A Guide to the Study of Fishes, Volume 2 (of 2)

INDEX INDEX aal-mutter, ii, 144 Abbott, i, 415, 419, 422; ii, 307 , 534 on perch, ii, 307 abdominal fishes, ii, 39 Abdominales, i, 393; ii, 38 , 39 Abeona, ii, 375 Abramis, ii, 167 figure of, ii, 168 Aboma, figure of, ii, 462 abundance of food-fish, i, 329 abura-ainame, ii, 440 abura-bodzu, ii, 323 aburazame, i, 524 Acantharchus, ii, 297 Acanthistius, ii, 323 Acanthobatis, i, 553 Acanthocephala, i, 344, 351 Acanthocepola, ii, 363 Acanthoclinidæ, ii, 516 Acanthoclinus, ii, 516 Acanthocybium, ii, 266 Acanthodei, i, 65, 437, 447, 513, 519, 545, 561 Dean on, i, 517 families of, i, 516 order of, i, 514 Woodward on, i, 514 Acanthoëssidæ, i, 515, 516 Acanthoëssus, i, 446, 510-513 figure of, i, 515 scales of, figured, i, 521 Acantholabrus, ii, 387 Acanthonemus, ii, 286 Acanthopteri, ii, 157 Acanthopterygian, ii, 39 , 293 Acanthopterygii, i, 391; ii, 189 , 208 -214 Acanthostracion, i, 377 Acanthuridæ, i, 206; ii, 405 , 407 , 410 , 411 family of, ii, 407 Acanthurus, i, 268, 271; ii, 407 , 409 Acanus, ii, 330 Acara, ii, 381 Acentronura, ii, 236 Acerina, ii, 241 , 309 Acentrophorus, ii, 23 Achirinæ, ii, 495 Achirus, figure of, ii, 496 Acipenser, i, 291, 332, 391, 452; ii, 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 figure of, ii, 19 , 20 larva of, figured, i, 141 Acipenseridæ, i, 290; ii, 18 Acipenseroidei, i, 382 Acraniata, i, 484 Acrocheilus, ii, 169 Acrogaster, ii, 252 Acrognathus, ii, 34 Acropoma, ii, 317 Acropomidæ, ii, 317 Acrotidæ, ii, 285 Acrotus, ii, 285 Actinistia, i, 602 order of, i, 604 Actinopteri, i, 451, 507, 599, 610; ii, 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 208 Actinopterygii, i, 462; ii, 1 Actinosts, ii, 1 , 33 actinotrichia, i, 80 Adaptation of fishes, i, 177-225 adaptive radiation, law of, i, 296 adder-fish, ii, 501 Adelfisch, ii, 65 Adelochorda, i, 461 Adinia, ii, 199 adipose fin, i, 25 Ægæonichthys, ii, 549 Æoliscus, figure of, ii, 235 Ærolepis, ii, 14 Æthalion, ii, 41 Ætheospondyli, ii, 24 , 29 Æthoprora, figure of, i, 188 Aëtobatis, i, 557 figure of, i, 558 African catfish, figure of, i, 457; ii, 185 Agassiz, A., i, 405 Agassiz, L., i, 419, 428, 614; ii, 1 , 39 , 183 , 486 on dispersion, i, 284 on Embiotocidæ, ii, 378 , 379 on embryology of garpike, ii, 31 on fish fauna of N. E., i, 302 on fossil fishes, i, 404 on ganoids, ii, 9 on high and low forms, i, 381 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 on Onchus, i, 530 portrait of, i, 399 pupils of, i, 405 questions raised by, i, 284 sketch of, i, 404 Age of fishes, i, 144-146 agency of ocean currents, i, 243 Agnatha, i, 508 Agonidæ, i, 208; ii, 3 , 185 , 452 , 453 , 456 family of, ii, 449 Agonoid fish, figure of, i, 221; ii, 453 Agonostomus, ii, 107 , 222 Agonus, i, 219; ii, 453 Agrammus, ii, 440 Ahl, i, 394 aholehole, ii, 304 air-bladder, i, 11 air-duct, i, 12 Aristotle on, 95 Borelli on, i, 95 of Carp, i, 93; ii, 159 , 160 in Cœlacanthus, i, 604 defined, i, 92, 93 De Fosse on, i, 97 Delaroche on, i, 95 figure of, i, 93, 604 function of, i, 94 in ganoids, i, 101 gases in, i, 94 in Labyrinthici, i, 91 an organ of hearing, ii, 159 origin of, i, 98 position of, i, 35 Sörensen on, i, 97 Tower on, i, 95 use of, i, 12 wanting in sharks, i, 506 Weber on, i, 96 akadai, ii, 344 Alaska blackfish, i, 51, 147, 290 figure of, i, 149; ii, 206 Alaska cod, ii, 536 Alaska grayling, figure of, i, 328; ii, 120 Alaskan rivers, fishes of, i, 304, 305 Albacore, i, 210; ii, 136 figure of, ii, 263 Goode on, ii, 263 long fin, ii, 263 Albatross, the i, 263, 408; ii, 60 , 130 , 138 Albatrossia, ii, 541 Albula, i, 142, 205; ii, 29 , 46 , 148 figure of, i, 147; ii, 44 Albulidæ, ii, 41 , 44 Alburnus, ii, 167 Alcock, i, 244, 408; ii, 290 Aldrich, photograph by, i, 303 Aldrovandi, i, 388 Aldrovandia, figure of, ii, 138 Alectis, i, 202; ii, 276 aleihi, ii, 253 Alepisauridæ, i, 134 Alepocephalidæ, ii, 60 Alepocephalus, figure of, ii, 60 alewife, ii, 49 figure of, ii, 50 alfonsinos, ii, 251 alimentary canal, i, 31 alkaloid poisons, i, 182, 184, 185; ii, 411 , 412 allantiasis, i, 183 alligator-fish, ii, 449 , 453 alligator-gar, figure of, ii, 31 allmouth, ii, 545 Alopiidæ, family of, i, 536 Alosa, i, 204, 291; ii, 50 Alticus, figure of, i, 230; ii, 509 Alutera, i, 206; ii, 414 , 415 amadai, ii, 363 Amanses, ii, 415 figure of, ii, 414 Amaræcium, i, 477 Ambassis, ii, 317 Ambassidæ, ii, 317 amber-fish, ii, 272 figure of, i, 458; ii, 273 amber-jack, ii, 274 Amblodon, i, 302 Ambloplites, figure of, ii, 299 skull of, figured, ii, 296 Amblyopsidæ, 290; ii, 204 family of, ii, 200 Amblyopsis, i, 220, 314 figure of, i, 221, 222; ii, 203 Amblypterus, ii, 14 Amblystoma, i, 78 Ameiurus, i, 283, 293, 310, 356; ii, 35 , 183 , 185 , 186 , 299 figure of, i, 344, 358; ii, 180 , 181 parasites of, i, 344 American charr, ii, 110 American fishes, Goode on, i, 335 Amia, i, 33, 101, 102, 204, 291, 344, 391, 612, 623; ii, 8 , 9 , 11 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 41 , 160 figure of, ii, 33 , 35 lower jaw of, ii, 33 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86 tail of, i, 82 Amiatus, i, 394 Amiidæ, i, 290; ii, 4 , 34 , 35 , 36 Amioidei, Lütken on, ii, 33 Amiopsis, ii, 36 Amitra, ii, 454 Ammocœtes, i, 142 Ammocrypta, ii, 306 figure of, i, 158; ii, 313 Ammodytes, ii, 224 , 391 , 514 , 522 figure of, ii, 521 Ammodytidæ, ii, 215 , 520 , 521 Amphacanthi, suborder of, ii, 409 Ampheristus, ii, 436 Amphibia, i, 393, 600, 606 Amphibians, ii, 9 origin of, i, 600 Amphicœlian, i, 49 Amphiodon, i, 394 Amphioxides, i, 483 Amphioxus, i, 482, 495 Amphiplaga, ii, 243 Amphipnoidæ, 11, 141 Amphipnous, ii, 141 Amphiprion, ii, 384 Amphisile, ii, 235 Amphisticus, ii, 375 Amphistiidæ, family of, ii, 245 , 247 Amphistium, ii, 485 figure of, ii, 247 Amyzon, ii, 175 Anabantidæ, ii, 215 , 370 Gill on, i, 366 Anabas, i, 91, 103, 163 figure of, ii, 366 Anableps, i, 117, 391; ii, 131 eye of, ii, 194 figure of, i, 117 Marsh on, ii, 194 Nelson on, ii, 196 Anacanthini, i, 405; ii, 484 , 485 , 499 , 501 , 532 , 533 , 538 order of, ii, 532 , 533 anadromous fishes, i, 291 anadromous salmon, ii, 68 anal fin, i, 10 in Embiotocidæ, i, 125 as intromittent organ, i, 124 in Pœciliidæ, i, 125 in sword-tail minnow, i, 124 analogy and homology, i, 368, 369 Coues on, i, 369 Anampses, ii, 390 Anarhichadidæ, ii, 517 Anarhichas, i, 208, 391; ii, 518 figure of, ii, 517 food of, ii, 518 Anarchias, ii, 153 Anarrhichthys, i, 208, 364; ii, 518 skull of, ii, 517 Anarthri, i, 509 Anarthrodira, i, 584, 585, 590 Anaspida, i, 573, 622 order of, i, 579 anatomy of tunicates, figure showing, i, 472 Anchovia, i, 199, 205 figure of, ii, 54 anchovy, figure of, ii, 54 anchovy, silvery, figure of, ii, 54 ancient outlet of Lake Bonneville, photograph of, i, 303 Ancylostylos, ii, 45 Andaman Islands, fishes of, i, 166 Andrews, i, 428 Anema, ii, 504 angel-fishes, i, 547, 549 figure of, ii, 401 , 404 angler-fishes, i, 189, 206; ii, 542 -553 carpels of, i, 51 figure of, i, 52 Gill on, ii, 543 habits of, ii, 543 -545 Kent on, ii, 543 anglers, dorsal fin in, i, 202 angling, i, 336 Young on, i, 337-339 Anguilla, i, 127, 162, 211; ii, 143 figure of, ii, 142 , 148 Anguillidæ, i, 290; ii, 148 family of, ii, 142 angular, i, 606 Anisotremus, i, 271; ii, 341 Anomalopidæ, family of, ii, 317 anko, figure of, ii, 545 Anomalops, ii, 317 Anoplogaster, ii, 252 Anoplopoma, figure of, ii, 438 Anoplopomidæ, family of, ii, 438 Anoplus, i, 260; ii, 333 Antechinomys, ii, 471 Antennariidæ, i, 52; ii, 542 , 549 , 553 Aristotle on, ii, 546 deep-sea, ii, 548 Goode on, ii, 545 habits of, ii, 544 -546 Hoffmann on, ii, 546 spawning of, ii, 546 Antennarius, i, 197, 206 figure of, ii, 550 , 553 Anthias, ii, 328 Antiarcha, i, 573, 581, 590, 622 order of, i, 576 Antigonia, i, 262 Anyperodon, ii, 328 ao, ii, 274 Apeltes, figure of, ii, 232 Aphanopus, i, 210 Aphareus, figure of, ii, 339 Aphredoderidæ, i, 290; ii, 243 , 294 Aphredoderus, ii, 204 , 252 , 291 , 294 , 296 figure of, ii, 295 Apia, coral reef of, figured, i, 234 Apichthys, ii, 278 Aplidiopsis, figure of, i, 479 Aploactis, i, 202 Aplodactylidæ, ii, 363 Aplodactylus, ii, 364 Aplodinotus, i, 291, 302; ii, 354 , 357 Apocopodon, i, 558 Apodes, i, 393, 611; ii, 40 , 139 -158, 532 order of, ii, 141 Apodichthys, i, 227; ii, 512 Apogon, figure of, i, 455; ii, 316 , 319 Apogonidæ, family of, ii, 316 Apomotis, i, 26, 310; ii, 301 figure of, i, 27; ii, 350 Apostasis, ii, 406 Apostolides, i, 412 Appendicularia, i, 466 Brooks on, i, 480 Appendiculariidæ, i, 474 Aprion, i, 325; ii, 338 Apsilus, ii, 338 aquatic worms, ii, 143 Aracana, ii, 417 Arapaima, ii, 11 , 56 Arbaciosa, species of, ii, 531 Archæomænidæ, ii, 29 Archæus, ii, 278 Archencheli, suborder of, ii, 141 , 142 archers, ii, 400 archicercal tail, i, 81, 83 archipterygium, i, 59-61, 68, 69, 73, 446, 459, 511, 512, 522, 598, 600, 601 Boulenger on, i, 79 Gegenbaur on, i, 60 Günther on, i, 60 archnoid membrane, i, 109 Archoplites, i, 179, 240; ii, 297 figure of, i, 258 Archosargus, i, 324; ii, 346 figure of, i, 31; ii, 347 Archoteuthis, ii, 410 Arctic codling, ii, 537 Arctic species, in lakes, i, 316 Loven on, i, 317 Malmgren on, i, 317 Smith on, i, 317 Arctoscopus, ii, 364 Argentina, i, 391 Argentinidæ, ii, 122 , 124 Argidæ, ii, 185 Argyropelecus, figure of, i, 190; ii, 137 Argyrosomus, i, 315; ii, 62 , 65 , 67 figure of, ii, 66 Ariscopus, i, 257 figure of, ii, 504 Aristotle, ii, 146 on fishes of Greece, i, 387 on noises of fish, i, 95 Arius, ii, 178 , 186 arm of frog, i, 601 figure of, i, 71 ama-ama, ii, 221 armado, i, 169 arnillo, ii, 338 Arnoglossus, ii, 488 arrow-toothed halibut, ii, 491 Artedi, i, 374, 390 on genera, i, 391 Artediellus, ii, 442 Artedius, ii, 442 Arthrodira, i, 573, 584, 585, 590, 612 Dean on, i, 581 Jækel on, i, 591 Arthrodires, i, 204, 241, 436, 437, 603, 622; ii, 3 classification of, i, 584 figure of, i, 445, 584 occurrence of, i, 583 relationships of, i, 588 Arthropteridæ, i, 553 Arthropterus, i, 553 Arthrognathi, i, 581, 584, 585, 589, 590 Dean on, i, 584 Arthrothoraci, i, 584, 586, 587 articular, i, 606 artificial impregnation, Jacobian method, i, 150 Ascanius, i, 396; ii, 472 Ascelichthys, ii, 449 Ascidia, figure of, i, 474 Ascidiacea, i, 474 ascidians, i, 460, 467 Kingsley on, i, 474 Ritter on, i, 474 Ascidiiæ, i, 474, 475 Ascidina, figure of, i, 475 Aseraggodes, ii, 496 Ashmead, on leprosy transmission, i, 186 Asineopidæ, ii, 243 , 296 , 317 Asineops, ii, 243 , 317 Asmuss, i, 427 Aspasma, ii, 531 figure of, ii, 530 Aspidocephali, i, 568, 575 Aspidoganoidei, i, 568 Aspidophoroides, figure of, ii, 453 Aspidorhini, i, 568 Aspidorhynchidæ, ii, 24 , 29 Aspidorhynchus, ii, 29 Aspius, ii, 175 Aspredo, ii, 184 Aspro, ii, 307 , 310 figure of, ii, 309 aspron, ii, 309 figure of, ii, 310 Asterolepidæ, i, 576, 623 Asterolepis, i, 577, 591 Asterospondyli, i, 447, 510, 513, 532 order of, i, 525 asterospondylous, i, 49 Asterosteidæ, i, 584, 585 Asterosteus, i, 585 Asterropteryx, i, 263 Astrodermiidæ, i, 551 Astrodermus, i, 551 Astrolabe, the, i, 408 Astrolytes, figure of, ii, 442 Astronesthidæ, ii, 128 Astrape, i, 554 Astroscopus, ii, 503 Gilbert on, i, 187 electric organs of, i, 187 Asymmetron, i, 483; ii, 467 Ateleaspis, i, 574 Atheresthes, i, 205; ii, 491 Atherina, i, 393; ii, 216 Atherinidæ, i, 290; ii, 215 Atherinops, ii, 218 Atherinopsis, figure of, ii, 218 Atherinosoma, ii, 218 Athlennes, ii, 211 Atka fish, figure of, i, 328; ii, 439 Atka mackerel, ii, 439 Atlantic creek, i, 308, 309 Atlantic oarfish, ii, 472 Atlantic salmon, ii, 89 attenuate, i, 19 Atthey, i, 426 Auchenopterus, ii, 508 atule, ii, 275 auditory ossicles, ii, 160 Aulichthys, ii, 233 Aulolepis, ii, 48 Aulopidæ, ii, 130 , 132 Aulopus, i, 259; ii, 190 Aulorhamphus, ii, 406 Aulorhynchidæ, family of, ii, 232 Aulorhynchus, ii, 233 Aulostomidæ, family of, ii, 233 Aulostomus, ii, 233 figure of, ii, 234 Australia, ii, 363 Australian flying-fish, figure of, i, 341 Australian lung-fish, i, 100 autochthonous, i, 245 autostylic skull, i, 561; ii, 8 Auxis, ii, 262 awa, ii, 45 , 221 awaawa, ii, 43 awaous, i, 254; ii, 465 aweoweo, ii, 333 Axinurus, ii, 409 axonasts, i, 604, 605; ii, 17 Ayres, i, 419, 428 ayu, i, 256; ii, 115 , 117 , 118 figure of, i, 321; ii, 116 fishing for figured, i, 333, 335 Azevia, i, 271; ii, 489 d'Azyr, i, 390 Azygostei, i, 581 azygous, i, 88 Baer, i, 428 Bagarius, ii, 186 bagonado, ii, 344 bagre, ii, 182 bagre de Rio, ii, 182 Bagrus, ii, 183 Baikal cods, ii, 455 Baird, i, 419; ii, 142 on bluefish, ii, 279 -282 on eel migrations, ii, 142 portrait of, i, 407 Bairdiella, ii, 355 figure of, ii, 355 Bakker, i, 428 Balanoglossidæ, i, 465 Balanglossus, i, 461 Balanus, ii, 544 balaos, ii, 212 Balfour, i, 428, 511, 513; ii, 8 finfold theory, i, 69, 514 lateral-fold theory, i, 71-73 on paired fins, ii, 8 on sharks, i, 511 Balfour and Parker, on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 Balistapus, i, 181; ii, 413 Balistes, i, 206, 391, 611; ii, 22 figure of, i, 184; ii, 412 Balistidæ, ii, 413 , 418 family of, ii, 412 Ballou, on eels, ii, 417 banded rockfish, figure of, ii, 432 banded sunfish, figure of, ii, 299 bandfishes, ii, 363 bandfishes, the crested, ii, 291 Banks, i, 395 barbels, i, 115; ii, 170 organs of touch, i, 122 barber-fish, ii, 328 barbero, ii, 408 barbudos, ii, 256 Barbulifer, ii, 462 Barbus, ii, 170 , 175 Barkas, i, 426 Barneville, i, 412 Barracuda, ii, 34 , 39 , 215 , 266 , 317 , 469 Barracuda, family of, ii, 222 figure of, ii, 223 Barramunda, i, 116, 614, 615 Günther on, i, 615 barreto, ii, 467 barriers, Alleghanies, i, 311 artificial dams, i, 300 Cape of Good Hope, i, 268 checks to movement, i, 240 crossing by fishes, i, 302 to dispersion, i, 297 Isthmus of Panama, i, 269 local, i, 298 mountain chains, i, 310 Rocky Mountains, i, 305 the Sierras, i, 310 silt-bearing streams, i, 301 species absent from, i, 239 temperature, i, 298 waterfalls, i, 300 watersheds, i, 205 basal bone, of dorsal fin, i, 49 figure of, i, 49, 56 of pectoral fin, i, 59 baseosts, ii, 17 basilar, i, 88 Basilevsky, i, 411 basking shark, i, 539 figure of, i, 540 largest of fishes, i, 539 bass, i, 4, 21, 47, 290, 323, 440; ii, 316 -350 black, i, 303, 304 white, i, 321 yellow, i, 321 bassalian fishes, i, 245, 246; ii, 128 Bassani, i, 427 Bassozetus, figure of, i, 456 bastard halibut, ii, 489 Bateson, i, 463 batfish, ii, 402 , 458 figure of, ii, 553 shoulder-girdle of, i, 88; ii, 551 Bathyclupeidæ, ii, 290 Bathygadus, ii, 541 Bathylagus, ii, 127 Bathymaster, ii, 502 figure of, ii, 503 Bathymasteridæ, ii, 502 Bathyonidæ, ii, 540 Bathyonus, ii, 540 Bathypteroidæ, ii, 130 Bathypterois, ii, 131 Batoidei, i, 519 