Standard ECMA-280 D e c e mb e r 1 9 9 8
Standardizing Information and Communication Systems
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges of Type WORM (Write Once Read Many) Using Irreversible Effects - Capacity: 5,2 Gbytes per Cartridge
P h o n e : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 0 - F a x : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 1 - U R L : h t t p : / / www. e c m a . c h - I n t e r n e t : h e l p d e s k @ e c m a . c h
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Standard ECMA-280 D e c e mb e r 1 9 9 8
Standardizing Information and Communication Systems
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges of Type WORM (Write Once Read Many) Using Irreversible Effects - Capacity: 5,2 Gbytes per Cartridge
P h o n e : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 0 - F a x : + 4 1 2 2 8 4 9 . 6 0 . 0 1 - U R L : h t t p : / / www. e c m a . c h - I n t e r n e t : h e l p d e s k @ e c m a . c h MB
ECMA-280.DOC
11-01-99 17,36
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Brief History
Technical Committee ECMA TC31 for Optical Disk Cartridges (ODCs) was set up in 1984. The Committee made major contributions to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC23 to the development of standards for 90 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm and 300 mm ODCs, and provided camera-ready copies for most International Standards for ODCs. ECMA has published the following ECMA Standards for ODCs, most of them have been adopted by ISO/IEC under the fast-track procedure. ECMA-130 (1988) (ISO/IEC 10149)
Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)
ECMA-153 (1991) (ISO/IEC 11560)
Information Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges of the Write Once, Read Multiple (WORM) Type, using the Magneto-Optical Effect
ECMA-154 (1991) (ISO/IEC 10090)
Data Interchange on 90 mm Optical Disk Cartridges, Read-Only and Rewritable M.O.
ECMA-183 (1992) (ISO/IEC 13481)
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges - Capacity 1 Gbyte
ECMA-184 (1992) (ISO/IEC 13549)
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges - Capacity 1,3 Gbytes
ECMA-189 (1993) (ISO/IEC 13403)
Information Interchange on 300 mm ODCs of the WORM Type using the SSF Method
ECMA-190 (1993) (ISO/IEC 13614)
Information Interchange on 300 mm ODCs of the WORM Type using the CCS Method
ECMA-195 (1995) (ISO/IEC 13842)
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges - Capacity 2 Gbytes
ECMA-201 (1994) (ISO/IEC 13963)
Data Interchange on 90 mm Optical Disk Cartridges - Capacity 230 Mbytes
ECMA-223 (1995)
Data Interchange on 90 mm Optical Disk Cartridges - Capacity 385 Mbytes
ECMA-238 (1996) (ISO/IEC 15486)
Data Interchange on 130 mm Optical Disk Cartridges of Type WORM ( Write Once Read Many) Using Irreversible Effects- Capacity: 2,6 Gbytes per Cartridge
The present ECMA Standard specifies an ODC of Type WORM which cannot be erased or over-written without detection. In order to clearly differentiate this type from Type WO where a microcode is used to protect against undetectable over-writing of M.O. disks, the term "irreversible effects" has been introduced in the title. The ODC specified by this ECMA Standard is based on International Standard ISO/IEC 15286 for an ODC available in seven different types. The ODC of Type WORM according to this ECMA Standard is built upon the same MO base and retains all physical and embossed characteristics of ISO/IEC 15286, but differs in the description of the recording layer, of the signals, and of the defect management.
This ECMA Standard has been adopted by the ECMA General Assembly of December 1998.
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Table of contents
Section 1 – General
1
1 Scope
1
2 Conformance 2.1 Optical Disk Cartridge (ODC) 2.2 Generating System 2.3 Receiving System 2.4 Compatibility statement
1 1 1 1 1
3 Reference
1
4 Definitions 4.1 asymmetry 4.2 band 4.3 case 4.4 clamping zone 4.5 control track 4.6 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 4.7 defect management 4.8 direct overwrite 4.9 disk reference plane 4.10 entrance surface 4.11 Error Correction Code (ECC) 4.12 format 4.13 hub 2 4.14 interleaving 4.15 Kerr rotation 4.16 land and groove 4.17 logical track 4.18 mark 4.19 mark edge 4.20 mark edge recording 4.21 optical disk 4.22 optical disk cartridge (ODC) 4.23 physical track 4.24 polarization 4.25 pre-recorded mark 4.26 read power 4.27 recording layer 4.28 Reed-Solomon code 4.29 space 4.30 spindle 4.31 substrate 4.32 track pitch 4.33 write-inhibit hole 4.34 write-once functionality 4.35 zone
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
- ii -
5 Conventions and notations 5.1 Representation of numbers 5.2 Names
4 4 4
6 List of acronyms
4
7 General description of the optical disk cartridge
5
8 General requirements 8.1 Environments 8.1.1 Test environment 8.1.2 Operating environment 8.1.3 Storage environment 8.1.4 Transportation 8.2 Temperature shock 8.3 Safety requirements 8.4 Flammability
5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6
9 Reference Drive 9.1 Optical system 9.2 Optical beam 9.3 Read Channels 9.4 Tracking 9.5 Rotation of the disk
7 7 8 8 8 9
Section 2: Mechanical and physical characteristics
9
10 Dimensional and physical characteristics of the case 10.1 General description of the case 10.2 Relationship of Sides A and B 10.3 Reference axes and case reference planes 10.4 Case drawings 10.5 Dimensions of the case 10.5.1 Overall dimensions 10.5.2 Location hole 10.5.3 Alignment hole 10.5.4 Surfaces on Reference Planes P 10.5.5 Insertion slots and detent features 10.5.6 Gripper slots 10.5.7 Write-inhibit holes 10.5.8 Media sensor holes 10.5.9 Head and motor window 10.5.10 Shutter 10.5.11 Slot for shutter opener 10.5.12 Shutter sensor notch 10.5.13 User label areas 10.6 Mechanical characteristics 10.6.1 Materials 10.6.2 Mass 10.6.3 Edge distortion 10.6.4 Compliance 10.6.5 Shutter opening force 10.7 Drop test
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
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11 Dimensional, mechanical and physical characteristics of the disk 11.1 General description of the disk 11.2 Reference axis and plane of the disk 11.3 Dimensions of the disk 11.3.1 Hub dimension 11.4 Mechanical characteristics 11.4.1 Material 11.4.2 Mass 11.4.3 Moment of inertia 11.4.4 Imbalance 11.4.5 Axial deflection 11.4.6 Axial acceleration 11.4.7 Radial runout 11.4.8 Radial acceleration 11.4.9 Tilt 11.5 Optical characteristics 11.5.1 Index of refraction 11.5.2 Thickness 11.5.3 Birefringence 11.5.4 Vertical Birefringence 11.5.5 Reflectance
16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
12 Interface between cartridge and drive 12.1 Clamping method 12.2 Clamping force 12.3 Capture cylinder 12.4 Disk position in the operating condition
21 21 21 21 21
Section 3: Format of information
36
13 Track geometry 13.1 Track shape 13.2 Direction of track spiral 13.3 Track pitch 13.4 Logical track number 13.4 Physical track number
36 36 36 36 36 36
14 Track format 14.1 Physical track layout 14.2 Logical track layout 14.3 Radial alignment 14.4 Sector number
36 36 37 37 37
15 Sector format 15.1 Sector layout 15.2 Sector Mark 15.3 VFO fields 15.4 Address Mark (AM) 15.5 ID fields 15.6 Postamble (PA1) 15.7 Transition Area (TA1) 15.8 Gap 15.9 Flag
37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 40
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15.10 Auto Laser Power Control (ALPC 15.11 Sync 15.12 Data field 15.12.1 User data bytes 15.12.2 CRC and ECC bytes 15.12.3 Defect Management Pointer (DMP) 15.12.4 Resync bytes 15.13 Postamble field (PA2) 15.14 Buffer field 15.15 Transition Area (TA2)
40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41
16 Recording code
41
17 Formatted Zone 17.1 General description of the Formatted Zone 17.2 Division of the Formatted Zone 17.2.1 Lead-in Zone 17.2.2 Manufacturer Zones 17.2.3 User Zone 17.2.4 Reflective Zone 17.2.5 Control Track Zones 17.3 Control Track PEP Zone 17.3.1 Recording in the PEP Zone 17.3.2 Format of the tracks of the PEP Zone 17.4 Control Track SFP Zones 17.4.1 Duplicate of the PEP information 17.4.2 Media information 17.4.3 System Information
42 42 42 44 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 50 50 50 52
18 Layout of the User Zone 18.1 General description of the User Zone 18.2 Divisions of the User Zone 18.2.1 Reserved Area Use 18.3 User Area 18.4 Defect Management Areas (DMAs) 18.5 Disk Structure Table (DST) 18.6 Write Once Read Many (WORM) Zone 18.6.1 Location 18.6.2 Partitioning
53 53 53 53 54 56 56 58 58 58
19 Defect Management for WORM Media 19.1 Initialization of the disk 19.2 Defect Management Pointers. 19.3 Write procedure 19.3.1 Read Procedure
58 58 58 59 59
Section 4 - Characteristics of embossed information
59
20 Method of testing 20.1 Environment 20.2 Use of the Reference Drive 20.2.1 Optics and mechanics
59 59 59 59
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20.2.2 Read power 20.2.3 Read channels 20.2.4 Tracking 20.3 Definition of signals
59 60 60 60
21 Signal from grooves 21.1 Cross-track signal 21.2 Push-pull signal 21.3 Divided push-pull signal 21.4 Phase depth 21.5 Track location
62 62 62 62 63 63
22 Signals from Headers 22.1 Sector Mark Signals 22.2 VFO signals 22.3 Address Mark, ID and PA signals 22.4 Timing jitter 22.5 Asymmetry
63 63 63 64 64 64
23 Signals from embossed Recording fields 23.1 Signal amplitude 23.2 Asymmetry 23.3 Timing Jitter 23.4 Byte Errors
64 64 64 64 65
24 Signals from Control Track PEP marks
65
Section 5 - Characteristics of the recording layer
65
25 Method of testing 25.1 Environment 25.2 Reference Drive 25.2.1 Optics and mechanics 25.2.2 Read power 25.2.3 Read Channel 25.2.4 Tracking 25.2.5 Signal detection for testing purposes 25.3 Write conditions 25.3.1 Write pulse and power 25.3.2 Pulse power determination 25.3.3 Media power sensitivity
65 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67
26 Imbalance of difference signal
68
27 Write characteristics 27.1 Resolution 27.2 Narrow-band signal-to-noise ratio 27.3 Cross-talk ratio 27.3.1 WORM track test method 27.4 Timing Jitter
68 68 68 69 69 69
Section 6 - Characteristics of user data
69
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28 Method of testing 28.1 Environment 28.2 Reference Drive 28.2.1 Optics and mechanics 28.2.2 Read power 28.2.3 Read amplifiers 28.2.4 Mark Quality 28.2.5 Channel bit clock 28.2.6 Binary-to-digital converters 28.2.7 Error correction 28.2.8 Tracking
69 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 71
29 Minimum quality of a sector 29.1 Headers 29.1.1 Sector Mark 29.1.2 ID fields 29.2 User-written data 29.2.1 Recording field 29.2.2 Byte errors 29.2.3 Timing jitter
71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71
30 Data interchange requirements 30.1 Tracking 30.2 User-written data 30.3 Quality of disk
71 71 71 71
Annex A - Air cleanliness class 100 000
73
Annex B - Edge distortion test
75
Annex C - Compliance test
77
Annex D - Test method for measuring the adsorbent force of the hub
79
Annex E - CRC for ID fields
81
Annex F - Interleave, CRC, ECC, Resync for the data field
83
Annex G - Determination of Resync pattern
87
Annex H - Read Channel for measuring jitter
93
Annex J - Timing jitter measuring procedure
95
Annex K - Definition of write pulse shape
97
Annex L - Requirements for interchange
99
Annex M - Measurement implementation for Cross-track signal
101
Annex N - Asymmetry measuring definition
103
Annex P - Office environment
105
Annex Q - Derivation of the operating climatic environment
107
Annex R - Transportation
113
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Annex S - Sector retirement guidelines
115
Annex T - Track deviation measurement
117
Annex U - Values to be implemented in existing and future standards
121
Annex V - Measurement of the vertical birefringence of the substrate
123
Annex W - Guidelines for the use of Type WORM ODCs
125
Annex X - Laser power calibration for evaluation of media power sensitivity
127
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Section 1 – General 1
Scope This ECMA Standard specifies the characteristics of a 130 mm optical disk cartridge (ODC) of Type WORM (Write Once Read Many) with a capacity of 5,2 Gbytes. Type WORM ODCs use writing effects that are inherently irreversible. Written marks cannot be erased and attempted modification of the written marks are detectable. This ECMA Standard specifies − the conditions for conformance testing and the Reference Drive; − the environments in which the cartridges are to be operated and stored; − the mechanical, physical and dimensional characteristics of the cartridge, so as to provide mechanical interchange ability between data processing systems; − the format of the information on the disk, both embossed and user-written, including the physical disposition of the tracks and sectors, the error correction codes, the modulation methods used; − the characteristics of the embossed information on the disk; − the recording characteristics of the disk, enabling processing systems to write data onto the disk; − the minimum quality of user-written data on the disk, enabling data processing systems to read data from the disk. This ECMA Standard provides for interchange between optical disk drives. Together with a standard for volume and file structure it provides for full data interchange between data processing systems.
2 2.1
Conformance Optical Disk Cartridge (ODC) An Optical Disk Cartridge shall be in conformance with this ECMA Standard if it meets the mandatory requirements specified herein.
2.2
Generating System A generating system shall be in conformance with this ECMA Standard if the ODC it generates is in accordance with 2.1.
2.3
Receiving System A receiving system shall be in conformance with this ECMA Standard if it is able to handle an ODC according to 2.1
2.4
Compatibility statement A claim of conformance by a generating or receiving system with this ECMA Standard shall include a statement listing any other ECMA or International Optical Disk Cartridge standard(s) supported by the system for which conformance is claimed. This statement shall specify the number of the standard(s), including, where appropriate, the ODC Type(s), or the Types of side, and whether support includes reading only or both reading and writing.
