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ECMA-328 — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment (December 2020)

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ECMA-328 7th Edition / December 2015

Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment

Reference number ECMA-123:2009

Contents

Page

Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

Conformance ......................................................................................................................................... 1

Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 2

Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 2

5 5.1 5.2

Symbols and abbreviated terms .......................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................. 5 Symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Method overview ................................................................................................................................... 7

7 7.1 7.2 7.3

ETC requirements .................................................................................................................................. 9 Construction materials ......................................................................................................................... 9 Air tightness ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Air mixing efficiency ............................................................................................................................. 9

8 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 8.1.5 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 8.2.7 8.2.8 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3

Determination method .......................................................................................................................... 9 Test conditions ...................................................................................................................................... 9 General ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Operating temperature and relative humidity (rH) ............................................................................. 9 Air exchange rate (n) ............................................................................................................................. 9 Air velocity ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Sampled air flow .................................................................................................................................... 9 Handling of EUT and ETC ..................................................................................................................... 9 Selection and storage of EUT .............................................................................................................. 9 Loading Factor ..................................................................................................................................... 10 ETC purging ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Background concentrations (Cbg) .................................................................................................... 10 EUT unpacking .................................................................................................................................... 10 Preparation of the EUT before testing ............................................................................................... 10 EUT installation ................................................................................................................................... 11 EUT operation during test .................................................................................................................. 12 VOC, carbonyl compounds ................................................................................................................ 13 Sorbents ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Sample collection ................................................................................................................................ 14 Emission rate calculation ................................................................................................................... 14 Ozone .................................................................................................................................................... 16 Analyser and sampling line requirements ........................................................................................ 16 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Emission rate calculation ................................................................................................................... 17 Particulate matter ................................................................................................................................ 18 Weighing and Filter conditioning ...................................................................................................... 18 Sampling............................................................................................................................................... 19 Emission rate calculation ................................................................................................................... 19 Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP) ........................................................................................ 19 General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems (AMS) ..................................................... 20 Measurement ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Calculation ........................................................................................................................................... 22

Test report ............................................................................................................................................ 26

Annex A (normative) Print Patterns ................................................................................................................ 29 A.1 Monochrome print pattern 5% coverage ........................................................................................... 29

A.2

Colour print pattern, 20% coverage .................................................................................................. 31

Annex B (normative) Preparatory AMS Test Procedures ............................................................................ 33 B.1 Procedures for operational readiness of AMS ................................................................................ 33 B.1.1 Particle size concentration range measurements ........................................................................... 33 B.1.2 Particle number concentration range measurements .................................................................... 33 B.2 Procedures for Operational readiness test of Fast AMS ................................................................ 34 B.2.1 Set up of instrument ........................................................................................................................... 34 B.2.2 Zero Check .......................................................................................................................................... 35 B.2.3 Preparation for measurement ............................................................................................................ 35 B.3 Procedures for Operational readiness test of CPC ......................................................................... 36 B.3.1 Preparation .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Annex C (informative) Emission rate model for EUT using consumables ................................................. 39 C.1 Objective .............................................................................................................................................. 39 C.2 Approach ............................................................................................................................................. 39 C.3 General mass balance and concentration equations ..................................................................... 39 C.4 Background SER................................................................................................................................. 40 C.5 Emission during pre-operating phase .............................................................................................. 40 C.6 Emission during operating phase ..................................................................................................... 41 C.7 Emission during post-operating phase ............................................................................................ 43 C.8 Special cases ...................................................................................................................................... 44 C.9 Model for RAL-UZ 171 Option ............................................................................................................ 45 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 49

Introduction Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and manufacturers have developed methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic equipment. These attempts however, resulted in a range of tests from which the results are not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or quantitatively. Following the publications of the 1 st edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM and Ecma have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical emission rates from ICT & CE equipment in this 2 nd edition. In addition to stricter test procedures, the second edition uses generalised emission formulae, and their derivations developed in Annex C, to calculate emission rates from concentrations of analytes that are measured in Emission Test Chambers. The 3rd edition was fully aligned with the 1st edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2007 adopted under ISO/IEC JTC 1's fast track procedure and published in September 2007. In addition, the 4th edition fixes a number of errata on ISO/IEC 28360:2007 that JTC 1/SC 28 identified. Following the publications of the 4th edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM, WKI, JBMIA and Ecma have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the Fine Particle (FP) and Ultrafine Particle (UFP) emissions from hard copy devices in the 5th edition. The 6th edition of ECMA-328 was aligned with the 2nd edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2012, and it added a new ozone calculation method. “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122) has been replaced by “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 171) published in January 2013. Therefore, “RAL-UZ 122 option” is replaced with “RAL-UZ 171 option” in the 6th edition. This 7th edition is fully aligned with ISO/IEC 28360:2015.

This Ecma Standard has been adopted by the General Assembly of December 2015.

iii

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Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment

Scope

This Standard specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of Analyte from ICT & CE equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC). The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis, calculation and reporting of emission rates. This Standard includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PC’s. specifies monochrome and colour print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using consumables (e.g. paper). Er ror! Ref erence sour ce not f ound.

Examples of EUT that do not use consumables are: 

Monitors and TV sets (CRT, Plasma, LCD, Rear projector, Beamer).



Video (VCR, DVD Player/Recorder, Camcorder).



SAT Receiver (Set-Top Box).



Audio units (CD Player/Recorder, Home theatre Systems, Audio Home Systems, Micro-/Mini, Midi Systems, Amplifier, Receiver).



Portable Audio (CD Player, MP 3 Player, Radio recorder, Clock radio etc).



Computer (desktop, tower, server), portable computers (Notebooks).

Emission rates from EUT using consumables may also be determined according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-UZ 171 Option”. Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Error! Reference source not found.. The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class. Predictions of “real indoor” concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of this Standard.

Conformance

Determinations of emission rates and total number of emitted particles conform to this Standard when: 1. Executed using a Quality Assurance Project Plan, Quality Assurance and Quality Control as specified in ISO 16000-9; 2. Tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7; 3. Sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8 and Annex B;

4. Reported as specified in Clause 9. For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-UZ 171 Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 171 Option.

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ECMA-74, Measurement of Airborne Noise emitted by Information Technology and Telecommunications Equipment ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing – Specifications ISO 13655:1996, Graphic technology – Spectral Measurements and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images ISO 16000-3:2001, Indoor air – Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds – Active sampling method ISO 16000-6:2011, Indoor air – Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and chamber air by active sampling on TENAX TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS/FID ISO 16000-9:2006, Indoor air – Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing – Emission test chamber method ISO 16017-1:2000, Indoor ambient and workplace air - Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube / thermal desorption / capillary gas chromatography – Part 1: Pumped sampling EN 55013:2013, Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers and associated equipment – Radio disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods for measurement CIE 15:2004, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage – Colorimetry, 3rd edition

Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 averaged concentration time series simple Moving Average of total particle number concentration (Cp) over 31±3 seconds 4.2 averaged ozone concentration time series Simple Moving Average of ozone concentration (Co3) over 80±5 seconds 4.3 aerosol suspension of fine solid particles and/or liquid droplets in a gas

4.4 aerosol measuring system AMS device for measuring the total number concentration of aerosol particles within a size range at a certain frequency 4.5 air exchange rate n ratio (n) of the volume of clean air brought into the ETC per hour [m 3/h] to the unloaded ETC volume [m 3] 4.6 air velocity air speed [m/s] measured in the unloaded ETC 4.7 analyte volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbonyl compounds, ozone, particulate matter, fine particles (FP) and ultrafine particles (UFP) 4.8 condensation particle counter CPC AMS capable to measure the total particle number concentration NOTE AMS consist of a flow meter, a particle counting device, a computer and suitable software. An AMS may also be equipped with a particle size classifier.