suborder of, i, 549 Batrachians, i, 85, 87, 88 Batrachoides, i, 394; ii, 526 Batrachoides, shoulder-girdle of, i, 59 Batrachoididæ, i, 182, 192; ii, 525 , 529 , 542 Batrachoids, ii, 529 Batrictius, i, 394 Bdellostoma, i, 490 Beagle, the, i, 408 Bean, i, 408, 419 Beardslee, ii, 101 Beardslee trout, ii, 101 Belemnobatis, i, 551 Bellotti, i, 412 bellows fish, ii, 545 Belon, on fishes of Mediterranean, i, 388 Belone, ii, 210 , 211 Belonidæ, family of, ii, 210 Belonorhynchidæ, ii, 514 Belonorhynchus, ii, 17 Belostomus, ii, 29 Bembradidæ, ii, 441 , 499 Bembras, ii, 441 Benecke, on spawning of eels, ii, 146 Beneden, i, 427 benimasu, ii, 72 Bennett, i, 408, 416 Bentenia, ii, 286 Benthosauridæ, ii, 130 Benthosaurus, ii, 131 Berg, i, 415 portrait of, i, 409 Berndt, opah taken by, ii, 244 photograph by, i, 323 Berycidæ, i, 206; ii, 294 , 499 family of, ii, 251 Berycoidei, ii, 40 , 245 , 290 , 484 , 485 suborder of, ii, 250 -257 Berycoid fishes, ii, 250 figure of, i, 439; ii, 253 Starks on, ii, 250 Berycoids, ii, 247 Berycopsis, ii, 285 Beryx, i, 259, 263, 438; ii, 249 , 289 figure of, ii, 251 beshow, ii, 438 Betta, i, 163; ii, 370 biajaiba, ii, 336 Bianconi, i, 412 Bibron, i, 412 big-eye, ii, 333 figure of, ii, 332 big-eyed scad, ii, 275 Birkenia, i, 580 figure of, i, 579 Birkeniidæ, i, 579 bishop-fish, i, 361 bishop-fish, figure of, i, 361 Björnson, on fishing villages of Norway, i, 329 black angel, ii, 405 black angel-fish, figure of, ii, 403 black bass, i, 209; ii, 168 , 301 , 328 Hallock on, ii, 302 Henshall on, ii, 302 large-mouthed, ii, 304 small-mouthed, ii, 303 black bream, ii, 206 Black Current of Japan, sharks in, i, 536 black escolar, 338 black-fin snapper, ii, 336 blackfish, ii, 387 black grouper, ii, 323 , 325 black-horse, ii, 173 Blackiston's line, relation to fishes, i, 257 black-jack, ii, 276 black nohu, figure of, i, 180; ii, 436 stinging spines of, i, 180 black-nosed dace, figure of, i, 342; ii, 164 parasites on, i, 342 black rockfish, ii, 429 black ruff, ii, 284 black sea-bass, ii, 329 black-sided darter, figure of, ii, 311 blacksmith, ii, 381 black-spotted sailor's choice, ii, 341 black-spotted trout, ii, 95 black swallower, figure of, i, 29; ii, 360 black tai, ii, 344 black will, ii, 328 black wrasse, ii, 387 Blainville, i, 400 on Palæoniscum, ii, 14 Blake, i, 60, 408 Blanchard, i, 412 blanquillos, ii, 361 , 362 blastoderm, i, 135 blastomeres, i, 135 blastopore, i, 138 blastula, i, 131, 132 bleak, ii, 163 , 167 Bleeker, i, 376, 412, 414 Bleekeria, ii, 521 Bleekeriidæ, ii, 522 Blenniidæ, i, 208, 276, 290; ii, 506 -531 Blennioidea, ii, 470 Blennius, i, 208, 391; ii, 511 , 513 Blennius, figure of, i, 508 blenny, i, 209, 230, 290, 429; ii, 507 -531 figure of, ii, 509 , 511 Japanese, i, 9; ii, 513 kelp, ii, 507 northern, ii, 511 sarcastic, ii, 507 snake, ii, 512 Blepsias, figure of, ii, 448 blind Brotula, figure of, i, 222 blind catfish, ii, 181 blind cavefish, figure of, i, 116; ii, 202 blindfish, i, 290; ii, 202 , 524 descent of, ii, 202 Eigenmann on, i, 117; ii, 202 habits of, ii, 202 theories regarding origin, ii, 202 blindfish of Mammoth Cave, ii, 202 , 203 Eigenmann on, i, 221, 222 figure of, i, 221 blind goby, ii, 467 blob, ii, 444 Bloch, i, 389, 397 Blochiidæ, ii, 514 Blochius, figure of, ii, 514 Blossom, the, i, 408 blue-back, ii, 71 , 73 -76 blue-back salmon, ii, 68 , 69 blue-breasted darter, i, 231; ii, 314 figure of, i, 231 blue cod, ii, 440 bluefin, ii, 66 bluefin cisco, figure of, ii, 66 bluefish, ii, 278 , 354 Baird on, i, 279-282 destructiveness of, ii, 281 figure of, i, 324; ii, 279 food of, ii, 280 bluegill, figure of, ii, 300 blue-green sunfish, i, 26 figure of, i, 27; ii, 350 blue parrot-fish, ii, 396 figure of, ii, 394 figure of jaws, ii, 393 blue sharks, i, 534, 542 blue smelt, figure of, ii, 218 blue-spotted guativere, ii, 324 blue surf-fish, ii, 375 blue tang, ii, 408 figure of, ii, 407 Blyth, i, 396 boarfishes, ii, 135 , 398 bobo, figure of, ii, 222 boccaccio, ii, 429 Bocage, i, 414 Bocourt, i, 412 Bodianus, i, 207, 271; ii, 388 boga, ii, 347 , 348 Bogoslovius, ii, 541 Bohr, i, 97 Boleophthalmus, ii, 465 figure of, i, 118; ii, 466 Boleosoma, i, 302; ii, 313 Bollman, i, 420 Boltenia, i, 475 Bombay-duck, ii, 131 bonaci-arará, ii, 325 bonaci-cardenal, ii, 325 Bonaparte, i, 412 bones of the fish, actinosts, i, 42 alisphenoid, i, 38, 39, 40, 53 anal fin, i, 48 angular, i, 42, 43, 54 articular, i, 42, 43, 54 basibranchial, i, 46 basihyal, i, 42, 45 basioccipital, i, 36, 38, 39, 40, 53 basisphenoid, i, 36, 38, 39, 53 branchiostegals, i, 42, 45 carpals, i, 51 of anglers, i, 51 caudal fin, i, 48 caudal vertebræ, i, 48 ceratobranchial, i, 46 ceratohyal, i, 42, 45 clavicle, i, 42, 50, 52 figured, i, 52 coracoid, i, 50, 51 of cranium, i, 39 dentary, i, 42, 43, 54 dorsal fin, i, 48 epihyal, i, 42, 45 epibranchial, i, 46 epioccipital, i, 36 epiotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 epipleurals, i, 48 ethmoid, i, 36, 37, 53 exoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 frontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 glossihyal, i, 42 hæmal spine, i, 48 hæmaphysis, i, 48 hyoid arch, i, 42 hyomandibular, i, 42, 44, 54 hypercoracoid, i, 42, 52 hypobranchial, i, 46 hypocoracoid, i, 42, 43, 52 hypural, i, 48, 49 infraclavicle, i, 51 interclavicle, i, 51 interhæmals, i, 49 interhyal, i, 42, 45 interneural, i, 48 interopercle, i, 42, 45, 54 interspinals, i, 49 isthmus, i, 45 maxillary, i, 41, 42 mesopterygoid, i, 41, 42 metapterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54 nasal, i, 42, 53 neural spine, i, 48 neuropophysis, i, 48 opercle, i, 42, 54 opisthotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 palatine, i, 41, 42, 54 parapophysis, i, 48 parietal, i, 36, 37, 39, 40, 53 parsasphenoid, i, 36, 38, 53 pectoral fin, i, 42 pelvic girdle, i, 42 pharyngeals, i, 46, 47 figure of, i, 47 lower, i, 46 suspensory, i, 46 upper, i, 46 postclavicle, i, 42, 51 figured, i, 52 postero-temporal, i, 50 post-temporal, i, 42, 52 prefrontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 premaxillary, i, 42 preopercle, i, 42, 54 preorbital, i, 41, 42 prootic, i, 36, 38, 53 proscapula, i, 50 pterotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53 pterygials, i, 51 pterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54 quadrate, i, 42, 43, 54 ribs, i, 48 scapula, i, 50 shoulder-girdle, i, 42, 50, 51, 52 sphenotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 subopercle, i, 42, 54 suborbital, i, 42 supraclavicle, i, 42, 50 supraoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 suprascapula, i, 50 supratemporal, i, 42, 50 figured, i, 51 symplectic, i, 42, 54 urohyal, i, 42, 54 ventral fin, i, 42 vomer, i, 36, 37, 38, 53 zygapophysis, i, 48 bonito, ii, 264 bonnaterre, i, 397 bony fish, i, 204, 454, 506; ii, 37 classification of, ii, 38 development of, i, 135 figure of, ii, 438 specialized, figured, i, 456 bony scales, i, 21 Boops, i, 260, 267; ii, 348 , 350 Borassus, ii, 367 Borelli, i, 390 on air-bladder, i, 95 Boreogadus, ii, 537 botolism, i, 183 Bothinæ, ii, 487 Bothriocephalus, i, 345 Bothriolepis, i, 577 Bothus, ii, 486 Botryllidæ, i, 476 Botryllus, i, 476; ii, 545 figure of, i, 477, 478, 479 bottle-nosed chimæra, eggs of, figured, i, 127 Bougainville, i, 395 Boulenger, i, 360, 364, 370, 414, 428, 513, 600, 601, 606, 608, 609; ii, 41 , 48 , 128 , 129 , 136 , 138 , 158 , 190 , 485 , 502 , 522 , 551 on Archipterygium, i, 79 on Galaxias, ii, 205 catalogue of fishes, i, 402 on opahs, ii, 243 portrait of, i, 403 on vertebræ, i, 213 on zooid fishes, ii, 245 Bovichthyidæ, ii, 502 bowfin, i, 290, 440; ii, 33 , 34 figure of, ii, 35 tail of, figured, i, 82 Bowring, on noises by fishes, i, 168 Brachydirus, i, 590 Brachyistius, ii, 375 Brachymystax, ii, 62 , 67 brain, of chimæra, i, 410, 411 figures of, i, 110, 111 Günther on, i, 109 in hagfish, i, 112 of lamprey, i, 112 of perch, i, 111 of pike, i, 109 of primitive fishes, i, 112 reflex action of, i, 153 of shark, i, 110, 111 Brama, ii, 135 , 286 Bramidæ, ii, 291 family of, ii, 286 branch herring, ii, 49 branchial bones, i, 46 Branchiostegi, i, 391 Branchiostoma, i, 34, 35, 120, 383, 483 eggs of, i, 131 figure of, i, 484 Branchiostomidæ, i, 484 Brandt, i, 412 Branner, i, 415 Brayton, i, 420 bream, ii, 163 , 167 Bregmaceros, ii, 524 Bregmacerotidæ, ii, 524 Brevoort, i, 416 Brevoortia, ii, 51 figure of, i, 340; ii, 51 brit, ii, 216 , 217 broad-shad, ii, 347 broad-soles, ii, 495 Brongniart, i, 427, 428 brook lamprey, figure of, i, 120, 505 larva of, figured, i, 492 mouth of, figured, i, 492 Brooks, on Appendicularia, i, 480 brook trout, ii, 99 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 113 , 115 figure of, ii, 111 Brosme, ii, 539 Brosmius, ii, 539 Brosmophycis, ii, 524 Brotula, figure of, ii, 524 blind, figured, ii, 524 Brotulidæ, i, 314; ii, 523 , 533 Brotulids, ii, 39 , 524 Broussonet, i, 396 Brown, i, 426 Browne, i, 389 brown tang, figure of, i, 181; ii, 408 Brünnich, i, 394 Bryactinus, i, 565 Brycon, figure of, ii, 162 Bryostemma, figure of, ii, 511 , 514 Bryttosus, i, 256; ii, 297 , 320 buccal cirri, i, 595 Buchanan, on hunting of Chaca, i, 170 Buckland, i, 423 on soles, ii, 497 on turbot roe, ii, 488 Bucklandium, ii, 186 budai, ii, 390 buffalo-cod, ii, 440 Buffalo Creek, i, 309 buffalo-fish, ii, 160 , 172 figure of, ii, 173 shoulder-girdle of, i, 51 buffalo sculpin, figure of, ii, 443 bulbus arteriosus, ii, 10 , 11 bullhead, i, 356 bullhead shark, figure of, i, 526 bumpers, ii, 276 Bunocephalidæ, ii, 184 burbot, i, 209; ii, 538 figure of, ii, 539 Bürger, i, 414 butter-fish, ii, 283 , 284 , 324 , 512 butterfly fish, i, 440; ii, 381 figure of, i, 143; ii, 402 butterfly ray, i, 556 butterfly sculpin, figure of, i, 288 caballerote, ii, 335 cabezon, ii, 442 cabra mora, figure of, i, 20 cabrilla, ii, 324 , 328 , 329 cachucho, figure of, ii, 337 Cælorhynchus, figure of, ii, 541 Cæsio, ii, 342 cagon de le alto, ii, 337 cají, ii, 336 Calamoichthys, i, 76, 89, 608 Calamostoma, ii, 236 Calamus, i, 49, 238; ii, 344 figure of, ii, 345 , 347 calico-bass, ii, 297 calico-salmon, ii, 72 California lancelet, figure of, i, 484 California miller's thumb, figure of, ii, 446 California hake, figure of, ii, 540 California pampano, ii, 283 California sucker, figure of, ii, 174 Callbreath, on running of salmon, ii, 86 Callechelys, ii, 150 Callichthyidæ, ii, 185 Callichthys, i, 290 calling the fishes, i, 167, 168 in Indian temples, i, 167 in basins of Tuileries, i, 167 Callionymidæ, ii, 506 Callionymus, i, 246, 257, 259, 263, 393, 500, 504 Callipterygidæ, ii, 501 Callipteryx, ii, 501 Calliurus, i, 302 Callorhynchus, i, 565, 566 egg of figured, i, 127 Callorhinus, ii, 537 Calotomus, ii, 390 , 391 Camper, i, 389 Campostoma, ii, 164 figure of, i, 33; ii, 167 Campyloprion, i, 529 candil, ii, 255 candle-fish, ii, 124 Canestrini, i, 412 Canobius, ii, 14 Canthidermis, ii, 413 Canthigaster, i, 206 Cantor, i, 416 on fighting-fish, i, 163 Cape of Good Hope, as barrier, i, 269 capelin, figure of, ii, 126 capello, i, 414 capitaine, figure of, ii, 387 Capros, ii, 135 , 398 , 400 Caracanthidæ, ii, 438 Carangidæ, i, 144, 149, 210; ii, 15 , 278 , 470 family of, ii, 272 Carangopsis, ii, 278 Carangus, i, 169, 324; ii, 275 , 276 , 285 Carapidæ, ii, 522 Caraproctus, ii, 455 Carapus, ii, 520 , 522 Carassius, ii, 171 figure of, i, 151 Caranx, ii, 245 , 275 , 470 , 542 Carboniferous, fishes, i, 437 sharks, i, 224 Carcharias, i, 447, 534, 543; ii, 468 figure of, i, 542 Carchariidæ, i, 532, 534, 540, 542, 543 carcharioid sharks, i, 540 Carcharodon, i, 538 Carcharopsis, i, 522 cardenal, ii, 316 cardiform teeth, i, 29 cardinal fishes, the, ii, 316 figure of, i, 455; ii, 316 , 319 cardinal vein, i, 108 Carencheli, ii, 140 , 153 , 155 caribe, Günther on, ii, 161 carnivorous fishes, i, 29 carp, i, 21, 53, 93, 290; ii, 162 , 164 air-bladder of, figured, ii, 160 native of China, ii, 170 domestication of, ii, 170 Carpiodes, i, 302 figure of, ii, 173 carp-sucker, figure of, ii, 173 carrying eggs in mouth, i, 170-173 by catfish, i, 170 casabe, ii, 276 Cassiquiare, Branner on, i, 307 crossing by fishes, i, 307 Castelnau, i, 415 Castour, i, 396 Castro, photograph by, ii, 522 catadromous fishes, i, 162, 291; ii, 143 Catalina flying-fish, figure of, ii, 214 catalineta, ii, 341 Catalogue, of Panama fishes, i, 272 catalufa de lo alto, figure of, ii, 289 catalufa, ii, 288 , 333 figure of, ii, 331 Catesby, i, 389 catfish, i, 4, 20, 53, 119, 122,128, 169, 290, 440; ii, 159 , 160 , 177 -187 African, ii, 185 channel, ii, 179 clavicle in, i, 87 Cope on, i, 180 descent from, ii, 186 destroyed by lampreys, i, 357 electric, ii, 183 electric, figured, i, 186 fossil, ii, 186 of India, ii, 184 Japanese, ii, 183 Old World, ii, 182 poison glands of, i, 180 poison spine of, i, 179 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86 spines of, i, 179 transfer to Sacramento, i, 310 Catopteridæ, ii, 16 Catopterus, ii, 16 Catostomidæ, i, 46, 290; ii, 172 , 175 family of, ii, 171 figure of, i, 315 Catostomus, i, 198, 283, 302, 304, 316, 346; ii, 56 figure of, i, 348; ii, 171 pharyngeal teeth of, ii, 175 cat shark, i, 533 Catulus, i, 533 caudal fin, i, 10 caudal lancet, ii, 409 Caularchus, figure of, i, 198, 531 Caulolatilus, ii, 362 Caulolepis, ii, 252 , 253 Caulophryne, figure of, i, 276, 548 causes of dispersion, i, 318 cavalla, ii, 266 , 272 -292 cavefish, ii, 201 , 523 , 524 Eigenmann on, ii, 524 figure of, i, 117 Cebedichthys, ii, 512 Centaurus, larva of figured, i, 143 centers of distribution, i, 244 Centrarchidæ, i, 209, 232, 290; ii, 304 , 320 , 327 , 380 family of, ii, 297 Centrarchus, i, 302; ii, 297 Centriscidæ, ii, 227 , 235 family of, ii, 234 Centriscus, i, 393; ii, 235 Centrogenys, ii, 320 Centrolepis, ii, 14 Centrolophiidæ, ii, 283 Centrolophius, i, 260; ii, 286 Centrophoroides, i, 546 Centrophorus, i, 546 Centropomidæ, ii, 319 Centropomus, i, 271, 273; ii, 309 figure of, i, 324; ii, 319 Centropristes, i, 136; ii, 328 , 329 eggs of, figured, i, 135 Centroscymnus, i, 546 Centrolabrus, ii, 387 Cephalacanthidæ, i, 208 family of, ii, 458 Cephalacanthus, ii, 458 figure of, ii, 456 Cephalaspidæ, i, 576, 623 Cephalaspis, i, 444, 569, 571 figure of, i, 576, 577, 579 Cephalopholis, ii, 324 , 325 Cephaloscyllium, i, 197 Cepola, i, 260, 264, 393; ii, 363 Cepolidæ, the, ii, 363 Ceratacanthus, ii, 414 Ceratias, figure of, ii, 548 Ceratiidæ, i, 276 Ceratobatis, i, 560 Ceratocottus, ii, 443 Ceratodontidæ, i, 600, 612 family of, i, 613 Ceratodus, i, 77, 85, 613-616 Ceratoscopelus, figure of, ii, 133 Ceratiidæ, ii, 547 -549 Cerdale, i, 271 Cerdalidæ, ii, 516 cestodes, i, 