A History of Dentistry from the most Ancient Times until the end of the Eighteenth Century

INDEX. 456 Vol. ii, chap. viii, p. 87. 457 Chap. ix, p. 117. 458 Speaking of transplantation, he says: “On voit par des expériences journalières que des dents transplantées d’un alvéole dans l’alvéole d’une bouche différente se sont conservées plusieurs années fermes et solides sans recevoir aucune altération, et servant à toutes les fonctions auxquelles les dents sont propres.” (Vol. ii, p. 187.) 459 Page 188. 460 Vol. ii, p. 192. 461 Vol. ii, chap. xiii, p. 215. 462 Vol. ii, pp. 217 to 224. 463 Vol. ii, p. 225. 464 Vol. ii, p. 229. 465 Chap. xvi, pp. 252, 255. 466 Vol. ii, chap. xvii, p. 260. 467 Vol. ii, chap. xxiv, p. 339. 468 Vol. ii, p. 340. 469 Vol. ii, p. 353. 470 Jean de Diest, An hæmorrhage ex dentium evulsione chirurgi incuria lethalis? Paris, 1735. David Vasse, Hæmorrhagia ex dentium evulsione, chirurgi incuria lethalis, Paris, 1735. 471 M. Bunon, Sur un prejugé très-pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses, Paris, 1741. 472 M. Bunon, Essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1743. Expériences et démonstrations pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1746. 473 Abhandlung von Zahnkrankheiten, etc., Strassburg, 1754. 474 A Practical Treatise upon Dentition or the Breeding of the Teeth in Children. 475 Essai d’Odontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents Artificielles. 476 Sprengel, Part ii, p. 319. 477 Journal de Médecine, 1756. 478 L. H. Runge. De Morbis sinuum ossis frontis, maxillæ superioris, etc., Rintel, 1750. 479 Sprengel, Part ii (?), p. 322. 480 Nouveaux éléments d’Odontologie, contenant l’anatomie de la bouche, ou la description de toutes les parties qui la composent, et de leur usage; et la pratique abregée du dentiste, avec plusieurs observations, par M. Lécluse, Chirurgien dentiste de Sa Majesté le Roi de Pologne, etc., Paris, 1754 (vol. in 12mo of pages viii-222 with six plates). 481 Abhandlung von den Zähnen des menschlichen Körpers und deren Krankheiten, 1756. 482 Geist-Jacobi, p. 164. 483 Die eingebildeten würmer in Zähnen, Regenburg, 1757. [Schaffer’s publication is of considerable interest in that his illustration here reproduced exhibits one of the devices somewhat generally employed for the eradication of dental worms as a cure for toothache. In the title of his work Schaffer describes himself as Protestant preacher at Regensburg, member of the Royal Society of Fine Arts at Göttingen, of the Royal Society of Science at Duisberg, honorary member of the Fine Arts at Leipsic. The several details of the plate are designated as follows: Fig. I. The supposed worms, with single and double tails, or actually seed buds of the henbane driven out by heat, natural size. Fig. II. Kidney-shaped seed of the henbane, natural size, without seed buds. Fig. III. Another such seed, natural size, with the pith being driven out in bow-shape. Figs. IV and V. Slightly magnified supposed entrails of the tooth worms, actually the inner basis substance for the development of the seed lobes. Fig. VI. Portion of the skin and driven out supposed entrails of the tooth worms, strongly magnified: ( aa ) skin still attached; ( b ) supposed entrails. Fig. VII. Seed same as Fig. II, magnified: ( a ) external pellicle; ( b ) seed bud. Fig. VIII. Seed of Fig. III, magnified: ( aa ) external pellicle; ( b ) node; ( c ) seed bud driven out in bow-shape. Figs. IX, X, and XI. Three kinds of supposed tooth worms, magnified; the lettering corresponds in all three: ( a ) head; ( b ) brown spot or mouth; ( c ) body; ( d ) apparent opening or anus; ( ee ) single or double tail; ( ff ) brown spot of the tail; also an apparent opening. Fig. XII. Representation of the utensils and the mode in which they are arranged during the application of the supposed remedy against tooth worms: ( a ) earthen pot; ( b ) opening visible on