4.9 consumables toner, ink, paper and ribbon 4.10 emission test chamber ETC enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from EUT 4.11 equipment under test EUT functional and complete ICT or CE equipment from which chemical emission rates are determined 4.12 fast AMS AMS with integrated particle size classifier 4.13 fine particles FP particles with particle size / diameter range between 0.1 μm and 2.5 μm 4.14 loading factor ratio of the EUT volume to the volume of the unloaded ETC 4.15 hard copy devices class of EUT using Consumables that includes printers, (Photo)copiers and Multi Functional Devices (MFD)

4.16 maximum usage time before testing MUT <EUT using consumables> ratio between the total number of prints carried out by the EUT and the printing speed of the EUT NOTE Maximum usage time is the maximum permitted time of operation before testing in order to consider the EUT as newly manufactured equipment for testing purposes.

4.17 operating phase phase in which the EUT is performing its intended functions 4.18 particle solid or liquid matter with defined physical boundaries suspended in a gas 4.19 particle emission rate PER averaged emission rate, i.e. total number of particles in a specified particle size range emitted during the operating phase 4.20 particle emission rate PER(t) time dependent emission rate of particles in a specified particle size range after the start of the operating phase 4.21 particle loss-rate coefficient β coefficient describes the loss of particles in a specified particle size range in an ETC 4.22 particle size / particle diameter measurement category to describe the physical dimension of a particle NOTE The term particle size is often used as a synonym for particle diameter. The particle diameter is used to assign a particle to a particle size class (e.g. UFP).

4.23 particulate matter PM quantity of particles measured by gravimetric methods 4.24 pre-operating phase phase in which the EUT is connected to an electrical supply before the EUT is able to enter the operating phase NOTE

The pre-operating phase can include warming-up and energy saving modes.

4.25 post-operating phase phase following the operating phase NOTE

The post-operating can include energy saving modes.

4.26 total number of emitted particles TP calculated total number of particles emitted in a specified particle size range 4.27 total particle number concentration Cp particle number concentration in a specified particle size range 4.28 total volatile organic compounds TVOC the sum of the concentrations of identified VOC and the concentrations of the converted areas of unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor This definition of “total volatile organic compounds” differs from the definition in ISO 16000-6:2011.

NOTE

4.29 ultrafine particles UFP particles with particle diameter less or equal 0.1 µm 4.30 unit specific emission rate SER mass, in micrograms, of a specific analyte emitted per hour NOTE If more than one EUT is placed in the ETC, the determined SER is divided by the number of EUTs to obtain the unit specific emission rate SERu.

4.31 volatile organic compounds VOC compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on an unpolar GC-column

Symbols and abbreviated terms

5.1

Abbreviated terms

AMS

Aerosol Measuring System

Consumer Electronics

CPC

Condensation Particle Counter

DNPH

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

ETC

Emission Test Chamber

EUT

Equipment Under Test

Fine Particles

FID

Flame Ionisation Detector

GC/MS

Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

MFD

Multi Functional Device

PTFE

Polytetrafluoroethene

PVC

Polyvinylchloride

Relative humidity

SER

Unit Specific Emission Rate

PER

averaged Particle Emission Rate

PER(t)

time-dependent Particle Emission Rate

TVOC

Total Volatile Organic Compounds

UFP

Ultrafine Particles

VOC

Volatile Organic Compounds

5.2

Symbols

Factor in the exponential particle decay function [cm -3]

Particle loss-rate coefficient [h-1]

Average mass concentration [µg m-3]

Cbg

Background mass concentration [µg m -3]

Initial mass concentration [µg m -3]

Cpre

Average mass concentration during pre-operating phase [µg m -3]

Cope

Average mass concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-operating phase [µg m-3]

Total particle number concentration [cm -³]

Cp,BG

Background particle number concentration [cm -³]

Co3

Ozone concentration [mg/m3]

Equivalent Particle Diameter [nm]

mafter

Sample filter mass [µg] after sampling

mbefore

Sample filter mass [µg] before sampling

mbg

Sampled mass for chamber background [µg]

mpm

Mass of particulate matter [µg] deposited on the filter

mref-after

Reference filter mass [µg] after sampling

mref-before

Reference filter mass [µg] before sampling

Sampled mass [µg]

mpre

Sampled mass [µg] during pre-operating phase

mope

Sampled mass [µg] during operating and optionally post-operating phase

Air exchange rate [h-1]

Atmospheric pressure [Pa]

PER

Particle Emission Rate [h-1]

gas constant [PaK-1], (for ozone: 339.8 [PaK-1])

SERbg

Background SER [µg h-1]

SERope

SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase [µg h-1]

SERO3

SER for ozone [µg min-1]

SERpm

SER for particulate matter [µg h-1]

SERpre

SER during pre-operating [µg h-1]

SERu

SER per unit [µg h-1 u-1]

Ambient temperature [K]

Total Number of Emitted Particles

tope

Operating phase duration [h]

Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase [h]

tstart

point in time marking the start of operating phase

tstop

point in time marking the end of particle emission

tpre

Pre-operating phase duration [h]

Δt

Time-resolution of the UFP measurement [s]

Number of EUTs units

ETC volume [m3]

Sampled air volume [m 3]

Vbg

Sampled air volume [m 3] for determination of Cbg

Vpre

Sampled air volume [m 3] in pre-operating phase

Vope

Sampled air volume [m 3] in operating and optionally post-operating phase

Method overview

The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets.

Figure 1 — Determination method overview

ETC requirements

7.1

Construction materials

ETC construction materials shall comply with ISO 16000-9.

7.2

Air tightness

The ETC air tightness shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.

7.3

Air mixing efficiency

The air mixing efficiency in the ETC shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.

Determination method

8.1

Test conditions

8.1.1

General

To meet the operational requirements specified herein, ETC parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and supply airflow shall be controlled and measured at regular intervals and recorded in accordance with ISO 16000-9 and shall be reported as specified in Clause 9. 8.1.2

Operating temperature and relative humidity (rH)

Tests shall be executed at (23 ± 2) °C and (50  5)% rH according to ISO 554. For EUT used in alternative climatic conditions, higher operating temperature and humidity conditions may be used as specified in ISO 554. Consult 8.2.8.3.2 for special requirements on rH for EUT using consumables. 8.1.3

Air exchange rate (n)

For unloaded ETCs with a volume larger than 5 m 3, n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 2,0. For unloaded ETC’s with a volume of 5 m3 or smaller, n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 5,0. 8.1.4

Air velocity

The air velocity in the unloaded ETC shall be in the range from 0,1 to 0,3 m/s. 8.1.5

Sampled air flow

The sum of sampled airflow shall be less than 80% of the inlet airflow into the ETC.