3
Reference ECMA-129 (1995)
4
Information Technology Equipment - Safety
Definitions For the purpose of this ECMA Standard, the following definitions apply.
4.1
asymmetry The deviation between the centre levels of the signals which give maximum and minimum amplitude.
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4.2
band An annular area within the user zone on the disk having a constant clock frequency.
4.3
case The housing for an optical disk, that protects the disk and facilitates disk interchange.
4.4
clamping zone An annular part of the disk within which the clamping force is applied by the clamping device.
4.5
control track A track containing the information on media parameters and format necessary for writing, reading and erasing the remaining tracks on the optical disk.
4.6
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC ) A method for detecting errors in data.
4.7
defect management A method for handling the defective areas on the disk.
4.8
direct overwrite A thermo-magnetic recording method using a specially designed media that does not require a separate erase pass.
4.9
disk reference plane A plane defined by the perfectly flat annular surface of an ideal spindle onto which the clamping zone of the disk is clamped, and which is normal to the axis of rotation.
4.10
entrance surface The surface of the disk on to which the optical beam first impinges.
4.11
Error Correction Code (ECC) An error-detecting code designed to correct certain kinds of errors in data.
4.12
format The arrangement or layout of information on the disk.
4.13
hub The central feature on the disk which interacts with the spindle of the disk drive to provide radial centring and the clamping force.
4.14
interleaving The process of allocating the physical sequence of units of data so as to render the data more immune to burst errors.
4.15
Kerr rotation The rotation of the plane of polarization of an optical beam upon reflection from the recording layer as caused by the magneto-optical Kerr effect.
4.16
land and groove A trench-like feature of the disk, applied before the recording of any information, and used to define the track location. The groove is located nearer to the entrance surface than the land with which it is paired to form a track.
4.17
logical track Either 31 consecutive sectors for 512-byte sector disks, 17 consecutive sectors for disks with 1 024-byte sector or 7 consecutive sectors for disks with 2 048-byte sectors in one or more physical tracks. The first sector of each logical track is assigned sector number 0.
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4.18
mark A feature of the recording layer which may take the form of a magnetic domain, a pit, or any other type or form that can be sensed by the optical system. The pattern of marks represents the data on the disk. NOTE Subdivisions of a sector which are named "mark" are not marks in the sense of this definition
4.19
mark edge The transition between a region with a mark and one without a mark or vice versa, along the track.
4.20
mark edge recording A recording method which uses a mark edge to represent a Channel bit.
4.21
optical disk A disk that will accept and retain information in the form of marks in a recording layer, that can be read with an optical beam.
4.22
optical disk cartridge (ODC) A device consisting of a case containing an optical disk.
4.23
physical track The path which is followed by the focus of the optical beam during one revolution of the disk. This path is not directly addressable.
4.24
polarization The direction of polarization of an optical beam is the direction of the electric vector of the beam. NOTE The plane of polarization is the plane containing the electric vector and the direction of propagation of the beam. The polarization is right-handed when to an observer looking in the direction of propagation of the beam, the end-point of the electric vector would appear to describe an ellipse in the clockwise sense.
4.25
pre-recorded mark A mark so formed as to be unalterable by magneto-optical means.
4.26
read power The read power is the optical power, incident at the entrance surface of the disk, used when reading. NOTE It is specified as a maximum power that may be used without damage to the written data. Lower power may be used providing that the signal-to-noise ratio and other requirements of this ECMA Standard are met.
4.27
recording layer A layer of the disk on, or in, which data is written during manufacture and/or use.
4.28
Reed-Solomon code An error detection and/or correction code which is particularly suited to the correction of errors which occur in bursts or are strongly correlated.
4.29
space The area between marks along the track.
4.30
spindle The part of the disk drive which contacts the disk and/or hub.
4.31
substrate A transparent layer of the disk, provided for mechanical support of the recording layer, through which the optical beam accesses the recording layer.
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4.32
track pitch The distance between adjacent track centrelines, measured in a radial direction.
4.33
write-inhibit hole A hole in the case which, when detected by the drive to be open, inhibits both write and erase operations.
4.34
write-once functionality A technique whereby a rewritable MO ODC is restricted to initialization and writing once only; erase is not permitted.
4.35
zone An annular area of the disk.
5 5.1
Conventions and notations Representation of numbers − A measured value is rounded off to the least significant digit of the corresponding specified value. It implies that a specified value of 1,26 with a positive tolerance of +0,01, and a negative tolerance of 0,02 allows a range of measured values from 1,235 to 1,275. − Letters and digits in parentheses represent numbers in hexadecimal notation. − The setting of a bit is denoted by ZERO or ONE. − Numbers in binary notation and bit combinations are represented by strings of ZEROs and ONEs. − Numbers in binary notation and bit combinations are shown with the most significant bit to the left. − Negative values of numbers in binary notation are given in TWO's complement. − In each field the data is recorded so that the most significant byte (byte 0) is recorded first. Within each byte the least significant bit is numbered 0 and is recorded last, the most significant bit (numbered 7 in an 8-bit byte) is recorded first. This order of recording applies also to the data input of the Error Detection and Correction circuits and their output. − Unless otherwise stated, groups of decimal digits of the form xx ... x/yy ... y/zz ... z indicate that the value xx ... x applies to 2 048-byte sectors, yy ... y applies to 1 024-byte sectors and that the value zz ... z applies to 512-byte sectors.
5.2
Names The names of entities, e.g. specific tracks, fields, etc., are given with a capital initial.
6
List of acronyms ALPC AM CRC DDS DMA DMP DOW ECC EDAC ID LBA LSB MO MSB ODC O-ROM
Auto Laser Power Control Address Mark Cyclic Redundancy Code Disk Definition Structure Defect Management Area Defect Management Pointers Direct Overwrite Error Correction Code Error Detection And Correction Identifier Logical Block Address Least Significant Byte Magneto-Optical Most Significant Byte Optical Disk Cartridge Optical Read Only Memory
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PA PDL PEP P-DOW P-ROM RLL(1,7) R-S R/W R-S/LDC SCSI SDL SFP SM SWF TA TIA VFO WO WO-DOW ZCAV
7
Postamble Primary Defect List Phase-Encoded Part of the Control Tracks Partial ROM Direct Overwrite Partial Read Only Memory Run Length Limited (code) Reed-Solomon (code) Rewritable Reed-Solomon Long Distance Code Small Computer System Interface Secondary Defect List Standard Formatted Part of the Control Tracks Sector Mark Sector Written Flag Transition Area Time Interval Analyzer Variable Frequency Oscillator Write Once Write Once Direct Overwrite Zoned Constant Angular Velocity
General description of the optical disk cartridge The optical disk cartridge which is the subject of this ECMA Standard consists of a case containing an optical disk. The case is a protective enclosure for the disk. It has access windows covered by a shutter. The windows are automatically uncovered by the drive when the cartridge is inserted into it. The optical disk consists of two sides assembled together with their recording layers on the inside. The optical disk is recordable on both sides. Data is written onto the disk with a focused optical beam as marks in the recording layer using irreversible effects, such that the marks cannot be erased or transformed back into an unrecorded state. The marks can be formed by either a phase transformation process, an ablative process, alloy mode, or any other irreversible process. The data are read by detecting the intensity modulation of the reflected beam caused by the difference of reflectivity of the recorded marks and the unrecorded regions. The beam accesses the recording layer through the transparent substrate of the disk.
8
General requirements
8.1 8.1.1
Environments Test environment The test environment is the environment where the air immediately surrounding the optical disk cartridge has the following properties: temperature:
23 °C ± 2 °C
relative humidity:
45 % to 55 %
atmospheric pressure:
60 kPa to 106 kPa
air cleanliness:
Class 100 000 (see annex A)
No condensation on or in the optical disk cartridge shall occur. Before testing, the optical disk cartridge shall be conditioned in this environment for 48 h minimum. It is recommended that, before testing, the entrance surface of the disk be cleaned according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the disk. Unless otherwise stated, all tests and measurements shall be made in this test environment.
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8.1.2
Operating environment This ECMA Standard requires that an optical disk cartridge which meets all requirements of this Standard in the specified test environment provides data interchange over the specified ranges of environmental parameters in the operating environment. ( See also annex R.) The operating environment is the environment where the air immediately surrounding the optical disk cartridge has the following properties: temperature:
5 °C to 55 °C
relative humidity:
3 % to 85 %
absolute humidity:
1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3
atmospheric pressure:
60 kPa to 106 kPa
temperature gradient:
10 °C/h max.
relative humidity gradient:
10 %/h max.
air cleanliness:
office environment (see also annex R.1)
No condensation on or in the optical disk cartridge shall occur. If an optical disk cartridge has been exposed to conditions outside those specified in this clause, it shall be acclimatized in an allowed operating environment for at least 2 hours before use. (See also annex S). 8.1.3
Storage environment The optical disk cartridge without any protective enclosure shall not be stored in an environment outside the range allowed for storage. The storage environment is defined as an environment where the air immediately surrounding the optical disk cartridge has the following properties: temperature:
-10 °C to 55 °C
relative humidity:
3 % to 90 %
absolute humidity:
1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3
atmospheric pressure:
60 kPa to 106 kPa
temperature gradient:
15 °C/h max.
relative humidity gradient:
10 %/h max.
air cleanliness:
office environment (see also annex R.1)
No condensation on or in the optical disk cartridge shall occur. 8.1.4
Transportation This ECMA Standard does not specify requirements for transportation; guidance is given in annex T.
8.2
Temperature shock The optical disk cartridge shall withstand a temperature shock of up to 20 °C when inserted into, or removed from, the drive.
8.3
Safety requirements The cartridge shall satisfy the safety requirements of Standard ECMA-129, when used in the intended manner or in any foreseeable use in an information processing system.
8.4
Flammability The cartridge and its components shall be made from materials that comply with the flammability class for HB materials, or better, as specified in Standard ECMA-129.
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9
Reference Drive The Reference Drive is a drive several critical components of which have well defined properties and which is used to test the write and read parameters of the disk for conformance to this ECMA Standard. The critical components vary from test to test. This clause gives an outline of all components; components critical for tests in specific clauses are specified in those clauses.
9.1
Optical system The basic set-up of the optical system of the Reference Drive used for measuring the write and read parameters is shown in figure 1. Different components and locations of components are permitted, provided that the performance remains the same as that of the set-up in figure 1. The optical system shall be such that the detected light reflected from the entrance surface of the disk is minimized so as not to influence the accuracy of the measurements.
I1
I2
K3
Ch.2
K2
M
L2
J
Ch.1
K1 L1
N H
A
B
D
C
E
F
G
95-0041-B
A B C Ch.1 Ch.2 D E F G
Laser diode Collimator lens Optional shaping prism Channel 1 Channel 2 Beam splitter Polarizing beam splitter Objective lens Optical disk
H I 1 ,I 2 J K 1 ,K 2 K3 L1 ,L2 M N
Optional half-wave plate Tracking signals from photodiode K3 Polarizing beam splitter Photodiodes for Channels 1 and 2 Split photodiode d.c.-coupled amplifiers Tracking Channel (see 20.3) Phase retarder
Figure 1 - Optical system of the Reference Drive In the absence of polarization changes in the disk, the polarizing beam splitter J shall be aligned to make the signal of detector K 1 equal to that of detector K 2 . The direction of polarization in this case is called the neutral direction. The phase retarder N shall be adjusted such that the optical system does not have more than 2,5° phase retardation between the neutral polarization and the polarization perpendicular to it. This position of the retarder is called the neutral position. The phase retarder can be used for the measurement of the narrow-band signal-to-noise ratio (see 27.2 ). The beam splitter J shall have a p-s intensity reflectance ratio of at least 100. The beam splitter E shall have an intensity reflectance R p from F to H of nominally 0,30 for the neutral polarization direction. The reflectance R s for the polarization perpendicular to the neutral direction shall be nominally 0,95. The actual value of R s shall not be smaller than 0,90.
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The imbalance of the difference signal is specified for a beam splitter with nominal reflectance. If the measurement is made on a drive with reflectance's R’ p and R’ s for beam splitter E, then the measured imbalance shall be multiplied by Rs R' p R p R' s to make it correspond to the nominal beam splitter E. The output of Channel 1 is the sum of the currents through photodiodes K 1 and K 2 , and is used for reading embossed marks and the user-written marks. The output of Channel 2 is the difference between photodiode currents.
9.2
Optical beam The focused optical beam used for writing and reading data shall have the following properties: +10 nm
a) Wavelength ( λ )
685 nm -10 nm
b) Wavelength ( λ) divided by the numerical aperture of the objective lens (NA)
λ / NA = 1,245 µm ± 0,018 µm
c) Filling D/W of the aperture of the objective lens
0,85 ± 0,05
d) Variance of the wavefront of the optical beam near the recording layer
0 to λ / 330
e) Polarization
Linear - parallel to the groove
f) Extinction ratio
0,01 max.
2
g) The optical power and pulse width for writing and reading shall be as specified in later clauses of this ECMA Standard. D is the diameter of the lens aperture and W is the beam diameter of the Gaussian beam where the intensity is 1/e 2 of the maximum intensity. The extinction ratio is the ratio of the minimum over the maximum power observed behind a linear polarizer in the optical beam, which is rotated over at least 180°.
9.3
Read Channels Channel 1 shall be provided to generate signals from the marks in the recording layer. Unless otherwise stated, the signal of Channel 1 is not equalized before detection. This Channel shall be used for reading the embossed marks using the diffraction of the optical beam by the marks, and shall be used for reading the written marks using the change in reflectivity of the marks. Channel 2 is used to obtain birefringence information of the disk from the signal imbalance of unwritten tracks. The read amplifiers after the photodetectors in Channel 1 and Channel 2 shall have a flat response within 1 dB from d.c. to 37 MHz. The signals from Channel 1 and 2 are not equalized before detection. The signals shall be low-pass filtered with a 3-pole Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of one half the Channel clock frequency.