one side; ( c ) opening in the bottom; ( dd ) iron passing through the two side openings, on which the wax balls (containing henbane seeds) are laid inside the pot; ( e ) smoke arising through the opening in the top, which is directed into the mouth; ( ff ) bowl of water in which the pot is set, into which the supposed worms fall and in which they are found after the cure. It would seem not at all improbable that the inhalation of vapors arising from heated henbane seeds might in some cases, e.g. , of odontalgia from pulpitis, produce a sedative effect by the action of the hyoscyamine given off. Assuming that the method possessed even a slight therapeutic value, that factor in connection with the apparently tangible evidence of the existence of tooth worms which it afforded to the ignorant, makes the method a most interesting example of the way in which superstition and ignorance about medical matters are kept alive and sustained by a very slight increment of truth. Another interesting reference to the use of henbane seeds for the cure of toothache by fumigation as found in an old Saxon manuscript of the ninth or tenth century, a translation of which is published in Leechdoms, Worthcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii, p. 51, a collection of documents illustrating the history of science in England before the Norman conquest, published under direction of the Master of the Rolls. The reference is as follows: “For tooth wark, if a worm eat the tooth , take an old holly leaf and one of the lower umbels of hartwort and the upward part of sage, boil two doles (that is, two of worts to one of water) in water, pour into a bowl and yawn over it, then the worms shall fall into the bowl. If a worm eat the teeth, take holly rind over a year old, and root of Carline thistle, boil in so hot water ! Hold in the mouth as hot as thou hottest may. For tooth worms, take acorn meal and henbane seed and wax, of all equally much, mingle these together, work into a wax candle and burn it, let it reek into the mouth, put a black cloth under, then will the worms fall on it.”—E. C. K.] 484 Recueil périodique d’observations de Médecine, Chirurgie, etc., par Vandermonde, Paris, 1757, Tome vii, p. 256. 485 Recherches et observations sur toutes les parties de l’art du dentiste, 2 vols., Paris, 1757. 486 Sur les dépôts du sinus maxillaire. 487 Soins faciles pour la propreté de la bouche et pour la conservation des dents, Paris, 1759. 488 Vol. x, pp. 47 to 148. 489 Traité des dépôts dans le sinus maxillaire, des fractures et des caries de l’une et de l’autre mâchoire, Paris, 1761. 490 Essais sur la formation des dents, comparée avec celle des os, suivis de plusieurs expériences tant sur les os que sur les parties qui entrent dans leur constitution, Paris, 1766. 491 Traité des maladies et des opérations réellement chirurgicales de la bouche et des parties qui y correspondent, suivi de notes, d’observations, et de consultations interessantes, tant anciennes que modernes, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1778. 492 Réflexions et éclaircissements sur la construction et les usages des rateliers complets et artificiels. 493 Die Zahnheilkunde, Erlangen, 1851, p. 398. 494 Von der Wirkung der elektrischen Erschütterung im Zahnweh. 495 Geist-Jacobi, p. 165. 496 Neue Versuche zu Curirung der Zahnschmerzen vermittelst eines magnetischen Stahles, Königsberg, 1765. 497 F. E. Glaubrecht, De odontalgia, Argentorati, 1766. 498 Journal de Médecine, 1767, p. 265. 499 Jos. G. Pasch, Abhundlung aus der Wandarznei von den Zähnen, etc., Wien, 1767. 500 Th. Berdmore, A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768. 501 Einleitung zur nöthigen Wissenschaft eines Zahnarztes, Wien, 1766. 502 Abhandlung von der Hervorbrechlung der Milchzähne, Wien, 1771. 503 J. Linderer, vol. ii, p. 431. 504 Geist-Jacobi, p. 166. 505 Gedanken über das Hervorkommen und Wechseln der Zähne, 1768. 