344 Cestraciont shark, i, 526, 527, 530 Eastman on, i, 529 teeth, figured, i, 527 Cestraciontes, i, 438, 519, 566 Eastman on, i, 529 families of, i, 528 suborder of, i, 526 teeth of figured, i, 527, 529 Cetomimidæ, ii, 132 Cetomimus, figure of, ii, 132 Cetorhinus, figure of, i, 540 Cetorhinidæ, family of, i, 539 Cette, i, 396 Chaca, i, 170 Chacidæ, ii, 184 Chænobryttus, i, 302; ii, 300 Chætobranchus, ii, 381 Chætodipterus, figure of, i, 325, 401 Chætodon, i, 235, 242, 267, 391; ii, 400 , 403 , 405 , 406 figure of, i, 143; ii, 402 Chætodontidæ, i, 206; ii, 245 , 291 , 381 , 398 , 402 , 404 , 405 Chætodonts, ii, 247 Chalacodus, i, 566 Challenger, the, ii, 60 , 130 Champsodon, ii, 361 Champsodontidæ, ii, 361 Chanos, i, 205; ii, 221 figure of, ii, 45 Chanidæ, family of, ii, 44 Channa, figure of, ii, 370 channel bass, ii, 355 channel catfish, figure of, i, 280 channel-cats, the, ii, 179 , 182 Channomuræna, ii, 153 Chanoides, ii, 44 Chapala Lake, fishes of, ii, 216 Characidæ, ii, 161 , 162 Characin, i, 290 Characinidæ, i, 205, 290; ii, 381 Characins, ii, 61 , 160 -162, 186 Characodon, ii, 201 characters, of Elasmobranchs, i, 507 of species, i, 292 Charitosomus, ii, 56 charr, ii, 67 , 99 , 107 , 114 , 122 Charlevoix, ii, 64 Chasmistes, i, 304, 316; ii, 172 Chasmodes, ii, 509 Chauliodontidæ, ii, 129 Chauliodus, figure of, ii, 129 Chaunax, ii, 551 Cheilio, ii, 390 Cheilinus, ii, 390 Cheilodipteridæ, family of, ii, 278 Cheilodipterus, ii, 278 figure of, ii, 279 Cheiracanthus, i, 517 Cheirodopsis, ii, 15 Cheirodus, ii, 14 Cheirolepis, ii, 14 Chelidonichthys, i, 260; ii, 456 Chelmo, ii, 404 Chelonichthyidæ, i, 586 Chelonopsis, ii, 425 Chonerhinus, ii, 419 cherna, ii, 324 chevron, ii, 89 chiasma, ii, 4 Chiasmodon, ii, 136 figure of, i, 29; ii, 360 Chiasmodontidæ, ii, 215 , 360 Chilobranchidæ, ii, 141 Chilomycterus, figure of, ii, 423 Chiloscyllium, i, 56, 533 pectoral fin of, i, 66 Chimæra, i, 23, 35, 85, 204, 393, 435, 437, 448, 507, 509, 512-514, 545, 561-567, 595, 610 of California, i, 564 Dean on, i, 563 figure of, i, 449, 564, 565 Parker on, i, 563 Chimæridæ, family of, i, 564 Chimæroids, i, 224, 583 Chimæropsis, i, 566 China fish, snake-headed, ii, 371 Chinese whitebait, ii, 127 , 128 chinook, ii, 69 chirivita, ii, 405 Chirocentridæ, ii, 46 Chirocentrus, ii, 46 , 48 Chirolophis, ii, 512 Chiropterygium, i, 600, 605 Chirostoma, figure of, i, 329; ii, 217 Chirothricidæ, ii, 133 Chirothrix, figure of, ii, 46 , 134 chisel-mouth, ii, 169 Chlamydoselachidæ, family of, i, 525 Chlamydoselachus, i, 361, 447, 448, 509, 521, 536 figure of, i, 523 Chlarias, i, 98, 290; ii, 186 , 187 figure of, i, 457; ii, 185 Chlariidæ, ii, 184 , 185 Chlevastes, ii, 150 figure of, i, 232 Chloropthalmus, i, 260; ii, 130 Chloroscombrus, ii, 276 chochouwo, ii, 403 chogset, ii, 387 Chologaster, i, 203, 204, 223 Eigenmann on, ii, 203 figure of, i, 116; ii, 201 Garman on, ii, 202 Hoppin on, ii, 203 Chondrenchelys, i, 521 Chondropterygians, i, 508 Chondropterygii, i, 391 Chondrostei, i, 623, 624; ii, 2 , 5 , 13 order of, ii, 17 Chondrosteidæ, ii, 17 , 18 Chondrosteus, i, 622 Chonerhinidæ, ii, 419 Chopa, ii, 344 , 350 figure of, ii, 349 Chordata, i, 460 Chordate animals, i, 460 lowest forms figured, i, 465 Chordates, i, 508, 584, 597; ii, 1 Chorisochismus, ii, 531 Chriodorus, ii, 212 Chromides, suborder of, ii, 380 Chromis, i, 166; ii, 381 Chrondrosteus, figure of, ii, 18 Chrosomus, i, 304; ii, 164 , 167 chub, ii, 118 , 147 , 163 figure of, ii, 169 of Great Basin, ii, 169 of Pacific, ii, 169 chub of Great Basin, figure of, i, 287 chub-mackerel, i, 94 chub-sucker, i, 292 figure of, i, 315; ii, 172 chum, ii, 72 cichla, ii, 380 Cichlasoma, ii, 381 cichlid, i, 290 Cichlidæ, i, 209, 290; ii, 380 , 381 organs of smell in, i, 115 cigar-fish, ii, 274 ciguatera, i, 182-185; ii, 335 , 411 , 413 Cimolichthys, ii, 133 Ciona, i, 481 Cirrhilabrus, ii, 390 Cirrhitidæ, the, ii, 363 , 426 Cirrhitus, i, 271 figure of, ii, 364 Cirrostomi, i, 482, 595 cisco, ii, 65 Citharichthys, i, 274; ii, 489 Citharinus, ii, 162 Citula, i, 202; ii, 276 Cladistia, i, 602 order of, i, 605 Cladodontidæ, i, 520, 522 Cladodus, i, 65, 80, 437 pectoral fin of, i, 521 shoulder-girdle in, i, 521 teeth of, figured, i, 522 Cladoselache, i, 64, 66, 79, 80, 437, 446, 448, 510, 571, 573, 623 Dean on, i, 518 figure of, i, 65, 514, 515 primitive character of, i, 514 teeth of, figured, i, 515 ventral view of, i, 515 Cladoselachidæ, i, 514 family of, i, 523 clam-cracker, i, 556 Clark, on eulachon, ii, 125 Clarke, i, 416 claspers, i, 124, 125 classification, Coues on, i, 370 of Elasmobranchs, i, 509, 510 of fishes, i, 367-386 of instincts, i, 154 morphological, i, 371 natural, i, 370 terms used in, i, 462 Clastes, Eastman on, ii, 32 Clavellinidæ, i, 475 clavicle, figure of, i, 87 of sea catfish, i, 87 Claypole, i, 426 portrait of, i, 409 cleavages, i, 135 Clepticus, ii, 388 Clidoderma, ii, 494 Climatius, i, 446 figure of, i, 518 climbing-fish, ii, 367 climbing-perch, figure of, ii, 366 clingfish, ii, 529 figure of, i, 198; ii, 531 Günther on, ii, 529 , 530 sucking-disk in, i, 198 Clinocottus, ii, 448 Clinton, ii, 64 Clinus, i, 208; ii, 507 , 511 , 513 , 516 Cloquet, i, 397 Cloudy Bay cod, ii, 520 Clupanodon, ii, 53 Clupea, i, 204, 329, 391 figure of, i, 331, ii, 49 Clupeidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 49 , 52 , 53 clupeiform, ii, 11 clupeoid, ii, 10 Clupeidea, the, ii, 41 coalfish, i, 209; ii; 438, 537 Coal measures, fishes of, i, 223 teeth found in, i, 65 Costa, i, 412 coast lines, effect on distribution, i, 248 cobbler-fish, ii, 276 cobia, ii, 282 Cobitidæ, ii, 175 , 185 Cobitis, i, 391; ii, 176 Cobitopsidæ, family of, ii, 224 Cobitopsis, figure of, ii, 224 Coccoderma, i, 605 Coccosteans, i, 581 Coccosteidæ, i, 622, 623, 584, 586 Coccosteus, i, 583, 584, 587, 590, 593, 596, 623 figure of, i, 582 cochino, ii, 413 Cochliodontidæ, i, 530 family of, i, 531 Cochliodus, lower jaw figured, i, 531 cock-and-hen paddle, ii, 453 cock-of-palace-under-sea, ii, 472 cockeye pilot, figure of, ii, 382 Coccolepis, ii, 14 cod, ii, 51 codfish, i, 122, 128, 290; ii, 481 , 501 , 532 , 533 figure of, i, 331; ii, 535 Gill on, ii, 534 Goode on, ii, 534 pectoral fin of, i, 66 reproduction of, ii, 535 Sars on, ii, 535 codling, ii, 538 Cœlacanthidæ, i, 605 Cœlacanthus, figure of, i, 604 Cœlolepia, i, 573 Cœlodus, ii, 22 Cœlolepidæ, i, 573 coho, ii, 72 collection of fishes, i, 429-434 by explosives, i, 430 by poison, i, 430 tackle for, i, 430 Collett, i, 408, 427 portrait of, i, 403 Collie, i, 564 Collins, on catastrophe to tilefishes, ii, 362 on halibut, ii, 490 Cololabis, ii, 212 Colocephali, ii, 140 -142, 153 suborder of, ii, 152 Colomesus, ii, 421 Colorado trout, figure of, ii, 106 colors of fishes, i, 226-236 of coral-fishes, i, 235 fading of, in spirits, i, 235 intensity of, i, 232 nuptial, i, 230 protective, i, 226-229 sexual, i, 230 variation of, i, 235 Columbia, figure of, ii, 242 Comephoridæ, the, ii, 455 Comephorus, ii, 524 Commerson, i, 395 commissure, i, 112 common eel, figure of, ii, 143 common skate, figure of, i, 552 common sucker, figure of, ii, 174 common sunfish, figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301 conceptions of genus, i, 375 Conchopona, i, 613 conclusions, of Cope on dispersion, i, 286 of Evermann, i, 274 of Hill, 277-279 as to Isthmus of Suez, i, 269 of Jenkins, i, 274 conger eels, ii, 149 , 151 figure of, ii, 150 Congiopodidæ, ii, 436 Congiopus, ii, 436 Congo River, fishes from, i, 78, 607 Congriopus, ii, 514 Congrogadidæ, ii, 519 Connoly, on calling fishes, i, 168 Conocara, ii, 60 Conodontes, i, 487 figure of, i, 488 Conorhynchus, i, 128 constantino, ii, 320 Cooper, i, 419 on long-jawed goby, ii, 463 Cope, i, 84, 311, 419, 428, 512, 602; ii, 1 , 4 , 13 , 24 , 35 , 56 , 159 on classification, i, 406 conclusions of, 286 on dispersion, i, 286, 287 on eels, ii, 139 on fossil forms, ii, 32 on isocercal tail, i, 84 on ostracophores, ii, 569 portrait of, i, 407 sketch of, i, 406 Copeland, i, 420 portrait of, i, 421 Copelandellus, ii, 315 Coquille, i, 408 coracoid, i, 88, 90 coraco-scapular, i, 87 coral reefs, at Apia, figured, i, 234 fishes of, i, 235, 297 fish life in, i, 215 Corax, teeth of, figured, i, 543 Coregoni, ii, 67 Coregonus, i, 291, 305, 316, 322, 391; ii, 62 , 65 , 439 figure of, i, 321; ii, 63 Coreoperca, ii, 320 Coris, ii, 390 cormorant-fishing, ii, 116 -119 illustrations of, i, 333, 335 cornet-fishes, ii, 390 family of, ii, 233 Cornide, i, 396 coronado, ii, 274 corpus vestiforme, i, 112 corsair, ii, 430 Corvula, ii, 355 Corynolophus, i, 189; ii, 549 figure of, i, 188 luminous bulb in, i, 188 Coryphæna, i, 210, 391 figure of, ii, 287 Coryphænidæ, family of, ii, 286 Coryphænoides, figure of, i, 83; ii, 541 leptocercal, tail of, i, 83 Coryphopterus, ii, 462 Corythroichthys, ii, 236 Costa, i, 412 Cottidæ, i, 208, 290; ii, 363 , 442 , 449 , 453 , 455 , 501 , 504 , 525 family of, i, 441 fossil forms, i, 449 Cottocomephorus, ii, 525 Cottogaster, i, 300 Cottunculus, i, 219; ii, 441 , 447 , 449 Cottus, i, 169, 219, 312, 391; ii, 443 , 445 , 449 figure of, ii, 444 , 445 , 446 Couch, i, 410 on fighting-fish, i, 165 on skippers, ii, 21 Coues, on classification, i, 368 on meaning of species, i, 379 on synonymy, i, 374 cowfish, figure of, i, 373; ii, 416 skeleton of figured, i, 215; ii, 418 cow's tongue, ii, 497 crab-eater, ii, 282 Cragin, i, 171 craig-fluke, ii, 494 Cramer, i, 408, 420, 422 cramp-fishes, i, 554 cranial nerves, figure of, i, 111 Craniomi, suborder of, ii, 456 Craniotes, i, 588 cranium, bones of, i, 36-39 inferior view, i, 38 lateral view, i, 36 posterior view, i, 40 of Roccus, figured, i, 36-39 of Sebastolobus, i, 53 superior view, i, 37 crappie, ii, 168 , 297 figure of, ii, 297 photograph of, ii, 298 Cratinus, i, 271 cravo, ii, 244 crawl-a-bottom, ii, 312 crayfish, ii, 147 creek fish, figure of, i, 315; ii, 172 Crenilabrus, i, 207, 260, 267; ii, 387 creole-fish, ii, 328 , 329 Crescent lake trout, ii, 101 Cricodus, i, 603 Cristiceps, i, 208; ii, 508 , 513 Cristivomer, i, 291; ii, 62 , 115 figure of, ii, 114 croaker, ii, 353 , 355 Cromeriidæ, ii, 56 cross-bow shooter, ii, 413 Crossognathidæ, ii, 215 , 521 family of, ii, 224 Crossopholis, ii, 21 Crossopterygians, i, 78, 79, 89, 91, 204, 436, 457, 511-515, 591, 602, 623, 624; ii, 38 figure of, i, 451 fins of, i, 601 Crossopterygii, i, 382, 462, 599, 600, 601, 608 crustacean parasites, i, 340 Cryptacanthididæ, ii, 516 Cryptacanthodes, figure of, i, 516 Cryptocentrus, i, 264; ii, 462 Cryptopsaras, figure of, ii, 547 Cryptotomus, figure of, ii, 391 crystal darter, figure of, ii, 313 crystal goby, ii, 466 Crystallias, figure of, i, 218; ii, 454 Crystallogobius, ii, 466 Ctenochætus, ii, 409 Ctenodentex, ii, 340 Ctenodipterini, order of, i, 612 Ctenodontidæ, i, 613 Ctenodus, i, 613 ctenoid scales, i, 20, 21; ii, 39 Ctenoidei, ii, 39 , 209 Ctenolabrus, ii, 387 Ctenolates, ii, 320 Ctenoptychius, i, 555 Ctenothrissa, figure of, ii, 48 Ctenothrissidæ, figure of, ii, 48 cuatro ojos, ii, 194 Cuban fishes, i, 314 cubero, ii, 335 cuboid, i, 19 cub-shark, figure of, i, 542 cuckold, ii, 417 figure of, i, 373; ii, 416 cucugo, ii, 413 cultus cod, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 440 Cunias, i, 541 cunner, ii, 387 Cunningham, on eye of flounder, i, 176 Curimatus, ii, 162 cusk-eel, i, 187, 314; ii, 539 figure of, ii, 520 cutlass-fishes, i, 149, 210; ii, 267 figure of, ii, 268 species of, ii, 472 cutthroat trout, ii, 95 -97, 102, 104, 106 Cuvier, i, 103, 105, 400, 404, 428; ii, 39 , 307 Günther on, i, 400 Lyman on, i, 401 portrait of, i, 399 Cycleptus, ii, 173 Cycliæ, i, 204, 437, 462, 592, 593 subclass of, i, 591 Cyclobatis, i, 557 Cycloganoidei, ii, 34 cycloid scales, i, 20, 22; ii, 39 Cycloidei, ii, 39 Cyclopterichthys, ii, 454 Cyclopteridæ, i, 198, 208 family of, ii, 453 Cyclopterus, i, 391; ii, 453 , 455 figure of, i, 220; ii, 454 Cyclospondyli, i, 510, 543 order of, i, 545 cyclospondylous, i, 49 cyclospondylous sharks, i, 549 Cyclostomata, i, 593 Cyclostomes, i, 113, 443, 486-505, 570, 596, 592, 617 extinct forms, i, 487 Cyclostomi, i, 462, 584 Cyclothone, ii, 129 Cyclurus, ii, 36 Cymatogaster, ii, 376 figure of, i, 125; ii, 372 Cymolutes, ii, 390 Cymothoa, i, 340 Cynoglossinæ, ii, 497 Cynoglossus, ii, 497 Cynoscion, i, 94, 324; ii, 107 figure of, ii, 353 Cynthia, figure of, i, 476 Cynthiidæ, i, 475 Cyprinidæ, i, 33, 46, 205, 230, 251, 285, 287, 290, 406; ii, 65 , 161 , 162 , 164 -171 fossil forms, ii, 174 species of, ii, 165 Cyprinodon, ii, 198 , 201 figure of, ii, 196 Cyprinodontes, ii, 194 Cyprinodontidæ, i, 290 Cyprinus, i, 391; ii, 170 , 174 Cypselurus, ii, 213 figure of, i, 157, 440 Cyrthaspis, i, 575 Cyttoides, ii, 249 Cyttus, ii, 249 dabonawa, i, 430 dace, i, 251; ii, 118 , 162 , 166 , 168 Dactylagnus, ii, 506 Dactyloscopidæ, ii, 506 Dactyloscopus, ii, 506 daddy sculpin, ii, 445 Dalatias, i, 546 Dalatiidæ, i, 548 Daldorf, on capture of Anabas, i, 163 on climbing-fish, ii, 367 Dale, ii, 539 Dallia, i, 51 figure of, i, 149; ii, 206 Dalliidæ, i, 290; ii, 206 Damalichthys, figure of, ii, 374 damsel-fish, ii, 381 figure of, ii, 382 Dapediidæ, ii, 25 Dapedium, figure of, ii, 25 Dapedoglossus, ii, 56 darters, i, 209, 231, 300, 304; ii, 166 , 306 , 310 -315 darter goby, figure of, ii, 462 Darwin, i, 408 on noises of catfish, i, 168 daruma-okose, ii, 436 Dasyatidæ, family of, i, 555 Dasyatis, figure of, i, 247, 556 Dasyscopelus, ii, 133 Davis, H. S., ii, 81 , 84 on chinook salmon, ii, 85 Davis, J. W., i, 426 on fossil teeth, i, 525 Dawson, i, 427, 594 Day, i, 416; ii, 90 , 92 , 95 on calling fishes, i, 168 on electric eel, i, 170 on grayling, ii, 121 on Labyrinthici, ii, 365 on sole, ii, 496 , 497 day chub, head of, figured, ii, 167 dealfish, ii, 477 , 480 figure of, ii, 478 Dean, i, 512, 591, 594, 595 on Acanthodei, i, 517, 518 on Arthrodira, i, 518, 588 on Chimæras, i, 563 on fin migration, i, 75 on fossil forms, i, 422 on lateral line, i, 23 on lung-fish, i, 618 on Ostracophores, i, 571 portrait of, i, 417 on sharks, i, 511, 531 on Teleosts, i, 135 Deania, i, 546 deathfish, i, 183 Death Valley fish, figure of, ii, 199 Decapterus, ii, 274 decurrent flounder, figure of, i, 441 deep-sea angler, figure of, ii, 548 deep-sea Chimæra, figure of, i, 449 deep-sea fishes, i, 246, 247, 408; ii, 129 degenerate fishes, i, 210, 211, 216, 218 degeneration, of eye, i, 220 in fishes, i, 54 in lamprey, i, 217 of structure, i, 216 in tunicates, i, 480 Delaroche, i, 95 Dekay, i, 418 Delfin, on hagfishes, i, 489 Deltistes, ii, 172 Deltodus, i, 531 Dendrodus, i, 603 dentary, i, 606 Dentex, i, 94; ii, 338 , 340 