8.2

Handling of EUT and ETC

8.2.1

Selection and storage of EUT

EUT shall be selected from normal manufactured batches or shall be a prototype that is representative for EUT from such batches. For determinations using the RAL-UZ 171 Option, EUT shall be stored in an air-

conditioned room (23 °C, 50% rH) in its original packaging and tests should be executed within 10 working days after delivery of the EUT. 8.2.2

Loading Factor

To ensure detection of a minimum emission within a practicable time, the ETC with capabilities as specified in 7 shall be selected such that the loading factor is in the range of 1:4 to 1:100. 8.2.3

ETC purging

The selected ETC shall be unloaded and its interior walls shall be cleaned as described in ISO 16000-9. The ozone half-life, the period of time for the ozone concentration (C) to drop from C to C/2, shall be greater than 10 minutes, when n = 1. To determine the ozone half life, the ETC should be deactivated by exposure to an ozone concentration of 0,2 mg/m3 to 0,4 mg/m3 for at least ten minutes or until a stable concentration is reached. Thereafter, the ETC shall be purged with 4 ETC volumes of clean air. 8.2.4

Background concentrations (Cbg)

Following purging, the Cbg of Analyte in the unloaded ETC shall be determined and recorded. NOTE

Cbg may stem from e.g. emissions from the ETC itself and sampling tubes or filters.

The Cbg values at n = 1, shall be below the limits in Table 1. Table 1 — Background concentrations Analyte

Limit

VOC and carbonyl compounds

2 [µg/m 3] for any analysed substance

TVOC

20 [µg/m 3]

Ozone

4 [µg/m 3]

10 [µg/m 3]

FP and UFP

8.2.5

C p = 2000 [cm -³]

EUT unpacking

Emissions from packaging may influence measurements considerably; in addition packaging itself may emit VOCs that are not representative for EUTs in typical use. Therefore, the EUT to be tested shall be removed from the shipping containers and all protective shipping packaging such as spacers, film wrapping and any other shipping/packaging elements before preparation (as specified in 8.2.6). NOTE

8.2.6 8.2.6.1

After unpacking, installation (step 8.2.7) may precede the preparation step (8.2.6).

Preparation of the EUT before testing EUT not using consumables

Newly manufactured equipment is known to emit higher levels in the first days of use, which is not representative for the normal emissions over the intended lifetime.

For newly manufactured equipment, one of the following preparatory operations shall be executed: a) The EUT shall not be operated before testing; testing shall start within 24 hours after unpacking. b) The EUT shall have been in operation for a maximum of three days or equivalent before the start of testing. For other equipment, that may have been operated longer than three days, no preparation shall be executed; in this case, the number of days that the EUT has been in operation shall be recorded, if known, otherwise “not known” shall be reported. NOTE Typical treatment conditions for types of EUT are: PCs and ICT & CE equipment: 8 hours operation in idle mode for three days at 8 hours per day which is equivalent to 24 hours of continuous operation.

8.2.6.2

EUT using consumables

For EUT using paper consumables, a 60 g/m2 to 80 g/m2 A4 paper with water content between 3,8% and 5,6%, and printing the patterns as specified in A.1 and A.2 are appropriate for the following preparatory operation. The maximum duration of the operating phase shall be determined. Thereafter, lightness (L*) and colour values (L*, a*, b*), as appropriate shall be determined from the printouts according to CIE 15:2004 and ISO 13655. Before testing the EUT may be used up to the duration of the MUT. The MUT (as duration of the total operating cycles) is 120 minutes. One to two 10-minutes operating cycles outside or inside the ETC shall be performed at least one day before the UFP test in order to determine the print speed, to ensure the proper operation and to avoid influence on emissions due to unstable UFP emission which sometimes may occur in operation after long-term disuse of the EUT. For the RAL-UZ 171 option one or two 10-minute operating cycles or at most 1000 printed pages are acceptable for the purpose of EUT function testing and measuring of print speed and no further preparation and/or usage shall be executed unless required due to malfunction of the EUT. Treatment conditions shall be recorded in the test report. 8.2.7 8.2.7.1

EUT installation EUT not using consumables

The EUT shall be installed while executing its intended function(s) as specified in ECMA-74, using suitable test signals as specified in chapter 5.2 of EN 55013:2013 or another appropriate standard or specification. To avoid contamination, the EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible and all operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter. 8.2.7.2

EUT using consumables

Before installation, the EUT shall have sufficient consumables to complete the operations. In case of paper consumables, 60 g/m2 to 80 g/m2 A4 paper with water content from 3,8% to 5,6% shall be used. To avoid contamination, the powered-off EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible and all operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter. The EUT shall remain powered-off until the emission test as specified in 8.2.8, requires the EUT to be powered-on.

For the determination of FP and UFP specified in 8.6 and/or for the RAL-UZ 171 option the EUT shall be installed on the day before the emission test. The ETC shall remain closed until all sampling and or monitoring is completed. The installation date and time shall be recorded. Emission testing, as specified in 8.2.6, shall not begin within at least 3 air exchanges following installation. 8.2.8

EUT operation during test

8.2.8.1

Recording of EUT operation

The start of the operation of the EUT shall be recorded as the time t0. The start and duration of the operating phases shall be recorded. 8.2.8.2

EUT not using consumables

For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds shall be determined as specified in 8.3 and ozone should be determined as specified in 8.4 while continuing to execute its intended functions as initiated during installation (see 8.2.7.1). The used test standard or specification shall be reported, preferably by referring to a standard. 8.2.8.3

EUT using consumables

8.2.8.3.1

General

For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3; ozone as specified in 8.4; particulate matter as specified in 8.5 and FP and UFP as specified in 8.6 shall be determined while the EUT being controlled from outside the ETC. 8.2.8.3.2

Special requirements on relative humidity

To avoid condensation due to vaporisation of water from paper during the operating phase, incoming air with rH of at most 10% may be inserted in the ETC before the operating phase. In addition, the air exchange rate (n) may have to be increased to avoid such condensation. Increase of humidity during the operating phase also depends on the ETC volume. Condensation of water vapour (i.e. rH > 85%) on the ETC walls invalidates the test. 8.2.8.3.3

Pre-operating phase

To enter the pre-operating phase, the EUT shall be powered-on and remain in this phase between 1 and 4 air exchanges. For the determination of FP and UFP as specified in 8.6, particle counting shall be started from the start of the pre-operating phase because particle emission is observed for some EUTs soon after they are powered-on. 8.2.8.3.4

Operating phase

The Hard Copy Device class of EUT shall operate at nominal speed. Operating may include colour-, and/or dual sides printing. The monochrome and colour print patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 respectively shall be used for EUT using paper consumables. Enter the operating phase by starting copying or printing. The output of the first printed page marks the start of the operating phase. It ends with the output of the last printed page.

In conjunction with other parameters such as n, ETC volume and the use of a post-operating phase, the duration shall be such that quantitative analysis is ensured. The duration of the operating phase shall be planned as follows: First priority: The duration shall be at least 10 minutes. Second priority: If 10 minutes duration is technically not feasible the operational phase shall be as long as possible. The number of printed pages should not fall below 150. The maximum duration possible and the number of printed pages have to be checked prior to testing and have to be documented in the test protocol. 8.2.8.3.5

Post-operating phase

The post-operating phase starts when the operating phase ends, and may last up to four air exchanges.

8.3

VOC, carbonyl compounds

The flow chart in Figure 2 illustrates the determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds. Prepare Sorbents (8.3.1)

Start operating EUT (8.2.8), collect, store and analyse samples (8.3.2)

Emission Model (Annex C)

Chamber concentrations

Calculate (8.3.3)

Emission Rates

Figure 2 — Determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds

8.3.1

Sorbents

VOC sampling and analysis shall be performed using the sorbents as specified in ISO 16017-1, with the exception of Chromosorb and Porapack due to their high blank values: Tenax TA™ shall be conditioned and analysed according to ISO 16000-6 to minimise the production of artefacts, especially benzene. For the RAL-UZ 171 Option, Tenax tubes shall be spiked with an internal standard such as cyclodecane or deuterated toluene. For carbonyl compounds, DNPH cartridges shall be used as sorbent material.