9.4
Tracking The Tracking Channel of the drive provides the tracking error signals to control the servos for the axial and radial tracking of the optical beam. The method of generating the axial tracking error is not specified for the Reference Drive. The radial tracking error is generated by a split photodiode detector in the tracking Channel. The division of the diode runs parallel to the image of the tracks on the diode. The requirements for the accuracy with which the focus of the optical beam must follow the tracks is specified in 20.2.4.
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9.5
Rotation of the disk The spindle shall position the disk as specified in 12.4. It shall rotate the disk at 50,0 Hz ± 0,5 Hz. The direction of rotation shall be counterclockwise when viewed from the disk entrance surface of the disk side being tested.
Section 2: Mechanical and physical characteristics 10
Dimensional and physical characteristics of the case
10.1
General description of the case The case (see figure 3) is a rigid protective container of rectangular shape. It has spindle windows on both sides to allow the spindle of the drive to clamp the disk by its hub. Both sides of the case have a head window, one for the optical head of the drive, the other for the magnetic head providing the necessary magnetic fields. A shutter uncovers the windows upon insertion into the drive, and automatically covers them upon removal from the drive. The case has write-inhibit, reflectance detection, and rotation direction detection features, and gripper slots for an autochanger.
10.2
Relationship of Sides A and B The features essential for physical interchangeability are represented in figure 3. When Side A of the cartridge faces upwards, Side A of the disk faces downwards. Sides A and B of the case are identical as far as the features given here are concerned, except as noted below. The description is given for one side only. References to Sides A and B can be changed to B or A respectively. Only the shutter and the slot for the shutter opener, described in 10.5.10 and 10.5.11, are not identical for both sides of the case.
10.3
Reference axes and case reference planes There is a reference plane P for each side of the case. Each reference plane P contains two orthogonal axes X and Y to which the dimensions of the case are referred. The intersection of the X and Y axes defines the centre of the location hole. The X axis extends through the centre of the alignment hole.
10.4
Case drawings The case is represented schematically by the following drawings. − Figure 2 shows the hub dimensions. − Figure 3 shows a composite drawing of Side A of the case in isometric form, with the major features identified from Side A. − Figure 4 shows the envelope of the case with respect to a location hole at the intersection of the X and Y axes and reference plane P. − Figure 5 shows the surfaces S1, S2, S3 and S4 which establish the reference plane P. − Figure 5a shows the details of surface S3. − Figure 6 shows the details of the insertion slot and detent. − Figure 7 shows the gripper slots, used for automatic handling. − Figure 8 shows the write-inhibit holes. − Figure 9 shows the media ID sensor holes. − Figure 10 shows the shutter sensor notch. − Figure 11 shows the head and motor window. − Figure 12 shows the shutter opening features. − Figure 13 shows the capture cylinder. − Figure 14 shows the user label areas.
10.5
Dimensions of the case The dimensions of the case shall be measured in the test environment. The dimensions of the case in an operating environment can be estimated from the dimensions specified in this clause.
10.5.1
Overall dimensions The total length of the case (see figure 4) shall be
- 10 -
L 1 = 153,0 mm ± 0,4 mm The distance from the top of the case to the reference axis X shall be L 2 = 127,0 mm ± 0,3 mm The distance from the bottom of the case to the reference axis X shall be L 3 = 26,0 mm ± 0,3 mm The total width of the case shall be + 0,0 mm
L 4 = 135,0 mm - 0,6 mm
The distance from the left-hand side of the cartridge to the reference axis Y shall be + 0,0 mm
L 5 = 128,5 mm - 0,5 mm
The distance from the right-hand side of the cartridge to the reference axis Y shall be L 6 = 6,5 mm ± 0,2 mm The width shall be reduced on the top by the radius R1 = L4 originating from a point defined by L 5 and L 7 = 101,0 mm ± 0,3 mm The two corners of the top shall be rounded with a radius R 2 = 1,5 mm ± 0,5 mm and the two corners at the bottom with a radius R 3 = 3,0 mm ± 1,0 mm The thickness of the case shall be L 8 = 11,00 mm ± 0,30 mm The eight long edges of the case shall be rounded with a radius R 4 = 1,0 mm max 10.5.2
Location hole The centre of the location hole (see figure 4) shall coincide with the intersection of the reference axes X and Y. It shall have a square form with a side length of + 0,00 mm
L 9 = 4,10 mm - 0,06 mm
held to a depth of L 10 = 1,5 mm (i.e. typical wall thickness) after which a cavity extends through to the alignment hole on the opposite side of the case. The lead-in edges shall be rounded with a radius R 5 = 0,5 mm max 10.5.3
Alignment hole The centre of the alignment hole (see figure 4) shall lie on reference axis X at a distance of L 11 = 122,0 mm ± 0,2 mm from the reference axis Y.
- 11 -
The dimensions of the hole shall be + 0,00 mm
L 12 = 4,10 mm - 0,06 mm
and + 0,2 mm
L 13 = 5,0 mm - 0,0 mm
held to a depth of L 10 , after which a cavity extends through to the location hole on the opposite side of the case. The lead-in edges shall be rounded with radius R 5 . 10.5.4
Surfaces on Reference Planes P The reference plane P (see figures 5 and 5a) for a side of the case shall contain four surfaces (S1, S2, S3 and S4) on that side of the case, specified as follows: − Two circular surfaces S1 and S2. Surface S1 shall be a circular area centred around the square location hole and have a diameter of D 1 = 9,0 mm min Surface S2 shall be a circular area centred around the rectangular alignment hole and have a diameter of D 2 = 9,0 mm min − Two elongated surfaces S3 and S4, that follow the contour of the cartridge and shutter edges. Surfaces S3 and S4 are shaped symmetrically. Surface S3 shall be defined by two circular sections with radii R 6 = 1,5 mm ± 0,1 mm with an origin given by L 14 = 4,0 mm ± 0,1 mm L 15 = 86,0 mm ± 0,3 mm and R 7 = 1,5 mm ± 0,1 mm with an origin given by L 16 = 1,9 mm ± 0,1 mm L 17 = 124,5 mm ± 0,3 mm The arc with radius R 7 shall continue on the right hand side with radius + 0,2 mm
R 8 = 134,0 mm - 0,7 mm
which is a dimension resulting from L 5 + L 14 + R 6 with an origin given by L 5 and L 7 . A straight, vertical line shall smoothly join the arc of R 6 to the arc of R 8 . The left-hand side of S3 shall be bounded by radius R 9 = 4,5 mm ± 0,3 mm which is a dimension resulting from L 18 + L 14 - R 6 with an origin given by L 18 = 2,0 mm ± 0,1 mm L 19 = 115,5 mm ± 0,3 mm
- 12 -
The left-hand side of the boundary shall be closed by two straight lines. The first one shall smoothly join the arc of R 6 to the arc of R 9 . The second one shall run from the left hand tangent of R 7 to its intersection with R 9 . Along the left hand side of surface S3 there shall be a zone to protect S3 from being damaged by the shutter. In order to keep this zone at a minimum practical width R 10 = 4,1 mm max This radius originates from the same point as R 9 . 10.5.5
Insertion slots and detent features The case shall have two symmetrical insertion slots with embedded detent features (see figure 6). The slots shall have a length of L 20 = 26,0 mm ± 0,3 mm a width of + 0,3 mm
L 21 = 6,0 mm - 0,0 mm
and a depth of L 22 = 3,0 mm ± 0,1 mm located L
23
= 2,5 mm ± 0,2 mm
from reference plane P. The slots shall have a lead-in chamfer given by L 24 = 0,5 mm max L 25 = 5,0 mm max The detent notch shall be a semi-circle of radius R
11
= 3,0 mm ± 0,2 mm
with the origin given by L 26 = 13,0 mm ± 0,3 mm L 27 = 2,0 mm ± 0,1 mm L 73 = 114,0 mm ± 0,3 mm The dimensions L 2 , L 26 , and L 73 are interrelated, their values shall be such so that they are all three within specification. 10.5.6
Gripper slots The case shall have two symmetrical gripper slots (see figure 7) with a depth of L 28 = 5,0 mm ± 0,3 mm from the edge of the case and a width of L 29 = 6,0 mm ± 0,3 mm The upper edge of a slot shall be L 30 = 12,0 mm ± 0,3 mm above the bottom of the case.
10.5.7
Write-inhibit holes Sides A and B shall each have a write-inhibit hole (see figure 8). The case shall include a device for opening and closing each hole. The hole at the left-hand side of Side A of the case, is the write-inhibit
- 13 -
hole for Side A of the disk. The protected side of the disk shall be made clear by inscriptions on the case or by the fact that the device for Side A of the disk can only be operated from Side A of the case. When writing and erasing on Side A of the disk is not allowed, the write-inhibit hole shall be open all through the case. It shall have a diameter D 3 = 4,0 mm min Its centre shall be specified by L 31 = 8,0 mm ± 0,2 mm L 32 = 111,0 mm ± 0,3 mm on Side A of the case. When writing is allowed on Side A of the disk, the write-inhibit hole shall be closed on Side A of the case, at a depth of typically L 10 , i.e. the wall thickness of the case. In this state, the opposite side of the same hole, at Side B of the case, shall be closed and not recessed from the reference plane P of Side B of the case by more than L 33 = 0,5 mm The opposite side of the write-inhibit hole for protecting Side B of the disk shall have a diameter D 3 . Its centre shall be specified by L 31 and L 34 = 11,0 mm ± 0,2 mm on Side A of the case. 10.5.8
Media sensor holes There shall be two sets of four media sensor holes (see figure 9). The set of holes at the lower left hand corner of Side A of the case pertains to Side A of the disk. The holes shall extend through the case, and have a diameter of + 0,3 mm
D 4 = 4,0 mm
- 0,0 mm
the positions of their centres shall be specified by L 32 , L 34 and L 35 = 19,5 mm ± 0,2 mm L 36 = 17,0 mm ± 0,2 mm L 37 = 23,0 mm ± 0,2 mm L 38 = 29,0 mm ± 0,2 mm L 39 = 93,0 mm ± 0,3 mm L 40 = 99,0 mm ± 0,3 mm L 41 = 105,0 mm ± 0,3 mm A hole is deemed to be open when there is no obstruction in this hole over a diameter D 4 all through the case. A hole for Side A of the disk is deemed to be closed, when the hole is closed on both Side A and Side B of the case. The closure shall be recessed from reference plane P by L 42 = 0,1 mm max The holes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 4. Number 1 is the hole closest to the left hand edge of the case. An optical disk cartridge conforming to this ECMA Standard does not use holes No. 1, 3 and 4. These holes shall be closed. The meaning of the each hole shall be as in table 1.
- 14 -
Hole No. 2 shall indicate whether Side B shall not be used, in which case the hole shall be open. When Side B shall be used, the hole shall be closed. Table 1 - Media sensor holes
10.5.9
Sensor hole No.
Indication
Closed
Open
1
Not used
Always
-
2
Disk side accessible
Yes
No
3
Not used
Always
-
4
Not used
Always
-
Head and motor window The case shall have a window on each side to enable the optical head and the motor to access the disk (see figure 11). The dimensions are referenced to a centreline, located at a distance of L 46 = 61,0 mm ± 0,2 mm to the left of reference axis Y. The width of the head access shall be L 47 = 20,00 mm min L 48 = 20,00 mm min and its height shall extend from L 49 = 118,2 mm min to L 50 = 57,0 mm max The four inside corners shall be rounded with a radius of R 12 = 3,0 mm max The motor access shall have a diameter of D 5 = 35,0 mm min and its centre shall be defined by L 46 and L 51 = 43,0 mm ± 0,2 mm
10.5.10
Shutter The case shall have a spring-loaded, unidirectional shutter (see figure 12) with an optional latch, designed to completely cover the head and motor windows when closed. A shutter movement of 41,5 mm minimum shall be sufficient to ensure that the head and motor window is opened to the minimum size specified in 10.5.9. The shutter shall be free to slide in a recessed area of the case in such a way as to ensure that the overall thickness of the case and shutter shall not exceed L 8 . The right-hand side of the top of the shutter shall have a lead-in ramp with an angle A 2 = 16° max The distance from the reference planes P to the nearest side of the ramp shall be L 52 = 2,5 mm max The left hand side of the shutter shall not extend closer than L 52B = 14,0 mm min to the datum plane.
- 15 -
10.5.11
Slot for shutter opener The shutter shall have only one slot (see figure 12) in which the shutter opener of the drive can engage to open the shutter. The slot shall be dimensioned as follows: When the shutter is closed, the vertical edge used to push the shutter open shall be located at a distance of L 53 = 34,5 mm ± 0,5 mm from reference axis Y on Side B of the case. The length of the slot shall be L 54 = 4,5 mm ± 0,1 mm and the angle of the lead-out ramp shall be A 3 = 52,5° ± 7,5° The depth of the slot shall be L 55 = 3,5 mm ± 0,1 mm The width of the slot from the reference plane P of Side B of the case shall be + 0,5 mm
L 56 = 6,0 mm
- 0,0 mm
If a shutter latch is employed, the distance between the latch and reference plane P of Side B of the case shall be L 57 = 2,5 mm max The edges of the case beneath the shutter, upon which the shutter door opening mechanism may slide, shall have a thickness of B 1 = 1,0 mm min located at B 2 = 0,9 mm max from plane P (see detail A in figure 12). The four edges shall also be straight to within STR (straightness of surface) = 0,2 mm in both planes for length C 1 . (Length C 1 is defined by the manufacturer’s shutter design. See detail in figure 12.) 10.5.12
Shutter sensor notch The shutter sensor notch (see figure 10) is used to ensure that the shutter is fully open after insertion of the optical disk cartridge into the drive. Therefore, the notch shall be exposed only when the shutter is fully open. The dimensions shall be L 43 = 3,5 mm ± 0,2 mm L 44 = 71,0 mm ± 0,3 mm and + 0,0 mm
L 45 = 9,0 mm
- 2,0 mm
The notch shall have a lead-out ramp with an angle
- 16 -
A 1 = 45° ± 2° 10.5.13
User label areas The case shall have the following minimum areas for user labels (see figure 14): − on Side A and Side B: 35,0 mm x 65,0 mm − on the bottom side: 6,0 mm x 98,0 mm These areas shall be recessed by 0,2 mm min. Their positions are specified by the following dimensions and relations between dimensions.