Dercetes, ii, 136 Dercetidæ, ii, 136 , 137 , 158 Derepodichthyidæ, ii, 520 Derichthyidæ, ii, 155 Derichthys, ii, 153 figure of, ii, 156 Dermopteri, i, 486 Desmarest, i, 396 development, i, 217 of bony fishes, i, 135 Dean on, i, 135 embryonic, i, 133 of flounders, i, 144 heredity in, i, 134 of horsehead-fish, i, 148 of paired fins, i, 66 devil ray, figure of, i, 559 De Vis, i, 416 Devonian, fishes, i, 436 lamprey, i, 563 sharks from, i, 65 Diabasis, i, 375 diablo, ii, 552 Dialarchus, ii, 448 Dialommus, i, 117 diamond, fishes, ii, 398 flounder, ii, 493 snapper, ii, 337 Diaphus, ii, 133 figure of, ii, 132 Dibothrium, 345 figure of, ii, 103 Dibranchus, i, 207; ii, 552 Dicentrodus, i, 522 Dicentrarchus, i, 324; ii, 321 , 330 dichotomous rays, i, 596 Dicranodus, i, 521 Dictyorhabdidæ, i, 565 Dictyorhabdus, i, 435, 565, 578 Dictyopyge, ii, 16 Dictyopygidæ, ii, 14 Dictyosoma, 512 Didemnidæ, i, 477 Didymaspis, i, 576 Didymodus, i, 521, 525 Dinematichthys, ii, 524 Dinichthyidæ, i, 587 Dinichthys, i, 587, 589 figure of, i, 445, 584 jaws of figured, i, 583 Diodon, i, 273, 393, 394 figure of, i, 17; ii, 422 Diodontidæ, family of, ii, 422 diœcious fishes, i, 124 diphycercal tail, i, 49, 81, 83, 84, 507, 513, 516, 598 Boulenger on, i, 84 Dollo on, i, 84 Diplacanthidæ, i, 517, 518 Diplacanthus, figure of, i, 517 Diplectrum, ii, 329 Diplesion, figure of, i, 247; ii, 312 Diplodus, ii, 347 figure of, ii, 346 Diplognathus, i, 584, 589 Diplomystes, ii, 178 Diplomystidæ, ii, 178 Diplomystus, figure of, i, 205, 453; ii, 52 Diploneumoni, i, 612, 619 Diploprion, ii, 327 Diplopterus, i, 82, 604 Diplospondyli, i, 509, 523 Diplurus, i, 605 Dipneusti, i, 405, 462, 582, 599, 601, 605, 607, 622, 624; ii, 4 relationship of, i, 609, 610 subclass of, i, 609-622 Dipnoans, i, 436, 512, 572, 582, 583; ii, 3 , 8 air-bladder in, i, 101 classification of, i, 612 ear sac in, i, 120 figure of, i, 449 pectoral fin in, i, 60 shoulder-girdle in, i, 86, 88 Dipnoi, i, 77, 85, 89, 382 Diptera, ii, 306 Dipteridæ, i, 612 Dipterus, i, 612 figure of, i, 437, 449 Discobatis, i, 553 Discocephali, ii, 459 -480 Gill on, ii, 470 suborder of, ii, 468 diseases of fishes, i, 340-358 contagious, i, 340 parasitic, i, 342 remedies for, i, 342 Dismal Swamp fish, figure of, i, 116; ii, 201 dispersion of fishes, Agassiz on, i, 284 barriers to, i, 297, 310, 311 causes of, i, 318 Cope on, i, 286 by floods, i, 301 of fresh-water fishes, 282-296 of river fishes, 297-319 dissection of the fish, i, 26-33 Distomidæ, i, 477 distribution of fishes, affected by coast line, i, 247, 261 agency of currents in, i, 242 centers of, i, 243 determined by temperature, i, 241 of fresh-water forms, i, 249 general laws of, i, 238 of marine forms, i, 245 Panama, barrier to, i, 266 of shore fishes, i, 263-265 Suez, barrier to, i, 266 zones of, i, 249, 251, 252 Ditrema, ii, 375 Dittodus, i, 521, 525 doctor-fish, ii, 408 Döderlein, i, 411, 416 dogfishes, i, 519 figure of, i, 545 dogoro, ii, 381 dog salmon, ii, 71 -73, 80, 81 dog snapper, ii, 336 Dolichoglossus, i, 463 Doliolum, i, 479 dollar-fish, ii, 283 Dollo, i, 415, 427, 600, 601; ii, 502 portrait of, i, 413 on tail forms, i, 84 Dolloa, ii, 541 Dolly Varden trout, i, 305; ii, 112 , 113 figure of, i, 327; ii, 114 dolphins, i, 210; ii, 286 , 362 figure of, ii, 287 Doncella, figure of, i, 297; ii, 180 , 396 Donovan, i, 410 dorados, ii, 286 figure of, ii, 287 Doras, ii, 183 Doratonotus, ii, 388 Dormeur, figure of, ii, 460 Dormitator, figure of, ii, 461 dorsal fin, i, 10, 603 figured, i, 49 Dorosoma, i, 32, 300 figure of, ii, 53 Dorosomatidæ, ii, 53 Dorosomidæ, i, 290 Doryichthys, ii, 236 Dorypteridæ, ii, 14 -16 Dorypterus, ii, 15 , 16 Draciscus, figure of, ii, 452 Draconetta, ii, 506 Draconettidæ, ii, 506 dragonets, i, 246; ii, 504 drawing net at Milo, photograph of, i, 281 Drepane, ii, 401 Drepanaspidæ, i, 574 Drepanaspis, i, 570 figure of, i, 574 Drepanidæ, ii, 401 Drepaniodus, i, 488 drum, i, 290 figure of, ii, 358 duck-billed eels, ii, 150 , 151 Ductor, ii, 278 ducts, i, 28 ductus cholidechus, i, 32 Dufosse, on air-bladder, i, 97 Dugès, i, 90, 420 Dugunonutatatori, ii, 472 Duméril, i, 398, 401 duodenum, i, 32 Dussumieriidæ, ii, 52 Dussumieria, ii, 52 Duverncy, i, 390 Duymæria, i, 260; ii, 390 dwarf, herring, ii, 54 perch, ii, 306 salmon, ii, 117 sunfish, ii, 467 Dybowsky, i, 411 Dynatobatis, i, 553 Dysommidæ, ii, 150 Dytiscus, ii, 144 eagle ray, figure of, i, 558 early writers on fishes, i, 272, 422, 423 earliest sharks, i, 436, 443 ear of fish, i, 119-121 ear sac, i, 119, 120 ear stones, i, 119 earthquakes, fatal to fishes, i, 356; ii, 137 Eastman, i, 427, 428 on Cestraciont shark, i, 529 on Clastes, ii, 32 on Neoceratodus, i, 619 portrait of, i, 425 on teeth of Edestus, i, 530 Ebisu, the god of fishes, ii, 344 figure of, ii, 343 Ebisus, ii, 323 Echeneididæ, ii, 468 , 470 Echeneis, i, 391; ii, 468 , 470 , 471 Echidna, i, 211; ii, 152 , 153 Echidnocephalus, ii, 138 Echinorhinidæ, family of, i, 547 Echinorhinus, i, 547 Echiodon, i, 84 economic fishes, i, 333 ectoblast, i, 152 ectocoracoid, i, 87 ectoderm, i, 139 ectopterygoid, i, 606 Edaphodon, i, 565 Edestus, teeth of, figured, i, 529 eel-back flounder, figure of, ii, 494 eel-fairs, ii, 142 eel-like fishes, ii, 137 -158 eel-mother, ii, 144 eel-pouts, figure of, ii, 518 , 519 eels, i, 21, 210, 217, 268, 290; ii, 40 , 44 , 147 , 153 , 157 Cope on, ii, 139 Günther on, ii, 141 larva of, figured, ii, 148 migration of, ii, 142 reproduction of, ii, 143 species of, ii, 148 shoulder-girdle in, ii, 142 Woodward on, ii, 140 effects on distribution, of shore line, i, 262 of temperature, i, 149 Egerton, i, 423 Egertonia, ii, 396 eggs of fish, artificial impregnation of, i, 150 of bottle-nosed chimæra, i, 127 care of, i, 128 carrying of, i, 128, 171 of Embiotocidæ, i, 127 embryo of, i, 128 fertilization of, i, 125 figures of, i, 127 germ disk in, i, 135 hatching of, i, 125 of herring, i, 125 month incubation of, i, 170, 171 transportation of, i, 171 Eichwald, i, 411, 427 Eigenmann, i, 415, 420; ii, 147 , 148 , 376 on blind fishes, i, 117, 221, 222; ii, 202 , 523 on Nematognathi, ii, 178 photograph by, i, 222 portrait of, i, 417 Eigenmannia, ii, 187 eighteen-spined sculpin, figure of, ii, 447 Ekström, i, 410 Elacate, ii, 282 , 470 , 471 Elagatis, ii, 274 Elanura, figure of, ii, 444 Elasmobranchiates, i, 384 Elasmobranchii, i, 462, 507, 584; ii, 7 Elasmobranchs, i, 92, 102, 204, 506-522, 571, 583, 588, 589 characters of, i, 506-508 classification of, i, 507-510 ear sac in, i, 120 geological distribution of, i, 459 notochord in, i, 57 subclass of, i, 507 Elassoma, i, 290; ii, 296 , 307 , 467 figure of, ii, 295 Elassomidæ, i, 290; ii, 296 family of, ii, 295 elastic spring, i, 96 Elater, i, 582 electric catfish, figure of, ii, 183 electric cells, i, 553 electric eel, i, 186; ii, 140 Day on, i, 170 electric organs, i, 25, 186, 187 electrophores, ii, 187 , 188 Electrophoridæ, ii, 187 Electrophorus, i, 170, 186 Eleotrids, ii, 460 Eleotris, i, 254 figure of, ii, 460 Elera, i, 414 Eleginus, ii, 537 elephant sharks, i, 540 figure of, i, 565 Elliott, on trout, ii, 105 Elonichthys, ii, 14 Elopidæ, i, 43; ii, 35 , 41 -44 Elopopsis, ii, 43 Elops, i, 205, 393; ii, 43 , 221 figure of, i, 454; ii, 42 Embiotoca, i, 404 Embiotocidæ, i, 207, 290; ii, 373 Agassiz on, i, 377-379 anal fin in, i, 125 viviparity of, i, 376, 377 Emblemaria, figure of, ii, 510 embryo, i, 136, 138, 139 embryology and growth, i, 131-151 Embolichthys, ii, 522 figure of, ii, 521 emerald-fish, ii, 462 Emery, i, 412; ii, 480 , 481 Emmelichthys, i, 262; ii, 346 , 347 Emmydrichthys, figure of, i, 180; ii, 436 Empetrichthys, figure of, ii, 199 Empo, ii, 137 Enantioliparis, ii, 455 Enchelurus, ii, 138 Enchelycephali, ii, 140 , 141 , 147 , 152 suborder of, ii, 142 Enchelynassa, ii, 153 Enchelyopus, figure of, ii, 539 Enchodontidæ, ii, 136 , 137 Enchodus, ii, 136 Endoskeleton, i, 439 Enedrias, ii, 512 Engraulididæ, ii, 54 Engraulis, i, 205; ii, 54 Enneacanthus, ii, 301 Enophrys, figure of, ii, 443 Enoplosidæ, ii, 317 Enoplosus, i, 268; ii, 317 Enteropneusta, i, 457, 461, 462 classification of, i, 464 entoderm, i, 138 Entosphenus, i, 490 entozoa, i, 348 Eocottus, ii, 449 Eomyrus, ii, 150 Eopsetta, i, 205; 491 Eothynnus, ii, 266 Epelasmia, ii, 397 , 398 Eperlanus, ii, 123 Ephippidæ, ii, 400 Ephippus, i, 268; ii, 400 epiblast, ii, 5 Epigonichthys, i, 483 Epigonus, ii, 317 Epinephelus, i, 19; ii, 323 , 330 figure of, i, 20; ii, 324 -326, 328 Epiphysis, i, 112 figure of, i, 111 Eptatretidæ, i, 489 Eptatretus, i, 490 figure of, i, 198 equatorial fishes, specialization of, i, 248 equatorial zone, i, 251 Eques, ii, 357 Equula, ii, 287 Erebus, i, 408 Ereunias, figure of, ii, 450 Ereuniidæ, ii, 449 Ericymba, figure of, ii, 165 Erimyzon, i, 292; ii, 175 figure of, i, 315; ii, 172 Eriptychius, i, 435, 603, 578 Erisichthe, ii, 34 Erismatopteridæ, ii, 242 , 296 Erismatopterus, ii, 243 figure of, ii, 242 Ernogrammus, ii, 513 Erosa, ii, 436 Erpetichthys, i, 204 Erpetoichthys, i, 450 figure of, i, 608 Erpichthys, i, 608; ii, 510 Erythrichthys, ii, 347 Erythrinidæ, ii, 162 Erythrinus, ii, 160 escolars, ii, 267 , 317 Esmarck, i, 410 Esmeralda, ii, 462 esmeralda de mar, figure of, ii, 461 Esocidæ, i, 290; ii, 190 , 192 Esox, i, 109, 253, 315, 327, 391; ii, 190 , 194 figure of, i, 328; ii, 192 Etelis, i, 262; ii, 338 figure of, ii, 337 Etheostoma, i, 129, 283; ii, 310 , 315 figure of, i, 231; ii, 314 Etheostominæ, i, 230, 232; ii, 166 , 306 , 307 , 310 ethmoid, ii, 142 Etmopterus, figure of, i, 189, 546 etrumei-iwashi, ii, 52 Etrumeus, ii, 52 Eucalia, ii, 232 Eucitharus, figure of, ii, 488 Eucinostomus, ii, 347 Eugnathidæ, ii, 26 eulachon, i, 321; ii, 19 , 125 , 126 figure of, i, 320; ii, 124 Euleptorhamphus, ii, 212 Eumicrotremus, ii, 135 Euphaneropidæ, i, 576 Euphrosen, i, 396 Eupomotis, i, 283 figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301 European chub, pharyngeals of, i, 48 teeth of, figured, ii, 164 European lancelet, figure of, i, 120 European sculpin, figure of, i, 219 European soles, ii, 496 Eurylepis, ii, 14 Eurynotus, figure of, ii, 15 Eurypharyngidæ, ii, 156 Eurypharynx, ii, 156 Eurypholis, figure of, ii, 136 , 137 Euselachii, i, 532 Eusthenopteron, i, 603 Eutæniichthys, figure of, ii, 467 Euthynotus, ii, 34 Evenchelys, ii, 153 Eventognathi, i, 405; ii, 160 , 162 everglade minnow, figure of, ii, 197 everglade pigmy perch, figure of, ii, 295 Evermann, ii, 69 , 100 , 103 , 354 on Panama fishes, i, 274 portrait of, i, 421 on Two Ocean Pass, i, 307-310 Evermannellidæ, ii, 135 Evermannella, ii, 136 Eviota, ii, 460 , 467 evolution of fishes, i, 223-225, 435-459 Dean on, i, 223 Exerpes, figure of, i, 276; ii, 511 Exocœtidæ, ii, 210 , 211 , 214 Exocœtoididæ, ii, 134 Exocœtoides, ii, 133 Exocœtus, i, 391; ii, 213 Exoglossum, head of, figured, ii, 167 Exonautes, ii, 213 exoskeleton, i, 20 Exostoma, ii, 184 extension of Indian fauna, i, 267 exterior of fish, i, 16-25 external gills, figure of, i, 78, 602 Kerr on, i, 76 Mauer on, i, 77 Orr on, i, 77 Rusconi on, i, 77 extinction of species, i, 240 causes of, i, 241 Eyclesheimer, i, 428 Eydoux, i, 408 eye of fish, i, 119 eye of flounder, in larval stage, i, 174 migration of, i, 173-176 Williams on, i, 174-178 eye-of-the-sea, ii, 361 Faber, i, 396 Fabricius, i, 394 Facciola, i, 412 factors of extinction, i, 442 fading of pigment in spirits, i, 235 fair maid, ii, 344 fallfish, i, 311; ii, 167 fall-salmon, ii, 80 family, definition of, i, 373 fan-tailed darter, ii, 315 Farquhar, on Opah, ii, 244 fat cod, ii, 440 fat head, ii, 388 fatherlasher, ii, 445 faunal areas, minor, i, 248 of Japanese fishes, i, 257 faunal resemblances, i, 259, 260 faunal differences, i, 260, 261 favorable waters have most species, i, 301 fear in fishes, i, 163 expressions of, i, 165 Felichthys, figure of, ii, 179 fiatola, ii, 283 Fierasfer, i, 84; ii, 520 figure of, i, 159; ii, 522 , 523 Fierasferidæ, ii, 158 , 522 fighting-fish, ii, 370 of Siam, i, 163 filefish, ii, 413 -415 figure of, i, 182 filiform, i, 19 Filippi, i, 412 finfold, i, 63, 64 Balfour's theory of, i, 69 fin migration, Dean on, i, 75 of Heterodontus, i, 75 finnan haddie, ii, 537 fins of fishes, described, i, 9, 10, 20, 24, 25 migration of, i, 75 morphology of, i, 62-90 origin of, i, 62 fin-spines, i, 528, 529; ii, 39 of Hybodus, i, 528, 529 of Onchus, figured, i, 509 Fischer, on fishes of Panama, i, 275 Fish Commission, fish stocking by, i, 346 fisheries, economic, i, 337 salmon, i, 81, 87 fishes, in action, i, 11 adaptation to environment, i, 156 affection of, i, 167 affected by temperature, i, 149 age of, i, 144, 146 air-bladder of, i, 12, 92, 93 alimentary canal in, i, 31 anadromous, i, 156, 160, 291 anger of, i, 165 in aquaria, i, 150, 165 blood of, i, 11 body form of, i, 16 bones of, i, 10 bony, i, 454, 506 brain of, i, 12, 14, 109, 112 breathing of, i, 5, 91, 103 of British Museum, i, 402 burrowing of, ii, 463 , 465 care of eggs by, i, 128 catadromous, i, 162, 291 catalogues of, i, 402 channel, i, 291 circulatory organs of, i, 26 classification of, i, 367-386 of Coal Measures, i, 223 collecting of, i, 429 color and coloration of, i, 6, 129, 226-236 conditions of life of, i, 215 of coral reefs, i, 235 currents affecting, i, 243, 244 deep sea, i, 408 definition of, i, 3 degeneration in, i, 54, 216, 218-220; ii, 547 digestion and digestive organs of, i, 11, 26 diœcious, i, 124 dispersion of, i, 318 diseases of, i, 340-358 dissection of, i, 26, 27 distortion in, i, 129 distribution of, i, 237-255, 435 domestication of, i, 149, 151 ear of, i, 8, 119-121 earliest forms of, i, 443 eggs of, i, 125-135 electric organs of, i, 25; ii, 187 embryology of, i, 131-151 evolution in, i, 223, 435-459 exterior of, i, 16-25 extinct, i, 224 eye of, i, 6, 119 eye-stalks of, ii, 466 face of, i, 5 fins of, i, 9, 10, 24 flight of, i, 167 flow of blood in, i, 107 as food for man, i, 320-339 food of, i, 11, 29 form of, i, 4 fossil, i, 422-428 fresh-water, i, 250 gall-bladder in, i, 26 generalized forms of, i, 224 gills of, i, 92 growth of, i, 30, 144 habits of, i, 152 hearing of, i, 8, 119 heart of, i, 11, 28, 106 herbivorous, i, 30, 155; ii, 364 hermaphrodite, i, 124 homologies of bones in, i, 34 hybridism in, i, 144 instincts of, i, 154 intestines of, i, 33 intromittent organ in, i, 124 with jugular fins, i, 456 kidneys of, i, 11, 28 killed by earthquakes, i, 356 Labyrinthine, ii, 365 larval forms, i, 142, 620, 621 lateral line of, i, 9 life cycle of, i, 3-5, 152 lowland, i, 291 luminous organs of, i, 188-190 lungs of, i, 98 measurements of, i, 19 migration of, i, 160 monstrosities among, i, 151 mortality