506 Carabelli, p. 91. 507 A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and gums, London, 1768. 508 See The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Dental Prosthesis, by B. J. Cigrand, p. 148. 509 Carabelli, p. 91. 510 Carabelli, p. 93; Lemerle, Notice sur l’histoire de l’art dentaire, p. 117. 511 J. Aitkin, Essays on several important subjects in surgery, London, 1771. 512 Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 348. 513 Sprengel, p. 350. 514 Bromfield, Chirurgical observations and cases, London, 1773. 515 Le dentiste observateur, Paris, 1775. 516 Vollständige Anweisung zum Zahn-ausziehen, Stendal, 1782. 517 Theden, Neue Bemerkungen und Erfahrungen, Berlin, 1782, part second, p. 254. 518 J. van Wy, Heelkundige Mengel stoffen, Amsterdam, 1784. 519 Journal de Médecine, 1791, tomes 86, 87. 520 Sprengel, p. 356 to 357. 521 Odontologia, ossia Trattato sopra i Denti. 522 Benjamin Bell, System of Surgery, 1783 to 1787, vol. iii. 523 Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians of London, 1783, vol. iii, p. 325. 524 Memoirs of the London Medical Society, 1787, vol. i. 525 August Gottlieb Richter, Anfangsgründe der Wundarzneikunst, vol. ii (1787) and vol. iv (1797). 526 Praktische Darstellung aller Operationen der Zahnarzneikunst, Berlin, 1803 and 1804. 527 Chapter xlii. 528 Uebersicht der Chirurgischen Instrumente. 529 Ploucquet, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, sive inflammationis ipsorum dentium, Tubingæ, 1791; Kappis, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, etc., Tubingæ, 1794. 530 Storia naturale di un nuovo insetto, Firenze, 1794. 531 Der anfrichtige Lahnarzt. 532 Without comment! 533 Principia systematis chirurgiæ hodiernæ. 534 The anatomical fact alluded to by the author, far from presenting itself very often, as he says, is of rare occurrence, and cannot be held in account for establishing a general operative rule. 535 Sprengel, pp. 372, 373. 536 Hirsch, Praktische Bemerkungen über die Zähne und einige Krankheiten derselben, Jena, 1796. 537 Sprengel, pp. 376, 377. 538 For all that regards Bunon’s life and writings we have availed ourselves of the excellent historical work of A. Barden, “Un précurseur: Bunon,” a communication presented to the Geneva Session of the International Dental Federation (August, 1906). 539 Expériences et démonstrations, p. 13. 540 Ibid., p. 60. 541 Lettre sur la prétendue dent œillère. 542 Sur un préjugé très pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses. 543 Essai sur les maladies des dents, où l’on propose les moyens de leur procurer une bonne conformation dès la plus tendre enfance, et d’en assurer la conservation pendant tout le cours de la vie. 544 Expériences et démonstrations, avertissement, p. xix. 545 Expériences et démonstrations faites à l’Hôpital de la Salptêrière et à St. Côme, en presence de l’Académie Royale de Chirurgie, pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’Essai sur les maladies des dents. 546 Essay, p. 127. 547 F. Maury. Traité complet de l’art du dentiste, d’après l’état actuel des connaissances, 2 vols., Paris, 1828. 548 Exposé de nouveaux procédés pour la confection des dents dites de composition, par M. Dubois Faucou, Paris, 1808. 549 Rapport sur les dents artificielles terro-metalliques, Paris, 1808. INDEX. xxxxxxxxxxxxxx A Abbott, A. C., 237 Abulcasis, 86 , 125 Abyssinia, negroes of, file incisors into points, 43 Acoluthus, Johann, 240 Acupuncture, 38 Adamantius, 116 , 117 Advertisements, 245 Ægina, Paul of, 219 Æsculapius, 45 , 46 Ætius of Amida, 117 , 170 Age of animals judged by the teeth, Aristotle on, 62 Aitkin, John, 317 Alcock, James, 348 Ali Abbas, 122 Altomare, Donato Antonio, 200 Alveolar pyorrhea, 96 , 237 Andromachus the Elder, 106 , 113 Andry, 269 , 309 Anesthetic, 149 Antrum of Highmore, 186 , 233 , 249 , 250 , 257 , 282 , 304 , 310 , 311 , 313 , 318 , 320 , 325 , 330 , 333 Aphthæ, Celsus