10.6
L 61
= 4,5 mm min
L 62 - L 61
= 65,0 mm min
L 64 - L 63
= 35,0 mm min
L 65
= 4,5 mm min
L 66 - L 65
= 65,0 mm min
L 67 + L 68
= 35,0 mm min
L 8 - L 71 - L 72
= 6,0 mm min
L 4 - L 69 - L 70
= 98,0 mm min
Mechanical characteristics All requirements of this clause shall be met in the operating environment.
10.6.1
Materials The case shall be constructed from any suitable materials such that it meets the requirements of this ECMA Standard.
10.6.2
Mass The mass of the case without the optical disk shall not exceed 150 g.
10.6.3
Edge distortion The cartridge shall meet the requirement of the edge distortion test defined in annex B.
10.6.4
Compliance The cartridge shall meet the requirement of the compliance (flexibility) test defined in annex C. The requirement guarantees that a cartridge can be constrained in the proper plane of operation within the drive.
10.6.5
Shutter opening force The spring force on the shutter shall be such that the force required to open the shutter does not exceed 3N. It shall be sufficiently strong to close a free-sliding shutter, irrespective of the orientation of the case.
10.7
Drop test The optical disk cartridge shall withstand dropping on each surface and on each corner from a height of 760 mm on to a concrete floor covered with a vinyl layer 2 mm thick. The cartridge shall withstand all such impacts without any functional failure.
11 11.1
Dimensional, mechanical and physical characteristics of the disk General description of the disk The disk shall consist of two sides. Each disk side shall consist of a circular substrate with a hub on one face and a recording layer coated on the other face. The recording layer can be protected from environmental influences by a protective layer.
- 17 -
The Formatted Zone (see clause 17) of the substrate shall be transparent to allow an optical beam to focus on the recording layer through the substrate. The two disk sides shall be assembled with the recording layer facing inwards. The circular hubs are in the centre of the disk. They interact with the spindle of the drive, and provide the radial centring of the clamping force.
11.2
Reference axis and plane of the disk Some dimensions of the hub are referred to a Disk Reference Plane P (see figure 2). The Disk Reference Plane P is different from that described in 10.3 for the cartridge. P is defined by the perfectly flat annular surface of an ideal spindle onto which the clamping zone of the disk is clamped, and which is normal to the axis of rotation of this spindle.This axis A passes through the centre of the centre hole of the hub, and is normal to Disk Reference Plane P.
11.3
Dimensions of the disk The dimensions of the disk shall be measured in the test environment. The dimensions of the disk in an operating environment can be estimated from the dimensions specified in this clause. The outer diameter of the disk shall be 130,0 mm nominal. The tolerance is determined by the movement of the disk inside the case allowed by 12.3 and 12.4. The total thickness of the disk outside the hub area shall be 2,40 mm min. and 2,80 mm max. NOTE Disks that conform to ISO/IEC 10089 and ECMA-238 (ISO/IEC 15486) are known to exist which have a total thickness of 3,2 mm The clamping zone is the area on the disk where the clamping mechanism of the optical drive grips the disk and is defined by D 6 and D 7 . The clearance zone is the area between the outer diameter of the clamping zone (D 6 ) and the inner diameter of the reflective zone (see clause 17). The clearance zone shall be excluded from the total thickness requirement, however there shall be no projection from the Disk Reference Plane P in the direction of the optical system of more than 0,2 mm in this zone.
11.3.1
Hub dimension The outer diameter of the hub (see figure 2) shall be + 0,0 mm
D 8 = 25,0 mm
- 0,2 mm
The height of the hub shall be + 0,0 mm
h 1 = 2,2 mm
- 0,2 mm
The diameter of the centre hole of the hub shall be + 0,012 mm
D 9 = 4,004 mm
- 0,000 mm
The height of the top of the centring hole at diameter D 9 , measured above the Disk Reference Plane P, shall be h 2 = 1,9 mm min The centring length at diameter D 9 shall be h 3 = 0,5 mm min
- 18 -
The hole shall have a diameter larger than, or equal to, D 9 between the centring length and the Disk Reference Plane P. The hole shall extend through the substrate. There shall be a radius at the rim of the hub at diameter D 9 with height h 4 = 0,2 mm ± 0,1 mm At the two surfaces which it intersects, the radius shall be blended to prevent offsets or sharp ridges. The height of the chamfer at the rim of the hub at diameter D 8 shall be + 0,2 mm
h 5 = 0,2 mm
- 0,0 mm
The angle of the chamfer shall be 45°, or a corresponding full radius shall be used. The outer diameter of the magnetizable ring shall be D 10 = 19,0 mm min The inner diameter of the magnetizable ring shall be D 11 = 8,0 mm max This thickness of the magnetizable material shall be h 6 = 0,5 mm min The position of the top of the magnetizable ring relative to the Disk Reference Plane P shall be + 0,0 mm
h 7 = 2,2 mm
- 0,1 mm
The outer diameter of the clamping zone shall be D 6 = 35,0 mm min The inner diameter of the zone shall be D 7 = 27,0 mm max
11.4
Mechanical characteristics All requirements in this clause must be met in the operating environment.
11.4.1
Material The disk shall be made from any suitable materials such that it meets the requirements of this Standard. The only material properties specified by this ECMA Standard are the magnetic properties of the magnetizable zone in the hub (see 11.3.1) and the optical properties of the substrate in the Formatted Zone (see 11.5).
11.4.2
Mass The mass of the disk shall not exceed 120 g.
11.4.3
Moment of inertia The moment of inertia of the disk relative to axis A shall not exceed 0,22 g . m2 .
11.4.4
Imbalance The imbalance of the disk relative to axis A shall not exceed 0,01 g . m.
11.4.5
Axial deflection The axial deflection of the disk is measured as the axial deviation of the recording layer. Thus it comprises the tolerances on the thickness of the substrate, on its index of refraction and the deviation of the entrance surface from the Disk Reference Plane P on each side of the disk. The nominal position of the recording layer with respect to the Disk Reference Plane P on each side of the disk is determined by the nominal thickness of the substrate.
- 19 -
The deviation of any point of the recording layer from its nominal position, in a direction normal to the Disk Reference Plane P, shall not exceed ± 0,19 mm for rotational frequencies of the disk as specified in 9.5. The deviation shall be measured by the optical system defined in clause 9. 11.4.6
Axial acceleration The maximum allowed axial error emax (see annex T) shall not exceed ± 0,7µm, measured using the Reference Servo for axial tracking of the recording layer. The rotational frequency of the disk shall be as specified in 9.5. The stationary part of the motor is assumed to be motionless (no external disturbances). The measurement shall be made using a servo with the transfer function
3iω ω0 1ω Hs (iω ) = 0 iω 3 iω 1+ 3ω 0 2
1+
where
ω = 2πf ω0 /2π = 1 550 Hz i=
-1
or any other servo with 1+H
within 20% of 1+H s
in the bandwidth of 50 Hz to 170 kHz. Thus, the
disk shall not require an acceleration of more than 22 m/s 2 at low frequencies from the servo motor of the Reference Servo. 11.4.7
Radial runout The radial runout of the tracks in the recording layer in the Information zone is measured as seen by the optical head of the Reference Drive. Thus it includes the distance between the axis of rotation of the spindle and reference axis A, the tolerances on the dimensions between axis A and the location of the track, and effects of non-uniformity's in the index of refraction. The difference between the maximum and the minimum distance of any track from the axis of rotation, measured along a fixed radial line over one physical track of the disk, shall not exceed 50 µm as measured by the optical system under conditions of a hub mounted on a perfect sized test fixture shaft, for rotational frequencies of the disk as specified in 9.5.
11.4.8
Radial acceleration The maximum allowed radial error emax (see annex V) shall not exceed ± 0,09µm, measured using the Reference Servo for radial tracking of the tracks. The rotational frequency of the disk shall be as specified in 9.5. The stationary part of the motor is assumed to be motionless (no external disturbances). The measurement shall be made using a servo with the transfer function
3iω ω0 1ω Hs (iω ) = 0 iω 3 iω 1+ 3ω 0 2
where ω = 2πf ω0 /2π = 2 340 Hz I=
-1
1+
- 20 -
or any other servo with 1+H within 20% of 1+H s in the bandwidth of 50 Hz to 170 kHz. Thus, the disk shall not require an acceleration of more than 6,5 m/s 2 at low frequencies from the servo motor of the Reference Servo. 11.4.9
Tilt The tilt angle, defined as the angle which the normal to the entrance surface, averaged over a circular area of 1 mm diameter, makes with the normal to the Disk Reference Plane P, shall not exceed 2,8 mrad.
11.5
Optical characteristics
11.5.1
Index of refraction Within the Formatted Zone (see clause 17) the index of refraction of the substrate shall be within the range from 1,46 to 1,60.
11.5.2
Thickness The thickness of the substrate from the entrance surface to the recording layer, within the Formatted Zone shall be: 0,509 3 ×
n
n
3
2
−1
2
×
n + 0,265 0 2
n + 0,592 9
mm ± 0,05 mm
where n is the index of refraction. 11.5.3
Birefringence The effect of the birefringence of the substrate is included in the measurement of the imbalance of the optical signal in Channel 2 of the Reference Drive (see 26.2)
11.5.4
Vertical Birefringence The principal vertical birefringence value shall be contained as follows: 0 ≤ N p − N z ≤ 500 × 10
−6
where N p is the index of refraction along any direction in the plane of the disk and N z is the index of refraction normal to the plane of the disk (see annex V). 11.5.5 11.5.5.1
Reflectance General The reflectance R is the value of the reflectance in-groove of an unrecorded and grooved area of the User Zone, measured through the substrate and does not include the reflectance of the entrance surface. The nominal value R of the reflectance shall be specified by the manufacturer − in byte 3 of the Control Track PEP Zone (see 17.3.2.1.4), and − in byte 19 of the Control Track SFP Zone (see 17.4.2).
11.5.5.2
Measured value The measured value R m of the reflectance shall be measured under the conditions a) to f) of 9.2 and those of 20.2.2 using the split photo detector (I 1 +I 2 ) IG. Measurements shall be made in the User Zone in any track without embossed data fields.
11.5.5.3
Requirement The value of R at the standard wavelength specified in 9.2 shall lie within the range of 0,05 to 0,16 for Type WORM disks. At any point in the User Zone, the measured reflectance R m shall meet the following requirement. R (1 - 0,20) ≤ (R mmax + R mmin )/2 ≤ R (1 + 0,20)
- 21 -
This requirement specifies the acceptable range for R m, for all disks within the same value R. Additionally, the variation of R m shall meet the requirement (R mmax - R mmin ) / (R mmax + R mmin ) ≤ 0,13 where R mmax is the maximum value of measured reflectance in the User Zone, and R mmin is the minimum value of measured reflectance in the User Zone.
12 12.1
Interface between cartridge and drive Clamping method When the cartridge is inserted into the drive, the shutter of the case is opened and the drive spindle engages the disk. The disk is held against the spindle by an axial clamping force, provided by the magnetizable material in the hub and the magnets in the spindle. The radial positioning of the disk is provided by the centering of the axis of the spindle in the centre hole of the hub. A turntable of the spindle shall support the disk in its clamping zone, determining the axial position of the disk in the case.
12.2
Clamping force The clamping force exerted by the spindle shall be less than 14 N. The adsorbent force measured by the test device specified in annex D shall be in the range of 8,0 N to 12,0 N.
12.3
Capture cylinder The capture cylinder (see figure 13) is defined as the volume in which the spindle can expect the centre of the hole of the hub to be at the maximum height of the hub, just prior to capture. The size of the cylinder limits the allowable play of the disk inside its cavity in the case. This cylinder is referred to perfectly located and perfectly sized alignment and location pins in the drive, and includes tolerances of dimensions of the case and the disk between the two pins mentioned and the centre of the hub. The bottom of the cylinder is parallel to the Disk Reference Plane P, and shall be located at a distance of L 58 = 0,5 mm min. above the Disk Reference Plane P of Side B of the case when Side A of the disk is to be used. The top of the cylinder shall be located at a distance of L 59 = 4,3 mm max. above the same Disk Reference Plane P, i.e. that of Side B. The diameter of the cylinder shall be D 12 = 3,0 mm max. Its centre shall be defined by the nominal values of L 46 and L 51 .
12.4
Disk position in the operating condition When the disk is in the operating condition (see figure 13) within the drive, the position of the active recording layer shall be L 60 = 5,35 mm ± 0,15 mm above the Disk Reference Plane P of that side of the case that faces the optical system. Moreover, the torque to be exerted on the disk in order to maintain a rotational frequency of 50 Hz shall not exceed 0,01 N . m, when the axis of rotation is within a circle of diameter D 13 = 0,2 mm max. and a centre given by the nominal values of L 46 and L 51 .
