,” 435 et seq. Peckham, or Pecham, Archbishop, 280 , 286 Penance, 282 Pensions, 108 , note Pensioners, university, 43 Pepwell, publisher, 310 , note Petition of House of Commons against spirituality, 153 Pilgrimage of Perfection , quoted, 83 Pilgrimages, State supervision urged, 62 ; objections to, 184 , 293 , 415 ; importance, 416 ; foreign, 416 ; to England, 418 Pincern, Bartolomeo, 96 Pinners, Guild of, 368-369 Plays, mystery, 316 et seq. , 342 Pocket, the people’s, a clue to religious changes, 52 Pole, Cardinal, 48 , 107 Politian, Angelo, 25 , 28 Pomeranus, 214 Poor, right to benefices, 55 ; injury to by confiscations, 382 , 402 et seq. ; bequests to, 397-398 Pope, Sir Thomas, 48 Pope, the, and Sanctuary, 55 et seq. ; pre-Reformation loyalty to, 79 ; powers in England before Reformation, 80 et seq. ; spiritual and temporal power in conflict, 82 ; position as head of Church, 83 et seq. ; rejection of his supremacy, 90 ; imprisoned, 94 ; English acceptance of his supremacy, 93-95 ; Constantine’s gift to, 95 ; wars of, 97 ; temporal power of, 97-100 , 103-104 ; authority as Peter’s successor, 90 , 99-100 , 103 ; works against character of, 101-104 ; commission appointed by, 105 ; how deceived, ibid. ; recommendations of commission, 107 ; sermon against, 109 ; object of attacks on, 110 ; Erasmus’s attitude to, 189-190 , 193-195 , 197 ; Erasmus’s satire on, 202 , and note ; refuses to grant Henry’s divorce, 208 , and note Powell, Edward, theologian, quoted on papal supremacy, 85 Power, spiritual and temporal, 70 , 72-73 , 82 ; dialogue on, 73 et seq. , 98 ; the king’s, 75 Praier and Complaynte of the Ploweman , 17 , and note , 223 Prayers, for Pope, 110 ; of clergy and religious, 131 ; Sir Thos. More on, 307 ; daily, 313 ; for the dead, 399 Preaching at St Paul’s Cross, 67 , 69 ; style of against Pope condemned, 92 ; in parish churches, 281 , 283 ; more important than mass, 284-285 “Prick song,” or part music, 12 , 13 “Primer,” the, 216 , 223-224 , 286 Printing, responsible for spread of heresy, 213 ; religious works predominate in earliest, 315-316 Psalter, the, 223-224 Purgatory, 61 , 225 , 231 , 387 , 399 , 405 , 437 Pynson, printer, 298 Reformation, impossibility of writing history of, 3 ; revival of letters not due to, 7-8 , 15 ; adverse effect on learning, 9 , 20 , 41 et seq. ; English attitude to Pope prior to, 78-79 ; share of divorce question in, 208 , and note ; similar in England to Luther’s principles, 231 ; meaning, 82 , 279 ; share of Wycliffe and Lollards in, 209 et seq. ; effect upon church art, 331 ; and poverty, 358 Relics, honour of, 415 et seq. , 429 et seq. Religious, at universities, 42 et seq. ; State interference, 61 ; abuses among, 108 , note ; reputed quarrels between, 116-117 ; evils in constitutions, 129 ; testimony to moral character, 137 , note ; Mr. Brewer cited on, 147 ; Erasmus on, 202 Religious teaching, alleged neglect of, 278 ; Reformation not directly connected with, 279 ; extent and character, 280 et seq. ; nature and effect, 288 et seq. ; books used by clergy in, 309 et seq. ; religious plays, 316 et seq. Renaissance, definition of, 14 ; in England, ibid. ; earlier than generally supposed, 15 Restitution, argued, 125 ; a case involving, 140 Reuchlin, 180-181 , 184 , 186 , 187 Reverence of images, 289 et seq. Ridley, Lancelot, commentaries on Scriptures, 104 , 111 , and note , 273-274 ; on devotion to saints, 422-423 ; on pilgrimages and images, 424 Roberts, John, his Mustre of scismatyke bysshops of Rome , 101 , and note Rogers, Mr. Thorold, cited, 356 et seq. , 360-361 , 364 , 403 Rome, classical revival in, 203-206 ; sack of, 230 ; pilgrimages to, 416 Roper, John, 102 , note Roper, Mary and Margaret, 37 , note , 41 , note Roy, Friar, 215 , 222 Rule of life, daily, 286-287 Rules of