The World's Earliest Music Traced to Its Beginnings in Ancient Lands by Collected Evidence of Relics, Records, History, and Musical Instruments from Greece, Etruria, Egypt, China, Through Asyria and Babylonia, to the Primitive Home, the Land of Akkad and Sumer

Index. “The true nature of a thing is whatsoever it becomes when the process of its development is complete.” To use a familiar illustration, expressing potentiality,—As the oak lies in the acorn, so all the after developments of our European music, their beauty, grandeur, massiveness, lie in that little scale of A minor; repeat it in transpositions of pitch from each note, repeat it in duplications above and below, and we know that we have therein the whole range of tones comprehensible by the human ear. Mr. W. Chappell, it is true, shews that the Greeks had no major scale, yet all conceivable scales are there, that one being the plasmic germ of all. The process of the development of music from the reed pipe and from the string of a bow may seem insignificant as a subject of enquiry, but the philosopher will not think so. There is an apt parallel or analogy in “ wheat ”—“the staff of life,” which I cannot omit reference to. Wheat was not found in the predynastic tombs of Egypt nor was it indigenous to that land, but was introduced into the Nile valley from the East. De Candole in his botanical researches, “The Origin of Cultivated Plants,” has shewn that the indigenous home of wheat was in the western slopes of the Persian mountains. Thence the cereal has spread in the course of ages over the whole earth. To this centre of human origin, to Iran and Media (now called Persia) the indications of my search all point for the source of music, here in this primal region the rude beginnings of the art of music were first heard, and the sounds thereof have gone out into all lands. Greece, as was fitting, has occupied a large share of attention in these pages, her history seems a part of ours; her heroes are our heroes, her philosophers our philosophers, her poets our poets. The names of Homer and Pindar have come down the great highway of time, hailed and recognised as the names of chief Masters in Song, givers to whom the world is indebted; yet I think that to the man in the street who cares for music, there are two other names that would come to mind to stand first as the representatives of Greek song,—Sappho and Anacreon,—the man may not have known even the sound of the language in which they sung, yet English Song has made these names household words. So when I see Sappho with her lyre pictured on the vases, and memory revives her story, or when, on an amphora, I see Anacreon depicted, trudging along, with his lyre slung on a stick across his shoulder, like a rustic traveller carrying his day’s provender, and with his dog following,—they appeal to me as familiar friends. Then, too, I remember how a Greek poet apostrophised Anacreon,— O lover of the lovely lyre, Who as thy sweet will sped, Hast sailed through all the seas of life, With passion and with song. Still we linger over the land of Greece, its haunting charm persists from youth to old age. Mr. F. G. Frazer, in his Pausanias, recalls the beautiful thought of Schiller, how, like that poet, the traveller, “Might have seen as in a vision The bright procession of the Gods Winding up the long slope of Olympus, Sometimes pausing to look back sadly At a world where they were no longer needed.” A glance at the map of Asia will show you a long trend of