- 22 -
D6 D7 D8 D10 D11 D9
h4
h1
P h5
h2 Clamping zone
h3
h6 h7 Clamping zone
Disk
94-0131-A
Figure 2 - Hub dimensions
- 23 -
Surface S4 (figure 5)
Slot for the shutter opener (figure 12) Shutter sensor notch (figure 10) Shutter
User label area (figure 14)
Insertion direction
Disk Side B
Insertion slot and detent (figure 6) Hub (figure 2)
Case Side A Surface S3 (figures 5 and 5a)
Alignment hole (figure 4)
Head window (figure 11)
Surface S2 (figure 5)
Motor window (figure 11)
Write-inhibit hole for Side A (figure 8)
Location hole (figure 4)
Gripper slot (figure 7)
Surface S1 (figure 5)
Media sensor holes for Side A (figure 9)
95-0013-A
Write-inhibit hole for Side B (figure 8) Media sensor holes for Side B (figure 9) Figure 3 - Case
Gripper slot (figure 7)
- 24 -
R
R2
A - A (2 : 1)
1
L
R5
L
R5 L
10
1
L
L
9
2
L
7
X
A L
10
L
3
R
11
L
3
R 4 P
L
L
Location hole
A L6
5
Y
4
L12 L
L
9
8
13
Alignment hole
95-0014-A
Figure 4 - Overall dimensions and reference axes
- 25 -
See figure 5a R8 S3
S4
L17
L19 L7 L15
X
S1
S2
D1
D2 L5
L14 L18 Y
95-0015-A
Figure 5 - Surfaces S1, S2, S3 and S4 of the reference plane P
- 26 -
L16
R8
R7
R9
S3
R10 L17 L19 L7
L5
L14 L18 Y
95-0016-A
Figure 5a - Detail of surface S3
R6
L15
- 27 -
L24
L25
R11
L22 L27 P
L8 L23
L21
L26
L20
L73
X 95-0017-A
Figure 6 - Insertion slot and detent
- 28 -
X L29
L30
L28
Y
95-0018-A
Figure 7 - Gripper slots
- 29 -
X
L31
B
B L34
D3
Y
L32
Write-inhibited
Write-enabled
Section B-B L10
L10
L33
L33
95-0019-A
Figure 8 - Write-Inhibit holes
- 30 -
X
L
C 8xD
C
L
35
34
L
36 L37
4
L38 L39
L
40 L41
L32
Y
Closed
L42
Opened
Closure plugs
L 42 95-0020-A
Figure 9 - Media ID sensor holes
Through hole
Plugs punched-out
- 31 -
L
L
45 A
L
44
1
X
Y 95-0021-B
Figure 10 - Shutter sensor notch viewed from Side A
43
- 32 -
L48
L47 R12
D5
L49
L50
L51
X L46 95-0022-A
Figure 11 - Head and motor window
Y
- 33 -
Y
L55 A3 A2
L53 L54
C1 L52
P
A
Y L57 L56
A
L52B
L52
P B1
Section A-A (enlarged scale)
B2
STR
B1 95-0007-A
P Figure 12 - Shutter opening features
B2
- 34 -
D13
D12
L51
L46
L59
X
Y
L58
L60 P 95-0024-A
Figure 13 - Capture cylinder
User label area
- 35 -
L62
L61
X
L63 L64
Y
95-0025-A
Figure 14a - User label area on Side A
L4 L70
L69
L71
User label area L72
95-0026-A
User label area
Figure 14b - User label area on bottom surface
L66
L65
L68
L67
95-0027-A
Figure 14c - User label area on Side B
L8
- 36 -
Section 3: Format of information 13 13.1
Track geometry Track shape The Formatted Zone shall contain tracks intended for the continuous servo tracking method. (See table 4). A track consists of a land-groove-land combination, where each land is shared with a neighboring track. A groove is a trench-like feature, the bottom of which is located nearer to the entrance surface than the land. The centre of the track, i.e. where the recording is made, is the centre of the groove. The lands shall be continuous. Grooves shall occur only in areas without embossed Headers and embossed Recording Fields. The shape of the land is determined by the requirements in clause 21. This ECMA Standard distinguishes between physical and logical tracks. A physical track forms a 360 o turn of a continuous spiral. A logical track is a portion of a physical track containing a defined number of consecutive sectors (see 14.2).
13.2
Direction of track spiral The track shall spiral inward from the outer diameter to the inner diameter.
13.3
Track pitch The track pitch is the distance between adjacent track centrelines, measured in a radial direction. It shall be 0,85 µm ± 0,05 µm except in the Control Track PEP Zone. The width of a group of bands corresponding to 35 294 physical tracks shall be 30,00 mm ± 0,10 mm.
13.4
Logical track number Each logical track shall be identified by a logical track number (see 15.5). Unless otherwise stated all track numbers refer to logical tracks only. Track 0 shall be located at radius 62,10 mm ± 0,10 mm for 2 048-byte sectors The logical track numbers of logical tracks located at radii smaller than that of track 0 shall be increased by 1 for each track. The logical track numbers of logical tracks located at radii larger than that of track 0 shall be negative, and decrease by 1 for each track. Their value is given in TWO's complement, thus track -1 is indicated by (3FFFF).
13.4
Physical track number In cases where track numbers refer to physical tracks this is clearly stated. Physical track 0 shall begin with sector 0 of logical track 0. The track numbers of physical tracks located at radii smaller than that of physical track 0 shall be increased by 1 for each physical track. The track numbers of physical tracks located at radii larger than that of physical track 0 shall be negative, and decrease by 1 for each physical track.
14 14.1
Track format Physical track layout All sectors on the disk shall be the same size. For disks with 2 048-byte sectors, on each physical track there shall be 22 to 45 sectors. Each sector shall comprise 2 635 bytes. A byte is represented on the disk by 12 Channel bits. Hence, the length of one Channel bit is determined by the requirement that there are (22 to 45) x 2 635 x 12 = 695 640 to 1 422 900 Channel bits on a physical track. The sectors shall be equally spaced over a physical track in such a way that the distance between the first Channel bit of a sector and the first Channel bit of the next sector shall be 31 620 Channel bits ± 5 Channel bits. At the rotational speed of 50 Hz, the period T of a Channel bit equals
- 37 -
T=
14.2
10
9
50 × (695 640 to 1 422 900)
ns = 28,8 ns to 14,1 ns
Logical track layout On each logical track there shall be 7 sectors.
14.3
Radial alignment The Headers of the sectors in each band shall be radially aligned in such a way that the distance between the first Channel bit of sectors in adjacent physical tracks shall be less than 5 Channel bits. The Headers of the first sector in all bands shall be radially aligned in such a way that the distance between the first Channel bit of the first sectors of each band shall be less than 120 Channel bits.
14.4
Sector number The sectors of a logical track shall be numbered consecutively from 0 to 6.
15 15.1
Sector format Sector layout Sectors shall have the layout shown in figure 15. The number of user bytes per sector is specified by byte 1 of each of the Control Track Zones. The pre-formatted header area of 64 bytes, Transition Area (TA1 ) area of 1 byte and the ALPC and Gap area of 17 bytes are as follows. On the disk 8-bit bytes shall be represented by 12 Channel bits (see clause 16). In figure 15, the numbers below the fields indicate the number of bytes in each field. SM 8
VFO1 26
AM 1
ID1 5
VFO2 16
AM 1
ID2 5
PA1 2
Pre-formatted Header
Gap 4
Flag 5
Gap 2
ALPC 6
ALPC and Gaps
Pre-formatted Header 64
TA1 ALPC, Gaps VFO3 1
17
27
Sync
Data field
PA2
Buffer
TA2
4
2 498 User Data, DMP, CRC, Resync
2
21
1
Figure 15 - Sector format for 2 048 users bytes
15.2
Sector Mark The Sector Mark shall consist of an embossed pattern that does not occur in RLL (1,7) code (see 16) and is intended to enable the drive to identify the start of the sector without recourse to a phase-locked loop. The Sector Mark shall have a length of 96 Channel bits and shall consist of pre-recorded, continuous, long marks of different Channel bit lengths followed by a lead-in to the VFO 1 field. This pattern does not exist in data. There are two kinds of Sector Marks to identify even-numbered and odd-numbered bands. The Sector Mark pattern shall be as shown in Figure 16, where T corresponds to the time length of one Channel bit. The signal obtained from a mark is less than a signal obtained from space. The lead-in shall have the Channel bit pattern 000101 for odd-numbered bands and 000001 for even-numbered bands.
- 38 -
The Sector Mark pattern used for the Inner Manufacturer Zone, the Inner Control Track SFP, the Transition Zone, and the Inner Guard Band shall be the same pattern as that used in band 23. The Sector Mark pattern used for the Lead-in Zone, the Outer Control Track SFP, the Outer Manufacturer Zone, and the Outer Guard Band shall be the same pattern as that used in band 0.
6T
12T
6T
12T
6T
12T
12T
6T
12T
6T 4T 2T
6T
12T
6T
12T
6T
12T
12T
6T
12T
6T
space odd-numbered band mark
space even-numbered band mark
6T
Lead-in
Long mark pattern Sector Mark 98-0067-A
Figure 16 - Sector Mark pattern
15.3
VFO fields There shall be three fields designated VFO 1 , VFO 2 and VFO 3 (figure 17) to synchronize the VFO. These fields shall be embossed, except for write once sectors, in which case the VFO 3 field shall be written by the drive when data is written to the sector. The continuous Channel bit pattern for VFO fields shall be:
VFO1 space mark
VFO2 space mark
VFO3 space mark
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
312 Channel bits
0
1
0
?
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
192 Channel bits
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
324 Channel bits
98-0068-A
Figure 17 - VFO Field Patterns The starting bits of VFO2 shall be ZERO ONE ZERO considered as encoded from input bits ONE ZERO. The fourth bit (denoted by ?) shall be set to either a ONE or ZERO so as to produce the mark-space pattern as defined. The objective is to set the 9T space between the trailing edge of the last mark of the VFO fields and the leading edge of the first mark of the following Address Mark. This value shall be such
- 39 -
to produce the same pattern thereafter as the other VFO fields and to end this field in the trailing edge of an embossed mark. The start of the VFO 3 field shall be not more than 6 Channel bits from the ideal position given in this ECMA Standard. This tolerance allows for timing inaccuracies of the optical drive controller and shall be compensated for by the ALPC preceding the VFO 3 field and by the Buffer field at the end of the sector.
15.4
Address Mark (AM) The Address Mark shall consist of an embossed pattern that does not occur in RLL (1,7) code and which is a run-length violation for this code. The field is intended to give the drive byte synchronization for the following ID field. It shall have a length of 12 Channel bits with the following pattern: 0000 0000 10x0 where the value x shall be determined as follows: if the first data bits of the following ID field are set to ZERO ZERO, x shall be set to ONE if the first data bits of the following ID field are not set to ZERO ZERO, x shall be set to ZERO. Since the last bit of the preceding VFO field is set to ONE, and a bit set to ONE appears in the AM after 8 other Channel bits, this 10-bit sequence constitutes the detection pattern.
15.5
ID fields The two ID fields shall each contain the addresses of the sector, i.e. track number and sector number of the sector, and CRC bytes. Each field shall consist of five bytes with the following embossed contents: 1st byte This byte shall specify the second least significant byte of the logical track number. 2nd byte This byte shall specify the least significant byte of the logical track number. 3rd byte bit 7
shall specify the ID number. when set to ZERO shall mean the ID 1 field, when set to ONE shall mean the ID 2 field,
bits 6 to 5
shall specify the two most significant bits of the logical track number
bits 4 to 0
shall specify the sector number in binary notation .
4th and 5th bytes These two bytes shall specify a 16-bit CRC computed over the first three bytes of this field (see annex E). The first two data bits of the ID field shall be encoded using table 2. When doing this, the last Channel bit from the AM shall be used as input to the encoder. The first three Channel bits of the ID field shall be decoded using table 3. When doing this, the last two Channel bits from the AM shall be used as input to the decoder.
15.6
Postamble (PA 1 ) This field shall be equal in length to 24 Channel bits following the ID 2 field and shall be set as shown in figure 18.
0 1
0 ?
0
1
0
1 0 1
0
1 0
1
0 1 0 1
space mark 98-0069-A
Figure 18 - Postamble pattern
0
1 0 1
0 1
- 40 -
The starting bits of the PA shall be ZERO ONE ZERO and considered as encoded from input bits ONE ZERO. The value of the 4th bit (identified by ?) shall be such as to end this field in the trailing edge of an embossed mark such that the following gap field is always recorded as a space. Due to the use of the RLL (1,7) encoding scheme (see 16), the framing of the last byte of the CRC in the ID 2 field is uncertain within a few bit times. The Postamble allows the last byte of the CRC to achieve closure and permits the ID field to always end in a predictable manner. This is necessary in order to locate the following field in a consistent manner.
15.7
Transition Area (TA 1 ) There are two Transition Areas in each sector. Each Transition Area shall be equal in length to 12 Channel bits. This area is used for transition from embossed headers to grooved areas. This area shall not contain user information. For embossed sectors TA1 shall be embossed with a continuous 2T pattern.
15.8
Gap There are two Gap fields in each sector. The first Gap shall be equal in length to 48 Channel bits. It is the first field after TA1 and gives the drive some time for processing after it has finished reading the header. The second Gap shall be equal in length to 24 Channel bits. The contents of the two Gap fields are not specified, and shall be ignored in interchange. For embossed sectors, the Gap shall be embossed with a continuous 2T pattern.
15.9
Flag This field is intended to prevent inadvertent write operations over previously written data on Types WORM media. For embossed sectors, the Flag shall be embossed with a continuous 2T pattern of 60 Channel bits (010101010101...01). For sectors in the User Area of the User Zone, the Flag shall be unrecorded if the data field of the sector is unrecorded and shall be recorded with a continuous 2T pattern of 60 Channel bits (010101010101…01) if the Data field of the sector is recorded.
15.10
Auto Laser Power Control (ALPC) This field shall be equal in length to 72 Channel bits. It is intended for testing the laser power level. The contents of this field are not specified, and shall be ignored in interchange by this ECMA Standard.
15.11
Sync The sync field is intended to allow the drive to obtain byte synchronization for the following Data field. It shall have a length of 48 Channel bits and be recorded with the bit pattern 0100 0010 0100 0010 0010 0010 0100 0100 1000 0010 0100 10x0 where the value x shall be as follows: if the first data bits of the following Data field are set to ZERO ZERO, x shall be set to ONE if the first data bits of the following Data field are not set to ZERO ZERO, x shall be set to ZERO.
15.12
Data field The Data field is intended for recording user data. It shall consist of: − 2 498 bytes comprising 2 048 user bytes 442 bytes for CRC, ECC and Resync 8 bytes for Defect Management Pointer (DMP) The disposition of these bytes in the Data field is specified in annex F.
- 41 -
The first two data bits of the Data field shall be encoded using table 2. When doing this, the last Channel bit from the Sync field shall be used as input to the encoder. The first three Channel bits of the Data field shall be decoded using table 3. When doing this, the last two Channel bits from the Sync field shall be used as input to the decoder. 15.12.1
User data bytes These bytes are at the disposal of the user for recording information. There are 2 048 bytes in each sector.