8.3.2

Sample collection

8.3.2.1

General

For VOC, duplicate samples shall be taken, and for carbonyl compounds at least one sample shall be taken. Individual VOCs, carbonyl compounds with a concentration ≥ 1,0 μg/m 3 and, under the RAL-UZ 171 Option, benzene with a concentration ≥ 0,25 μg/m 3, shall be detected. 8.3.2.2

Sample collection from EUT not using consumables

Sampling shall start at 3 and end no later than 4 air exchanges after t 0. In addition, Carbonyl compounds sampling shall be conducted as specified in ISO 16000-3. 8.3.2.3

Sample collection from EUT using consumables

Sampling shall be performed during: i.

The pre-operating phase, starting at the beginning of this phase, or, under the RAL-UZ-171 Option, with a sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min, from 20 minutes before the end until the end of the one-hour preoperating phase; and

ii.

The operating phase, starting at beginning of this phase, and may continue into the post-operating phase. Under the RAL-UZ 171 Option, sampling shall continue for one air exchange in the post-operating phase, with a sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min.

Loaded samples shall be stored and analysed as specified in ISO 16000-3 and ISO 16000-6. Identified VOCs shall be quantified using absolute response factors, determined by calibration. Unidentified VOCs shall be quantified using the toluene equivalents as a relative response factor. When benzene is detected, this shall be verified and quantified by analysing a sample on alternate carbonaceous sorbent such as Carbotrap/Carbopack type materials. When in doubt, positive findings of benzene are to be verified via a second independent sampling (e.g. using Carbotrap/Carbopack™ or activated carbon type materials). 8.3.3

Emission rate calculation

8.3.3.1

General

This Clause specifies formulae that apply to practical situations that are special cases of the general case (as developed in Annex C). Concentrations shall be determined, using the following equations:

Cs 

ms Vs

C ope 

mope Vope

C pre 

m pre V pre

Cbg 

mbg Vbg

(1)

8.3.3.2

EUT not using consumables

The SER for EUT not using consumables is:

(C  C bg )  n  V

SERu  8.3.3.3

(2)

EUT using consumables

The Background emission rates are:

SERbg  Cbg  n  V

(3)

a) Emissions in the pre-operating phase Assuming constant emission rates during the pre-operating phase, emission rates shall be calculated as follows. 1. If a sample is taken from the beginning of this phase: SERpre 

C

pre

 Cbg   n 2  V  t pre

(4)

exp(n  t pre )  1  n  t pre

2. RAL-UZ 171 Option

SERpre  Cpre  n V b)

(5)

Emissions in the operating and post-operating phase

1. General case Emission rates in these phases shall be determined using the following general formula:

C  C  n V  t  SER 2

SER ope 

ope

pre

[ exp(  n  (t G  t ope ))  n  (t G  t ope )  1 (1 exp(  n  t pre ))  (1 exp(  n  t G )) ] exp(  n  t G )  exp[  n  (t G  t ope )]  n  t ope

(6)

2. Special cases Consult Annex C for more detail on special cases. If there is no post-operating phase (tG=tope), then:

SERope 

C

ope

 Cbg  n 2 V  tG  SERpre [(1  exp(n  t pre ))  (1  exp(n  tG ))] exp(n  tG )  1  n  tG

(7)

If the post-operating phase is relatively long ( n  tG  3 ):

C  C  n V  t  SER [n  t  exp(n  t ))] 2

SERope 

ope

pre

n  t ope

pre

(8)

3. RAL-UZ 171 Option For the RAL-UZ 171 Option the post-operating phase shall last one air exchange and the following approximate formula shall be used for the calculation of SERope (i.e. (B.28) as derived in C.9):

SERope 

8.3.3.4

Cope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre  n  t G

(9)

exp(n  t G )  exp[n  (t G  t ope )]  n  t ope

TVOC (RAL-UZ 171 Option)

The TVOC value shall be calculated as the sum of the concentrations of all identified and unidentified substances, eluting between n-hexane and n-hexadecane and resulting in emission rates above the following values: 

For measurements in ETCs ≤ 5 m 3: SERpre ≥ 0,005 mg/h and SERopr ≥ 0,05 mg/h;



For measurements in ETCs > 5 m 3: SERpre ≥ 0,02 mg/h and SERopr ≥ 0,2 mg/h.

8.4

Ozone

The flowchart in Figure 3 illustrates the determination method for ozone.

Analyser and lines meet (8.4.1) requirements

Start operating EUT (8.2.8), monitoring and analysis (8.4.2)

Emission Model

Ozone Concentration

Calculate (8.4.3)

Emission Rate Figure 3 — Determination method for ozone

8.4.1

Analyser and sampling line requirements

Ozone analysers shall at least fulfil the following requirements: 

The capability to detect concentrations between 4 µg/m 3 and 1mg /m3;



A precision of 2 µg/m3;



A sampling rate (may be important for small ETCs) of  2 l/min.

Ozone concentrations of the data points used to determine the maximum ΔCo3 shall not be rounded to the nearest whole ppb (1.963 µg/m3) by data processing of the analyser because rounding may cause errors in the determination of the ΔCo3. To prevent loss of ozone in the sampling line, it shall be of minimum length, not exceeding 4 m, and made of a flexible inert material such as PTFE. 8.4.2

Monitoring

Since ozone is an unstable molecule, it shall be monitored and analysed instantaneously at least each 20 seconds for at least the first 6 minutes of the operating phase to determine the maximum ΔCo3 as specified in 8.4.3. In addition, data points before and/or after the first 6 minutes of the operating phase shall be sampled so that the averaged ozone concentration time series can be calculated as specified in 8.4.3. 8.4.3

Emission rate calculation

The ozone emission rate is derived from the increase in ozone concentration during the first in 6 minutes of the operating phase. In this part of the operating phase ozone loss by chemical reactions with air constituents and by discharge due to air exchange is comparatively small. Therefore, the increase of ozone concentration with time is approximated as linear. By taking formula 10 in this part of the operating phase

m cO 3 * V  t t

(10)

Δm: emitted ozone mass [mg] ΔCo3: change of ozone concentration [mg/m³] Δt: time interval [min]

the emission rate of ozone shall be calculated by formula 11:

SER O3 

cO 3 * V * p * 60 t * T * R

(11)

A time interval Δt of two minutes and the maximum ΔCo3 shall be applied in formula 11. The data points recorded in 6 minutes from the start of the operating phase shall be used to determine the maximum ΔCo3. This is the case when the averaged ozone concentration time series exhibits the greatest slope for the two minute time interval (Co3(t+2) – Co3(t) = maximum). The Averaged ozone concentration time series is created with the Simple Moving Average over 80 5seconds. NOTE Theoretically, a time interval of the data points at the start of the operating phase gives the maximum Δm/Δt leading to the true emission rate. However, deviations of measured ozone concentration curves from the theoretical curve occur due to fluctuations of ozone data caused by incompleteness of air mixing in the chamber and effects of electric noises of ozone analysers, especially in larger chambers. The deviations make it difficult to determine an ozone emission rate according to the theory. Effects of electric noises can be reduced significantly by using the averaged ozone concentration time series. In addition, Δt of 2 minutes is selected and the determination of the maximum ΔCo3 for 6 minutes is conducted to minimize the effects of remaining fluctuations.