mountains from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. This vast plateau lies like a great backbone across Asia; the Caucasus, the Armenian mountains, the Zagros mountains, the Iranian mountains; on the eastern slope of these the Hindoo Cush, and the great Divide. It is a curious fact worth thinking about that the Lute crossed over the ranges of the Hindoo Cush to the Valley of the Indus and to the Ganges and became the parent of the Ravanastron, or Indian Violin, and other tribes of bowed string instruments. The Lyre and the Harp never passed, nor the double flutes (except as left by Alexander the Great after his conquest) and the same with China. The feeling of the Hindoos has settled upon instruments with many frets and moveable bridges, and unfortunately the relics of the real old days of that land have not been preserved. On the Western side of this mountainous range I have shewn the type of stringed instruments that prevailed, from Chaldea and Babylonia to Egypt, from Assyria and Asia Minor to Greece, the chief feature of the lyre and the harp being an open frame with a body that is founded on a boat-shape. These open-frame instruments are not found on the Eastern side. Why? it remains an open question. Yet the long-necked Lute or Nefer became acclimatised there in India. Was the instrument the cause of the character developed in their music? It is easy to see how it would lend itself to minute division, originating twenty intervals within an octave. Race, climate, and geography, are the great factors in the developments of the art of music. Here, with reluctance I bring this volume to a close, for its pages have already extended in number much beyond the limit of the original intent. During the progress of the work new materials have come to hand giving an additional interest to the subject, information and illustrations acquired too late for incorporation in their relevant places, and too important in their bearing upon the investigation to be lightly sketched in, with but scant recognition of value. There is much yet to be added to the search for the origin of the Apollo Lyre; both the three-stringed and the four-stringed I have found depicted on a vase, of a date at least 900 B.C. , and Dr. A. J. Evans has favoured me with a drawing of a pictograph seal, representing an eight-stringed lyre, found in his explorations at Knossos in Crete, and he writes me that he now places the date 2,000 B.C. From Egypt there comes a picture of large cross-string harps, a construction undreamt of as an ancient idea, but veritably so, discovered by Dr. Flinders Petrie at Abydos, in the Tombs of the Kings. The illustration which he has given me is of great interest. Then the American explorers in Babylonia have unearthed a tablet sculptured in relief showing musicians, and one sitting, playing a harp of eleven strings; Mr. St. Chad Boscawen gives the date of this slab circa B.C. 3,000, it was found at Tel-lo, the ancient Sirpurra. Another valuable find, much earlier in date, was a terra-cotta relief depicting a shepherd seated playing his lute, and his dog with a curly tail standing beside him (probably this lute-lover was an earlier Anacreon), the lute so like the Egyptian Nefer, and the attitude in holding the instrument exactly the same; for so remote a time the drawing of the figures is little less than marvellous. This relic was found in the schoolroom attached to the temple library at Nippur, it confirms the conjecture I put forth that the