15.12.2
CRC and ECC bytes The Cyclic Redundancy Check bytes and Error Correction Code bytes are used by the error detection and correction system to rectify erroneous data. The ECC is a Reed-Solomon code of degree 16. The computation of the check bytes of the CRC and ECC shall be as specified in annex F.
15.12.3
Defect Management Pointer (DMP) There shall be 8 bytes for Defect Management Pointers (DMP). DMPs are used to specify the relationship between a defective sector and its replacement sector. See clause 19, Defect Management for WORM Media, for more details.
15.12.4
Resync bytes The Resync bytes enable a drive to regain byte synchronization after a large defect in the data field. Annex G specifies the Resync bytes and the criteria for selection of which of the two bytes is to be used. The Resync fields shall be inserted among the rest of the bytes of the Data field as specified in annex F.
15.13
Postamble field (PA 2 ) This field shall have a nominal length of 24 Channel bits which shall be used for RLL (1,7) closure. This field shall end in a space to ensure that the Buffer field (see 15.14) shall consist of spaces. Permitted PA 2 patterns can either be PA1 as defined in clause 15.6, or any other valid RLL (1,7) closure which shall end in space but shall not contain a bit sequence of ONE ONE.
15.14
Buffer field The Buffer field is needed for three reasons. Firstly, the tolerance on the header-to-header distance as specified in 14.1. Secondly, the tolerance in the start of the VFO 3 field as specified in 15.3. Thirdly, the actual length of the written data, as determined by the runout of the track and the speed variations of the disk during writing of the data For embossed sectors, the Buffer shall be embossed with a continuous 2T pattern.
15.15
Transition Area (TA2) This area is used for transition from grooved areas to embossed headers and shall be equal in length to 12 Channel bits. This area shall not contain user information. For embossed sectors TA 2 shall be embossed with a continuous 2T pattern.
16
Recording code The 8-bit bytes in the two ID fields and in the data field shall be encoded into Channel bits on the disk according to table 2 and annex G. Channel bits in these fields shall be decoded to information bits according to table 3 and annex G. All other fields in a sector have already been defined in terms of Channel bits. Write pulses shall produce marks in a manner such that the edge between a mark and a space or a space and a mark corresponds to a Channel bit that is a ONE. The recording code used to record all data in the formatted areas of the disk shall be the run-length limited code known as RLL (1,7) as defined in tables 2 and 3.
- 42 -
Table 2 - Encoding of input bits to Channel bits Preceding Channel bit
Current input bits
Following input bits
Channel bits RLL(1,7)
0 or 1
00
00 or 01
001
0
00
10 or 11
000
1
00
10 or 11
010
0
01
00 or 01
001
0
01
10 or 11
000
1
01
00
010
1
01
01, 10, or 11
000
0
10
00 or 01
101
0
10
10 or 11
010
0
11
00
010
0
11
01, 10, or 11
100
The coding shall start at the first bit of the first byte of the field to be converted. After a Resync field the RLL (1,7) coding shall start again with the last two input bits of the Resync bytes. Table 3 - Decoding of Channel bits to information bits
17 17.1
Preceding Channel bits
Current Channel bits
Following Channel bits
Decoded information bits
10
000
00, 01, or 10
00
00 or 01
000
00, 01, or 10
01
00
001
00 or 01
01
01 or 10
001
00 or 01
00
00 or 10
010
00
11
00 or 10
010
01 or 10
10
01
010
00
01
01
010
01 or 10
00
00 or 10
100
00, 01, or 10
11
00 or 10
101
00 or 01
10
Formatted Zone General description of the Formatted Zone The Formatted Zone contains all information on the disk relevant for data interchange. The information comprises embossed tracking provisions, embossed headers, embossed data and, possibly, user-written data. In this clause the term 'data' is reserved for the content of the Data field of a sector, which, in general, is transferred to the host. Clause 17 defines the layout of the information; the characteristics of signals obtained from this information are specified in section 4 and 6.
17.2
Division of the Formatted Zone The Formatted Zone shall be divided into zones containing the logical tracks indicated in table 4.
- 43 -
The dimensions are given as reference only, and are nominal locations. The tolerance on the location of logical track 0 is specified in clause 13.4. The tolerances on other radii are determined by the tolerance on the track pitch as specified in 13.3. The location of the zones defined in table 4 are also shown in figure 19. Table 4 – Layout of the Formatted Zone Radius in mm
Logical Track
- Lead-in Zone
2 048 Byte Sectors
62,50 to 62,30
-3 015 to –1 531
- Outer Control Track SFP Zone
62,30 to 62,25
-1 530 to –1 126
- Outer Manufacturer Zone
62,25 to 62,10
-1 125 to –1
(Guard Band)
(62,25 to 62,25)
-1 125 to –1 100
(Test Zone for manufacturers)
(62,25 to 62,24)
-1 099 to –1 048
(Test Zone for drives)
(62,24 to 62,10)
-1 047 to –27
(Guard Band)
(62,10 to 62,10)
-26 to –1
- User Zone
62,10 to 29,68
0 to 182 507
- Inner Manufacturer Zone
29,68 to 29,55
182 508 to 183 013
(Guard Band)
(29,68 to 29,68)
182 508 to 182 520
(Test Zone for drives)
(29,68 to 29,56)
182 521 to 182 974
(Test Zone for manufacturers)
(29,56 to 29,55)
182 975 to 183 000
(Guard Band)
(29,55 to 29,55)
183 001 to 183 013
- Inner Control Track SFP Zone
29,55 to 29,51
183 014 to 183 145
- Transition Zone for SFP
29,51 to 29,50
183 146 to 183 190
- Control Track PEP Zone
29,50 to 29,00
N/A
- Reflective Zone
29,00 to 27,00
N/A
- 44 -
Radius (mm) 2 048-byte sectors Max 62,50
Content
Zone Name Lead-in Zone
62,30 SFP Zone 62,25 62,10
SFP1 SFP2 SFP3 SFP4
....
SFP
....
SFP
Outer Manufacturer Zone DMAs User User Area
Zone
29,68 29,55
DMAs Inner Manufacturer Zone SFP Zone
29,51 29,50
SFP1 SFP2 SFP3 SFP4
Transition Zone PEP Zone
PEP
PEP
PEP
29,00 27,00
Reflective Zone
98-0070-A
Figure 19 - Location of the defined Zones 17.2.1
Lead-in Zone The Lead-in Zone shall be used for positioning purposes only.
17.2.2
Manufacturer Zones There shall be an Inner and an Outer Manufacturer Zone. They are provided to allow the media manufacturer to perform tests on the disk, including write operations, in an area located away from recorded information.
17.2.2.1
Outer Manufacturer Zone The Outer Manufacturer Zone shall comprise 1 125 logical tracks. The Outer Manufacturer Zone is divided into four parts: Two Guard bands and in between the actual Test Zones for drives and manufacturers. The Test Zone for drives is intended for tests by a drive for calibration purposes and should not be used by media manufacturers. The following PBs (Physical Blocks) will be written by the media manufacturer and will contain the data patterns specified in table 5. The fixed pattern is 2 048 bytes of (CC) in the user bytes with the defined CRC, ECC, and RESYNC bytes and the DMP bytes are (FF). The increment pattern is 2 048 bytes of (00, 01, 02, … F0, FE, FF) repeated 8 times with the defined CRC, ECC, and RESYN bytes and the DMP bytes are (FF).
- 45 -
Table 5 - Calibration PBAs Pattern
PBS (Physical Block Address) Outer Calibration Area
Inner Calibration Area
Fixed
- 444 to - 400
1277835 to 1277856
Increment
- 399 to - 355
1277857 to 1277878
Fixed
- 354 to - 310
1277879 to 1277900
The Test Zone for manufacturers is intended for quality tests by the media manufacturer and should not be used by drives. The Test Zone for manufacturers may have embossed marks in the data field (see 15.12) that need not comply with the requirements of 15.12 or clause 16. The information in this zone is not specified by this ECMA Standard and shall be ignored in interchange. Logical tracks -1 to -26 are a buffer and shall not be used. All physical tracks in the Outer Manufacturer Zone shall contain 45 sectors. 17.2.2.2
Inner Manufacturer Zone The Inner Manufacturer Zone is also divided into four parts (see 17.2.2.1). All physical tracks of the Inner Manufacturer zone shall contain 22 sectors.
17.2.3
User Zone The Data fields in the User Zone can be user-written or contain embossed data, in the format of clause 15, depending upon the type of the disk. The layout of the User Zone and its sub-divisions is specified in clause 18.
17.2.4
Reflective Zone This ECMA Standard does not specify the format of the Reflective Zone, except that it shall have the same recording layer as the remainder of the Formatted Zone.
17.2.5
Control Track Zones The three zones on each side of the disk Control track PEP Zone Inner Control Track SFP Zone Outer Control Track SFP Zone shall be used for recording control track information. The control track information shall be recorded in two different formats, the first format in the Control Track PEP Zone, and the second format in the Inner and Outer Control Track SFP Zones. The Control Track PEP Zone shall be recorded using low frequency phase-encoded modulation. The Inner and Outer Control Track SFP Zones shall each consist of tracks recorded by the same modulation method and format as is used in the User Zone (see clauses 16 and 18). The Transition Zone for SFP is an area in which the format changes from the Control Track PEP Zone which contains no servo information to a zone including servo information. All physical tracks in the Inner Control Track SFP Zone shall have 22 sectors. All physical tracks in the Outer Control Track SFP Zone shall have 45 sectors.
17.3
Control Track PEP Zone The information contained in the Control Track PEP Zone gives a general characterization of the disk. It specifies the type of disk, the ECC, the tracking method, etc.
- 46 -
This zone shall not contain any servo information. All information shall be pre-recorded in phase-encoded modulation. The marks in all tracks of this zone shall be radially aligned, so as to allow information recovery from this zone without radial tracking being established by the drive. The read power shall not exceed 0,65 mW. 17.3.1
Recording in the PEP Zone In the PEP Zone there shall be 561 to 567 PEP-Channel bit cells per physical track. A PEP-Channel bit cell shall be 656 PEP-Channel bits ± 1 PEP-Channel bits long. A PEP-Channel bit is recorded by writing marks in either the first or the second half of the cell. A mark shall be nominally two PEP-Channel bits long and shall be separated from adjacent marks by a space of nominally two PEP-Channel bits. A ZERO shall be represented by a change from marks to spaces at the centre of the cell and a ONE by a change from spaces to marks at this centre.
PEP-Channel bit cell with a recorded ZER0
PEP-Channel bit cell with a recorded ONE
1/2 PEP-Channel bit cell
1/2 PEP-Channel bit cell
2 PEP-Channel bits 95-0049-A
Figure 20 - Example of phase-encoded modulation in the PEP Zone Requirements for the density of the tracks and the shape of marks in the Control Track PEP Zone are specified in clause 24. 17.3.2
Format of the tracks of the PEP Zone Each physical track in the PEP Zone shall have three sectors. The numbers below the fields in figure 21 indicate the number of PEP-Channel bits in each field. |<---------------------------- One physical track (3 sectors) --------------------------->| Sector 177
Gap
Sector 177
Gap
Sector
Gap
177
Figure 21 - Track format in the PEP Zone The gaps between sectors shall be unrecorded areas having a length corresponding to 10 to 12 PEPChannel bit cells. 17.3.2.1
Format of a sector Each sector of 177 PEP-Channel bits shall have the following layout.
- 47 -
|<--------------------------------- One sector (177 bits) ---------------------------------------->| Preamble 16
Sync
Sector Number
Data
CRC
8
144
8
1
Figure 22 - Sector format in the PEP Zone 17.3.2.1.1
Preamble field This field shall consist of 16 PEP-Channel bits set to ZERO.
17.3.2.1.2
Sync field This field shall consist of 1 ONE bit.
17.3.2.1.3
Sector Number field This field shall consist of eight bits specifying in binary notation the Sector Number from 0 to 2.
17.3.2.1.4
Data field This field shall comprise 18 8-bit bytes numbered 0 to 17. These bytes shall specify the following. Byte 0 bit 7
shall be set to ZERO indicating the continuous servo tracking method,
bits 6 to 4
shall be set to 110 indicating a logical ZCAV.
Other settings of these bits are prohibited by this ECMA Standard (see also annex W). bit 3
shall be set to ZERO
bits 2 to 0
shall be set to 010 indicating RLL (1,7) mark edge modulation,
Other settings of these bits are prohibited by this ECMA Standard. Byte 1 bit 7
shall be set to ZERO
bits 6 to 4
specify the error correction code and shall be set to 010 to indicate R-S LDC degree 20 interleave.
Other settings of these bits are prohibited by this ECMA Standard. bit 3
shall be set to ZERO
bits 2 to 0
these bits shall specify in binary notation the power n of 2 in the following formula which expresses the number of user bytes per sector 256 x 2 n Values of n other than 3 are prohibited by this ECMA Standard.
Byte 2 This byte shall specify in binary notation the number of sectors in each logical track. Byte 3 This byte shall give the manufacturer's specification for the baseline reflectance R of the disk when measured at a nominal wavelength of 685 nm. It is specified as a number n such that n = 100 R. Byte 4 This byte shall specify that the recording is in-groove in the user zone and it shall indicate the signal amplitude of the pre-recorded marks. bit 7
shall be set to ONE to specify in-groove recording.
- 48 -
The absolute value of the signal amplitude is given as a number n between -15 and –35 such that n = -50 (I sm / I top ) where I sm is the signal from the Sector Mark in Channel 1 and I top is the signal from an unrecorded, ungrooved area in the User Zone. bits 6 to 0
shall express this number n. Bit 6 shall be set to ONE to indicate that this number is negative and expressed by bits 5 to 0 in TWO's complement. Recording is high-tolow.