on, 84 Apollonius, 92 , 113 Appolonia, Saint, 209 Aquapendente, Fabrizio of, 207 Arabians, 121 Aranzio Giulio Cesare, 201 Arcagatus, 77 Archigenes, 65 , 106 , 113 Arcoli, Giovanni of (Arculanus), 153 , 168 , 199 Argelata, Pietro of, 151 Aristotle, 53 , 61 , 64 Arnemann, J., 331 Arsenic, 35 , 85 , 122 , 125 , 138 , 152 , 157 Asclepiades, 80 Asklepiadi, priests of the temple of Æsculapius, 45 , 46 Astringent mouth washes, 97 , 115 , 116 , 122 , 153 Atmospheric conditions, influence on dental maladies, 57 , 116 , 247 Aurelianus, Celius, 46 , 65 , 113 , 114 Auzeki, Pierre, 317 Avenzoar, 139 Avicenna, 84 , 123 xxxxxxxxxx B Babylonians, treatment of sick by the, 18 Bacteria, 237 Barbers, 86 , 130 , 132 , 139 , 144 , 159 , 162 , 166 , 169 , 188 , 240 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 255 Barden, A., 340 Bartholin, Thomas, 232 , 235 Bass, Heinrich, 259 Bell, Benjamin, 324 Belzoni, G. B., on Egyptian dentistry, 27 Benedetti, Alessandro, 157 , 187 Benedictus of Faenza, 203 Berdmore, Thomas, 315 , 316 Bertin, J., 304 Bible, reference to teeth in the, 32 , 33 Bidloo, Gottfried, 239 Birds, teeth of, 63 Blum, Michael, 164 Blumenthal, K. A., 337 Bodenstein, Adam, 205 Bordenare, Thomas, 313 Bourdet, 309 Brahmins, care of the teeth among the, 42 Bridge work, 297 Etruscan attempts at, 76 , 101 Bromfield, W., 318 Brunner, Adam Anton, 315 Bruno of Longobucco, 140 Bruschi, Etruscan dental appliances in Museum of Count, 73 Bücking, 321 Bunon, Robert, 301 , 337 xxxxxxxxxx C “Calendar of dentition,” 315 Callisen, Heinrich, 333 Camindus, Balthasar, 215 Campani, Antonio, 323 , 327 Capivacci, Gerolamo, 201 Carabelli, 157 , 317 , 321 Carbonate of lime, ancient dentifrice mentioned by Pliny, 94 Caries, dental, 24 , 110 , 122 , 147 , 251 , 269 , 319 , 335 Carmeline, 253 , 261 , 283 Cascellius, first dentist mentioned by name, 102 Castellani collection, Rome, Etruscan appliances in, 76 Catullus, 97 Cauteries, dental, 328 Cauterization, 25 , 40 , 85 , 107 , 111 , 118 , 126 , 138 , 152 , 212 , 227 , 246 , 289 , 310 Caylus, 99 Celius Aurelianus, 46 , 65 , 113 Celsus, 65 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 102 “Cement” filling, 122 , 240 of Guillemeau, 253 Channing, John, 126 Charlatans, 159 , 162 , 277 , 310 , 316 Chauliac, Guy de, 146 Chemant, Nicholas Dubois de, 329 , 344 Chinese, anatomical notions of, 39 dentistry among the, 34 Chopart, 322 Cigrand, 47 , 68 , 316 Cintio d’Amato, 242 Clasps, 303 Clauder, Gabriel, 232 Cleanliness of the teeth among the Romans, 97 , 106 , 107 Coiter, Volcherus, 200 Coition, toothache from, 35 Cold applications, harmful to the teeth, 61 Colombo, Matteo Realdo, 177 Côme, Frère, 318 Compressor of Foucou, 321 Condamine, 314 Corneto, museum of, Etruscan appliances in, 71 , 72 , 73 Cos, temple of, medical records in, 18 , 46 , 48 Courtois, 321 Cowper, William, 234 , 249 Cremation among the ancients, 69 Criton, 113 Croce, Giovanni Andrea della, 201 Cron, Ludwig, 255 Crowley’s “Dental Bibliography,” 253 , 256 Crown, artificial, 296 , 315 gold, 217 , 303 Ctesias of Cydnus, 62 Customs of primitive peoples, 42 xxxxxxxxxx D Dabry, P. P., “La médecine chez les Chinois,” 34 Dalli Osso, archæologist, 78 Damocrates, Servilius, 106 Daremberg, “Histoire des sciences médicales,” 80 , 99 De Lavauguyon, 253 , 255 Décorative medicine, 244 Dekkers, Friederich, 241 Delphi, temple of Apollo at, 46 , 114 Deneffe, “La prothèse dentaire dans l’antiquité,” 67 , 75 , 102 Dental appliance, Etruscan, found at Tarquinii, 71 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx near Teano, Italy, 79 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx at Valsiarosa, 70 art among the ancient Germans, 162 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx the Etruscans, 67 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx the Romans, 77 , 102 xxxxxxxx first beginnings of, 17 xxxxxxxx practised by specialists in ancient Egypt, 25 caries, 110 , 122 , 147 , 251 , 269 , 319 irregularities, 280 , 290 , 303 , 320 maladies given in Ebers’ papyrus, 21 surgery not mentioned in Ebers’ papyrus, 25 and surgical instruments of the Romans, 86 terminology found in Vesalius, 176 Dentateurs, 199 Dentator, 144 , 147 Dentiduces, 226 Dentifrices, 35 , 38 , 51 , 87 , 93 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 105 , 112 , 124 , 141 , 148 , 154 , 247 , 322 Dentine, structure of, 237 , 319 Dentisculpia (toothpicks), 98 , 226 Dentispices, 219 Dentist, the word itself, 102 , 144 Cascellius the first, 102 Dentista, 144 Dentistry, condition of, before Fauchard, 260 in the middle ages, 121 as a true specialty, 255 , 263 Dentists, examination of, 261 , 339 Dentition, “Calendar” of, 315 third, 91 , 143 , 185 , 199 , 306 Dentures, complete, 298 , 313 , 336 porcelain, 344 spring, 299 , 300 Deodato, Claudio, 224 Desault, 322 Deschapellement (uncrowning), 194 , 204 , 275 Diemerbroek, 235 Diest, Jean de, 301 Dionis, Pierre, 251 Dioscorides, 84 Dissection prohibited by the Koran, 121 Doctors’ shops in ancient Greece and Rome, 52 Drake, James, 249 Dubois de Chemant, Nicholas, 329 , 344 Foucou, 346 , 347 Jacques, 172 Duchâteau, 344 Duchemin, student of Fauchard, 260 Dufour, 309 Dupont, 223 Duverney, Jean, 238 xxxxxxxxxx E Ears and the teeth, 54 , 56 , 94 , 228 , 236 , 250 , 315 Ebers’ papyrus, 19 George, on dental art of Egyptians, 28 Egypt, special doctors for the teeth in ancient, 26 , 64 Egyptians, dental art among the, 19 , 67 prescriptions of the, 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 Eighteenth century, 255 Electricity, use of, for toothache, 314 Elevator of Lécluse, 305 Elevators, 133 , 134 , 305 Enamel, artificial use of, 301 , 310 structure of dental, 238 Endelman, Julio, 205 English key, 257 , 317 Epilepsy, 169 Epulis, 117 , 118 , 123 , 127 , 239 , 251 , 334 Erasistratus, 65 Erosion, dental, 302 , 320 , 337 , 341 Etruscans, dental appliances of, 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 76 art among the, 67 , 70 votive offerings of, 67 Eustachius, Bartholomeus, 178 , 204 Examination of dentists, 261 , 339 “Experts pour les dents,” 261 Extraction of teeth, 25 , 45 , 51 , 64 , 82 , 86 , 103 , 108 , 112 , 114 , 118 , 122 , 124 , 128 , 137 , 141 , 151 , 152 , 158 , 160 , 193 , 210 , 222 , 240 , 246 , 252 , 276 , 292 , 315 , 321 , 337 death from, 65 , 114 , 137 , 139 of eye-teeth, 301 , 339 pain after, 112 as a punishment, 139 Eyes and the teeth, 54 , 89 , 168 , 246 , 301 , 304 xxxxxxxxxx F Fabrizio of Aquapendente (Fabricius), 207 Fabry, Wilhelm (Fabricius Hildanus), 223 Fallopius, Gabriel, 177 Fauchard, Pierre, 255 , 259 Filing of teeth by people of India, 42 by women of Sumatra, 43 Filling of teeth, 122 , 147 , 150 , 151 , 155 , 159 , 164 , 199 , 208 , 240 , 252 , 256 , 285 , 309 , 315 , 320 , 328 Fingers, extraction of teeth with the, 64 Fischer, Johann Bernhardt, 259 Fistulæ, dental, 22 , 140 , 152 , 201 , 203 , 224 Fleurimond, 245 Follicle, dental, 177 Fontanella, Don Angelo, anecdote of, 104 Fonzi, 347 Forceps, cutting, 294 extracting, 46 , 52 , 86 , 87 , 114 , 131 , 157 , 167 , 207 , 211 , 226 , 278 , 292 , 293 , 325 , 330 , 334 Foreest, Peter, 157 , 202 Foucou, 321 , 346 , 347 Fracture of lower jaw, 59 , 137 , 190 , 342 Fractures and dislocations, Celsus on, 87 Fredericus, Rinaldus, 235 Frogs, use of, for dental maladies, 95 , 107 , 125 , 138 xxxxxxxxxx G Gaddesden, John, 140 Gagliardi, Domenico, 238 Gaillardot, Dr., researches in necropolis of Sidon, 29 Galen, Claudius, 52 , 63 , 65 , 80 , 82 , 108 , 109 , 121 Garengeot, Croissant de, 257 Gebauer, Ernst Ferdinand, 259 Geist-Jacobi, 23 , 59 , 78 , 102 , 114 , 157 , 163 , 166 , 169 , 220 , 306 , 311 , 314 Genga, Bernardo, 235 Gerauldy, Fr. A., 302 , 338 Gerbi, Ranieri, 332 “German key,” 257 Germans, dentistry among the, 161 Ghent, University of, Etruscan appliance in museum of, 74 Gilles, Arnauld, 222 Gingivitis, treatment of, by