among, i, 357 mountain, i, 291 mouth of, i, 29 muscles of, i, 25 mythology of, i, 359 naturalization of, i, 150 nerves of, i, 12, 14, 109, 113; ii, 368 nests and nest-building of, i, 15, 167, 128; ii, 184 , 229 -231 noises of, i, 121, 168 nostril of, i, 6 nuptial colors in, i, 155, 156 nutrition organs of, i, 29 organs of, locomotion, i, 24 phosphorescence, i, 194 reproduction, i, 28, 124-130 sense, i, 115-123 sight, i, 6, 116 smell, i, 115 taste, i, 121 touch, i, 122 ovaries, i, 26 oviparous, i, 125 ovoviviparous, i, 125 pain, sense of, in, i, 123 parasites of, i, 340-344 parasitic, i, 198 pectoral limb of, i, 50 pelagic, i, 156 pineal eye in, i, 111 poisonous, i, 180-185, 236; ii, 177 , 411 , 413 , 421 , 433 ,436, 526 postembryonic development, i, 132 posterior limbs of, i, 53 preservation of, i, 431 problem of highest, i, 383 protection of young by, i, 128 pugnacity of, i, 162 recognition marks in, i, 7, 232, 236 records of, i, 433 scales of, i, 20 sensitiveness to change, i, 150 sexual modifications in, i, 129 shoulder-girdle of, i, 50, 52 skeleton of, i, 10, 214, 215 specialization in, i, 219, 220, 224, 249; ii, 438 spinal cord of, i, 112 spineless, i, 25 spiral valve in, i, 32 tail of, i, 49 teeth of, i, 5, 29 tenacity of life in, i, 146, 147 timidity of, i, 166 tongue of, i, 6, 31 upland, i, 291 variety in tropics, i, 333 viscera of, i, 26 viviparous, i, 125; ii, 376 voices of, i, 121 where found, i, 158, 159 zeoid, ii, 245 fishes as food, i, 320-339 fishes of Panama, Evermann on, i, 274 Fischer on, i, 275 Günther on, i, 272, 273 Hill on, i, 277 Upham on, i, 276 Wright on, i, 275 fish faunas, genera in, i, 262, 263 Indian, i, 267 of Japan, i, 255, 256, 259 of Mediterranean, i, 259 of Panama, i, 267 separated by barriers, i, 255-281 fish fighting, i, 162 fish god of Japan, figure of, ii, 343 fish guano, i, 538 Fish-Hawk, the, i, 408; ii, 147 fishing, apparatus for, i, 335 for ayu, i, 333 for tai, figured, i, 338 with cormorants, i, 333, 335 methods of, i, 334 fishing-frog, i, 202; ii, 542 capture of prey by, i, 169 figure of, i, 18; ii, 545 , 550 fish-like vertebrates, i, 34 fish of Paradise, ii, 369 Fistularia, i, 85, 393; ii, 233 , 390 shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227 Fistulariidæ, ii, 227 family of, ii, 233 Flammeo, ii, 254 flashers, ii, 331 flatfish family, i, 177; ii, 48 flatheads, ii, 441 Flesus, ii, 493 Fleurieu's whirlpool, ii, 242 flier, ii, 297 flight of fishes, i, 157 Floeberg, ii, 110 Florida jewfish, figure of, ii, 323 Florida lion-fish, figure of, ii, 433 flounder, i, 117, 178, 203, 440; ii, 483 -485, 488, 493, 494 development of, i, 144 diamond, ii, 493 eel-back, ii, 493 eyes of, i, 118, 174-178 frog, ii, 493 lantern, ii, 488 larval form, i, 176; ii, 483 , 484 migration of eye, figured, ii, 484 newly hatched, figured, i, 177 osteology of, ii, 484 peacock, ii, 488 pole, ii, 494 shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2 starry, ii, 493 tail of, figured, ii, 486 vertebræ in, i, 205 wide-eyed, ii, 488 wide-eyed, figured, i, 175 young, figured, i, 175; ii, 482 flower of the surf, figure of, ii, 218 flow of blood in fish, i, 107 flukes, ii, 494 flying-fish, ii, 211 -214 figure of, i, 157, 341, 440 parasites of, i, 342 flyfish, ii, 429 flying gurnard, ii, 456 , 458 figure of, i, 457 flying robin, ii, 458 Fodiator, figure of, ii, 213 food-fishes, abundance of, i, 329 relative rank of, i, 320 food of lampreys, i, 491 foolfishes, i, 206; ii, 413 Foot-notes to Evolution, reference to, i, 302 foramen, i, 92 forelle, i, 327 Forcipiger, ii, 404 Forgy, on oarfish, ii, 473 Forbes, i, 419 on fish epidemics, i, 340 formalin, as preservative, i, 432 Forskål, i, 394 Forster, i, 395 fossil capelin, ii, 126 , 127 fossil darters, ii, 315 fossil fishes, i, 205; ii, 48 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 174 Agassiz on, i, 422, 423 Dean on, i, 422 earliest forms, i, 568 figure of, i, 436, 454; ii, 47 , 59 first period of, i, 423 from Green River, ii, 59 morphological work on, i, 427 second period, i, 424 study of, i, 424 third period, i, 427 fossil gobies, ii, 467 fossil herring, figure of, i, 453; ii, 52 fossil trout, ii, 62 , 118 four-eyed fish, figure of, i, 117 four-spined stickleback, figure of, ii, 232 Fowler, i, 422 fox shark, i, 536 Frère Jacques, ii, 255 fresh-water eels, ii, 149 fresh-water fishes, i, 209; ii, 157 , 160 , 161 dispersion of, i, 282-296 distribution of, i, 249 Günther on, i, 249 of Japan, i, 256 of North America, i, 290 fresh-water minnows, i, 33 fresh-water perch, figure of, ii, 373 Friar Odoric, on fear in fishes, i, 166 Fries, i, 410 frilled shark, i, 361, 516 figure of, i, 525 Fritsch, i, 427, 428, 512 frog, arm of, figured, i, 601 frogfish, i, 197; ii, 549 figure of, ii, 551 frog flounder, ii, 493 frostfish, ii, 537 Fucus, ii, 512 Fullarton, i, 177 function of lateral line, i, 23 Fundulus, ii, 194 , 199 figure of, i, 198 fur seal, food of, ii, 127 , 537 Gadidæ, i, 290; ii, 522 , 533 Gadopsidæ, ii, 516 Gadus, i, 209, 391 figure of, i, 331; ii, 533 Gazza, ii, 287 gaff-topsail cat, figure of, ii, 179 Gaidropsarus, i, 209; ii, 539 Gaimard, i, 406 galafata, ii, 413 Galaxias, i, 223, 252, 253, 254 Boulenger on, ii, 204 , 205 Galaxiidæ, family of, ii, 204 Galei, i, 532 Galeidæ, i, 540 Galeichthys, i, 128, 242, 271, 273; ii, 178 figure of, ii, 179 Galeocerdo, i, 541, 542 Galeoid sharks, i, 519 Galeorhinidæ, i, 532, 540 Galeorhinus, i, 454 Galeus, figure of, i, 541 gall-bladder, i, 26 galliwasp, ii, 130 galo, ii, 394 Gambusia, i, 64, 66, 67; ii, 199 Ganocephala, i, 85, 86 Ganoidei, i, 444, 599, 616; ii, 2 , 3 , 13 Ganoids, i, 22, 38, 88, 91, 139, 157, 159, 186, 204, 384, 569, 622; ii, 1 -36 Agassiz on, ii, 9 air-bladder in, i, 109 classification of, ii, 13 Gill on, ii, 9 as a group, ii, 4 , 9 ganoid fish, i, 582 figure of, i, 452, 453 Garden, i, 390 Garibaldi, figure of, i, 227; ii, 382 garfish, ii, 147 , 210 , 211 shoulder-girdle in, i, 59 Garman, i, 405, 408, 420; ii, 183 on blind fish, ii, 202 on frilled shark, i, 525 on Sunapee trout, ii, 109 garpike, i, 290; ii, 30 -32 figure of, ii, 27 fossil, ii, 32 tail of, i, 82 vertebræ of, i, 48 garrupa, ii, 323 gaspergou, ii, 354 Gasteronemus, ii, 288 figure of, ii, 289 Gasterosteidæ, i, 128, 290 family of, ii, 228 , 232 Gasterosteus, i, 161, 172, 391; ii, 229 , 231 , 236 Lord on, ii, 230 figure of, ii, 232 Gastrostomus, figure of, ii, 156 gastrula, i, 131, 132 Gaudry, on leptocercal tail, i, 84 Gay, i, 415 Gegenbaur, i, 428, 511, 512, 591, 594, 601 on archipterygium, i, 60 on morphology, i, 68 on pectoral fin, i, 67 theory of, i, 73 Gempylidæ, family of, ii, 267 Gempylus, ii, 267 general laws, of development, i, 133 of distribution, i, 239 generalization and specialization, i, 380 genital organs, i, 124 genus, i, 375 definition of, i, 372 Genyonemus, ii, 356 Genypterus, ii, 520 geographical distribution, i, 237-259 of sharks, charted, i, 459 geological evidence of submergence, i, 268 Geophagus, ii, 381 Geotria, i, 491 Gephyrura, ii, 201 Gephyroberyx, ii, 252 gephyrocercal tail, i, 84, 604 figure of, i, 85 German carp, ii, 175 germ-cells, i, 124 Germo, 210; ii, 262 , 266 figure of, ii, 263 Gerres, i, 271, 273 figure of, ii, 349 Gerridæ, i, 206; ii, 372 family of, ii, 347 Gervais, i, 408 ghost-fishes, ii, 150 , 516 giant bass, ii, 324 Gibbes, i, 426 Gibbons, i, 419 on Embiotocidæ, ii, 377 Gibbonsia, figure of, ii, 508 gibbus, ii, 45 Gigactinidæ, ii, 551 Giglioli, i, 412 Gila, i, 304; ii, 169 Gilbert, i, 408, 415, 420; ii, 239 on Astroscopus, i, 187 on coracoid plate, ii, 206 on flight of fishes, i, 157 on island forms, i, 240 on larval forms, i, 142 portrait of, i, 421 Gilbertidia, ii, 441 , 447 , 449 figure of, ii, 451 Gill, i, 408, 419, 448, 528, 591, 594, 600; ii, 24 , 34 , 40 , 52 , 317 , 365 , 366 , 502 , 511 on anglers, ii, 543 on Discocephali, ii, 470 , 471 on eels, ii, 143 , 156 on high and low forms, i, 383 on work of Lacépède, i, 398 on New Zealand fauna, i, 252 on paired limbs, i, 85 portrait of, i, 407 on Selachii, i, 509 on shoulder-girdle, i, 86-89 sketch of, i, 405 on soles, ii, 496 on swallowers, ii, 360 , 361 on tilefish, ii, 361 , 362 gill, arches, i, 45, 91, 508 basket, figured, i, 92, 485 covers, i, 44 filaments, i, 107 offices of, i, 11 openings, i, 91 rakers, i, 31, 46 septum, i, 73 slits, i, 508 Gillellus, ii, 506 Gillichthys, ii, 462 figure of, ii, 463 Gillicus, ii, 48 Ginglymodi, ii, 24 , 30 Ginglymostoma, i, 533 Ginglymostomidæ, i, 533 Girard, i, 405, 419; ii, 378 , 379 girdle in Dipnoans, i, 86 Girella, ii, 348 gisu, ii, 46 gizzard-shad, i, 290; ii, 51 , 53 glacial epoch, effect on dispersion, i, 316 Glaucosoma, ii, 323 , 340 Glandiceps, i, 465 Glanencheli, ii, 187 glassy darter, ii, 313 glenoid, i, 90 Glesnæs oarfish, ii, 472 figure of, i, 363 globefishes, i, 197, 440, 455; ii, 419 figure of, i, 244; ii, 422 Globulodus, ii, 15 Glossobalanus, figure of, i, 464 larva of, figured, i, 463 glut-herring, ii, 50 Glyphisodon, i, 267 figure of, ii, 383 Glyptocephalus, i, 206; ii, 494 Glyptolepis, i, 603 Glyptopomus, i, 604 Gmelin, i, 395, 397 Gnathanacanthidæ, ii, 514 Gnathodentex, ii, 341 Gnathonemus, figure of, ii, 189 Gnathostomata, i, 78 Gnathostomes, i, 35, 572, 573 Gnathostomi, i, 508, 570 Gnathypops, figure of, ii, 359 goatfish, i, 198; ii, 351 , 379 figure of, i, 122 gobies, i, 428; ii, 459 Gobiesox, ii, 529 , 530 , 531 Gobiidæ, i, 22, 206, 290; ii, 306 family of, ii, 459 Gobius, i, 208, 273, 391; ii, 461 , 467 Gobio, ii, 167 , 175 Gobioides, ii, 467 Gobioidea, ii, 470 Gobioidei, 11, 459-480 suborder of, ii, 459 Gobiomorus, figure of, i, 160 Gobionellus, i, 208 figure of, ii, 461 Gobiosoma, i, 313; ii, 462 goblin sharks, figures of, i, 535 goby, i, 290; ii, 462 , 466 gofu, ii, 434 figure of, i, 229 goggler, ii, 275 golden, shiner, ii, 167 goldsinny, ii, 387 surmullet, figure of, i, 322; ii, 352 trout, ii, 99 goldfish, ii, 170 , 171 of Japan, i, 151 Gomphosus, ii, 390 Goniistius, ii, 363 Goniognathus, ii, 287 Gonioplectrus, ii, 323 Gonorhynchidæ, ii, 54 -56 Gonorhynchus, ii, 56 Gonostoma, ii, 129 Gonostomidæ, ii, 129 Gonzalez, i, 414 Goodea, ii, 199 , 201 figure of, i, 126; ii, 200 with young, figured, i, 126 Goodsira, i, 476 goody, ii, 356 goosefish, ii, 545 Gorbuscha, ii, 73 Goode, i, 408, 419; ii, 307 , 308 on albacore, ii, 267 on American fisheries, i, 335 on codfish, ii, 534 estimate of herring product, i, 330 on fishing-frog, ii, 545 on habits of mullets, ii, 219 , 220 on mackerel, ii, 260 , 264 , 265 on menhaden, ii, 51 portrait of, i, 407 on swordfish, ii, 270 Gordiichthys, i, 211; ii, 153 Gordius, ii, 143 , 144 Gosfordia, i, 613 Gosse, i, 415 Gouan, i, 397 gatasami, ii, 361 Gottsche, i, 428 goujon, ii, 182 gourami, ii, 369 gouramy, nest of, i, 167 Grammicolepidæ, family of, ii, 249 Grammicolepis, ii, 249 Grammistes, ii, 330 grande écaille, figure of, ii, 43 Granodus, i, 565 Grantea, ii, 544 Graphiurus, i, 605 Grassi, i, 428 grass rockfish, ii, 429 Gray, i, 416 grayling, i, 150, 305; ii, 120 -138 gray snapper, ii, 335 figure of, ii, 334 Great Basin, chub of, i, 287 dispersion of fishes in, i, 316 fishes of, i, 302 great blue cat, ii, 180 great oarfish, ii, 472 Greeley, i, 422 Green, on Sacramento perch, i, 179 green-backed trout, ii, 104 figure of, ii, 105 green cod, ii, 537 Greene, on Porichthys, i, 190-197; ii, 526 greenfish, ii, 348 Greenland char, ii, 109 Greenland halibut, ii, 491 Greenland shark, i, 547 greenling, ii, 439 figure of, ii, 440 green mackerel, figure of, ii, 275 Green River shales, i, 205; ii, 52 , 57 -59 green rockfish, ii, 429 green-sided darter, figure of, i, 247; ii, 312 green wrasse, ii, 387 Gregarinidia, i, 242 grenadier, i, 84; ii, 540 figure of, ii, 541 grilse, ii, 91 grindle, ii, 35 griset, figure of, i, 523 Gronias, ii, 181 Gronovius, i, 390 groupers, ii, 323 grubby, ii, 446 grunt, i, 239 figure of, ii, 340 grunters, ii, 340 gruntfishes, i, 121 Grystes, i, 302 Guacamaia, ii, 394 figure of, i, 330 guahu, ii, 266 guasa, ii, 323 guavina de rio, ii, 459 figure of, ii, 460 Guaymas, fishes of, i, 274 gudgeon, i, 122; ii, 167 Guichenot, i, 412, 415 guipo, ii, 512 guitar-fishes, i, 550 figure of, i, 551 gular plate, i, 43; ii, 33 Güldenstadt, i, 395 Gulf Stream, i, 239 deep-sea fish of, i, 276 gulper-eel, ii, 156 gulpers, ii, 155 gunnel, figure of, ii, 512 Gunner, i, 396; ii, 245 Günther, i, 88, 255, 259, 404; ii, 3 , 95 , 135 , 161 , 183 , 229 , 371 on archipterygium, i, 60 on Barramunda, i, 615 catalogue of, i, 402 on work of Cuvier, i, 400 on deep-sea fishes, ii, 136 on dispersion, i, 289 on eels, ii, 141 on electrophores, ii, 188 estimate of eggs by, i, 128 on fishes of Panama, i, 272, 273 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 on month gestation, i, 173 on pain in fishes, i, 123 on poison glands, i, 180; ii, 527 -529 portrait of, i, 403 on respiration, i, 91 on salmon, ii, 92 on sea-devils, ii, 547 on trout, ii, 94 on variation in vertebræ, i, 210 on zones of distribution, i, 249, 251 gunwale, ii, 512 Gurley, on parasitic diseases, i, 342 gurnard, i, 122, 198, 208, 209; ii, 456 gurry shark, i, 547 Gymnarchidæ, ii, 188 Gymnarchus, ii, 188 Gymnelis, i, 209; ii, 519 Gymnocanthus, ii, 448 Gymnocephalus, ii, 241 , 310 Gymnodontes, ii, 398 , 411 , 418 , 422 Gymnosarda, ii, 262 Gymnothorax, i, 211, 274; ii, 152 figure of, i, 458; ii, 154 , 155 Gymnonoti, ii, 159 -161, 188 order of, ii, 187 Gymnotidæ, ii, 187 Gymnotus, i, 391 Gyrinidæ, ii, 222 Gyrodus, figure of, ii, 22 Gyrolepis, ii, 14 Gyrosteus, ii, 18 Gyroptychius, i, 82 figure of, i, 604 habits of fishes, i, 152 haddock, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 536 skull of, figured, ii, 536 Hadrodus, ii, 22 Hadropterus, i, 300 figure of, ii, 311 haë, ii, 117 , 118 Hæckel, i, 411, 511 on origin of fins, i, 62 hæmal arch, ii, 6 Hæmapophyres, i, 48 Hæmulidæ, i, 206; ii, 340 , 342 , 359 family of, ii, 340 Hæmulon, i, 121, 238, 271, 274, 375 figure of, ii, 340 hagfishes, i, 28, 488 Delfin on feeding of, i, 489 egg of, figured, i, 127 figure of, i, 199, 489 and lampreys, i, 189 hair-worm, ii, 144 hake, ii, 136 , 539 , 540 isocercal tail of, i, 83 shoulder-girdle of, i, 60 hakone dace, i, 257 Haldeman, i, 419 Halec, ii, 33 , 136 Halecomorphi, ii, 13 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 35 order of, ii, 33 half-beak, figure of, ii, 212 half-moon fish, ii, 350 halibut, 128; ii, 149 , 489 , 491 figure of, i, 332; ii, 492 fishery, ii, 490 Halichœres, i, 207, 257, 297; ii, 180 , 388 -390 figure of i, 297; ii, 396 Halientichthys, ii, 552 Hallock, on black bass, ii, 302 on Esox, ii, 192 Halosauridæ, ii, 158 Halosaurus, ii, 138 Hamilton, i, 416 hammerhead