Byte 5 This byte shall specify the capacity of the ODC in Gbytes (with one significant digit to the right of the decimal mark) times 10. For this ECMA Standard, this byte shall be set to (34) representing a capacity of 5,2 Gbytes. Byte 6 This byte shall specify in binary notation a number n representing 20 times the maximum read power expressed in milliwatts which is permitted for reading the SFP Zone at a rotational frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 685 nm. This number n shall be between 8 and 40. Byte 7 The setting of this byte shall specify the disk type: 0001 0000 indicates a Write Once Read Many ODC using irreversible recording Other settings of this byte are prohibited by this ECMA Standard (see also annex W). Byte 8 This byte shall specify the next most significant byte of the logical track number in which the Outer Control Track SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (FA) representing the next MSB of track number -1 530 Byte 9 This byte shall specify the least significant byte of the logical track number in which the Outer Control Track SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (06) representing the LSB of track number -1 530. Byte 10 This byte shall specify the next most significant byte of the logical track number in which the Inner Control Track SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (CA) representing the next MSB of Logical Track Number 183 014. Byte 11 This byte shall specify the least significant byte of the logical track number in which the Inner Control Track SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (E6) representing the LSB of Logical Track Number 183 014. Byte 12 This byte shall specify the track pitch in micrometers times 100. It shall be set to (55) representing a track pitch of 0,85 µm. Byte 13 This byte shall specify that the recording is In-groove and it shall indicate the signal amplitude and polarity of the user-written marks. bit 7
shall be set to ONE to specify in-groove recording.
The value of the signal amplitude is given as a number n between +35 and +75, or between –35 and –75 such that n = 50 (I L / I IG )
- 49 -
where I L is the low frequency pattern signal from the User-written data (see 27.1). I L is a positive number n when recording is low-to-high. Conversely, it is a negative number n when recording is high-to-low. I IG is the maximum signal from an unrecorded, grooved area in the User Zone. Both I L and I IG are measured with Channel 1. bits 6 to 0
shall express this number n. If bit 6 is set to ZERO this number is positive. If bit 6 is set to ONE this number is negative and expressed in TWO’s complement.
Byte 14 This byte shall specify the most significant byte of the Logical Track Number in which the Outer SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (FF) representing the MSB of Logical Track Number -1 530. Byte 15 This byte shall specify the most significant byte of the logical track number in which the Inner Control Track SFP Zone starts. It shall be set to (02) representing the MSB of Logical Track Number 183 014. Bytes 16 and 17 The contents of these bytes are not specified by this ECMA Standard and shall be ignored in interchange. 17.3.2.1.5
CRC The eight bits of the CRC shall be computed over the Sector Number field and the Data field of the PEP sector. The generator polynomial shall be 8
4
3
2
G(x) = x + x + x + x + 1 The residual polynomial R(x) shall be i =143 i =151 R( x ) = ∑ a i x i + ∑ a i x i x 8 mod G( x ) i =144 i=0
where a i denotes a bit of the input data and a i an inverted bit. The highest order bit of the sector number field is a 151 . The eight bits c k of the CRC are defined by k =7
R ( x ) = ∑ ck x k k =0
where c 7 is recorded as the highest order bit of the CRC byte of the PEP sector.
- 50 -
17.3.2.2
Summary of the format of the Data field of a sector Table 6 - Format of the Data field of a sector of the PEP Zone Byte
Bit
7
0
Format
1
0
6
4
5 Logical ZCAV ECC
Modulation code
0
Number of user bytes
Number of sectors in each logical track
3
Baseline reflectance at 685 nm 0
0
Amplitude and polarity of pre-formatted data ODC Capacity
5 6
Maximum read power for the SFP Zone at 50 Hz and 685nm
7
Disk Type
8
Start Track of Outer SFP Zone, next MSB of Logical Track Number
9
Start Track of Outer SFP Zone, LSB of Logical Track Number
10
Start Track of Inner SFP Zone, next MSB of Logical Track Number
11
Start Track of Inner SFP Zone, LSB of Logical Track Number
12
17.4
0
2 4
1
2
3
Track pitch
13
1
14
Start track of Outer SFP Zone, MSB of Logical Track Number
15
Start track of Inner SFP Zone, MSB of Logical Track Number
16
Not specified by this ECMA Standard
17
Not specified by this ECMA Standard
Amplitude and polarity of user data
Control Track SFP Zones The two Control Track SFP Zones shall be pre-recorded in the sector format specified in clause 15. The pre-recorded data marks shall satisfy the requirements for the signals specified in clause 23. Each sector of the SFP Zones (see 17.2.5) shall include 512 bytes of information numbered 0 to 511; − a duplicate of the PEP information (18 bytes), − media information (362 bytes), − system information (132 bytes), In the case of 2 048-byte sectors these first 512 bytes shall be followed by 1 536 bytes set to (FF).
17.4.1
Duplicate of the PEP information Bytes 0 to 17 shall be identical with the 18 bytes of the Data field of a sector of the PEP Zone (see 17.3.2.1.4).
17.4.2
Media information Bytes 18 to 47 shall specify the conditions for Wavelength L 1 = 685 nm; Baseline Reflectance R 1 ; and Rotational Frequency N 1 = 50 Hz. For the value of N one set of write power for the 4T mark is given: it contains three values for the inner, middle and outer radius.
- 51 -
All values specified in bytes 18 to 47 shall be such that the requirements of 11.5 and of clauses 25, 26, 27 and 28 are met (see table 6). Byte 18 This byte shall specify the wavelength L 1 , in nanometres, as a number n between 0 and 255 such that n = 1/5 L 1 This byte shall be set to n = 137 for ODCs according to this ECMA Standard. Byte 19 This byte shall specify the baseline reflectance R 1 (see 11.5.5) at wavelength L 1 as a number n such that n = 100 R 1 Byte 20 This byte shall specify the rotational frequency N 1 , in hertz, as a number n such that n = N1 This byte shall be set to n = 50 for ODCs according to this ECMA Standard. Byte 21 This byte shall specify the maximum read power P 1 in milliwatts, for the User Zone as a number n between 8 and 40 such that n = 20 P 1 Bytes 22 to 24 These bytes are not used and shall be set to (FF). The following bytes 25 to 27 shall specify the write power Wp for 4T marks in milliwatts indicated by the manufacturer of the disk (see 25.3.3). Wp is expressed as a number between 0 and 255 such that n = 5 Wp Byte 25 This byte shall specify Wp for r = 30 mm Byte 26 This byte shall specify Wp for r = 45 mm Byte 27 This byte shall specify Wp for r = 60 mm Bytes 28 to 30 These bytes are not used and shall be set to (FF). The following bytes 31 to 33 shall specify the write power Ws for 2T marks in milliwatts indicated by the manufacturer (see 25.3.2). Ws is expressed by a number n between 0 and 255 such that n = 5 Ws Byte 31 This byte shall specify Ws for r = 30 mm
- 52 -
Byte 32 This byte shall specify Ws for r = 45 mm Byte 33 This byte shall specify Ws for r = 60 mm Byte 34 to 43 These bytes shall be set to (FF). Byte 44 This byte shall be set to (00). Byte 45 to Byte 379 These bytes shall be set to (FF). 17.4.3
System Information Bytes 380 to 386 are mandatory. Bytes 384 to 386 shall specify in binary notation the Logical Track Number of the last logical track of the User Zone. The total number of logical tracks in this zone equals the Logical Track Number of the last logical track of the User Zone increased by 1. For disks with 2 048-byte sectors, the Logical Track Number of the last logical track of the User Zone shall be 182 507. Bytes 380 to 383: Reserved These bytes shall be set to (FF). Byte 384 This byte shall be set to (02) for 2 048-byte sectors indicating the most significant byte of the number of the last logical track of the User Zone. Byte 385 This byte shall be set to (C8) for 2 048-byte sectors indicating the next most significant byte of the number of the last logical track of the User Zone. Bytes 386 This byte shall be set to (EB) for 2 048-byte sectors indicating the least significant byte of the number of the last logical track of the User Zone. Bytes 387 to 399: Reserved These bytes shall be set to (FF). Bytes 400 to 479 For Type WORM media these bytes shall be set to (FF). Bytes 480 to 511: Unspecified data The contents of these bytes are not specified in this ECMA Standard. They may contain an identification of the manufacturer. They shall be ignored in interchange. Bytes 512 to 2 047: Reserved These bytes shall be set to (FF).
- 53 -
Table 7 - Summary of media information Category
Mandatory
Media Parameter Unspecified L1 & R1 N 1 Values Not used Figure of Merit Reserved Last track number Reserved Reserved Unspecified 2 048-byte sectors
0- 15
18
Optional or (FF)
Mandatory (FF)
16-17 18-19 20-21, 25-27,31-33,44
22-24,28-30,34-43, 45-383
384-386 387-399 400-479 480-511 512-2 047
Layout of the User Zone
18.1
General description of the User Zone The User Zone consists of 2 048 Byte sectors and has a data capacity per side of 2,616 Gbytes. Spare sectors and the non-usable sectors are included in this figure. The location and size of the User Zone are specified in clause 17.
18.2
Divisions of the User Zone The User Zone shall include four Defect Management Areas (DMA), two at the beginning of the zone and two at the end. The area between the two sets of DMAs is called the User Area. The entire User Zone shall also be divided into bands as a result of the ZCAV organization of the disk. Each of these bands shall contain the same number of physical tracks. Each such band is divided into logical tracks which have the same number of sectors. The number of logical tracks per band decreases from band to band moving from the outer radius to the inner radius. The hierarchy is thus: 7 sectors 4 994 to 10 215 logical tracks 1 589 physical tracks 24 bands
= 1 logical track = 1 band = 1 band = the User Zone
The User Zone shall be divided into 24 bands numbered 0 to 23 as shown in table 7. Each band is made up of a Data Area and a Primary Reserved Area (PRA). A Secondary Reserved Area (SRA) is also contained in Band 23. Reserved areas are used for both replacements for defective sectors and for write power calibration. 18.2.1
Reserved Area Use The spare sectors that are assigned as replacements for defective primary sectors are allocated beginning at the lowest track and sector number of the PRA with subsequent assignments allocated to the next higher available track and sector number. The reserved sectors used as calibration sectors are allocated beginning at the highest track and sector number of the PRA with subsequent calibrations allocated to the next lower available sector track and sector number. The available sectors in the PRA of a group are exhausted when there are no free sectors remaining between the two allocation processes. Further allocation of replacement or calibration sectors must be made from the Secondary Reserved Area (SRA). The sectors in the SRA are treated in the same fashion i.e. replacement sectors are allocated from the beginning of the SRA increasing in address, and calibration sectors are allocated from the end of the SRA in decreasing addresses. In order to manage the allocation of reserved sectors used for replacements for defective primary sectors and sectors used for the calibration process, a 12-byte Defect Management Pointer (DMP) is defined in each sector (in addition to the user data and ECC). See 19.2.
- 54 -
18.3
User Area The Data fields in the User Area are intended for recording of user data (see table 8). The User Area shall consist of a Write Once Read Many (WORM) Zone. The User Area shall begin with track 6. At the boundaries between bands, it shall not include the last 40 tracks of a band, and it shall not include the first 20 tracks of the next band. This ECMA Standard describes a single partitioning where the User Area shall be partitioned into 24 Groups, each of which resides in one band (see 18.6.2).
- 55 -
Table 8 – Partitioning of the User Area Band No.
Sectors Tracks per band per physical track
Start track
Data start
Spares start
Buffer start Test start
Buffer start
0
45
10 215
0
6
9 158
10 175
10 188
10 195
1
44
9 988
10 215
10 235
19 170
20 163
20 176
20 183
2
43
9 761
20 203
20 223
28 953
29 924
29 937
29 944
3
42
9 534
29 964
29 984
38 510
39 458
39 471
39 478
4
41
9 307
39 498
39 518
47 840
48 765
48 778
48 785
5
40
9 080
48 805
48 825
56 943
57 845
57 858
57 865
6
39
8 853
57 885
57 905
65 818
66 698
66 711
66 718
7
38
8 626
66 738
66 758
74 467
75 324
75 337
75 344
8
37
8 399
75 364
75 384
82 889
83 723
83 736
83 743
9
36
8 172
83 763
83 783
91 083
91 895
91 908
91 915
10
35
7 945
91 935
91 955
99 051
99 840
99 853
99 860
11
34
7 718
99 880
99 900
106 792
107 558
107 571
107 578
12
33
7 491
107 598
107 618
114 305
115 049
115 062
115 069
13
32
7 264
115 089
115 109
121 592
122 313
122 326
122 333
14
31
7 037
122 353
122 373
128 652
129 350
129 363
129 370
15
30
6 810
129 390
129 410
135 485
136 160
136 173
136 180
16
29
6 583
136 200
136 220
142 090
142 743
142 756
142 763
17
28
6 356
142 783
142 803
148 469
149 099
149 112
149 119
18
27
6 129
149 139
149 159
154 621
155 228
155 241
155 248
19
26
5 902
155 268
155 288
160 545
161 130
161 143
161 150
20
26
5 675
161 170
161 190
166 243
166 805
166 818
166 825
21
24
5 448
166 845
166 865
171 714
172 253
172 266
172 273
22
23
5 221
172 293
172 313
176 957
177 474
177 487
177 494
23
22
4 994
177 514
177 534
180 173
-
-
-
180 669
182 488
182 501
N/A
Secondary Reserved Area
- 56 -
18.4
Defect Management Areas (DMAs) The four Defect Management Areas contain information on the structure of the User Area and on the defect management. The locations of the DMAs are shown in figure 19. Each DMA shall have a length of 21 sectors. The address of the first sector of each DMA is given by table 9. Table 9 - Location of the DMAs DMA Number
Track numbers
Sector numbers
DMA 1
0
0
DMA 2
3
0
DMA 3
182 482
0
DMA 4
182 485
0
The unused sector that lies after DMA2 and the unused sector that lies after DMA4, are reserved for future standardization. Each DMA shall contain a Disk Definition Structure.
18.5
Disk Structure Table (DST) The DMA contains the Disk Structure Table (DST) after initialization of the media. The DST shall consist of a table with a length of one sector which describes the location and length of the Reserved Area. The contents of the remaining sectors of the DMAs are ignored in interchange. The first track of the data zone is the lowest numbered track not belonging to the DMA or the Secondary Reserved Area. The data zone starts at sector number 0 of the track specified in byte 2 of the DST. The first track of the data area in each group is defined in table 8. The first track of the Reserved Area in each group is defined in table 8. The corresponding track number shall be recorded in the DST. The starting track of the Secondary Reserved Area is defined in table 8. The starting track address of the first track and the number of sectors in the Secondary Reserved Area shall be recorded in the DST. Table 10 summarizes the information that shall be recorded in each of the four DSTs.