Galen, 111 Giovanni of Arcoli, 153 , 168 , 199 of Vigo, 159 Glaubrecht, F. E., 314 Gold appliances of the Etruscans, 71 of the Romans, 101 bands, mentioned in law of the Twelve Tables, 77 crown, 217 , 303 fillings, 29 , 156 , 159 , 164 , 208 , 252 , 256 , 285 , 309 , 315 , 316 , 329 teeth, substitution of, in Java, 42 in Macassar, 43 wire, use of, 30 , 87 , 135 , 146 Golden tooth, story of the, 214 Göritz, Johann Adolph, 258 Gout, 219 Gräbner, C. A., 315 Grafenberg, Johann Schenck von, 202 Greek doctors in Rome, 79 Greeks, ancient appliance of the, 60 dentistry among the ancient, 45 , 77 Griffon, J., 225 Guerhard, 344 Guillemeau, Jacques, 253 Gums, diseases of, according to Celsus, 84 Guy de Chauliac, 142 xxxxxxxxxx H Haller, Albert von, 166 Harris, Walter, 239 Havers, Clopton, 239 Hebrews, dental affections rare among the ancient, 32 Hecker, A. F., 331 Heister, Lorenz, 255 Hémard, Urbain, 194 , 203 Hemorrhage after extraction, 229 , 231 , 258 , 301 , 306 , 321 , 335 of the gums, 115 , 157 Henkel, 318 Heraclides of Tarentum, 65 , 113 Herodotus, 18 , 25 , 64 Herophilus, 65 Heurmann, Georg, 305 Heurn, Johann (Heurnius), 175 , 212 Hieratic characters, Ebers’ papyrus in, 20 Highmore, Nathaniel, 186 , 232 Hindostan, care of the teeth by the natives of, 42 Hindu dentists, primitive type of dental prosthesis by, 30 Hippias, anecdote from Herodotus on, 26 Hippocrates, 17 , 18 , 47 , 108 Hirsch, Friedrich, 334 Histology, 236 Hoffmann, Johann, 249 Homer, refers to sons of Æsculapius, 45 Horace, false teeth mentioned in satire of, 102 Horst, Jacob, 214 Houllier, Jacques, 199 Hunter, John, 316 , 318 , 324 Hurlock, Joseph, 303 Hygiene of the mouth, 80 , 87 , 92 , 106 , 107 , 127 , 144 , 153 , 196 , 230 , 248 , 266 , 310 , 330 , 341 Hypoplasia, dental, 341 xxxxxxxxxx I Immunity from toothache, 221 Implantation, 311 India, people of, customs relating to the teeth of, 42 Ingolstetter, Johann, 215 Ingrassia, Gian Filippo, 177 Instruments, 52 , 128 , 144 , 151 , 157 , 167 , 192 , 201 , 206 , 207 , 211 , 226 , 227 , 241 , 279 , 284 , 331 for extracting, 321 , 323 , 327 of gold, 251 of the Romans, 86 Iron, tooth of, 232 Irregularities, dental, 280 , 290 , 303 , 320 , 342 xxxxxxxxxx J Jacobaens, Oligerus, 231 Java, substitution of gold teeth by people of, 42 Joachim, Heinrich, translation of Ebers’ papyrus by, 19 Jourdain, 311 Junker, Johann, 257 xxxxxxxxxx K Key with changeable hooks, 326 English, 257 , 317 of Garengeot, 257 Kircher, 217 Kirk, E. C., 28 , 30 , 43 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 96 , 115 , 118 , 138 , 164 , 216 , 307 , 308 Klaerich, F. W., 314 Knights of the Teutonic Order, 163 Koran, dissection prohibited by the, 121 xxxxxxxxxx L Lancets, gum, 195 Lancing of the gums, 198 , 239 , 257 , 265 , 303 , 304 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 324 , 331 , 334 , 336 Lanfranchi, 140 Lavini, 301 Law of the Twelve Tables, 69 , 77 , 78 Le Hire, 265 Lead for filling teeth, 285 , 309 , 320 , 335 Lécluse, 257 , 305 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 237 Lemerle, 317 Lemorier, 313 Lentin, L. B., 314 Lentisk wood, toothpicks of, 98 Lepsius, opinion of, on Ebers’ papyrus, 20 Lettson, 329 Leucorrhea, 58 Leyden, Lucus van, 213 Liddel, Duncan, 216 Ligatures, Abulcasis on, 135 Linderer, Joseph, 27 , 42 , 98 , 139 , 162 , 181 , 220 , 257 , 313 Loder, 257 Longevity, influence of number of teeth on, 58 Lusitanus, Amatus, 229 Luxations of jaw, 88 xxxxxxxxxx M Magnet, use of, for toothache, 314 Major, Daniel, 240 Malpighi, Marcello, 236 Manteville, 269 Marcellus, 115 Martial, epigrams of, 98 Martin, Benjamin, 241 Martinez, Francisco, 205 Massage, ancient practice of, 114 Massez, 313 Maxillary sinus, 186 , 233 , 249 , 250 , 257 , 282 , 304 , 310 , 311 , 313 , 318 , 320 , 325 , 330 , 333 Mechanical dentistry, first work on, 303 Medicine in ancient Eygpt, 19 decorative, 244 Medicine, most ancient work on, 19 sacerdotal, 17 special