For analysers indicating values that are converted for the Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) of (273 + 25 = 298) K and 101 325 Pa (i.e. 1 atmosphere), SERO3 shall be calculated using the actual

ETC pressure (p in Pa), the actual ETC temperature (T in K) and the gas conversion constant (R = 339,8 Pa/K), otherwise p/TR = 1 shall be used: NOTE

8.5

If the temperature and pressure in the ETC equal the SATP, p/TR is 1.

Particulate matter

The flowchart in Figure 4 illustrates the gravimetric determination method for particulate matter emitted from EUT using consumables.

Condition and weigh reference and sample filters (8.5.1)

Start operating EUT (8.2.8) and sampling (8.5.2)

Weigh reference and sampled filters

Emission Model

Particulate matter Weight

Calculate (8.5.3)

Emission Rate Figure 4 — Determination method for particulate matter

8.5.1

Weighing and Filter conditioning

The analytical balance, with a weighing precision of 1µg or better, shall be located in a temperature and humidity controlled room as specified in 8.1.1. Glass fibre filters with 0,7 m pore size, or equivalent e.g. 0,8 m pore size PVC filters, shall be used. The filters shall remain in the controlled room for 48 hours. The unused reference filter and the sampling filters shall be weighed before sampling giving m ref-before and mbefore.

8.5.2

Sampling

Particulate matter shall be sampled during the operating and post-operating phases of the EUT. Sampling duration shall ensure the detection of at least 5 µg/m 3 of particulate matter. For the RAL-UZ 171 Option sampling shall start at the beginning of the operating phase and continue during the full post-operating phase that lasts 4 air exchanges. 8.5.3

Emission rate calculation

The unused reference filter and the sampling filters shall be weighted after sampling giving m ref-after and mafter. The particulate matter mass shall be corrected with the reference filter mass difference: mpm = (mafter – mbefore) - (mref-after - mref-before).

(12)

With Cope = mpm / Vope, the SERpm shall be calculated using the following formula:

SERpm 

Cope  n 2  V  tG exp(n  tG )  exp[n  (t G  t ope )]  n  t ope

(13)

For the RAL-UZ 171 Option the following approximate formula shall be used: SERpm 

8.6

Cope  n V  tG t ope

(14)

Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP)

The flow chart in Figure 5 illustrates the determination method for FP and UFP. FP and UFP determination does not substitute the gravimetric determination of particulate matter (8.5). It is an additional test to be performed in parallel.

AMS meets（8.6.1） and passed operational readiness test (Annex B.1.2 or B.2.2)

Start operating EUT (8.2.8)

FP and UFP measurement (8.6.2) Emission Model Calculation of results （8.6.3）

Diagram of total particle number concentration Calculation of total particle loss rate coefficient (ß)

Particle Emission Rate (PER) and Total Number of Particles (TP)

Figure 5 — Determination method for FP and UFP emissions

8.6.1 8.6.1.1

General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems (AMS) General

An AMS shall be capable to measure the time dependent total particle number concentration with particle size range as specified in 8.6.1.2, particle number concentration range as specified in 8.6.1.3 and time resolution as specified in 8.6.1.4. The operational readiness test for AMS shall be passed prior to testing as specified in Annex B. For the RAL-UZ 171 Option each individual AMS used must be qualified and approved as specified therein.

8.6.1.2

Particle size range

The following instrument settings should be regarded as minimum requirements: The AMS shall be capable to count particles within a size range from at least 7 nm to at least 300 nm. The detection efficiency at the lower size limit (7 nm) must be equal or higher than 50%. NOTE

Consult the AMS instruction manual for specific details.

8.6.1.3

Particle number concentration range

The below instrument criteria should be fulfilled without the application of an aerosol dilution system between the ETC sampling port and the inlet of the AMS. CPC: Required lower particle number concentration level shall be 1 cm–3 within the above specified size range. Required upper particle number concentration level within the above specified size range shall exceed 107 cm³.

Fast AMS: The required lower concentration level in the size channel nearest to the lower particle size limit of 7 nm shall be equal or lower than 5000 cm-3. The required upper concentration level in the size channel nearest to the upper particle size limit of 300 nm shall be equal or higher than 106 cm-3. NOTE 1 1 s.

These requirements refer to concentration values normalized to size channels widths and a time resolution of

NOTE 2

Refer to Annex B.1 for further information.

8.6.1.4

Time resolution

Particle number concentration values shall be recorded at a rate of at least 0.5 Hz. 8.6.1.5

Connection of AMS to ETC

The tubing between the ETC sampling port and the aerosol inlet of the AMS shall consist of electrically conductive material (e.g. conductive silicon rubber) and shall not exceed 3 m in length. Sharp bends in the tubing shall be avoided. 8.6.1.6

Quality Assurance

AMS shall have the following capabilities: 

calibration of air flux



Report and display of malfunctions during measurements automatically



Procedures for cleaning and maintenance



Export of ASCII data



report of settings



Time and date setting/synchronization



Measurement of electrometer noise levels for Fast AMS.

8.6.2

Measurement

FP and UFP shall be measured during the pre-operating, operating and post-operating phases of the EUT. The result of FP and UFP measurement are presented as a diagram of Cp versus time comprising the period from 5 min before start of the operating phase to at least 30 min after its end. 8.6.3

Calculation

8.6.3.1

General

The AMS manufacturer’s software data display feature should be used in order to check the quality of measured data as described below. -

The particle number concentration time series should not reveal sudden discontinuities or steps during or after the operating phase. Occurring steps should not exceed a maximum acceptable step height of approximately 15.000 cm-³.

If this criterion cannot be met even after repeated measurement dilution of the aerosol between the ETC sampling port and the inlet of the AMS is acceptable in order to operate a CPC in single counting mode.

Technical note on steps in measured data from CPC: At low concentrations CPCs operate in the Single Counting Mode (SCM). With increasing particle number concentration the CPC switches to Photometric Mode (PM). Refer to the manufacturer’s manual for the respective concentration range. For many CPCs it is typically between 10.000 and 50.000 1/cm³. In this range steps or discontinuities may occur.1

The AMS manufacturer’s software should be used to export the total particle number concentration time series from the measuring file to an editable file. The data should be corrected accordingly if aerosol dilution was applied. The averaged concentration time series, i.e. the Simple Moving Average over 313 seconds, shall be used to calculate the Particle loss-rate coefficient β, the Particle Emission Rate PER and the Total number of emitted Particles TP. 8.6.3.2

Calculation of Particle loss rate coefficient β

It is recommended to use consistent data formats and unit for time data points throughout the calculations.

1 GILHAM R.J.J., QUINCEY P.G.,

Measurement and mitigation of response discontinuities of a widely used condensation particle counter, J Aerosol Sci, Volume 40, Issue 7, July 2009, p 633-637)

Figure 6 — Diagram of a total particle number concentration time series (example) 1. Plot the averaged concentration time series as shown in Figure 6 (optionally the concentration time series may be added to the diagram). 2. Read the values c1, t1 and c2, t2 as indicated in Figure 6 with high accuracy from the averaged concentration time series. Make sure that the values c 1, t1 are read at least 5 minutes after the maximum of the particle number concentration. It is essential that no particle release occurs after t 1 (see Fig. 7) Make sure that the values c2, t2 are read at some distance – at least 25 min – after t1. 3. Calculate β using the following formula: c ln  1  c2    t 2  t1

(15)

NOTE Alternatively β may be determined by fitting the total particle number concentration decay after the end of particle emission to a single-exponential decay function:

Cp    exp   t 

(16)

The correlation coefficient shall be larger than 0.98 to ensure the quality of the following calculations.