Nefer form was derived from Babylonia—I called it the paddle form. Each year fresh treasures may be unearthed, so energetic are the new explorers, sons of nations, all rivals in archæological work, each emulating the other in adding new riches to the Museums to hold in trust for the world’s coming ages, adding to the known past other more distant millenniums. With so much material accumulating throwing new light upon the subject, I contemplate a sequel to this volume, to be ready, if health aids the fulfilment of my wish, by the coming Christmas, and to be entitled “Our Musical Inheritance.” Index. A, the master note in Greek pitch, 335 Aalst, Van, on Migration of the Chinese, 8 , 163 Semi-tonal scale, 160 on Gong chimes, 162 Stone chimes, 163 diagram of Lüs, 173 -5 Books destroyed, 186 ideas of, 189 Abydos Tombs, Petrie’s discovery of cross-string Harps, 351 Abysinnian Kissar Harp, 294 Adonis, Phœnicean, 33 Afghanistan, carvings of double flutes, 9 Agriculture, of early Chinese, 168 Akkad, the early settlement, 167 -172 Akkadean Language, 169 religion, 169 Hymn, 172 tetrachord surmised, 331 Alexander the Great, 350 Alexandrian Library, 10 , 342 -3, philosophers, 343 -4 Alypius, his scales, 149 characters used for notes in Greek music, 334 transposition of his scales by Ptolemy, 146 Amenhotep, 111 Statue of called the Memnon, 322 Amiot, Pere, Chinese Music, 158 reeds of Cheng, 173 , 187 misled A. J. Ellis, 201 on flutes, 240 Amphoræ, Vases for oil, 78 Anacreon, his ten stringed lyre, 312 , 335 his songs, 349 Ancestor Worship the religion of China, 168 -9, orchestra for the rites, 275 Confucian Hymn, Music of, 282 Antigenedes on reed growth, 119 -121 Apollo, his invention of the lyre, 14 statue of, 15 oracle of, 130 hymns to, 130 his temples, 130 the Delphic tablets and hymn, 146 -150 lyre by Praxiteles, 323 -342 tetrachord scheme of his lyre 336 Cretan seal of lyre 350 Arabia the Divine land 11 , 161 Archilochus, musician 339 Archytas, his major third 340 , contemporary with Plato 342 -3, Arghool, Egyptian reed flute 35-36, its reeds 71 description 55 Arica, Peruvian flutes from 18 Aristophanes on flutes 73 Aristotle, on the Bombyx flutes 99 , on Mese 103 Aristoxenus his pupil 341 on development 348 Aristoxenus, musician and philosopher 341 , his works 343 Art is the superfluous 285 Arunda Donax, for reeds 49 Ashmolean Museum, the Lady Maket pipes now in 41 Asia Minor 238 , minstrels in 337 Asiatic music distracting 21 Assur-ban-ipal, slabs at British Museum 295 Assyrian, Double pipes 55 , 60 , Dulcimers 253 harp, representation of 262 route to Greece 350 Athenæus Pronomus 92 Athene, the Goddess, 128 , 138 Athens, founding of 327 Athens Museum, Apollo 322 Auletris, flute player 73 Auloi, Greek flutes 73 Babylon, Berosus on 170 Babylonia 304 , 314 Bach, J. S., use of the thumb 85 Bailey, J., Festus quoted 133 Ball, Rev. J. C., Turano Sythic speech 169 Bamboo Books, The ancient Chinese 276 Bamboo Forests in China 193 Bark, boats made of 286 Beethoven, his folk song themes 83 , his melodies 180 his famous three knocks of Fate 273 Berlin Museum, Egyptian lyre in 298 Berosus on Babylon 170 Bird’s Nest or Chinese Sheng 10 , 182 Blaikley, J. D., experiments on Egyptian flutes 57 Bombyx flutes 99 , 102 Book of Changes, Chinese 191 Borneo, Cane Harps from 303 -4 Boscawen, St. Chad, on Chaldea 4 , on Persia 6 metal working 208 Lute on slab from Tello 352 Bow with boat form of early lyres 285 , 289 Boxing, Etruscan to sounds of flutes 78 British Museum, relics in: Apollo, Statue of 15 Pans Pipes or Syrinx 17 Peruvian Pan pipes 18 Peruvian Stone Syrinx 17 Egyptian Gingras, part of 28-33, 48 Cymbals found in Egyptian mummy 29 Wall painting of Egyptian ladies playing the double pipes 46 Copy of a Corneto painting 60 -67 Song on a Chaldean tablet 62 Fragment of flute bulb 80 Greek Monaulos, two specimens 84 Chinese Encyclopia shelved there 190 Leva flute pipe 246 Harps on Assyrian slabs 262 Roman Cornu and Trumpets 270 Litmus 271 Egyptian Boated lyres, 288 Three thousand gems, 311 Bronze of Hermes, 308 Chelys lyre, parts of, 310 Herculanæum, painting of Apollo with harps, 318 Calliope, Hymn to the Muse, 145 , 163 Bruce, the Traveller, Grand Harp painting found by, 290 Brussels Museum, Catalogue of, 240 Krena Flute from, 246 Buddha and Confucius, 256 Bulb found by Maspero, 124 -5 Bulbs for flute mouthpiece shewn on vases, 121 fragment of, in British Museum, 80 Burney, Dr., on Hermes lyre, 308 his picture of one kind of lyre, 318 Caspian Sea Mountains, 350 Capistrum for flute player, 70 Caucasian Mountains, 219 , 350 Cecrops, founder of Athens, 65 , 327 Cephisis, River of, 128 -9 Cesnola collection at New York, 71 , 100 his Salamis flute, 115 Chaldea, land of, 6 , 8 Songs, 62 Chaldean Race, 170 , 350 Sculpture by, 4 , 208 Chappell, W., on fragment of Egyptian pipe, 33 on the tongue box, 43 reed growth, 120 Greek hymns, 143 -4 harmony in Egyptian music, 302 Cleonidas quoted, 312 no Greek major scale, 348 Charites, City of, 128 , 137 China, her past, 3 , 4 Chinese Musical Instruments. Outspread Phœnix, 18 , 157 , 160 Bird’s Nest or Sheng, 152 , 176 , 203 Stone Chime, 160 , 163 Gong chime, 162 , 235 Yellow Bell and Forest, 175 Tetrachord of Bells, 216 Clarionet or Kwant-ze, 219 Monster Bell, 233 , 234 Flutes, 236 , 237 , 244 , 246 Dragon flute, 239 Se, 227 , 251 , 257 Hwang-chong-tche, 241 , 243 Guitars, 250 , 280 Violin of gourd or cocoanut, 251 Dulcimers, 253 Kin or C’hin, 259 , 260 , 261 Trumpets, 264 , 268 Rattling Tiger, 272 Drums, 272 Chinese Notation, 10 Flat-fourths, 39 , 53 , 177 , 205 Confucian hymn, 151 Ear for pitch, 159 Scale of P’ai-hsiao, 159 Chronology, 170 Foot measures, 172 , 177 Measures and Weights, 178 , 197 Enormous Encyclopedia, 190 Book of Changes, 191 Yellow Emperors foot, 196 Old Ritual, 228 Bell foundry, 232 -233 Coins, 242 Strings, 252 Classics, 276 King Seang Wei, his buried books, 276 Duke Tan Foo ancestral temples, 276 Ritual Music, 277 Sect of the learned, 277 Love songs, 279 Orchestras, 280 Oldest written music, 282 Chord, as a musical term, 332 Chorebus, the poet musician, 335 Citharist players, The charm of, 346 Civilization, Primitive, 168 Origin of, 171 Clarionet, Japanese, 112 Chinese, 219 Cleonidas on seven stringed lyre, 313 His writings, 341 College of Mandarins, 190 Confucius, Hymn to, 151 on music, 190 his favourite instrument the Kin, 255 , 259 ancient celebrations, 277 sacrificial hymn to, 282 Corneto Etruscan painting, 60 , 67 Cretan Seal of Apollo’s Lyre, 351 Crete, stepping stone to Greece, 328 Crissa, Plains of, 130 Cromornes, their caps, 224 Cyprus, held by Egypt, 328 Danaus, founder of Argos, 65 , 327 Dayr-el-Bahari Temple of, 10 De Candole, origin of wheat, 348 Debrett’s peerage Ancestor Worship, 283 Delphi, Temple of, 131 Pindar, his Iron chair at, 132 Pythagorus Sophocles Æschylus and Phideas at, 132 Music Tablets, 143 lyre, 306 Demaratus, Merchant of Corinth, 68 in Terpanders time, 334 Dennis on Etruscan Vases, 71 Diagram of Nations, 5 Diatesseron, The Greek fourth, 332 