branches of, 103 Meibom, Heinrich, 250 Mercury, harmful effects of, 158 , 202 , 230 Mesue the younger, 137 , 164 Mice, use of, for dental maladies, 36 , 50 , 93 , 94 , 97 Microörganisms, 237 Microscopes, 236 , 237 , 269 Middle ages, dentistry in the, 121 Minadous, Thomas, 232 Mineral teeth, 254 , 329 , 344 , 348 waters of Carlsbad, 220 Models in dental prosthesis, 241 , 306 Modern times, dentistry of, 161 Molinetti, Antonio, 234 Monavius, Petrus, 205 Monkey, dental system of, 63 Montagnana, Bartolomeo, 152 Montanus, Giovanni Battista, 230 Moraine’s verses on Fauchard, 260 Motte, G. M. de la, 258 Mouth mirror, 344 washes, 55 , 97 , 111 , 265 , 274 Mouton, 303 , 309 “Moxa,” use of, by Chinese, 40 Mummery, J. R., 25 , 29 Mummies, Egyptian, 27 , 28 , 49 Murphy, Joseph, 42 Museum of antiquities, Dresden, 162 (archæological) of Athens, 52 (archæological) of Florence, 70 of Corneto, 71 , 72 , 73 of Count Bruschi, 73 of Pope Julius, Rome, 70 , 101 of University of Ghent, 74 Musitano, Carlo, 247 xxxxxxxxxx N Nasal prosthesis, 256 Necrosis of lower jaw, 241 of the teeth, 56 Nerves of teeth, 109 Neuralgia, 224 Nicaise, E., 142 Nobile, Luigi, 78 Nomenclature, 88 , 318 Nuck, Anton, 245 Number of teeth, 59 , 109 xxxxxxxxxx O Obturators, 197 , 198 , 211 , 301 , 310 Oceanica, dyeing the teeth black by races of, 42 Odontagogon, 46 , 65 , 114 Odontagra, 64 Odontalgia, 34, 38, 51, 92, 95, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111 , 113 , 124 , 137 , 141 , 145 , 150 , 152 , 154 , 158 , 190 , 202 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 228 , 247 , 248 , 271 , 283 , 314 , 332 Odontitis, 331 Operative dentistry, Fauchard on, 284 Oribasius, 117 Orvieto, 69 , 74 xxxxxxxxxx P Papyrus of Ebers, 19 Paracelsus, 176 Paré, Ambroise, 188 Pasch, J. G., 314 , 315 “Pastophori” treatment of sick by, 19 Paul of Ægina, 118 Peale, Charles W., 348 Pechlin, Nicolaus, 232 Pelican (extracting instrument), 157 , 158 , 167 , 193 , 206 , 211 , 226 , 281 , 290 , 291 , 292 , 311 , 323 , 324 , 330 , 334 Perine, Geo. H., 27 Periodontitis, 122 , 320 Petronius, 98 Peyronie, de la, 339 Pfaff, Philip, 305 Pfolsprundt, Heinrich von, 163 Phœnicia, ancient dental appliance found at Sidon, 29 influence of, on Etruscan dentistry, 67 Phœnician vase, with portrayal of dental operation, 47 Pietro of Albano, 144 of Argelata, 151 Pig, teeth of the, 62 Pincers, ligature, 295 Plaster models, 306 Plateario, Giovanni, 152 Pliny, 89 , 102 Pluggers, 288 Pomaret, Denis, 223 Portal, 245 Poteleret, Alexandre, 262 Pregnancy, extraction of teeth during, 301 , 339 Prescriptions, Chinese, 35 dental, of Hippocrates, 50 Egyptian, 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 Priesthood, ancient, treatment of sick by, 17 Primitive peoples, customs relating to teeth of, 42 Prosthesis, dental, 146 , 211 , 296 Prosthetic pieces, movable, 256 Pulp-capping, 306 Pulp, inflammation of, recognized by Archigenes, 107 Pumice stone in dentifrices, 96 , 97 , 141 , 203 Purland, T., 28 Purmann, Matthias Gottfried, 241 Pyorrhea (alveolar), 96, 237 xxxxxxxxxx Q Quacks, 159 , 162 , 277 , 310 Quill toothpicks mentioned by Martial, 98 xxxxxxxxxx R Ranula, Abulcasis on the cure of, 137 Renan, “Mission de Phénicie,” 29 Replantation, 136 , 191 , 251 , 281 , 293 , 305 , 309 , 316 , 321 , 334 , 335 Rhazes, 84 , 121 , 122 , 153 Riccio, Tommaso Antonio, 242 Richter, A. G., 329 Rivière Lazare (Riverius), 228 Rizagra (Greek forceps), 87 Romans, dental art among the, 77 Rome, Arcagatus the first Greek doctor in, 77 Rueff, 316 Ruland Martin, 215 Runge, L. H., 304 Ruspini, Bartholomeo, 343 Russel, 313 Ruysch, Friederich, 236 Ryff, Walter, 157 , 161 , 166 xxxxxxxxxx S Saalburg, forceps found in ancient castle of, 114 Saliva, 331 Salmuth, Philip, 232 Sandwich Islands, natives of, sacrifice front teeth, 43 Satricum, example of gold crown work found at, 101 Saws, dental, used by Abulcasis, 136 Scalers, Abulcasis on use of, 127 of Fauchard, 285 