8.6.3.3

Calculation of PER and TP

8.6.3.3.1

Distinction of cases

Distinction of cases for the calculation:

Case a)

if Cp(t) is continuously decreasing after end of operating phase the steps described in 8.6.3.3.2 shall be applied.

Case b)

if Cp(t) is increasing after end of operating phase the steps described in 8.6.3.3.3 shall be applied.

8.6.3.3.2

Case a)

1. Read the values tstart and Cp(tstart) as indicated in Figure 6 with high accuracy from the averaged concentration time series. 2. Read the values tstop and Cp(tstop) as indicated in Figure 6 with high accuracy from the averaged concentration time series. 3. Proceed with final steps in 8.6.3.3.4. 8.6.3.3.3

Case b) (Calculation of PER(t))

1. Read the values tstart and Cp(tstart) as indicated in Figure 6 with high accuracy from the averaged concentration time series. 2. Calculate the time difference between two consecutive time data points, Δt in seconds, 3. PER(t) in particles/second shall be calculated using Δt PER (t ) 

V  C p t   C p t  t  exp    t     u  t exp    t  

(17)

4. Plot PER(t) as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 — Diagram of PER(t) and Cp(t) 5. The values tstop and Cp(tstop) shall be read with high accuracy from the averaged concentration time series curve in Figure 7 as indicated. tstop marks the point on the time axis, from which on PER(t) remains below 10% of its maximum. NOTE In some cases the particle emission rate curve may partially fall below the zero baselines due to particle concentration reduction effects in the ETC, not considered in the calculations. Before and after the particle emission the PER(t) values shall be near to the zero baseline, i.e. they shall deviate by less than  5% of the PER(t)-maximum from zero.

6. Proceed with final steps in 8.6.3.3.4. 8.6.3.3.4 1.

Calculation of PER and TP, final steps

The difference of total particle number concentrations (cp) shall be calculated as follows:

C p  C p t stop   C p t start  2.

(18)

The arithmetic mean of measured concentration values between tstart and tstop shall be calculated: n

Cav 

 i 1 Cp, i n

(19)

with n : number of measured concentration values between tstart and tstop.

PER shall be calculated using the following formula: PER 

 V  Cp    Cav    u  t stop  t start 

(20)

Assume 25% as relative error of PER [h-1] 4.

TP shall be calculated using the following formula:



TP  PER  tstop  tstart



(21)

Assume 25% as relative error of TP. The calculation of PER and TP is not reliable if:

Cp  1000 cm 3 In this case the numeric results (β, PER, TP) shall be specified in the protocol as “not quantifiable”.

Test report

The test report shall include the following, if applicable and available: Test laboratory 

Reference to ISO/IEC 28360.



Name and address of test laboratory.



Name of the responsible person.



Unique identification number of the test report.

EUT description 

Manufacturer.



Type, brand name and serial number of EUT, and for EUT using consumables: if tabletop or floormounted.



Print or copying time according to manufacturer’s information.



Identification number (model number) and lot number of consumables used.



History of the EUT and of the consumables (date of production, date of arrival to the test laboratory, date and time of unpacking, storage time, environmental storing conditions before test).



Types of packaging.



External dimensions.



Number of hours the equipment has been used while energised during manufacture and testing.

Test conditions and methods 

Date of test.



Description of the test apparatus and methods used (ETC, clean air system, environmental control system, sample collection, analytical instrumentation, standard generation and calibration).



Description of AMS: -

Manufacturer, model, type and serial number of AMS

Name and version of the AMS software

Date of last calibration and /or maintenance

AMS settings used for measurement

Particle size range (or Fast AMS: Particle size range and number of channels within this range

Result of the mandatory operational readiness test (see Annex B).



Statement on the compliance to Quality Assurance items.



Name and storage location of the raw data measurement files.



Name and storage location of the ASCII-export data files.



ETC test conditions (T, rH, n).



Background concentrations (Cbg).



Loading factor.



Type, start time and duration of preparation for newly manufactured equipment; for other equipment, the number of days in operation before test, if known; “not known” otherwise.



Sampling methods used (sorbent(s) used, volume sampled, sampling start time and duration).



Start and duration of pre-operating, operating and post-operating phases.



Test specification for intended functions.



Printing speed during test and number of printed pages.



Print mode used for testing (monochrome or colour).



Lightness and/or colour values (L*, a*, b*) from printout.



Ozone half-life of the unloaded ETC.



Detection limits of VOC, carbonyl compounds, ozone and particulate matter.



Disturbances of - and deviations from test methods.

Emission rate determination and total number of particles determination 

Identification of the formulae used to determine specific emission rates from measured ETC concentrations.



Identification of the calculation method used to determine PER and TP.

Results 

Name, CAS-number and concentration of identified VOCs, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in pre-operating phase and operating phase and calculated emission rates.



Concentration of unidentified VOCs in pre-operating phase and operating phase and calculated emission rates.



TVOC value calculated based on the response factor of toluene as specified in ISO 16000-6, for the RALUZ 171 Option.



Maximum change of ozone concentration for 2 minutes and calculated ozone emission rate.



Mass of sampled particulate matter (mpm) and calculated emission rate (SERpm).



Diagram of particle number concentration time series as specified.



Dilution factor if aerosol dilution was applied.



Calculated Particle loss rate coefficient β.



Particle emission rate PER.



Total number of emitted particles TP.

Annex A (normative) Print Patterns

A.1 Monochrome print pattern 5% coverage Annex A.1 illustrates the monochrome pattern with 5% black coverage; tests of EUT using paper consumables as specified in this Standard shall be executed using the pattern at http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ecma-328.htm.

A.2 Colour print pattern, 20% coverage This Annex illustrates the colour pattern with 20% colour coverage (5% needed for each colour [black, magenta, cyan, yellow] tests of EUT using paper consumables as specified in this Standard shall be executed using the pattern at http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-328.htm.

Annex B (normative) Preparatory AMS Test Procedures

B.1 Procedures for operational readiness of AMS This Annex specifies procedures for testing the operational readiness of AMS. These steps are additional requirements to periodical instrument maintenance.

B.1.1 Particle size concentration range measurements The lower particle size limit is the smallest diameter at which the counting efficiency of a specific AMS is 50%. The upper particle size limit is the largest diameter at which the counting efficiency of a specific AMS is 50%. CPCs shall be operated with the working liquids butanol or isopropanol.

B.1.2 Particle number concentration range measurements The lower particle number concentration level is the concentration that can be distinguished with a statistical certainty of 95% from the reported concentration background value due to the instrument's false count rate. The false count rate is the reported count rate which is not caused by particles. For Fast AMS based on the measurement of electric currents the lower particle number concentration level decrease with increasing particle size while the upper particle number concentration level decreases with increasing particle size. Both limits are much higher compared to other AMS, such as CPCs. The size dependent number concentration of Fast AMS may be presented as absolute concentration CP, or as concentration normalized to the width of the respective size class DCi/ D log di, where index i corresponds to the size class.