Diaulos, Greek flutes, 49 , 80 -85 Didymus, his minor tone, 344 his diatonic scale, 344 Dion, Statue of Hermes, 130 Dionysius on rhythm, 144 Greek hymn by, 146 Diosopolis Parva, Horn from, 225 Dirce, Fountain of, 129 Disjunct or Greater System, 341 Dragon, Chinese, 3 flute, 239 Dulcimer, Chinese, 253 Ear, Artists habit of reliance on, 333 Edkins, Dr., Akkadian and Chinese languages, 169 Edwards, Miss, at a Nubian funeral, 61 Egypt, Exploration Fund, 225 Egyptian Music unwritten, 304 Egyptian chant of Thotmes IV., 276 player on the Nay, 59 method compared with Chinese, 245 Egyptian Musical Instruments. Mamms or Twin flutes, 47 , 62 Nay, 58 Seba, 58 Lyres, 13, 287-289, 297 Zummarah, 38 , 57 Arghool reed flute, 35 -36 its reeds, 55 , 71 Elam, Land of, 167 Elgin, Lord, Lyre from Athens, 319 , 323 Ellis, Dr. A. J., on Persian Scale, 7 , the lutist Zalzal, 22 Arabic music, 22 test of Gong Chimes, 162 scale of Kublai Khan, 188 on Amiot, 201 scales of various nations, 201 on Japanese scales, 216 -217 Greek scales founded on the fourth, 218 Emerson on the Builder, 181 Emperors Chinese. Fu-Hsi, 183 , 188 , 253 , 263 Huang Che, the destroyer of books, 186 Hwang-ti, 171 , 188 , 197 , 257 Shun, 188 , 276 Yao, 171 Empress, Chinese, Nu-wo, 188 Encyclopedia of the Chinese, 190 Engel, Carl, on the Sheng, 201 Equal Temperament System of, 346 Erato, The Muse her Psaltery, 317 and Trigon, 321 Eratosthenes, writings on music, 344 on flutes with boxing, 78 Erech, city of the dead, 283 Etrurian Kings of Rome, 67 Etruscan double flutes, 60 Subulones, 69 tomb opening of, 66 vases, 68 Euphrates Valley and River, 167, 168, 169-170, 307 Euterpe, the Muse playing her flutes, 77 Evans, A. J., Knossos lyre seal, 351 Experiments with the Sheng pipes, 199 Ezra and Moses, 190 Feng tribes early in China, 163 Filmore, J., on Indian melodies, 247 Finding the Chinese Lüs, 165 Fingers, the fates of music, 21 , 33 Flageolet pipe, 98 Flute of Ismenias, 93 Flute player with Phorbia, 70 Flutes. Diaulos, 49 , 75 Subulo, 69 Bombyx, 93 , 99 , 102 -5 Plagiaulos, 97 , 104 Cyprian, 115 Egyptian, 11 holed, 122 Pindar’s, 129 Midas, 129 , 139 Pompeian, 99 , 106 , 110 Bronze ringed, 135 Sycamore, 105 Meledosa’s, 79 Wailing, 28 , 31 Theban, 129 Pronomus, 73 , 92 Fourths, Ancient flat, 30 , 53 Free reeds, Midas flutes, 138 Weber’s laws of, 140 Funeral in Nubia, Wailing music at, 61 Galpin, Rev. F. W., his museum, 246 Gardner, E. A., date of Praxiteles, 343 Garibaldi’s welcome, 133 Gaudentius on rhythm, 144 German flute, conical, 219 Gingroi, Lady Maket’s, 4 , 28 , 33 Glossocomeia, reed box, 43 Gods, Sleeping, 233 procession on Olympus, 350 Goethe, J. W., on May of life, 153 Greco-Etruscan flutes, 69 Greek Church, Music of, 106 Greek Music, Modes their growth, 84 tonal division, 91 notation, letter note, 144 , 334 Doric scale, 201 twofold strain of, 330 Greek people, composite race, 65 Greek Vases. Greco-Etruscan, 66 , 72 Lekythos for funeral oil, 76 Krater for mixing wine with water, 77 , 81 Hydria for drawing water, 78 Amphora for Prize Winners Oil, 78 Kylix, wine cup, 83 Guitar, Chinese, 251 Hall, H. R., oldest Athens, 329 Harp, Evolution of, 285 Harps, Chaldean, 4 Egyptian Assyrian, 262 Abyssinian, 294 Abydos, cross string, 351 , 290 Borneo cane, 302 Hathor, The Goddess beautiful, 11 Hautboy, reed, 35 Asiatic, 57 Hellenes or Greeks, 65 Helmholtz on harmonics, 159 scale of Olympos, 201 Ellis’s notes to on scales, 218 on Terpanders, 335 Hemitone of Pythagoras, 336 Hermes, God on the Nile, 309 , 312 Statue