shark, i, 543 figure of, i, 544 Hancock, i, 415 handsaw-fish, ii, 135 Hansen, on Chinook salmon, ii, 85 Haplistia, i, 602 Haplochiton, ii, 128 Haplochitonidæ, ii, 129 , 204 Haplodoci, ii, 499 sub order of, ii, 525 Haplomi, i, 405; ii, 34 , 40 , 41 , 129 , 188 -207, 224, 250 mesocoracoid arch in, ii, 189 ventral fin, i, 67 Haplopagrus, i, 271 hard-tails, ii, 169 Hardwicke, on affection in fishes, i, 167 harelip-sucker, ii, 174 Harengula ii, 51 Harpagiferidæ, ii, 501 Harpodon, ii, 131 Harrimania, figure of, i, 465 Harrimaniidæ, family of, i, 465 low organization of, i, 465 Harriottia, i, 199, 566 figure of, i, 449 harvest-fish, ii, 283 figure of, i, 18; ii, 284 Hasse, i, 428, 543 on Elasmobranchs, i, 509 on ossicles, i, 96 on sharks, i, 509, 530, 561 Hasselquist, i, 389 Hatta, i, 418 Hauy, i, 397 Hawaii, fish fauna of, i, 243 Hay, i, 419, 427, 581; ii, 4 34, 36 on fossil eels, ii, 22 on Pycnodonti, ii, 22 on varieties of sharks, i, 528, 529 hazé, ii, 118 headfishes, i, 19, 84, 206 figure of, ii, 424 larva of, figured, i, 143 headlight-fish, figure of, i, 188; ii, 132 Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348 Linton on, i, 348-350 heart of the fish, i, 106 Hector, i, 416 Helicolemus, i, 259; ii, 429 , 432 Helicoprion, teeth of, figured, i, 530 Heller, i, 422 Helodus, i, 531 Helostoma, ii, 370 Helostomidæ, ii, 370 Hemerocœtidæ, ii, 506 Hemianthias, ii, 330 Hemibranchii, ii, 40 , 157 , 209 , 227 -240 sub order of, ii, 227 Hemichordata, i, 461 Hemicyclaspis, i, 576 Hemiexocœtus, ii, 213 Hemigymnus, ii, 390 Hemilepidotus, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443 Hemipteronotus, ii, 390 Hemiramphus, ii, 214 , 268 figure of, ii, 212 Hemiscylliidæ, i, 533 Hemitripterus, i, 595; ii, 441 figure of, i, 220; ii, 448 Heniochus, ii, 404 Henle, i, 405 Henshall, on black bass, ii, 302 Henshaw, ii, 523 photograph by, i, 281 hepatic sinus, i, 108 Heptadiodon, ii, 423 Heptanema, i, 605 Heptatrema, i, 490 Heptranchias, i, 447, 509, 536 pectoral fin in, figured, i, 57 skull of, i, 56 teeth of, figured, i, 524 Herald, i, 408 Herbert, on lake trout-fishing, ii, 115 herbivorous fishes, i, 30; ii, 364 Herdmania, i, 474 hermaphrodite fish, i, 124 Heros, i, 314; ii, 381 Herpetichthys, i, 608 herring, i, 21, 204, 290, 429, 440; ii, 33 , 38 , 43 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 73 , 123 , 159 figure of, i, 331; ii, 48 Goode on, i, 330 product of, i, 330 Hertwig, i, 112 Herzenstein, i, 411 Heterandria, i, 314; ii, 194 , 201 , 467 Heterobranchus, ii, 186 heterocercal tail, i, 49, 507, 513, 516, 602 of Acipenser, figured, i, 80 of Amia, figured, i, 82 of garpike, figured, i, 82 of Lepisosteus, figured, i, 82 of Salmo, i, 83 of sturgeon, figured, i, 80 of young trout, i, 83 Heterocongridæ, ii, 150 Heterodontus, i, 128, 447, 536 eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527 figure of, i, 75, 526 lower jaw, figured, i, 526 pectoral fin of, figured, i, 57 Heterodontidæ, i, 65, 127, 447, 511, 523, 529, 530, 545 family of, i, 527 Heterognathi, ii, 161 , 162 Heteromi, i, 405, 611; ii, 12 138, 532 order of, ii, 157 Heteropleuron, i, 483 Heterostichus, ii, 507 Heterosomata, ii, 247 , 481 -498 Heterosteus, i, 586 Heterostraci, i, 568, 571, 622; ii, 13 order of, i, 573 Heterotis, ii, 56 Hexagrammidæ, ii, 442 , 501 family of, ii, 439 organs of smell in, i, 115 Hexagrammos, i, 257; ii, 107 , 439 figure of, ii, 440 Hexanchidæ, i, 509, 528 family of, i, 524 Hexanchus, i, 447, 524 figure of, i, 523 hickory shad, figure of, ii, 53 high and low forms, Agassiz on, i, 380, 381 Gill on, i, 383 Traquair on, i, 381, 382 Hilgendorf, i, 411, 416 portrait of, i, 417 Hilgendorfia, ii, 455 Hill, i, 415 conclusions of, i, 277, 279 Himantolophus, ii, 549 hinalea, i, 158 hingio, ii, 128 Hiodon, i, 291, 394; ii, 45 , 46 figure of, ii, 45 Hiodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 45 Hippocampus, i, 19; ii, 236 figure of, i, 17, 250; ii, 238 Hippoglossinæ, ii, 489 Hippoglossoides, i, 205; ii, 491 Hippoglossus, i, 205, 329; ii, 489 figure of, i, 332; ii, 492 hirondelle, i, 408; ii, 60 His, i, 428 Histiopteridæ, ii, 398 Histiopterus, i, 260; ii, 333 Histiothrissa, ii, 52 history of ichthyology, i, 387-428 Hoffman, i, 412; ii, 546 hog-choker, figure of, ii, 496 hogfish, ii, 388 figure of, ii, 387 Holacanthus, ii, 403 figure of, ii, 404 , 405 skeleton of, figured, i, 214 Holbrook, i, 419 Holcolepis, figure of, i, 454; ii, 43 Holconoti, ii, 365 , 379 , 380 suborder of, ii, 372 Holconotus, i, 404; ii, 375 Holden, ii, 291 Holder, ii, 409 , 474 on oarfish, ii, 474 Holostei, i, 624; ii, 24 Holotrachys, ii, 256 Hollard, i, 412 Hollardia, ii, 412 Holocentridæ, family of, ii, 253 Holocentrus, i, 267; ii, 253 , 255 figure of, ii, 254 Holocephali, i, 448, 508, 519, 520, 561-567 Holopterus, ii, 41 Holoptychiidæ, i, 602, 603, 624 Holoptychius, basal fin of, figured, i, 603 dorsal fin of, figured, i, 49 figure of, i, 451 Holostomi, ii, 140 , 141 Holothurian, ii, 522 Fierasfer issuing from, i, 159 Holurus, ii, 14 Homalopteridæ, ii, 176 Hombron, i, 408 Home, i, 396 Homistius, i, 586 homocercal tail, i, 49, 81-83, 602 figure of, i, 84 of flounder, i, 84 homologies, of bones, i, 34, 35 of pectoral limb, i, 85 Homonotus, ii, 253 homoplasy, i, 296 Homosoma, ii, 283 Hooker, on fishes prey of birds, i, 166 Hoplias, ii, 162 Hoplichthyidæ, ii, 441 Hoplichthys, ii, 441 Hoplopagrus, i, 271 Hoplopteryx, figure of, i, 438; ii, 253 Hoplostethus, i, 260, 263; ii, 252 Hoppin, on blind fish, ii, 202 , 203 Hornbaum-Hornschuch, ii, 144 horn-dace, i, 122, 283; ii, 167 figure of, i, 285; ii, 168 horned pout, ii, 35 , 180 figure of, ii, 181 horned trunkfish, i, 374 figure of, i, 373, 376; ii, 416 hornfish, ii, 412 hornless trunkfish, i, 378; ii, 418 face view of, i, 379 figure of, i, 378; ii, 416 horse-eye-jack, ii, 276 horsehead-fish, ii, 276 figure of, i, 148 horse-mackerel, ii, 135 figure of, ii, 274 horseshoe-crab, figure of, i, 572 Houttuyn, i, 394, 416 how fish cross watersheds, i, 306 how fishes breathe, i, 91 how to secure fish, i, 429 Hoy, i, 419; ii, 64 huchen, ii, 106 Hucho, i, 253; ii, 62 , 106 figure of, ii, 107 Humboldt, i, 410 on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95 humpback salmon, ii, 68 , 72 , 80 figure of, ii, 70 , 72 humpback sucker, ii, 174 humpback whitefish, ii, 65 Hutton, i, 416 Huxley, i, 424, 428, 593, 601; ii, 3 on herring product, i, 330 on Lepidostei, ii, 23 Hybocladodus, i, 522 Hybodus, i, 528, 529 eggs of, figured, i, 527 fin-spine of, figured, i, 528, 529 Hybopsis, ii, 167 hybridism, i, 144; ii, 94 Hydrocyon, ii, 162 Hydrolagus, i, 564 Hyodon, i, 302 Hyoganoidea, ii, 24 Hyoganoids, ii, 11 hyomandibular, i, 508, 521, 606 hyostylic skull, i, 508, 561; ii, 7 figure of, i, 56 Hypamia, ii, 36 hypercoracoid, i, 89; ii, 1 , 12 Hyperoartia, i, 488, 490, 593 Hyperoplus, ii, 521 Hyperotreta, i, 488, 593 Hyperprosopon, ii, 375 hypocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12 Hypocritichthys, figure of, i, 309; ii, 375 Hypohomus, ii, 312 Hypophthalmidæ, ii, 185 Hypoplectrus, i, 235, 271; ii, 237 figure of, ii, 329 Hyporhamphus, ii, 212 Hypostomides, ii, 227 -240 suborder of, ii, 239 Hypotrema, i, 549 hypural, ii, 142 Hypseleotris, ii, 460 Hypsoblennius, i, 242 Hypsopsetta, ii, 493 Hypsurus, ii, 375 figure of, ii, 373 Hypsycormus, ii, 34 Hypsypops, figure of, i, 227; ii, 382 Hyrtl, i, 428 Hysterocarpus, i, 304; ii, 374 figure of, ii, 373 , 379 Icarus, ii, 43 icefish, i, 146; ii, 123 , 127 figure of, i, 149; ii, 128 Icelinus, ii, 442 Icelus, ii, 442 , 449 Icosteidæ, ii, 285 Icosteus, ii, 285 Ictalurus, i, 291, 292; ii, 179 -181 figure of, i, 280 ichthyized fishes, i, 210 Ichthyocephali, ii, 140 , 141 Ichthyodectes, ii, 48 Ichthyodectidæ, ii, 48 Ichthyodorolites, i, 516, 529, 566 ichthyologists, portraits of, i, 399, 403, 407, 409, 413, 417, 421, 425, 513, 516, 525, 545, 561, 599, 601 ichthyology, Aristotle on, i, 387 history of, i, 387-428 Ichthyotomi, i, 437, 446 order of, i, 519 Parker & Haswell on, i, 520 Ichthyomyzon, i, 491 Ichthyopsida, i, 601 Ichthyosism, i, 183 Ichthysauroides, i, 586 Icthyscopus, ii, 503 Ictiobus, i, 291; ii, 172 figure of, ii, 173 shoulder-girdle of, i, 51; ii, 160 id, ii, 168 Idiacanthidæ, ii, 138 Idus, ii, 168 igami, ii, 390 Ilarches, ii, 400 Ilarchidæ, ii, 291 , 400 , 401 Ilarchus, ii, 398 Ilisha, i, 271; ii, 52 Ilyophidæ, ii, 150 imaginary garpike, i, 364 incisor teeth, figured, i, 31 inconnu, figure of, ii, 67 Indian fauna, i, 267 extension of, i, 265 Indian fish, ii, 405 Indian sawfish, figure of, i, 200 Indian parrot-fish, figure of pharyngeals, ii, 393 Indigo damsel-fish figure of, ii, 384 infraclavicles, ii, 13 infundibulum, ii, 6 Iniistius, ii, 389 , 390 Inimicus, i, 236; ii, 434 figure of, frontispiece, II. Vol. Iniomi, i, 405; ii, 38 , 40 , 41 , 138 , 189 , 190 , 204 , 526 suborder of, ii, 129 iniomous fishes, photophores of, i, 189 instincts in fishes, basis of, i, 154 classification of, i, 154 of courtship, i, 155 heredity in, i, 154 of migration, i, 156 variability of, i, 155, 156 Whitman on, i, 156 intensity of coloration, i, 232 interclavicle, Starks on, ii, 227 interhæmals, i, 49; ii, 348 interneurals, i, 49; ii, 15 intestine of fish, i, 33 intromittent organ, i, 124 Investigator, the, i, 408; ii, 60 Ioa, ii, 313 Ionoscopus, ii, 36 Ipnopidæ, ii, 131 Ipnops, figure of, i, 181; ii, 131 Irish lord, ii, 442 figure of, ii, 443 Irish Pampano, figure of, ii, 349 isabelita, figure of, ii, 404 Isaciella, i, 270 isaki, ii, 342 Ischnacanthidæ, i, 517 Ischnacanthus, i, 517 Ischyodus, i, 565 ishigakidai, ii, 360 Ishikawa, i, 416 ishinagi, ii, 323 Iso, figure of, ii, 218 isocercal tail, i, 49, 83, 602 Cope on, i, 84 figure of, i, 83 Isopholidæ, ii, 26 Isopholis, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 27 Isospondyli, i, 204, 406; ii, 26 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 -60, 128, 129, 138, 139, 142, 148, 159, 160, 188-190, 209, 250 order of, ii, 38 Isotœnia, i, 565 isthmus, i, 45 isthmus barriers, i, 255-281 Isthmus of Panama, as barrier, i, 269 fish fauna of, i, 266, 271 species of shores, i, 269 Isthmus of Suez, i, 255, 258 as barrier, i, 266 submergence of, i, 267 Istiæus, figure of, ii, 46 Istiophoridæ, ii, 268 Istiophorus, ii, 269 Istlarius, ii, 182 Isuropsis, figure of, i, 537 Isurus, i, 537, 538 Italian parrot-fish, i, 48 figure of, ii, 391 ito, figure of, ii, 107 itoryori, ii, 340 iwana, ii, 114 jack mariddle, ii, 43 Jackson, on Embiotocidæ, ii, 375 , 393 Jacobi, artificial impregnation by, i, 150 Jacoby, on origin of eels, ii, 144 , 145 Jacquinot, i, 408 Jadgeska hatchery, ii, 86 Jækel, i, 427, 428, 591 jallao, ii, 341 Janassa, teeth of, i, 554 Japan, Black Current of, i, 255, 256, 258 fishes of, i, 256 fresh-water fauna of, i, 256 Japan and Mediterranean fish faunas, i, 259, 260 Japanese blenny, figure of, i, 9; ii, 513 Japanese catfish, ii, 183 Japanese dace, ii, 170 Japanese filefish, figure of, i, 241 Japanese samlet, figure of, i, 321 Japanese sea-horse, figure of, i, 250 jaqueta, ii, 383 jara-bakka, i, 171 jawfish, figure of, ii, 359 jaws, i, 201 of Amia, i, 43 bones of, i, 41, 43 figured, i, 30, 43, 583; ii, 39 of parrot-fish, i, 30; ii, 391 , 393 of shark, i, 35 Jenkins, i, 420; ii, 52 on fishes of Panama, i, 274 Jenkinsia, ii, 52 Jenyns, i, 408 Jerdon, i, 416 Jerusalem haddock, ii, 244 Jeude, i, 414 jewfishes, ii, 321 , 323 jiguagua, ii, 276 jocu, ii, 336 John, on climbing-fish, ii, 367 John dories, ii, 245 , 247 figure of, ii, 248 Johnny darter, ii, 313 John Paw, figure of, ii, 325 Johnson, i, 410 on interbreeding of trout, ii, 94 Johnston, i, 428 jolt-head porgy, figure of, ii, 344 Jordan, i, 348, 408; ii, 522 on parent stream theory, ii, 81 portrait of, i, 421 on return of salmon to spawning grounds, ii, 83 Jordanella, i, 314; ii, 198 figure of, ii, 197 Jordania, ii, 441 , 449 figure of, ii, 442 Jordanicus, ii, 522 jorobado, ii, 276 joturo, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28 , 222 Joturus, figure of, ii, 222 Jugulares, i, 393 suborder of, i, 499-506; ii, 39 , 499 , 534 Julis, i, 158, 235; ii, 389 , 390 jurel, ii, 276 kæpra, i, 171 kajika, ii, 118 kaku, ii, 221 Kalm, i, 390 Kamchatka lamprey, figure of, i, 495 Kamloops trout, ii, 101 Kansas River, blue-green sunfish from, i, 26 Kareius, ii, 494 Karpinsky, i, 529 Kaup, i, 411 kawamasu, ii, 95 kawamuki, ii, 415 Kellogg's Zoology, i, 26 Kelly on otoliths, i, 120 kelpfish, ii, 389 , 390 , 507 kelts, ii, 91 Kent, on anglers, ii, 543 , 544 Kerr, i, 619 on Balfour's theory, i, 72 on fin migration, i, 74 on Gegenbaur theory, i, 73 on external gill, i, 76, 78 on Lepidosiren, i, 61, 620 on morphology, i, 68 Kessler, i, 411 Kessleria, i, 252, 452; ii, 18 , 20 keta, ii, 73 Kettleman, ii, 545 kihi kihi, ii, 406 killer, i, 361 killifish, i, 290, 304; ii, 194 , 198 hearing of, i, 121 king crab, figure of, i, 572 king darter, figure of, ii, 311 kingfish, ii, 266 , 356 figure of, ii, 357 king of salmon, ii, 425 figure of, ii, 478 king of herrings, ii, 425 , 472 king of mackerels, figure of, ii, 425 king salmon, ii, 68 , 69 anadromous instinct of, i, 160 grilse, figured, ii, 70 , 72 Kingsley, on ascidians, i, 474 on degeneration, i, 460 on sense organs, i, 175 on tunicates, i, 466-468 Kirsch, i, 422 Kirtland, i, 418; ii, 35 Kirtlandia, figure of, ii, 217 Kishinouye, i, 418 kisugo, ii, 358 Kittlitz, i, 410 Klein, i, 390 Klunzinger, i, 411 Kner, i, 410, 411, 427 on Ganoids, ii, 10 Kneriidæ, family of, ii, 204 knightfish, ii, 257 Knox, ii, 477 kobini-iwashi, ii, 52 kochi, ii, 441 Koenen, i, 427 Koken, i, 427 kokopu, ii, 204 kokos, ii, 71 Kolliker, i, 428 Konwick, i, 427 konoshiro, ii, 53 Kölreuter, i, 396 Kowala, ii, 51 Kowalevskia, i, 474 Kowalevsky, i, 428 Krascheninnikov, i, 395; ii, 68 Krefft, i, 614 Kröyer, i, 410 Kuhlia, ii, 304 Kuhliidæ, ii, 297 , 354 kumu, i, 322; ii, 352 Kundscha, ii, 114 Kuppfer's vesicle, i, 138 kurodai, ii, 343 kuromutsu, figure of, ii, 213 Kuro Shiwo, i, 242, 251, 258 fishes in, i, 239 goblin shark of, i, 534 Kurtidæ, ii, 287 Kurtus, ii, 288 Kyphosidæ, ii, 349 , 364 , 398 Kyphosus, ii, 350 figure of, ii, 349 Labidesthes, i, 313; ii, 218 Labrodon, ii, 385 Labrax, ii, 330 Labridæ, i, 207; ii, 372 , 385 , 390 , 396 Labrus, i, 207, 260, 267, 391; ii, 385 , 387 labyrinthine fishes, ii, 365 , 370 Labyrinthinci, i, 149; ii, 365 , 379 Day on, ii, 365 Gill on, ii, 365 Labyrinthodontidæ, i, 86 lac de marbre, ii, 109 Lacépède, i, 376, 389 portrait of, i, 399 Lachnolæmus, ii, 388 figure of, ii, 387 Lactariidæ, ii, 356 Lactarius, ii, 358 Lactophrys, ii, 417 figure of, i, 214, 373, 377, 378; ii, 416 , 417 skeleton of, figured, ii, 418 ladyfish, i, 