B.2 Procedures for Operational readiness test of Fast AMS Set up the instrument (B.2.1)

Zero Check () (B.2.2) 

Check offsets (B.2.2 No 5)



Check noise level (B.2.2 No 6)

Requirements fulfilled

Requirements not fulfilled

Preparation (B.2.3) 

Check status (B.2.3 No 1)



Check offsets (B.2.3 No 2)



Check electric current deviation (B.2.3 No 3)



Check noise level (B.2.3 No 4)



Check flow rate (B.2.3 No 6)



Check background concentration (D.2.4.9)

Requirements not fulfilled

Troubleshooting

Requirements fulfilled

Continue with clause 8.6 clause 8.6

Figure B.1 — Scheme for the operational readiness test for Fast AMS

B.2.1 Set up of instrument 1. Check for proper cleanliness of the instrument and tubing. 2. Set up the Fast AMS for the purpose of enabling a straight connection between the sampling port of the ETC and the aerosol inlet of the AMS with a maximum length of 3 m. 3. Check date and time settings of AMS and/or AMS software and laboratory clock and synchronize if date is different and/or if time differs by more than 1 s.

B.2.2 Zero Check To ensure stability of the Fast AMS it should not be switched off between zero check and EUT test procedure. 1. Attach a HEPA filter (with at least 99.99% filter efficiency) to the aerosol inlet of the Fast AMS. 2. Switch on the Fast AMS and warm up for at least 20 minutes. 3. Ensure that all operating parameters (air temperature, voltages, internal pressure and different flows such as sample, sheath, extraction and charger flow) are correct. 4. Perform a zeroing procedure according to the manufacturer’s manual and ensure correct electrometer offsets and RMS values. 5. Start the measurement with the HEPA filter attached in the particle number concentration mode with 1 s time resolution. Leave the measurement running for at least 2 hours. Check the recorded spectra for any malfunction records and artefacts. 6. The observed particle concentrations [dN] in each size channel should not exceed the respective lower concentration values – as specified by the manufacturer – by more than 500 cm-3. The spectra shall be free of sudden changes of the concentrations (i.e. increasing/decreasing of concentration values by more than a factor two within less than 10 seconds).

B.2.3 Preparation for measurement These steps shall be executed consecutively. 1. Ensure that all operating parameters (air temperature, voltages, internal pressure and different flows such as sample, sheath, extraction and charger flow) are correct. 2. Perform a zeroing procedure according to the manufacturer’s manual and ensure correct electric current offsets and RMS values of electrometers. 3. Leave the instrument running for 30 minutes, repeat step 2 and ensure that the electric current offsets do not deviate more than +/- 10 fA. 4. The observed particle concentrations [dN] in each size channel should not exceed the respective lower concentration values – as specified by the manufacturer – by more than 500 cm-3. 5. Remove the HEPA-filter from the aerosol inlet of the Fast AMS. 6. Measure the sample flow rate. If an internal flow meter allows the determination of the flow rate, refer to this value. Otherwise use a flow meter traceable to a calibration certificate. The measured flow of the AMS shall be within ± 10% of the value recorded in its calibration certificate. 7. Connect the AMS to the ETC. Avoid sharp bends of the tubing. 8. Measure the particle background concentration in the ETC. The background concentration level should correspond to the value given in 8.2.2, Table 1.

B.3 Procedures for Operational readiness test of CPC Set up the instrument

Preparation () (B.3.1) 

Check Level of Working fluid (B.3.1 No 1)



Drain Reservoir (B 3.1 No 3)



Check Status (B 3.1 No 6)



Check Flow Rate (B 3.1 No. 5)



Check Zero Level

Requirements fulfilled

Requirements not fulfilled

Continue with clause 8.6

Troubleshooting

Figure B.2 — Preparation scheme for CPC

B.3.1 Preparation 1. Switch on the CPC and fill reservoir with working fluid to the specified level (observe manufacturer’s precautions regarding moving the unit when reservoir is full). 2. If the CPC has been dried for shipment or storage follow the manual provided by the manufacturer on how to set the instrument in operating condition. After successful priming of the wick proceed with the next point. 3. Drain the CPC before testing if necessary. 4. Allow the saturator, condenser and optics to reach their specified temperatures. 5. Measure the sample flow rate. If an internal flow meter allows the determination of the flow rate, refer to this value. Otherwise use a flow meter traceable to a calibration certificate. The measured flow of the CPC shall be within ± 10% of the value recorded in its calibration certificate. 6. Check that the working fluid wick in the CPC is saturated. This can, for example, be done by sampling room air. The number concentration measured by the CPC should be higher than 1000 cm -3 because room air particle number concentration is typically higher than this value. Aerosols from other sources with sufficiently high number concentrations may also be used for this test.

7. Check that zero concentration is reported when a HEPA filter (> 99,99% efficiency) is attached to the inlet of the CPC. If concentrations higher than 1 cm-3 are reported, check for, and correct, any leaks in the connection between the HEPA filter and the CPC. The CPC requires attention from the manufacturer if a particle concentration greater than 1 cm-3 is counted within an observation period of 1 minute after any leaks are eliminated. 8. Connect the CPC to the sampling port of the emission test chamber with conductive tubing of device specific diameter. 9. Measure the particle background concentration in the ETC. The background concentration level should correspond to the value given in 8.2.4, Table 1.

Annex C (informative) Emission rate model for EUT using consumables

C.1 Objective This Annex develops a generalised formula to calculate emission rates from VOC, carbonyl compounds and particulate matter concentrations sampled in an ETC. NOTE This Annex has been developed with Hard Copy Devices in mind therefore “printing phase” denotes the operating phase.

C.2 Approach By sampling over a period of time averaged concentrations are acquired. Emission rates must be calculated from these average concentrations. The average concentrations during printing can be described by 4 different regions as shown in Figure C.1. During printing, there are two regions: m1 for printing, and m2 for the decay of the initial concentration (Co) built up during the pre-operating phase. m3 represents the concentration decay from Cmax during the post-operating phase, and m4 is the concentration build-up during the post-operating phase from pre-operating and background emission. The following is assumed: 

The emission rates are constant;



The emission rates during pre- and post-operating phases are equal;



No energy saving modes apply during the pre- and post-operating phase.

Cases, where the above assumptions do not apply, are outside the scope of this Standard.

C.3 General mass balance and concentration equations The following mass balance is valid for an ETC containing an emission source with a SER:

dC SER   nC dt V

(C.1)

Integrate (B.1) to obtain C:

C

SER [1  exp(n  t )]  Co exp(n  t ) n V

(C.2)

C.4 Background SER With SER = SERbg and Co = 0 in (C.2), the background concentration is: Cbg 

SERbg n V

[1  exp(n  t )]

(C.3)

For n  t  3 , (C.3) reduces to (equilibrium): SERbg  Cbg  n  V

(C.4)

To simplify, SERbg may be substituted by Cbg  n  V (from C.4) in derived formulae below, as has been applied for the formulae in Clause 8.

C.5 Emission during pre-operating phase Assume the emission model as shown in Figure C.1. During the pre-operating phase, there are two constant emission sources; one originates from the background of the ETC, and the other originates from the EUT in the pre-operating phase. SER = SERbg + SERpre in (B.1) yields: dC SERbg  SERpre   nC dt V C pre 

SERbg  SERpre n V

(C.5)

1  exp n  t   Co exp n  t 

(C.6)

Because the concentration at the beginning of the pre-operating phase (Co) equals the background concentration Cbg, (C.6) becomes: C pre 

SERpre n V

1  exp n  t  

SERbg

(C.7)

n V

The total measure for mass of sampled VOCs is equal to the product of the averaged concentration and sampling time (Cpre . tpre), and can be obtained by integrating (C.7) from t=0 to t=tpre:

C pre  t pre 

t pre  SERpre

SER  SER   n V 1 exp(n  t )  n V dt  n V [n  t bg

pre

pre  exp(n  t pre )  1] 

SERbg n V

t pre

(C.8) Rearrange (C.8) for SERpre: SERpre 

C pre  n 2  V  t pre  SERbg  n  t pre n  t pre  exp(n  t pre )  1



(C pre  Cbg )  n 2  V  t pre n  t pre  exp(n  t pre )  1

(C.9)

C.6 Emission during operating phase During the operating phase the concentration build-up originates from EUT operation and the background concentration only. Cope. Integration of (C.1) with SER = SERbg + SERope yields: SERope  SERbg

Cope  C ope  NOTE

1  exp(n  t )]  Co exp(n  t )

n V SERope  SERbg n V

1  exp n  t   Co exp n  t 

(C.10)

In (C.10) Co is equal to the concentration at the end of the pre-operating phase (Cpre) determined in (B.7).