of, 130 Herodotus, Song of Maneros, 64 Hichi-richi, Japanese Clarinet, 112 , 220 Hindoo Cush, 350 Hindoos, frets and bridges, 350 Hipkins, A. J., Scale of Gingroi, 53 Hippocrene water, 325 Homer and Pindar, 127 , 349 on the lyre, 308 , 311 Trojan War, 329 Hope, Costume of Greeks, 316 Horn, pipe of, 225 Horns, Assyrian, Egyptian, 266 Greek and Roman, 267 Houscheng, Persian King, 8 Hunt, Leigh, on old Nile, 24 Hyagnis, Poet Musician, 330 , 335 Hydria, Greek vase, 78 Hymettus, glow of, 325 Hymn to Calliope, 145 to Nemesis, 146 to Confucius, 10 , 288 to Hermes, 308 India, carvings of flutes, 9 Ravanastron on violin, 350 Indians, North West Americans, flutes of, 246 in Bolivia, 245 Indus and Ganges rivers, 350 Ion of Chios, his conjunct system, 340 Iranian Mountains, 167 , 349 , 350 Iscariot, Judas, a musician, 43 Ismenias, his costly flute, 93 Jade, Chinese, 161 Japanese clarionet, 112 , 220 , 223 flat fourths in their music, 177 fine work, 225 , 227 the Sho, 209 its scale, 215 , 226 pitch pipes, 212 reed curve of, 225 Koto, 216 , 227 , 258 Jebb, Prof. on Delphian tablet, 152 Johnston, Sir H., Uganda boat, 286 the Kavibondo Harp, 293 Jubal, pipes of, 4 , 209 Kanon or monochord, 347 Keats, John, on a Grecian Urn, 76 on beauty, 81 on cool vintage, 81 treasures hid, 117 teasing thought, 305 Delphic Festival, 324 Apollo, 325 Kin or Scholar’s Lute, 253 cork soundboard of, 255 its softness of sound, 256 Kissar, Abyssinian Harp, 294 Kissirka lyre, 295 Knife Grinders Chinese Trumpet, 271 Koto, Japanese, 227 Krater Greek Vase, 71 , 81 , 83 Krena, pipe, 245 Krishna, a flute player, 9 Kuênlun Mountains, 172 Kylix, Greek Vase, 83 Lacroix, Decadence of Greek Musical Art, 4 Lamia and her flutes, 73 Lang, Hymn of Hermes, 308 Languages. Chinese and Akkadian, 169 Lekythos, Satyr and flutes on, 76 Lesbian Lyre, 340 Leslie, Prof., on the Ear, 231 Leyden Museum, Harp at, 291 , 299 Lichanos, finger for, 334 Ligature of Japanese Clarionet, 219 Ling-lun, his quest, 121 the Chinese lüs, 173 , 176 , 178 his twelve bells, 232 Linus, Song of, 63 , 331 Lucretius on wind and reeds, 153 Lute or Nefer, form of, 289 , 299 , 351 from Nippur, 352 Lychanos, his added string, 335 Lyres. Queen Hatasu’s three stringed, 13 at British Museum four stringed, 288 Upright form, 289 boated and cross bar, 289 in Paris Collection, 292 open frame lyre of the Stranger’s, 293 , 294 , 307 Abyssinian, 294 Magadis, 297 Hermes, 308 , 312 Greek Chelys, 309 Act of Tuning, 316 subordinate to Voice, 333 Lesbian, 340 Apollo’s, 14 , 318 by Praxiteles, 323 , 336 , 342 , 350 Maclean, Dr., on Greek music, 153 Magadis lyre, 297 Mahaffy, J. P., on Delphic Tablet, 149 Mahillon, C. V., on Pompeian flutes, 99 , 110 , 112 , 114 , 116 Siamese scale of Phan, 211 Chinese Dragon flute, 240 Apollo lyre, 318 Maket, the Lady, her Egyptian flutes, 50 Malagasy braiding, 313 Malay pipes, 246 Mamms or Twin flutes, 47 Goddess Mama, 63 Man a measurer, 19 Mandarin’s College at Pekin, 190 Maneros, Song of, 64 Mantinea in Arcadia, 323 Marsyas, the elder, 330 Marsyas contest with Apollo, 323 Maspero, on bulb forming for flutes, 122 , 123 flute found with eleven holes, 124 Measures of Organ pipes, 179 -197 Medea founded by Mongols, 168 home of early races, 349 Meledosa the Muse, her flutes, 79 Memnon, Singing Statue of, at Thebes, 322 Mercury, scale of lyre, 331 Mese or middle note, Aristotle on, 103 called the Sun, 336 Mesopotamia, 167 , 169 , 308 , 328 Midas the glorious, 126 statue of, 134 flutes, 134 brass reed, 138 Migrations of Chinese, 