117, 198; ii, 388 figure of, i, 147; ii, 44 transformations in, i, 147 La Favorite, the, i, 408 Lafayette, ii, 356 Lagocephalus, figure of, ii, 419 Lagodon, ii, 344 Lake Bonneville, ancient outlet of, i, 303 lake herring, ii, 65 -67 lake lamprey, head of, figured, i, 111 mouth figured, i, 492 Lake Nicaragua, shark from, i, 542 Lake Patzcuaro, viviparous fishes from, i, 126 Lake Pontchartrain, fish fauna of, i, 314 lake trout, ii, 66 , 115 figure of, ii, 114 lake whiting, ii, 65 Lamdodus, i, 522 Laminaria, ii, 544 Lamnidæ, i, 532, 537, 538, 542 Lamna, i, 534, 538 teeth of, figured, i, 537 figure of, 447 lamnoid sharks, i, 519, 533 distinguished, i, 534 families of, i, 534 Lampetra, i, 491 figure of, i, 120, 492 lamprey, i, 28, 35, 56, 111, 204, 249, 290, 490, 506 ascending brook figured, i, 496 brain of, i, 112 catfishes destroyed by, i, 358 extinct forms, i, 487 fate of, i, 504 food of, i, 491 gill-basket of, figured, i, 92, 485 Kamchatka, i, 495 method of attack, i, 493 migration of, i, 494 orders of, i, 488 parasites of, i, 354 Reighard on, i, 491 spawning of, i, 498, 500 structure of, i, 486 Surface on, i, 491 Lamprididæ, ii, 16 family of, ii, 243 Lampris, i, 210, 322; ii, 228 , 245 , 288 figure of, i, 323 shoulder-girdle, figured, ii, 243 Lanarkia, i, 570, 622 figure of, i, 574 lancelet, i, 28, 31, 121, 204, 482-485, 506; ii, 467 characteristics of, i, 482 figure of, i, 484 habits of, i, 483 vertebral column of, i, 55 lancet-fish, ii, 408 figure of, ii, 135 lancet of surgeon-fish, i, 181 lane-snapper, figure of, ii, 336 Lankester, i, 61, 87, 426, 571, 593 lantern-fishes, ii, 41 , 61 , 128 , 129 , 525 figure of, ii, 133 lantern-flounder, ii, 488 laolach, i, 620 Laparus, ii, 518 large-mouthed black bass, figure of, ii, 305 Larimus, ii, 355 Larvacea, i, 470, 473 figure of, i, 480 larval development of fishes, i, 139-141, 143-147, 174-176 Dean on, i, 139 in common eel, i, 141 Gilbert on, i, 142 figures showing, i, 140-142 in brook lamprey, i, 140 in sturgeon, i, 141 larval flounder, figure of, ii, 483 larval forms, of Chætodon, i, 144 figures of, i, 140-142 of flounder, figured, i, 147, 175, 176 of ladyfish, i, 147 of Lepidosiren, i, 620, 621 of Mola, i, 143, 145 of sailfish, i, 140 of swordfish, i, 139 Lasianius, figure of, i, 580 Lateolabrax, i, 324; ii, 320 lateral fold, i, 64 Balfour on, i, 71-73 Kerr on, i, 72 Mollier on, i, 71 lateral line, i, 9, 22, 23 a mucous channel, i, 22 Dean on, i, 23 function of, i, 23 relation to touch, i, 122 in singing-fish, figured, i, 23 Lates, ii, 320 , 330 Latham, i, 396 Latilidæ, the, ii, 361 , 363 Latilus, ii, 362 Latrididæ, ii, 363 , 364 , 426 Latris, ii, 363 lavaret, ii, 65 lawyer, ii, 335 , 538 Lay, i, 409 Leach, i, 396 leather-carp, i, 151 leather-jackets, ii, 272 , 413 Lebias, ii, 198 , 201 lectocephalous condition, Günther on, i, 142 Leidy, i, 426 Leiognathidæ, ii, 287 , 348 Leiognathus, ii, 287 Leiostomus, ii, 356 Leiuranus, ii, 150 length of intestine, i, 33 Lentipes, ii, 466 leopard toadfish, figure of, ii, 525 Lepadogaster, i, 263; ii, 531 Lepechin, i, 396 Lepidaplois, ii, 390 figure of, ii, 389 Lepidocottus, ii, 426 , 449 Lepidopidæ, family of, ii, 267 Lepidopsetta, ii, 493 Lepidopus, i, 210; ii, 267 Lepidorhombus, i, 206; ii, 488 Lepidosiren, i, 60, 73, 85, 89, 100, 149, 450, 619, 621, 622 adult male, figured, i, 620 larval forms, figured, i, 620 at 3 days, i, 620 at 30 days, i, 621 at 40 days, i, 621 at three months, i, 621 pectoral fin in, i, 60 Lepidosirenidæ, i, 88, 612, 619 Lepidostei, ii, 13 , 26 Huxley on, ii, 23 Zittel on, ii, 23 , 24 Lepidosteids, ii, 32 Lepidosteoidei, i, 382 Lepidotidæ, ii, 24 Lepidotes, ii, 24 Lepidotrigla, i, 259; ii, 456 Lepisoma, i, 208; ii, 508 Lepisosteidæ, i, 290; ii, 11 , 29 , 30 Lepisosteus, i, 32, 66, 85, 101, 102, 291, 314, 357, 604, 623; ii, 5 , 6 , 23 , 29 , 30 , 32 Agassiz on, ii, 5 Balfour and Parker on, ii, 5 Eastman on, ii, 32 figure of, i, 452; ii, 31 Günther on, ii, 5 , 7 Müller on, ii, 517 tail of, figured, i, 82 Lepomis, i, 302; ii, 301 figure of, i, 4; ii, 300 Leptecheneis, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468 leptocardial tail, i, 81, 83 Leptocardians, i, 383 Leptocardii, i, 55, 482-485 Leptocephalidæ, ii, 149 Leptocephalus, i, 211; ii, 148 , 149 figure of, ii, 150 leptocercal tail, i, 50, 81, 83, 507, 602 Agassiz on, i, 81 figure of, i, 82 Gaudry on, i, 84 Leptocottus, ii, 448 Leptolepidæ, ii, 36 , 41 Leptolepis, ii, 42 figure of, ii, 41 Leptomylus, i, 565 Leptops, ii, 182 Leptoscopidæ, the, ii, 503 , 506 Leptosmus, ii, 53 Leptotrachelus, ii, 136 Lepturus, i, 391 lesser-weaver, i, 169 Lesson, i, 408 Le Sueur, i, 418 Lethrinus, i, 268; ii, 347 Leuciscus, i, 254, 256, 346; ii, 168 , 169 figure of, i, 287; ii, 169 pharyngeals of, i, 47 teeth of, figured, ii, 163 , 175 Leuckart, i, 609 Leucopsarion, ii, 467 Lias, ii, 14 Libys, i, 605 Ligul, a, i, 348 Lilljeborg, i, 410 Limanda, ii, 493 little roncador, ii, 356 Limulus, i, 569 figure of, i, 572 Lindström, i, 427 ling, ii, 538 Linnæus, i, 375, 390; ii, 410 , 424 , 499 followers of, i, 394 Systema Naturæ of, i, 392 Linophryne, ii, 549 Linton, on parasitic diseases, i, 343-348 Liodesmidæ, ii, 34 Liodesmus, ii, 34 lion-fish, ii, 434 figure of, ii, 433 , 435 Liopsetta, ii, 493 figure of, ii, 494 liparid, ii, 447 , 454 figure of, ii, 413 , 454 Liparididæ, family of, ii, 454 Liparididæ, i, 189, 208, 218; ii, 313 Liparis, i, 202, 217, 219, 375, 380; ii, 449 , 455 figure of, i, 218 Lipogenyidæ, ii, 158 Lipogenys, ii, 158 Lister, i, 373, 375, 376 lithographic shales, ii, 42 Litholepis, i, 364 littoral fishes, distribution of, i, 247 Liuranus, figure of, i, 233 Liza, ii, 221 lizard-fishes, ii, 61 figure of, ii, 130 lizard-skipper, figure of, i, 230; ii, 509 loach, i, 290; ii, 185 fossil, ii, 175 , 176 Lobotes, figure of, ii, 331 Lobotidæ, family of, ii, 331 local barriers, i, 298 Lockington, i, 419 on long-jawed goby, ii, 462 -465 log-perch, figure of, ii, 311 Lohest, i, 427 lok-sild, ii, 67 longe, ii, 114 long-eared sunfish, i, 3-15 figure of, i, 2, 3; ii, 300 long-jawed goby, ii, 462 , 463 Cooper on, ii, 463 figure of, ii, 463 Lockington on, ii, 462 long-horned sculpin, ii, 447 long-jaw, ii, 66 long-necked eels, ii, 153 lophobranchii, ii, 9 , 209 , 227 -240 lophobranchs, i, 92 suborder of, ii, 235 Lophogobius, i, 208 Lophiidæ, i, 206; ii, 542 Lophiomus, i, 207, 271; ii, 547 Lophius, i, 169, 202, 206, 391; ii, 542 , 545 , 547 , 548 figure of, i, 18; ii, 545 lophocercal tail, i, 81, 83 Lopholatilus, i, 94, 357; ii, 361 Lophopsetta, ii, 488 figure of, ii, 487 Lophotes, i, 260, 263; ii, 291 Lophotidæ, ii, 292 family of, ii, 291 Loricaria, i, 393 figure of, ii, 186 Loricariidæ, ii, 185 , 186 , 449 Loricati, ii, 426 , 455 loro, ii, 394 , 396 Lota, i, 109, 209, 316; ii, 538 figure of, ii, 539 Lotella, i, 259 louse-fish, ii, 469 louvar, figure of, ii, 290 Loven, on Arctic species, i, 317 Lowe, i, 410 Lowell, on trout, ii, 108 lower jaw, figure of, i, 526 of Cochliodus figured, i, 531 of Neoceratodus figured, i, 616 of Polypterus figured, i, 606 lower pharyngeals, figure of, ii, 171 Lower Silurian, shark teeth from, i, 508 lowland fishes, dispersion of, i, 313 Luciæ, i, 477 Lucifuga, i, 314; ii, 524 figure of, i, 222; ii, 524 Lucigobius, ii, 467 Luciocephalidæ, ii, 370 Luciocephalus, ii, 370 Lucioperca, ii, 315 Lucas, on Therobromus, ii, 127 luminous organs, i, 187 von Lendenfeld on, i, 189 of Porichthys, figured, i, 191 Lumpenus, i, 209; ii, 513 lumpfish, i, 208; ii, 135 , 453 , 454 figure of, i, 220; ii, 454 lump-sucker, ii, 453 , 455 lung-fish, i, 100, 458, 609-622 lungs of the fish, origin of, i, 98, 99 Morris on, i, 98 lurking-fishes, Whitmee on, i, 169 Lutianidæ, ii, 323 , 335 family of, i, 333; ii, 340 Lutianus, i, 324; ii, 330 , 333 , 335 , 336 figure of, i, 331; ii, 333 , 335 , 336 Lütken, i, 410; ii, 33 , 133 on Selene, i, 144 on flying-fish, ii, 214 Luvaridæ, ii, 291 Luvarus, ii, 291 figure of, ii, 290 Lycenchelys, figure of, ii, 519 Lycodapodidæ, ii, 520 Lycodes, ii, 518 figure of, ii, 519 Lycodapus, figure of, ii, 520 Lycodopsis, ii, 518 Lycodes, i, 209 Lycoptera, ii, 41 Lyman, on the museum at Paris, i, 401 Lyomeri, order of, ii, 140 , 155 Lyopomi, ii, 138 , 158 , 189 Lyopsetta, i, 205 Lyrifera, i, 462, 508 Lysopteri, i, 623; ii, 13 maaji, ii, 274 maccaroni piatti, i, 351 Macleay, i, 416, 428 Macdonald, i, 419 Macdonaldia, ii, 157 Mackenzie salmon, ii, 67 mackerel, i, 19, 117, 156, 210; ii, 258 , 259 figure of, i, 332; ii, 260 fishery, ii, 260 , 261 Goode on, ii, 260 mackerel-midges, ii, 539 mackerel-scads, ii, 274 mackerel-shark, i, 533 figure of, i, 447, 537 Mackinaw trout, ii, 114 Macrias, ii, 502 Macrodon, ii, 354 Macropetalichthyidæ, family of, i, 585 Macropetalichthys, i, 583, 585, 589, 590 Macropharyngodon, ii, 390 Macrophthalmia, i, 491 Macropistius, ii, 26 Macropodus, ii, 369 , 370 Macropoma, i, 605 Macrorhamphosidæ, ii, 227 , 234 , 235 Macrorhamphosus, i, 259 figure of, ii, 234 Macrosemiidæ, ii, 26 , 28 Macrosemius, ii, 26 Macrouridæ, i, 84; ii, 541 vertebræ in, 209; ii, 540 mademoiselle, figure of, ii, 355 mad tom, ii, 182 figure of, i, 179; ii, 182 Mænidæ, family of, ii, 347 magifi, ii, 288 mahogany snapper, ii, 337 maigre, ii, 355 mail-cheek fishes, ii, 426 makrede, i, 171 makua, ii, 425 Malacanthidæ, ii, 361 , 499 Malacanthus, ii, 361 Malacopterygii, i, 391; ii, 208 Malacopterygium, ii, 39 Malacorhinus, i, 553 Malacosteidæ, ii, 128 , 134 Malapterurus, ii, 183 malau, ii, 253 Mallotus, figure of, ii, 126 Malm, i, 410 malma, i, 326 figure of, ii, 112 Malmgren, i, 410 on Arctic species, i, 317 Malpighi, i, 390 Malthe, i, 206 Malthopsis, ii, 552 mandible, suspensorium of, i, 43, 120 mandibular rami, i, 589 man-eating shark, i, 538 Maner, on external gill, i, 77 mangrove snapper, ii, 335 man-of-war fish, ii, 285 Manta, i, 448, 560 figure of, i, 559 map of continents, i, 270 Mapo, ii, 461 Marcgraf, i, 389 Marcgravia, ii, 526 Marcusen, i, 428 marine blenny, i, 118 marine fishes, checked by barriers, i, 241 distribution of, i, 246 Mariposa, ii, 244 , 403 Marquette, ii, 64 Marsh, on eye of Anableps, ii, 195 Marsiobranch, i, 592, 593 Marsipobranchi, i, 486 Martin pescador, ii, 550 Mason, ii, 73 Mastacembelidæ, ii, 532 Mastacembelus, ii, 157 figure of, ii, 532 Masticura, i, 555 masu, ii, 68 , 73 figure of, ii, 71 , 72 matajuelo, ii, 252 , 253 matajuelo blanco, ii, 361 matao, ii, 249 matodai, ii, 333 matsubara, i, 418 Matthew, i, 427 Mauer, on external gill, i, 77 Maurolicidæ, family of, ii, 134 Maurolicus, ii, 134 maxillary, figure of, i, 55 of Sebastolobus, i, 55 mayfish, figure of, ii, 198 McClelland, i, 416 McCoy, i, 82, 410, 581 McGregor, i, 422 McKay, i, 420 McMurrich, i, 428 meaji, ii, 275 meaning of species, i, 293 Coues on, i, 379 measurements of the fish, i, 19 mebaru, ii, 429 , 431 Meckel's cartilage, i, 44, 57, 507, 596, 606 Meda, ii, 169 Meddagh, photograph by, i, 164 Medialuna, ii, 350 medregal, ii, 274 Meek, on trout, ii, 105 Megalaspis, ii, 274 Megalichthyidæ, i, 602, 603 Megalichthys, figure of, i, 604 Megalops, ii, 43 Megalurus, figure of, ii, 36 Megaperca, ii, 322 Megaprotodon, ii, 404 mejenidai, ii, 348 Melamphaës, ii, 252 Melaniris, ii, 218 Melanocetus, ii, 548 Melanogrammus, i, 209; ii, 539 figure of, ii, 536 skull of, figured, ii, 536 Melanotænia, ii, 218 Melanotæniidæ, ii, 218 Melichthys, ii, 413 Melletes, figure of, i, 288 membrane bone of face, i, 44 Mene, figure of, ii, 288 menhaden, figure of, i, 340; ii, 51 Menidia, ii, 218 Menidæ, family of, ii, 218 Menomonee whitefish, ii, 63 Menopneumona, i, 612 Menticirrhus, figure of, ii, 357 mergate fish, ii, 341 Merlangus, i, 209; ii, 537 Merluccius, i, 209; ii, 136 figure of, ii, 540 isocercal tail of, i, 83 shoulder-girdle of, i, 60 Merluciidæ, ii, 540 mermaid, i, 359 merou, ii, 323 , 324 Merriam, on fossil trout, ii, 62 Mesencephalon, figured, i, 109, 110 mesentary, i, 32 Mesichthys, ii, 190 mesocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12 mesoderm, i, 138 Mesodon, ii, 22 Mesogonistius, ii, 301 figure of, ii, 299 Mesolepis, ii, 15 mesopterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12 Mesopus, ii, 124 Swan on, ii, 123 Mesozoic fishes, i, 437 metameral characters, i, 23 metapterygium, i, 58, 511, 512, 523; ii, 12 metencephalon, figured, i, 109 Michigan grayling, figure of, ii, 122 Microbranchium, i, 577 Microcanthus, ii, 404 Microdesmus, i, 271 Microdon, i, 204 Microgadus, ii, 537 figure of, ii, 538 Microlepidotus, i, 271 Microperca, ii, 307 , 315 Micropogon, i, 271; ii, 356 Micropterus, i, 291, 302; ii, 297 , 302 , 304 figure of, i, 325; ii, 303 , 305 Microspathodon, i, 271; ii, 384 , 385 figure of, ii, 384 Microstoma, ii, 127 Microstomidæ, ii, 127 Microstomus, ii, 494 midshipman, i, 121, 189; ii, 526 luminous organs of, i, 191 migratory fishes, i, 160 milkfish, figure of, ii, 45 milktschitsch, ii, 73 Miller, i, 426 miller's thumb, ii, 444 California, ii, 446 figure of, ii, 445 Yellowstone, ii, 444 Milner, i, 419 on whitefish, ii, 64 minnow, i, 33, 124, 304; ii, 118 , 161 , 163 , 193 , 196 -199 treatment of eggs by, i, 129 Minous, ii, 436 Mioplosus, ii, 315 Mirbelia, ii, 531 mirror carp, i, 151; ii, 17 Misaki, tide pools of, i, 161 Misgurnus, i, 98; ii, 176 Mississippi Valley, blind fishes of, i, 117, 220 stone-roller of, i, 33 Missouri sucker, ii, 173 Mistichthys, ii, 467 Mitchill, i, 376, 418 on climbing-fish, ii, 367 , 368 on Spanish mackerel, ii, 264 Mitchillina, ii, 60 Mitsukurina, i, 199, 536, 566 figures of, i, 535 Mitsukurinidæ, i, 534 Mitsukuri, i, 418 on phosphorescent shark, i, 189 portrait of, i, 417 Mivart, on paired limbs, i, 70 monana, ii, 353 Mobula, i, 448 fœtus of, i, 560 Mobulidæ, i, 559 mojarra, ii, 348 figure of, ii, 348 mojarra cardenal, ii, 254 mojarra de las piedras, ii, 405 mojarra de ley, ii, 348 mojarra verde, ii, 381 Mola, i, 19, 84, 142, 206, 272; ii, 424 , 425 figure of, ii, 424 larva of, figured, i, 143 Molgula, i, 474 Molgulidæ, i, 474 Molidæ, ii, 424 Molina, i, 396 Mollier, on lateral fold, i, 71 Mollienesia, ii, 199 Mollusca, ii, 529 Molva, i, 209; ii, 538 Monacanthidæ, i, 242 family of, ii, 413 Monacanthus, i, 181, 206; ii, 414 du Monceau, i, 396 Mondini, ii, 144 mongrel whitefish, ii, 67 monkfish, i, 359; ii, 545 brain of, figured, i, 547 pectoral fin, figured, i, 56 Monocentridæ, ii, 250 family of, ii, 257 Houttuyn, discoverer of, ii, 257 Monocentrus, i, 260 figure of, ii, 257 Monoceros, i, 268; ii, 409 Monodactylus, ii, 398 figure of, ii, 397 Monolene, i, 206 Monopteridæ, ii, 141 Monopterus, ii, 141 Monorhinus, i, 593 Monotaxis, ii, 344 Monro, i, 390 monstre marin, i, 360, 361 monstrosities among fishes, i, 150 