In Figure C.1, the terms from m1 to m4 denote the product of average concentration, stemming from a source, and the time period of the phase under consideration. Integrating equation (C.10) over time from zero to the end of printing (tope), yields m1 and m2.

m1 

tope



m2 

SERope  SERbg n V

1  exp(n  t )dt 

 Co  exp(n  t )dt  tope

(SERope  SERbg )  [n  t ope  exp(n  t ope )  1] n2 V

Co  n  V [ 1  exp(n  t ope )] n2 V

(C.11)

(C.12)

m1:

Concentration area over time during printing

m2:

Concentration area over time which decays from Co due to air exchange

m3:

Concentration area over time which decays from Cmax to the equilibrium concentration of pre-operating and background concentration

m4:

Concentration area over time during post-operating phase.

Figure C.1 — Representation of concentration change during printing and post operating phase

C.7 Emission during post-operating phase The concentration built-up from the operating phase (Cmax) decreases with the air exchange in the postoperating phase. But emissions from background level to the level at the end of the pre-operating phase increase. Obtain Cmax in Figure C.1 from (C.10) for t = tope: (SERope  SERbg )

Cmax 

n V

[1  exp(n  t ope )]  Co exp(n  t ope )

(C.13)

Similar to (B.2), the concentration during the post-operating can be written as:

C post 

(SERpre  SERbg ) n V

[1  exp(n  (t  t ope ))]  Cmax exp[n  (t  t ope )]

Term due to emissions in post operating phase

(C.14)

Concentration reached at Cmax decreased by air exchange

m3 in Figure C.1 is obtained by integrating the second term of (C.14) over time from tope to tG:

m3 

 (SERope  SERbg )  [1  exp(n  t ope )]  Co exp(n  t ope )  exp n  t  t ope  dt n V 

  tope

 SERope  SERbg Co   [exp(n(tG  t ope ))  1]   [exp(n  t ope )  1] exp(n  t ope ) 2 n  V n  

(C.15)

Similarly, m4 can be found by integrating the first term of (C.14):

m4 



(SERpre  SERbg )

tope

n V



(SERpre  SERbg ) n2 V

[1  exp(n  (t  t ope ))] dt

[n (tG  t ope )  exp(n (tG  t ope ))  1]

(C.16)

The average concentration (Cope) during sampling in the operating and post-operating phase is:

Cope 

m1  m2  m3  m4 mope  tG Vope

(C.17)

Insert m1, m2, m3 and m4 in (C.11), (C.12), (C.15), and (C.16) to obtain Cope and rearrange for SERope:

SERope 



Cope  n 2  V  tG  SERpre [exp(n(tG  tope ))  n(tG  tope )  1] exp(ntG )  exp[n(tG  tope )]  ntope

SERbg [exp(ntG )  ntG  1]  Co  n  V [1  exp(n  tG )] exp(ntG )  exp[n(tG  tope )]  ntope

(C.18)

The initial concentration Co can be determined from the emission during the pre-operating phase: C0 

SERpre n V

1  exp(n  t )  SER

(C.19)

n V

pre

If the air exchange rates in the pre-operating and operating phase differ, n can be replaced by npre: C0 

SERpre npre  V

1  exp(n  t )  SER

pre

(C.20)

npre  V

(C.18) can be simplified using (C.19), where n is equal in the pre-, post- and operating phases:

SERope 

C ope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre [exp(n(t G  t ope ))  n(t G  t ope )  1  (1  exp(n  t pre ))  (1  exp(n  t G ))]  SERbg  n  t G exp(ntG )  exp[n(t G  t ope )]  nt ope

(C.21)

(C.21) is the general case formula used in the main text. NOTE It is advised to use the same sampling time during pre-operating (tpre) and post-operating (tG-tope) if the emission behaviour of the EUT is unknown (one or more energy modes in addition to save energy mode). In that case, (C.21) can be reduced to:

SERope 

Cope  n 2  V  tG  SERpre [n(tG  tope )  exp(ntG )  exp(n  (2tG  tope ))]  SERbg  n  tG exp(ntG )  exp[n(tG  tope )]  ntope

(C.22)

C.8 Special cases Pre-operating phase is relatively long (ntpre  3), and post-operating phase relatively long (ntG  3), (C.21) can be reduced to:

Case 1

SERope 

Cope  n 2  V  tG  SERpre  [n (tG  t ope )  exp(n  t pre )]  SERbg  n  tG ntope

(C.23)

and if nt pre  3, (C.23) can be reduced to:

SERope 

C ope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre  [n(t G  t ope )]  SERbg  n  t G nt ope

(C.24)

and if background concentration is neglected, (C.24) can be reduced to:

SERope 

C ope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre  [n  (t G  t ope )] nt ope

(C.25)

Case 2

Pre-operating phase is relatively long (ntpre  3), and the air exchange rate during the preoperating and operating phases are equal (npre=n), (C.21) can be reduced to:

SERope 

C ope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre [exp(n(t G  t ope ))  n(t G  t ope )  exp(n  t G )]  SERbg  n  t G exp(ntG )  exp[n(t G  t ope )]  nt ope (C.26)

C.9 Model for RAL-UZ 171 Option The model developed in earlier chapters of this Annex, and the model for the RAL-UZ 171 Option only differ by the definition of the emission rate during the operating phase. The emission rate during the operating phase can be thought to be composed of SERope and SERpre, as described in the following model. Figure C.2a presents the situation where equilibrium has been reached in the pre-operating phase. In Figure C.2b no equilibrium has been reached in the pre-operating phase, but it is assumed that the EUT enters a energy save mode during the pre-operating phase, so that a quasi-equilibrium is attained at the end of the pre-operating phase. Emission is defined as: the area under the concentration curve, expressed by m1’+m3’ in Figure C.2, which can be seen as the increase in concentration due to printing.

Figure C.2 — Model for equilibrium and constant Co (a) and (b) RAL-UZ 171 Option model

The SERope is:

SERope 

Cope  n 2  V  t G  (SERpre  SERbg )  [exp(ntG )  ntG  1]  Co  n  V [1  exp(n  t G )] exp(ntG )  exp[n(t G  t ope )]  nt ope

(C.27)

The initial concentration (Co) is the same as in equation (C.19) or (C.20).

If the initial concentration is equal to the pre-operating equilibrium concentration (Co=SERpre/(n*V)) and n is equal in the pre-, post and operating phases (i.e. (C.19) holds), then (C.27) can be reduced to:

SERope 

C ope  n 2  V  t G  SERpre  ntG  SERbg  n  t G exp(ntG )  exp[n(t G  t ope )]  nt ope

(C.28)

Bibliography

[1]

RAL-UZ 171, Test method for the determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices according to RAL-UZ 171 (Annex 2).

ECMA-328 — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment (December 2020)

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