religious orders, suggested examination, 129 Sacrament of the Altar, Dr. Richard Smythe on, 216-217 , 273 , note ; Hytton on, 226 Sacraments, English reformers on, 225 , 231 ; attack on, 271 Sadolet, Cardinal, 107 , 108 , note , 439 Saint-German, Christopher, lawyer, 53 , and note ; attitude to Church, 53 , 115 ; cited on mortuaries, 53 , 140 ; on lands in mortmain and benefices, 54-55 ; on sanctuary and benefit, 55 ; on churchyards, 60 ; on clerical duties, ibid. ; on need for State interference, ibid. ; on Purgatory, 61 ; on State regulation of religious life, 61 ; and of matrimony, 62 ; on miracles, ibid. ; on other debateable questions, 63 ; on tithes, ibid. , 142 ; on power of clergy, 65 ; on king’s headship, ibid. ; on clerical immunity, 69 ; on holidays, 71 ; his Salem and Bizance , 71 , 115 , 118 ; on position of clergy as individuals, 72 ; controversy with More, 115 et seq. ; attacks on clergy, 119 et seq. ; alleged mercenary spirit among clergy, 123 ; on election of abbots, 129 ; on constitutions of religious orders, ibid. ; on causes of dislike of clergy by laity, 138 ; on indulgences, 435 , 440 Saints, reverence of images of, 289 et seq. ; amount of honour due to, 304 , 306 , 308 ; devotion to, 423 , and note , 431 et seq. Salem and Bizance , Saint-German’s Dyalogue of , 71 , 115 , 118 , note , 122 , 144 Sanctuary, difficulty of the subject, 55 ; a danger to the State, ibid. ; case of John Savage, 56 et seq. ; Papal Bull granted to Henry VII., 56 , note ; the subject examined by Star Chamber, 58 Savage, John, his plea of sanctuary, 56 Scaliger, cited, 166 Scholars, poor, bequests to, 396 Screens, excellence of pre-Reformation work, 12 Scripture, Holy, key of position of English reformers, 231 ; translations of, 234 , 236 et seq. ; study of advocated by Church, 244 , 248 , 275 , note See of Rome, supremacy of, 79 et seq. Selby, chantries at, 411 Selling, Prior William, birth and education, 24 ; real name, 24 , and note ; studies at foreign universities, 25 ; takes his degree in theology, 25 ; industrious book collector, 25 ; good work at Christchurch, 26 ; returns to Rome, 26 , and note ; establishes Greek at Christchurch, 27 ; as prior, 27 , and note ; member of an embassy to the Pope, 31 , and note , 56 , note ; continued interest in literary revival, 31 ; Greek translation, 31 ; fate of his library, 32 ; influence, 33 Sermo Exhortatorius , 149 Sermons, Church, more important than the Mass, 283 , 284-285 Sharpe, Dr., 359 Shrines, pilgrimages to, 416 et seq. Simony, clergy charged with, 146 Slander and libel, jurisdiction pertaining to, 65 Smith, Mr. Toulmin, on guilds, 364 , 366 , 381 Smythe or Smith, Dr. Richard, 216 , 272 , 273 , and note Social conditions before Reformation, 351 et seq. ; case of the poor, 353 Soul’s Garden , the, 214 , note Sovereignty of the Pope, 97-100 , 103-104 , 107 Spiritual power, temporal derived from, 70 Spongia, the, of Erasmus, 187 et seq. Standish, Dr. Henry, on immunity of clergy, 67 ; charged before convocation, 67 ; on lesser orders, 68 Standish, John, archdeacon, 234 , 248 , 249 , note , 270 , 271 St. Giorgio, Venice, abbot of, 105 St. John of Jerusalem, priory of, 56 St. John the Baptist, head of, 430 St. Paul’s Cross, preaching at, 67 , 91 ; testaments burnt at, 245 , 256 , and note St. Peter, Catholic succession from, 90 , note ; vicarship, 99-100 Star chamber, 58 State, jurisdiction of, 51 ; right of interference in temporalities, 53 , 60-64 , 72 ; legislates concerning mortuaries, 53 , 140 ; limits to State interference, 54 ; power claimed for, 55 , 60-64 ; punishment by for spiritual offences, 65 ; protecting power of, 75 ; destruction of guilds by, 380-381 Stokesley, William, 34 Stubbs, Bishop, 354 , 356 Students, distress of at university, 46 Sturmius, John, 105 , 106 , 107 , note Suffolk, chantries in, 407 Sunday, legal status of, 71 Superstition, in devotion, 293 , 297 , 302 ; condemned, 314 Supplication of Beggars , the, 213 , 221 Surtees Society, publications, 319 Tailors, Guild of, 371 Taverns, frequented by clergy, 151 Teaching, religious. See Religious teaching Temporalities, right of State interference in, 53 et seq. ; difference between and spiritual jurisdiction, 72 ; clearly defined in Spain, 76 Temporal power, derived from spiritual, 70 ; of the Pope, 97-100 , 103-104 , 107 Theologians, Erasmus’s satire on, 201 Tithes, the lay and ecclesiastical cases, 63-64 ; Saint-German quoted on, 142 Torkington, Sir Richard, rector of Mulbarton, 418 Towneley Mysteries , the, 319 Tradition and English Reformers, 231 Translations, of Holy Scripture, 236 et seq. Trentals, 123 , 124 , 138 , note Trevelyan, George Macaulay, cited, 240 , note Trinity, feast of at Compostella, 217 Trojans, opponents of Greek study, 35 Tunstall, Bishop, 29 , note , 34 , and note , 109 , 169 , 175 , note , 185 , 198-199 , 213 , 214 , note , 255 , 256 Tyll. See Selling Tyndale, More’s confutation of, 87-88 , 118 , 119 , 136 ; charges clergy with immorality, 145 ; use of word congregation for church, 173 , note ; attribution of Enconium Moriæ to More, 202 , note ; books prohibited, 213 ; English Testament, 220 ; and other books, 220-223 ; advocates liberty, 228 ; influence, 231 ; English Testament condemned, 236 , 243 , 251 , 255 et seq. , 276 ; demand for his works, 250 ; birth and early life, 252 ; joins Luther, 252 ; Luther’s share in his Testament, 252 et seq. ; his revised Testament, 260 ; More’s examination of his Testament, 260-270 ; on indulgences, 437 Unity of pre-Reformation belief, 324 Universities, effect of Reformation on, 9 , 41 et seq. ; monastic students at, 42 et seq. ; poverty of students at after Reformation, 46 Urban III., Pope, sanctuary grant of, 56 Urbanus Regius, cited, 18 , 19 , note Urswick, Christopher, 32 , note Valla, Laurence, 96 Veneration of relics, 415 , 429 et seq. ; of saints, 431-432 Venetian, a, cited on attitude of ecclesiastics to learning, 37 ; on religious condition of the English, 324 ; on beauty of English churches, 332 Venice, Aldine press at, 160 Venn, J., historian of Gonville College, quoted, 43-45 Vicarages, appropriations of cancelled, 55 Vives, Ludovico, scholar, 36 , note , 37 , 41 , note Von Hutten, Ulrich, tract on Constantine’s donation to the Pope, 96 ; attacks on Erasmus, 186 et seq. Warham, Archbishop, 36 , and note , 69 , 112 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 168 , 215 , 258 Waylande, John, printer, 232 Welsh, vernacular devotional books for, 311 , note Wesselius, 214 Westacre, Augustinian priory of, 43 Westminster, the abbot of, 58-59 ; pardon purchased for, 124 ; doles at, 132 Wey, William, itineraries of, 416 Whitford, Richard, 83 , 232-233 , 283 , 305 , 312 Wills, ecclesiastical administration of, 65 ; pre-Reformation, 387 et seq. ; bequests for pilgrimages, 416 Winchcombe, abbot of, 67 Winchester, wall paintings of Lady Chapel at, 11 ; fair at, 379 Wolffgang, printer, 309 Wolsey, Cardinal, attitude to revival of learning, 36 ; hears the Savage sanctuary case, 58 ; upholds rights of Crown, 68 ; opposes temporal punishments of clergy, ibid. ; present at burning of books, 256 , note Worcester, Tiptoft, Earl of, 23 , and note Worcester, William, antiquary, 26 , 27 Work, definite, lack of among clergy, 137 , note Worke entytled of the olde God and the new , 102 , and note Wycliffe, share in Reformation, 209 et seq. ; books prohibited, 214 ; origin of Wycliffite Scriptures, 237 , 247 Wyer, Robert, printer, 285 Yorkshire, chantries in, 411 Zwingle, books of prohibited, 213-214

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