of silver mentioned by Fabricius, 210 Schaffer, Jacob Christian, 306 Schelhammer, Christopher, 250 Schmidt, Prof. Emil, 29 Schultes, Johann (Scultetus), 226 Schulz, Gottfried, 232 Scorbutus, case of, mentioned by Hippocrates, 55 Scribonius Largus, 103 Scultetus, 226 Scurvy, 57 , 237 Secrecy among dentists, 262 Senile decay, 186 , 238 Serapion, 123 Serre, 47 , 78 , 330 Serres, 181 , 217 Seventeenth century, dentistry in the, 218 Severino, Marco Aurelio, 227 Shops of doctors in ancient Greece and Rome, 52 Sidon, necropolis of, 29 Silesian child, golden tooth of the, 214 Silver, toothpicks of, mentioned in satire of Petronius, 98 Six, Martin, 231 Sixteenth century, dentistry in the, 161 Spiegel, Adrian (Spigelius), 235 Sprengel, “Geschichte der Chirurgie,” 139 , 166 , 223 , 253 , 257 , 259 , 304 , 337 Sternberg, J. H., 337 Stockton, Samuel W., 348 Story of the Golden Tooth, 214 Strabo, 98 Strobelberger, Johann Stephan, 218 St. Yves, Charles, 250 Surgeon-dentist, 244 , 339 Surgery, ancient, eminently conservative, 108 Surgical instruments deposited in the temples, 46 Sylvius, 172 xxxxxxxxxx T Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, 226 Talmud, the, 32 Tartar, dental, 119 , 127 , 150 , 151 , 237 , 244 , 258 , 275 , 302 , 342 Teano, Italy, prosthetic piece found near, 78 Teeth, artificial, Dionis on, 252 xxxxxxxx of the Etruscans, 70 xxxxxxxx mentioned by Martial, 100 xxxxxxxx opposition to use of, 241 , 258 xxxxxxxx Paré on, 197, xxxxxxxx Romans, 78 care of the, See Hygiene of the mouth. xxxxxxxx among the Brahmans, 42 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx the Romans, 97 dignity and importance of the, 235 dyeing black, by married women of Japan, 43 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx by races of Asia and Oceanica, 42 xxxxxxxx red, by people of eastern India and Macassar, 43 gilding of the, in Sumatra, 43 of mummies, 28 , 29 , 49 names of, as given by Guy de Chauliac, 143 number of, indicated by Galen, 109 influence on long life of, 58 pivot, no evidence of Egyptian knowledge of, 29 Pliny on persons born with, 89 trepanning of, advised by Archigenes, 65 Terminology, dental, found in Vesalius, 176 Teske, J. G., 314 Theodorico Borgognoni, 140 Theriac, famous remedy of Andromachus, 106 Tin for filling teeth, 285 , 329 , 335 Tobacco, 220 , 230 Tonsillitis, Celsus on, 83 Tooth brushes, 266 , 334 Tooth of iron, 232 story of the golden, 214 Toothache, 35 , 51 , 80 , 92 , 103 , 106 , 107 , 109 , 113 , 115 , 126 , 150 , 190 , 202 immunity from, 221 Toothpick and ear-picker of gold found in Crimea, 99 Toothpicks, 94 , 98 , 208 Transplantation, 282 , 293 , 303 , 321 , 329 , 334 , 335 Treatment of dental disorders by the Chinese, 35 Trephine, use of, by Archigenes, 108 Trueman, Wm. H., 68 Tulp, Nicolaus, 231 xxxxxxxxxx U Uncrowning of teeth, 194 , 204 , 275 Urine, 35 , 43 , 97 , 98 , 274 Uxedu, painful swelling, referred to in Ebers’ papyrus, 20 , 23 xxxxxxxxxx V Valentini, Bernardo, 234 Valescus of Taranta, 149 Valsiarosa, dental appliance found at, 70 , 72 Van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie, 237 Van Marter, J. G., 27 Van Meekren, Hiob, 239 Van Soolingen, Kornelis, 240 Van Wy, J., 322 Vasse, David, 301 Verduc, Jean, 253 Vesalius, Andreas, 172 Vigo, Giovanni of, 159 Virchow, 29 Votive offerings, dental, of Etruscans, 68 tables in ancient temples, 18 , 46 xxxxxxxxxx W Weapons, teeth of animals as, 62 Wecker, Johann Jacob, 200 Westphal, A., 304 Weyland, Fr. L., 318 White, Samuel S., 348 Wichmann, J. E., 336 Wildman, Elias, 348 Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 28 Willich, 321 Wooffendale, Robert, 316 Worms, dental, 104 , 125 , 126 , 141 , 148 , 150 , 153 , 158 , 199 , 203 , 214 , 220 , 228 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 247 , 268 , 307 , 309 Wurfbein, Paul, 241 xxxxxxxxxx Z Znamenski, 295 Zwinger, Theodor, 240

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