8 Milton on noise, 230 Minor tone of Didymus, 344 Monaulos, the single flute, 86 specimen in British Museum, 89 Mongolian race, 168 Mongols new home, 165 Monochord of Pythagoras, 103 , 105 , 347 Murray, A. S., on Tomb treasures, 43 his help, 88 Musæus, poet musician, 330 Museums. Ashmolean, 41 Athens, 323 Berlin, 48 , 299 British, 17 , 33 , 45 , 59 , 62 , 70 , 71 , 86 , 87 , 134 , 189 , 246 , 270 , 287 , 295 , 298 , 308 , 310 , 311 Brussels, 211 India, 59 Leyden, 48 , 291 , 299 Munich, 320 Naples, 99 Paris, 48 , 292 South Kensington, 232 , 240 , 294 Musical Scale by Measures, 19 , 20 by Vibrations, 347 Mycenœan Greece, 329 Napoleon, work on Egypt, 225 Nations, diagram of, 5 Nauman, History of Music, 317 Nay, Egyptian flute, 58 player on, 59 Nefer or lute, 299 player on, 300 dancers with, 301 Shepherd with, 351 Neith, the goddess Egyptian, 327 Nemesis, Hymn to, 146 Neuter Third, 53 Newton, Sir C., flute from Halikarnassos, 97 Nile, Leigh Hunt on, 24 Nineveh, slabs from, 304 Noah, era of, 163 Noise love of, 229 Milton on, 230 Notation, Greek method of, 144 , 334 Nubian funeral wailing, 60 Kissirka lyre, 295 Olympos, his scale, 201 , 216 , 311 , 330 Olympus Mountain, 325 procession of the Gods, 350 Olympus, the Phrygian, disjunct scale, 339 Orestes of Euripides, 151 Organ pipes, 16 measuring of, 179 Orpheus, cithara of, 311 hymn to, 330 Oscan people, 116 , 142 Osiris Egyptian God, 23 Ouseley, Sir F. G., ear for pitch of Chinese Bells, 216 Outspread Phœnix, Chinese, 17 Oval holes of ancient pipes, 224 Panopolis, flute from, 122 Pan’s pipes, 16 , 164 , 201 , 237 , 246 Parnassus, 325 Parthenon, Friezes, 75 harps on, 298 Temple completed, 342 Pausanias on Greece, 321 on the Memnon, 322 on history, 326 Frazer on, 350 Pelasgians, 67 Persia fire worship, 8 Persian scale from the Greek fourth, 113 mountains, 6 , 350 Pentatonic scale origin in the tetrachord, 248 Peruvian Pan’s pipes, 17 -18, Stone Syrinx, 18 Petrie, J. Flinders, discovery of flutes, 27 specimen of Zummarah, 57 cross-string harps, 351 Phan, Siamese reeds, 208 Phideas, sculptor, 342 Phœnician Adonis, 33 Phœnix, 164 , 201 Phorbia or Capistrum, 70 , 140 Phrygian mode, 335 Phrynis, added string, 312 Pindar, Ode to Midas, 126 at Delphi, 109 city of Charites, 138 pipe of brass, 138 and Homer, 349 Pipes, pastoral, 34 primitive, 168 how played, 224 , 248 Pitch pipes of Japanese, 214 Plagiaulos Greek pipe, 97 , 133 Plato, many stringed lyres, 321 compass of lyres, 342 Pliny on reed growth, 119 on Terpander, 335 Plutarch, on song of Maneros, 64 reciting pipes, 333 Polyphemus, fingers, 19 Polytheistic ideas, 171 Pompeian flutes, 107 Mahillon’s discovery, 110 -117, Pompeii, buried city, 107 , 320 Praxiteles, Sculptor, his Apollo, 322 , 342 Pronomus, his flutes, 73 , 92 Proslambanomenos, 340 Ptolemy, Claudius, on minor tone, 91 transposition of Alypius scales, 146 diatonic complete scale, 345 Ptolemy Philadelphus, his Band, 58 Punt, the land of, 11 Pythagoras, on intervals, 7 at the Nile, 33 his added string, 312 , 335 songs he loved, 331 his disjunct scale, 339 , 340 his fancies, 345 Pythic games, 126 , 130 , 334 Quechas, Indian pipe of, 245 Queen Hatasu, her Temple, 10 -12, ships of, 12 her lyre, 13 , 287 Ravanastron, Indian, 350 Red Sea, Canal to, 11 Reed, the arghool, 35 , 55 Reed, Hautboy, 35 Reeds and pipes earlier than strings, 23 growth of, 119 Reinach, harmonization of Delphic music, 147 Religion of Akkadians, 169 of Chinese, 168 Rhodians ode to Pindar, 129 Rhomaides, his photo of Apollo, 323 Rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, 170 Cephisis, 128 Rosellini’s Egypt, 300 Rowbotham, J. T., Musical History, 120 Russians, their Bells, 232 Sacadas, the flute player, 130 Sappho, her lyre, 312 songs, 349 Sarasate, Jubilee at Athens, 130 Satyr playing Double pipes, 74 Sayce, A., on Tel Amarna Tablets, 64 Scales in music by finger measure, 19 Chinese Lüs, 174 early, 188 traditional Greek, 327 Schiller’s procession of the Gods, 350 Schubert Music, 180 Symphony, 256 Seba, Egyptian flute, 58 Sepulchres of Etruria, 65 Shelley, on Egypt, 323 Sheng, Chinese, 9 scale of, 176 , 182 , 200 , 209 , 244 compared with Greek scale, 205 evolution of, 192 , 203 primitive maker, 193 free reeds, 185 , 196 experiments with the pipes, 199 Chinese tetrachord, 200 pipes described, 184 order of, 202 Sho, Japanese reeds, 227 Siamese Phan, 208 , 211 Silkworm flutes of bronze, 94 , 96 scale of, 105 Simcox, E. J., on early Chinese, 168 worship of spirits, 169 Chinese classics, 277 Solomon, King, his musicians, 304 Song, of the goddess Mama, 62 of Linus, 63 of Miriam, 279 of Sappho, 349 Southgate, T. L., experiment with flutes, 51 Panopolis flute, 122 Bulb from M. Maspero, 124 Spartan lyre, 335 Spirit of Earth and Heaven, 169 , 171 , 275 Stainer, Dr. J., on Reed Box, 43 Sticks, the true prophets of Sheng, 206 Stradivarius, 94 Subulone flutes, 69 players, 73 , 82 Sumerian Race, 167 religion, 170 Sycamore flutes, Greek, 89 , 95 Tak-Koto, Japanese, 208 Tarentum in Sicily, 342 Temple of Dayr-el-Bahari, 10 of the God Uras at Urasalem, 65 Terpander, prize lyre, 311 , 312 , 315 , 329 Pythic games at, 334 , 345 his scheme for scale, 336 , 337 , 339 Tetrachord Greek, 34 Egyptian, 39 , 329 early, 332 meaning of, 332 conjunct and disjunct, 336 trichord added, 336 laws of, 338 instinct for, 347 Thaletes poet musician, 331 Thamyris poet musician, 331 Thebe, foundress of the Theban Nation, 129 flutes of, 129 Thebes, tomb painting, 46 Theodosius, Emperor, 5 Theophrastus on reed growth, 119 Thibet no evidence, 9 Thotmes, 60 , 111 his wars, 327 Timotheus, poet musician, lyre of, 312 strings added, 335 , 340 Tokio Musical Institute, 219 Tonic, Greeks had not, 334 Tope at Jumal Garlic, 9 , 60 Traditions of the Scale, 327 Trigon, Greek Harp, 321 Trojan War, 329 , 331 Trombone, infantile, 137 Trumpets, Assyrian and Egyptian, 264 Chinese, 268 , 271 Tuning of lyres, 314 Tyrtæus, poet musician, 339 Uganda Boat, 286 Kavibondo Harp, 293 Violins, Chinese, 251 Indian Ravanastron, 350 Wagener, Dr., Chinese weights and measures, 178 , 197 Wagner, Procession of the Gods, 229 Wailing flutes or Gingroi, 28 Weber, law of Free Reeds, 140 Wheat, De Candole upon its origin, 348 not in pre-dynastic Egypt, 349 Wilkinson, Sir J. G., Egypt, 290 , 293 Williams, Abdy, Euripides Chorus, 151 Yellow Bell, Chinese, 175 Yellow Emperor, 172 , 197 Yellow River, 166 , 168 Zagros Mountains, 350 Zummarah, Egyptian, 38 description of the, 57

Related documents

• The Early Bronze Age occupations at Gird Lashkir (Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan): New data on the third millennium BCE in Northern Mesopotamia#1079501
• Curiosities of Music: A Collection of Facts not generally known, regarding the Music of Ancient and Savage Nations#61224
• A Contemporary Study of Musical Arts Informed by African Indigenous Knowledge Systems Volume 1#486574
• Crisis, Conflict, and Cuneiform: A Spatial Analysis of the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age Transition in the Near East#481930
• Bowl#1136440