monstrous goldfish, figure of, i, 151 Montagu, i, 396 month incubation, i, 170, 171, 172 Günther on, i, 173 Moorish idols, ii, 406 figure of, ii, 406 Moodeliar, on climbing-fish, ii, 367 , 368 mooneye, i, 290; ii, 45 moonfishes, i, 144; ii, 243 , 244 , 276 , 401 figure of, i, 323 morays, ii, 152 , 153 figure of, i, 458; ii, 155 Mordacia, i, 491 Mordaciidæ, i, 491 Moreau, i, 95, 412 Morgan, i, 428 Moringua, ii, 153 , 189 Moringuidæ, ii, 188 , 189 family of, ii, 153 Mormyrus, i, 393 Morone, ii, 321 figure of, ii, 322 morphology, i, 511 of fins, i, 62-90 Morris, on lungs of fishes, i, 98-106 mortality of filefish, i, 357 Moseley, on Ipnopidæ, ii, 131 Moser, on catching salmon, ii, 85 moss-bunker, ii, 51 motor nerves, i, 153 mountain chains, as barriers, i, 310 mountain-oopu, ii, 466 mountain-witch, ii, 445 Mount Whitney, golden trout of, ii, 99 Moxostoma, ii, 174 mu, ii, 344 mucous channels, i, 22, 23 mud-bass, ii, 297 mud-dab, ii, 493 mud-minnows, i, 290; ii, 35 , 193 , 194 mud-minnows, figure of, ii, 193 tenacity of life in, i, 147 mud-skippers, ii, 465 figure of, ii, 466 muffle jaws, ii, 444 Mugil, i, 32, 157, 343, 391; ii, 144 , 219 figure of, i, 330; ii, 221 Mugilidæ, i, 206; ii, 219 muki-muki, i, 183; ii, 420 Müller, i, 384, 396, 405, 415, 428, 609, 613; ii, 3 , 24 , 39 , 40 , 144 , 533 on elastic spring, i, 96 on ganoids, ii, 9 on gas in swim-bladder, i, 96 on Lepidosteus, ii, 5 portrait of, i, 399 Mullerian duct, i, 28 mullets, i, 117, 268, 328; ii, 39 , 144 , 215 , 219 , 221 Goode on, ii, 219 , 220 Mullidæ, i, 206; ii, 257 , 351 -379 Mullus, i, 261, 393; ii, 256 figure of, i, 322; ii, 352 Munster, i, 423 munu, i, 322; ii, 352 Muræna, i, 211, 391; ii, 152 figure of, ii, 153 Murænesocidæ, ii, 150 Murænesox, i, 211; ii, 150 Murænidæ, i, 211; ii, 152 , 155 Murænolepidæ, ii, 541 Murchison, i, 423 murcielago, ii, 458 muroaji, ii, 274 muscles of the fish, i, 25 muskallonge, figure of, ii, 192 Musquaw whitefish, ii, 65 Mustelus, i, 71, 541 mutsu, ii, 317 mutton-fish, i, 324; ii, 518 mutton-snapper, ii, 335 figure of, i, 331 Mycteroperca, 271; ii, 325 , 327 figure of, ii, 327 Myctophidæ, i, 189, 204; ii, 132 -134, 526 Myctophum, i, 195; ii, 133 , 134 figure of, ii, 133 Myliobatis, i, 557, 558 Mylognathus, i, 565 Mylostoma, i, 583, 584, 587, 589, 590 Mylostomidæ, i, 587 myotomes, i, 71 Myoxocephalus, ii, 445 figure of, i, 219; ii, 446 , 447 Myriacanthidæ, i, 566 Myriacanthus, i, 566; ii, 255 Myrichthys, figure of, ii, 151 Myridæ, ii, 148 , 150 Myriolepis, ii, 14 Myripristis, i, 162, 268, 271; ii, 254 -256 Myrocongridæ, ii, 153 Myrophis, i, 313 Myrus, i, 259, 263; ii, 150 Mysis, i, 317 Mysore, walking-fish of, i, 167 mythology of fishes, i, 359-366 Myxine, i, 198, 490, 593 Myxinidæ, i, 489 Myxobolus, i, 343 Myxocyprinus, ii, 173 Myxodagnus, ii, 506 Myxodes, ii, 508 Myxosporidia, i, 342, 344 Myzontes, i, 486 Nagg's head-fish, i, 375, 376 Naisia, ii, 32 namazu, ii, 188 names of bones, i, 39 names of fishes, i, 372 nami-ho-hana, ii, 218 Nandidæ, ii, 358 Nannocharax, ii, 162 Nansenia, ii, 127 Narcine, figure of, i, 185, 553 Narcobatidæ, family of, i, 553 Narcobatis, i, 553 Nardo, i, 412 Nassau, figure of, ii, 324 natural selection, effect of, i, 318 in fishes, i, 218 process of, i, 297 species changed by, i, 240 Naucrates, ii, 272 , 278 figure of, ii, 273 Nantichthys, ii, 448 Nebris, ii, 355 Necturus, i, 157, 600 needle-bearing filefish, figure of, ii, 414 needle-fishes, i, 128 figure of, ii, 210 negro-chub, ii, 167 negro-fish, ii, 324 Nelson, i, 419 on Anableps, ii, 196 , 197 Nemachilus, ii, 176 Nematognathi, i, 405; ii, 9 , 40 , 161 , 177 , 178 Nematistiidæ, ii, 278 Nematocentrus, ii, 218 Nematodes, i, 344 Linton on, i, 352 Nematonurus, ii, 541 Nemichthyidæ, ii, 151 Nemichthys, i, 211; ii, 151 figure of, i, 17, 365; ii, 152 jaws figured, i, 156 Nemipterus, ii, 340 Nemopteryx, ii, 539 Neoceratodus, i, 79, 80, 100, 116, 204, 450, 613 eggs of, i, 618 figure of, i, 614 lower jaw of, figured, i, 616 shoulder-girdle in, i, 68, 609 skull of, i, 67 Neochanna, i, 252; ii, 206 Neoclinus, ii, 462 figure of, ii, 507 Neoditrema, ii, 375 Neoliparis, ii, 455 figure of, ii, 455 Neopercis, ii, 502 Neosebastes, ii, 433 nerka, ii, 73 nerve cells and fibres, i, 152 nerves of fishes, i, 113, 114 nervous system, i, 109-114 nest-building, ii, 229 of sticklebacks, ii, 230 , 231 nest of fish, i, 14, 172 Nettastoma, i, 211, 259; ii, 151 Nettastomidæ, ii, 148 , 151 neurentric canal, i, 138 Newberry, i, 426, 428, 584, 589 New England, scanty fauna of, i, 302 Newton, i, 426 New Zealand, fauna of, i, 252 nezupo, ii, 441 nictitating membrane, i, 540 nijinge-rijinge, i, 171, 172 Nieuhof, i, 396 Nilsson, i, 410 Niphon, ii, 320 nohu, ii, 434 noises of fishes, i, 168, 169 Nomeidæ, ii, 283 nomenclature, i, 173 beginning of, i, 374 trinomial, i, 378 of trunkfishes, i, 373 Nordmann, i, 410 northern blennies, ii, 511 northern zone, i, 250 Norway haddock, ii, 428 Notacanthidæ, ii, 157 Notacanthus, ii, 157 , 532 figure of, ii, 158 Notæus, ii, 36 Notagogus, ii, 26 figure of, ii, 28 Notelops, ii, 44 Notidiani, i, 447, 513, 519, 526 order of, i, 523 Notidanoid shark, i, 438 skull of, figured, i, 56 Notidanus, i, 523, 524 notochord, i, 55, 56, 509 in Chimæras, i, 59 in Elasmobranchs, i, 57 Notogeneus, i, 456 figure of, ii, 55 Notopteridæ, ii, 48 , 49 Notopterus, ii, 49 Nototheniidæ, ii, 501 , 502 , 533 Notropis, i, 129, 283, 304, 307, 311, 313; ii, 164 figure of, i, 343, 457; ii, 165 , 167 Noturus, i, 180; ii, 177 , 182 Novaculichthys, ii, 390 Novara, i, 410 Nozawa, i, 418 numbers of genera, i, 262 numbfish, figure of, i, 185, 553 number of vertebræ, i, 202-204 nuptial colors, i, 155, 156 nuptial tubercles, i, 33 figure showing, ii, 167 Nyström, i, 416 oarfish, i, 361; ii, 472 figure of, i, 362; ii, 476 Forgy on, ii, 473 Glesnæs, ii, 472 Holder on, ii, 474 Oatka Creek, i, 282 Oblata, i, 260; ii, 348 ocean currents, agency of, i, 242 Ocyurus, figure of, ii, 337 Odacidæ, ii, 388 Odax, ii, 390 Odontaspididæ, i, 533 Odontaspis, i, 534 Odontoscion, ii, 355 Odontostomus, ii, 136 Odontotodontidæ, i, 576 Odontotodus, figure of, i, 570 Ogcocephalidæ, ii, 551 Ogcocephalus, figure of, ii, 551 -553 shoulder-girdle in, i, 88 Ogilby, i, 408, 416 on ragfishes, ii, 285 oil shark, i, 524 Oikopleura, i, 474 ojanco, ii, 337 okose, i, 236, 429; ii, 436 oldwench, ii, 413 oldwife, ii, 413 Old World catfish, ii, 182 olfactory lobe, figure of, i, 111 Oligocottus, ii, 447 , 449 figure of, ii, 449 Oligopleuridæ, ii, 36 , 41 Oligopleurus, ii, 36 Oligoplites, ii, 272 Oligorus, ii, 320 ombre chevalier, ii, 108 , 109 Omosoma, ii, 284 Omosudis, ii, 136 Onchus, Agassiz on, i, 530 fin-spine of, i, 509 Oncobatis, i, 553 Oncottus, i, 317; ii, 447 , 449 figure of, ii, 447 Oncolepis, ii, 513 Oncopterus, ii, 489 Oncorhynchus, i, 146, 160, 301, 329, 332; ii, 68 , 70 , 89 , 94 figure of, 354; ii, 69 , 71 , 72 , 76 ontogeny, i, 511 ontology, i, 63 oopu, ii, 465 Onychodontidæ, i, 602, 604 Onychodus, i, 604 opahs, i, 210; ii, 243 taken by Berndt, ii, 244 Farquhar on, ii, 244 figure of, i, 323 opercle, i, 7, 45 opercula, used in climbing, ii, 367 operculum, ii, 7 Ophicephalidæ, ii, 370 Ophidiidæ, ii, 520 Ophidion, i, 391, 612 Ophichthyidæ, i, 211; ii, 150 Ophichthus, figure of, ii, 151 Ophiocephalidæ, i, 103, 104; ii, 215 Ophiocephalus, i, 149 figure of, i, 150 Ophiodon, ii, 442 , 518 , 520 figure of, ii, 440 Ophioblennius, ii, 510 Ophiopsis, ii, 26 Ophocephalus, figure of, ii, 370 Opistharthri, i, 509 Opisthocentrus, ii, 512 Opisthocœlian, i, 49; ii, 29 Opisthocœlous, ii, 6 Opisthognathidæ, ii, 330 , 359 , 499 , 502 Opisthognathus, ii, 462 , 508 figure of, ii, 360 Opisthomi, i, 611; ii, 499 , 532 -542 Opisthomyzon, ii, 469 Storms on, ii, 469 Opisthonema, ii, 51 , 53 opisthure, i, 84 Oplegnathus, i, 260 Opsanus, ii, 525 figure of, ii, 524 Opsariichthys, ii, 165 optic nerves, of flounders, ii, 482 orbitophenoid, ii, 40 orca, i, 361, 536 order, defined, i, 373 organs of the fish, electric, i, 25 of hearing, i, 119-121 nutritive, i, 29 Orectolobus, i, 533 Orestias, ii, 200 Oregon lamprey, figure of, i, 496 Oregon sucker, teeth of, figured, ii, 175 Ordovician deposits, figure of, i, 435 origin, of air-bladder, i, 98 of fins, i, 62, 64, 67 of lungs, i, 98 origin of lancelets, Willey on, i, 484 Orodontidæ, i, 65, 66, 447, 528 Orr, on external gill, i, 77 Ortmann, i, 238, 256, 270 map of continents, i, 270 Orthacanthus, i, 521 Orthodon, ii, 165 Orthopristis, ii, 342 Orthopsetta, i, 206; ii, 489 Orthostœchus, i, 271 Osbeck, i, 389 Osbeckia, ii, 414 figure of, ii, 414 Osborn, on extinction of species, i, 239, 442 on law of radiation, i, 296 Osmeroides, ii, 44 , 134 Osmerus, i, 391; ii, 123 , 127 figure of, ii, 123 Osphromenidæ, ii, 368 , 370 Osphromenus, ii, 368 ossicles, Hasse on, i, 96 Ostariophysi, i, 120; ii, 38 , 40 , 140 , 209 series of, ii, 159 -165 Osteoglossidæ, ii, 56 , 60 , 160 Osteoglossum, ii, 11 , 41 , 42 , 56 , 57 Osteolepis, i, 602-604 Osteostraci, i, 568, 571, 573, 590 order of, i, 575 Ostichthys, figure of, ii, 255 Ostraciidæ, i, 568 family of, ii, 415 Ostracion, i, 206, 373, 391; ii, 416 -418 figure of, i, 16, 376; ii, 416 Ostracodermi, i, 568; ii, 398 , 411 , 415 Ostracophores, i, 240, 242, 246, 444, 488, 568, 581, 582, 590, 603; ii, 3 figure of, i, 444 nature of, i, 569 order of, i, 573 Ostracophori, i, 462 class of, i, 568, 569 Osurus, ii, 502 Otaki, i, 418, 422 Otodus, i, 538 otoliths, i, 119-121; 354 Otsego bass, ii, 64 Ouananiche, ii, 92 , 93 Overland Monthly, reference to, ii, 69 oviducts, ii, 6 oviparous fishes, i, 125 ovoviviparous fishes, i, 125, 550 Owen, i, 88, 90, 424, 428 on swordfish, ii, 270 , 271 Owsjannikow, i, 428 Owston, sharks taken by, i, 534 Oxuderces, ii, 468 Oxudercidæ, ii, 468 Oxygnathus, ii, 14 Oxylabracidæ, ii, 320 , 327 family of, ii, 319 Oxylabrax, ii, 320 , 355 figure of, ii, 319 Oxylebius, ii, 440 Oxyjulis, ii, 388 Oxymonacanthus, ii, 415 Oxynotidæ, i, 546 Oxynotus, i, 546 Oxystomus, i, 259 oyster-fish, ii, 525 Ozorthe, ii, 513 figure of, i, 9; ii, 513 Pachycormidæ, ii, 34 Pachycormus, ii, 34 Pachylebias, ii, 201 Pachyrhizodontidæ, ii, 44 Pachyrhizodus, ii, 44 Pacific Creek, i, 308, 309 paddle-fish, i, 199, 253, 290; ii, 20 Pagellus, i, 260, 267; ii, 344 , 346 Pagrus, i, 94, 259, 263, 324; ii, 343 , 344 , 346 figure of, ii, 342 paired fins, in Acanthodei, i, 515 Balfour on, ii, 8 migration of, i, 75 origin of, i, 64 Ryder on, i, 66 paired limbs, Dean on, i, 81 Mivart on, i, 70 relation of, i, 69 Thacker on, i, 70 Gill on, i, 85 palæichthyologists, i, 424, 426, 427 palæichthyology, i, 426 Palæichthys, ii, 3 Palæobalistum, ii, 22 Palæoniscidæ, i, 452, 580; ii, 4 , 14 , 15 , 23 Palæoniscum, i, 437, 622 Blainville on, ii, 14 figure of, i, 453; ii, 14 palæontology, evidence of, i, 64 Palæorhynchidæ, family of, ii, 268 Palæorhynchus, ii, 268 figure of, ii, 268 Palæospinax, i, 528 Palæospondylidæ, i, 593 Palæospondylus, i, 204, 437, 444, 593, 595, 596 figure of, i, 591 relationships of, i, 593 palatines, i, 6 palatopterygoid arch, ii, 152 , 155 palato-quadrate apparatus, i, 508, 509, 523 Palinurichthys, ii, 284 Pallas, ii, 67 , 135 , 428 , 522 Pallasina, ii, 453 figure of, i, 221; ii, 453 Palœaspis, i, 575 palometa, i, 324; ii, 283 pampano, i, 210, 324; ii, 272 -292 gaff-topsail, ii, 277 great, ii, 277 round, ii, 277 true, ii, 277 panai feri, ii, 367 Panama, as barrier, i, 270 final hypothesis as to, i, 279 pancreas, i, 32 Pander, i, 427 pan fish, ii, 355 Panicum, ii, 369 Pantodon, ii, 60 Pantodontidæ, ii, 57 Pantosteus, i, 304, 316; ii, 172 papagallo, ii, 278 papilla, i, 115 Pappichthys, ii, 36 Parabatrachus, i, 604 Paracentropogon, ii, 436 Paracentropristis, ii, 328 Paracirrhites, ii, 363 paraglenal, i, 90; ii, 12 Paragobiodon, ii, 466 Paralabrax, ii, 328 Paralepidæ, ii, 136 Paralichthys, i, 206; ii, 482 , 486 , 492 figure of, ii, 493 shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2 tail of, figured, i, 83; ii, 486 Paraliparis, i, 202, 219; ii, 454 , 455 Paramia, ii, 317 Paranguilla, ii, 150 Paranthias, ii, 328 Paraphyllodus, ii, 396 Parapristipoma, ii, 342 Parapegasus, ii, 240 Parapercis, ii, 502 Parasilurus, ii, 183 parasites of fishes, crustaceans, i, 340 figures illustrating, i, 341-344 fungi, i, 353 Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348 hosts of, i, 343 internal, i, 342 protozoans, i, 342 parasitic diseases, Gurley on, i, 342 Linton on, i, 343 Megnin on, i, 343 Railliet on, i, 343 Stiles on, i, 343 Ward on, i, 343 parasitic fungi, i, 353 parasitic worms, acanthocephala, i, 344 cestodes, i, 344 an article of food, i, 351 nematodes, i, 344 trematodes, i, 344 Paratrachichthys, i, 439; ii, 295 figure of, ii, 253 Paraxus, i, 517 Pareioplitæ, ii, 426 -458 parental affection in fishes, i, 166, 167 Parexocœtus, ii, 214 parent-stream theory, ii, 81 Parequula, ii, 287 pargo criollo, i, 324; ii, 335 pargo de lo alto, ii, 336 pargo guachinango, ii, 335 pargos, ii, 333 Park, i, 393 Parker, i, 90, 428, 594; ii, 160 , 482 on Chimæras, i, 563 on hearing of fishes, i, 121, 122 optic nerve of flounder, ii, 482 , 483 on soles, ii, 483 Parnell, i, 410 Parophrys, ii, 493 Parr, ii, 91 Parra, i, 396 parrot-fish, i, 21; ii, 56 , 360 , 385 , 390 , 393 figure of, i, 330; ii, 392 , 394 , 395 jaws of, figured, i, 30; ii, 391 pharyngeals of, i, 47, 48; ii, 393 parts of skeleton, i, 35 paru, ii, 405 Patæcidæ, ii, 516 Patæcus, ii, 514 patao, ii, 348 Patten, i, 428 on Ostracophores, i, 569 pesce re, ii, 218 peacock flounders, ii, 488 pearlfish, i, 84, 159; ii, 522 figure of, i, 522, 523 pêche prêtre, ii, 429 Peck, i, 419 pecten, ii, 6 pectoral fin, i, 10, 521 of Chiloscyllium, i, 66 of codfish, i, 66 figure of, i, 57, 66 Gegenbaur on, i, 66, 67 of Heptranchias, i, 57 origin of, i, 67 pectoral limb, i, 50 of Dipnoan, i, 60 figure of, i, 85 Kerr on, i, 61 in shark, i, 60 peculiar, jaws and teeth, i, 201 larval forms, i, 142 pediculates, i, 51, 206, 207, 405; ii, 40 , 499 order of, ii, 542 -553 Pegador, figure of, i, 197; ii, 468 pegapega, ii, 468 Pegasidæ, ii, 240 family of, ii, 239 Pegasus, i, 393; ii, 240 peixe rey, ii, 216 pelagic fishes, i, 245 vertebræ in, i, 209 Pelamis, i, 364 Pelargorhynchus, ii, 136 Pelates, ii, 342 Pelecanus, i, 345 Pelecopterus, ii, 34 pelican, fish parasites in, i, 345 pelican-eel, ii, 156 Pellegrin, i, 412 on poisonous fishes, i, 182-184 Pelor, i, 180; ii, 434 Peltacephalata, i, 568 pelvic girdle, i, 42 Pempheridæ, ii, 288 Pempheris, ii, 289 figure of, ii, 289 , 290 penfishes, ii, 344 Penella, i, 242 Pennant, i, 396 on parental affection in fishes, i, 166 Pentacerotidæ, [14] ii, 333

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