- 57 -
Table 10 - Byte assignment of the Disk Structure Table (DST) Byte Number 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 . 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 to 119 120 to 127 128 to 135
136 to 143
144 to 2047
Description (0A) DST Identifier (0A) DST Identifier (06) Track number of the first track of the first group (10) Indicating that the pointer defect management has been used and that no Secondary Defect List has been recorded. (00) Number of groups MSB. (18) Number of groups LSB. (FF) (FF) Group 0 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (MSB) - See table 7. Group 0 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next MSB) Group 0 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next LSB) Group 0 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (LSB) Group 1 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (MSB) Group 1 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next MSB) Group 1 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next LSB) Group 1 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (LSB) . Group 22 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (MSB) Group 22 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next MSB) Group 22 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next LSB) Group 22 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (LSB) Group 23 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (MSB) Group 23 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next MSB) Group 23 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (Next LSB) Group 23 Start track number of Primary Reserved Area (LSB) Secondary Reserved Area Start track number (MSB) Secondary Reserved Area Start track number (Next MSB) Secondary Reserved Area Start track number (Next LSB) Secondary Reserved Area Start track number (LSB) Number of sectors in Secondary Reserved Area (MSB) Number of sectors in Secondary Reserved Area (Next MSB) Number of sectors in Secondary Reserved Area (Next LSB) Number of sectors in Secondary Reserved Area (LSB) Shall contain the name of the manufacturer of the optical drive initializing this cartridge Shall contain the serial number or identifier of the optical drive initializing this cartridge or if not available (FF). Shall contain the date and time of the initialization of this cartridge in the form: MM DD YY hh mm (two bytes each) or if not available (FF). Note: In order to provide backward compatibility with previous generations of shipped media, the year “YY” shall continue to be encoded as follows: year 1998 as “98”, year 1999 as “99”, year 2000 as “00”, year 2001 as “01”, and so forth. Shall contain a random number generated by the optical drive initializing this cartridge. The drive manufacturer must insure that no two identifiers generated by a specific manufacturer’s optical drive are identical - the inclusion of the manufacturer’s name in the identifier will assure no identifiers will be identical among drive manufacturers. (FF)
- 58 -
18.6
Write Once Read Many (WORM) Zone Type WORM shall contain a Write-Once Zone. The Write Once Zone is intended for the user to write data into. The Data field of all sectors in this zone shall not contain any embossed data.
18.6.1
Location The WORM Zone shall start from sector 0 of track 6 and extend to sector 7 of track 182 487.
18.6.2
Partitioning During initialization of the disk, the WORM Zone shall be partitioned into 24 consecutive groups. Each of the groups within the user area is partitioned into a Data Area and a Primary Reserved Area (see table 8). Band 23 additionally contains the Secondary Reserved Area. The Data Area is used for recording user data and the Primary Reserved Area is used for replacements of defective sectors found in the data area of this group and for write power calibration. The Secondary Reserved Area is used for replacement of any defective sectors and for write power calibration when the sectors in the Primary Reserved Area of a particular group have been exhausted. Table 8 shows the data start track for each group. The Primary and Secondary Reserved Area start track and number of reserved tracks are also shown.
19
Defect Management Defective sectors on the disk shall be replaced by good sectors according to the defect management scheme described below, which uses pointers imbedded in the replacement sector.
19.1
Initialization of the disk WORM media must be initialized before it is used. During initialization of the disks, the four DMAs are recorded and the WORM Zone is partitioned into 24 groups. See Table 8.
19.2
Defect Management Pointers. The defect management scheme uses defect management pointers (DMPs). This field in the data block consists of 8 bytes denoted by P x,y (x=1,2 and y=1,2,3,4). The bytes are used to specify the relationship between a replacement sector and the replaced sector found defective. A defective sector is a sector for which the ECC or the CRC has detected erroneous data that cannot be corrected. This relationship is expressed by pointers. Table 11 below shows the format of a pointer P x,y (y=1,2,3,4). Table 11 - Format of a DMP for WORM Media Byte 1 (Px,1)
Byte 2 (Px,2)
Byte 3 (Px,3)
Byte 4 (Px,4)
MSB of track number
Next MSB of track number
LSB of track number
Sector number
There shall be two pointers (P 1,y, and P 2,y, ) in each sector. In each data area sector, the pointers shall be recorded as follows: − Pointer P 1,y is reserved, not specified by this ECMA Standard, and ignored on interchange. − Pointer P 2,y is reserved, not specified by this ECMA Standard, and ignored on interchange. In each replacement sector, the pointers shall be recorded as follows: − Pointer P 1,y specifies the address of this sector. − Pointer P 2, y specifies the address of the defective sector. In each calibration sector, the pointers shall be recorded as follows: − Pointer P 1,y is reserved, not specified by this ECMA Standard, and ignored on interchange. − Pointer P 2,y is reserved, not specified by this ECMA Standard, and ignored on interchange.
- 59 -
19.3
Write procedure When writing sectors in the Data Area of a group, the two DMPs of these sectors are written at the same time. The pointers P 1,y and P 2,y are not specified. If a data sector in a group is found to be defective, it will be rewritten in the first available spare sector of the Primary Reserved Area of this group. If the reassignment fails, then the next available spare will be used to retry the reassignment. If a replacement sector is later found to be defective, the next available spare will be used as a replacement. In both cases, the DMP in the replacement sector shall contain the address of the original defective data area sector. If there are no spare sectors left in this group, the defective sector will be rewritten in the first available spare sector in the Secondary Reserved Area .
19.3.1
Read Procedure If an uncorrectable read error occurs when reading any data sectors of a group, all of the written spare sectors of the Primary Reserved Area of the group must be searched for a replacement sector. If a replacement sector is not found in the Primary Reserved Area, then all of the written spare sectors of the Secondary Reserved Area must be searched. If a replacement sector is not found, a permanent read error has been encountered.
Section 4 - Characteristics of embossed information 20
Method of testing The format of the embossed information on the disk is defined in clauses 13 to 18. Clauses 21 to 24 specify the requirements for the signals from grooves, Headers, embossed data, and Control Track PEP marks, as obtained when using the Reference Drive specified in clause 9. Clauses 21 to 24 specify the average quality of the embossed information over the sector recorded according to the sector format defined in clause 15 and 16. Local deviations from the specified values, called defects, can cause tracking errors, erroneous Headers, or errors in the Data fields. These errors are covered in section 6.
20.1
Environment All signals specified in clauses 21 to 24 shall be within their specified ranges with the cartridge in any environment in the range of allowed operating environments defined in 8.1.2.
20.2
Use of the Reference Drive All signals specified in clauses 21 to 24 shall be measured in the indicated channels of the Reference Drive. The drive shall have the following characteristics for the purpose of these tests.
20.2.1
Optics and mechanics The focused optical beam shall have the properties defined in 9.2 a) to f). The disk shall rotate as specified in 9.5.
20.2.2
Read power The read power is the optical power incident at the entrance surface, used when reading, and is specified as follows for the stated zones (see clause 17): a) PEP Zone The read power shall not exceed the value specified in 17.3. b) SFP Zone The read power shall be in the range given in byte 6 of the PEP Zone (see 17.3.2.1.4). The test read power shall be 1,0 mW. c) User zone The read power shall be in the range given in byte 21 of the SFP Zone (see 17.4.2). The test read power shall be 1,0 mW.
- 60 -
20.2.3
Read channels The drive shall have a read Channel, in which the total amount of light in the exit pupil of the objective lens is measured. This Channel shall have the implementation as given by Channel 1 in 9.1.
20.2.4
Tracking During the measurement of the signals, the focus of the optical beam shall have an axial deviation of not more than e max (axial) = 0,7 µm from the recording layer, and it shall have a radial deviation of not more than e max (radial) = 0,09 µm from the centre of a track.
20.3
Definition of signals Figure 23 shows the signals specified in clauses 21 to 24. All signals are linearly related to currents through a photodiode detector, and are therefore linearly related to the optical power falling on the detector. I 1 and I 2 are the outputs of the two halves of the split photodiode detector in the Tracking Channel (see 9.1 and figure 23a). Channel 1 is the sum of the two photo detectors in the optical system (see 9.1) as processed by the bottomhold circuit and low pass filters described in annex P. I IG and I OL indicate the maximum and minimum signals of Channel 1, respectively, when the beam crosses the tracks in grooved areas without embossed recording fields. I bhmax and I bhmin indicate the maximum and minimum signals of the lower envelope of Channel 1, respectively, when the beam crosses the tracks in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed recording fields (see figure 23b).
- 61 -
Grooved areas without embossed Recording Fields
Areas containing embossed Headers or embossed Recording Fields
Beam in groove
Light beam I 1+ I2 ( I 1+ I 2 )
(I1+I2)min
IG
I2
I1
(I1+I2)min
I 1 - I2
0 Level
Beam across tracks
97-0135-A
Figure 23a - Signals from grooves in the Tracking Channel
Grooved areas without embossed Recording Fields
Areas containing embossed Headers or embossed Recording Fields
Beam in groove I
I
IG
I
OL
Channel 1
bh max
I
bh min
Beam across tracks
0 Level 97-0136-A
Figure 23b - Signals from grooves in Channel 1
Sector Mark
TA2
VFO
AM, ID
PA1 I
p
I I
IG
sm
I
top
I vfo
0 Level 97-0137-A
Figure 23c - Signals from Headers in Channel 1 Figure 23 - Illustration of the various parameters for read characteristics
TA1
- 62 -
21
Signal from grooves The signals (I 1 + I 2 ) and (I 1 - I 2 ) shall be filtered using a 5th order Bessel filter with a cut off frequency of 1,0 MHz such that frequencies above 1,0 MHz are attenuated thereby eliminating the effect of modulation due to embossed marks.
21.1
Cross-track signal The cross-track signal is the sinusoidal sum signal Channel 1 in the Read Channel, when the focus of the optical beam crosses the tracks. The signal can be used by the drive to locate the centre of the tracks. The peak-to-peak value of the cross-track signal shall meet the following requirements when measured according to annex P: a) The peak-to-peak value of the upper envelope of the cross-track signal in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed Recording fields: 0,01≤(I bhmax – I bhmin ) / (I bhmax ) ≤ 0,30 Over the whole disk this ratio shall not vary by more than 3 dB in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed Recording fields. b) The peak-to-peak value of the cross-track signal in grooved areas in the Formatted Zone without embossed Recording fields: 0,01 ≤ (I OL - I OG)/I IG ≤ 0,30 Over the whole disk this ratio shall not vary by more than 3 dB in areas without embossed Recording fields.
21.2
Push-pull signal The push-pull signal is the sinusoidal difference signal (I 1 - I 2 ) in the Tracking Channel, when the focus of the optical beam crosses the tracks. The signal can be used by the drive for radial tracking. The peakto-peak value of the push-pull signal shall meet the following requirements a) in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed Recording fields: 0,10 ≤ (I 1 -I 2 ) pp / (I 1 + I 2 ) IG ≤ 0,30 b) in grooved areas in the Formatted Zone without embossed Recording fields: 0,25 ≤ (I 1 -I 2 ) pp / (I 1 + I 2 ) IG≤ 0,6 where (I 1 - I 2 ) pp is the peak-to-peak amplitude of the differential output of the two halves of the split photodiode detector in the Tracking Channel, and (I 1 + I 2 ) IG is the signal measured in-groove.
21.3
Divided push-pull signal The first term of the divided push-pull signal is the peak-to-peak amplitude derived from the instantaneous level of the differential output (I 1 - I 2 ) from the split photodiode detector when the light beam crosses the unrecorded or embossed recording fields of grooved tracks divided by the instantaneous level of the sum output (I 1 + I 2 ) from the split photodiode detector when the light beam crosses these areas. The second term of the divided push-pull signal is the ratio of the minimum peak-to-peak amplitude derived from the instantaneous level of the differential output (I 1 - I 2 ) divided by the instantaneous level of the sum output (I 1 + I 2 ) from the split photodiode detector when the light beam crosses embossed Recording fields of grooved tracks to maximum peak-to-peak amplitude derived from the instantaneous level of the differential output (I 1 - I 2 ) divided by the instantaneous level of the sum output (I 1 + I 2 ) from the split photodiode detector when the light beam crosses the pre-formatted data area of grooved tracks. The split photodiode detector separator shall be parallel to the projected track axis. In this measurement, the I 1 and I 2 signals shall be provided by the split photodiode detector. The tracking servo shall be operating in open-loop mode during this measurement. The first term shall meet the following requirements in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed Recording fields:
- 63 -
0,12 ≤ [(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] pp ≤ 0,40 The first term shall meet the following requirements in grooved areas without embossed data fields: 0,35 ≤ [(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] pp ≤ 0,70 The second term shall satisfy the following requirements in areas containing embossed Headers and embossed Recording fields: [(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] ppmin /[(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] ppmax ≥ 0,20 The second term shall satisfy the following requirements in areas without embossed Recording fields: [(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] ppmin /[(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] ppmax ≥ 0,70
21.4
Phase depth The phase depth of the grooves equals n×d
λ
× 360
where: n is the index of refraction of the substrate d is the groove depth λ is the wavelength The phase depth shall be less than 180 o .
21.5
Track location The tracks are located at those places on the disk where (I 1 - I 2 ) equals zero and (I 1 +I 2 ) has its maximum value.
22
Signals from Headers The signal obtained from the embossed Headers shall be measured in Channel 1 of the Reference Drive. The signal from an embossed mark in the recording layer is defined as the peak-to-peak value of the modulation of the signal in Channel l caused by the mark when the beam follows a recorded track (see figure 23c).
22.1
Sector Mark Signals I top is the peak level of the Sector Mark and shall meet the following requirement 0,07 ≤ I top ≤ 0,30 The signal I sm from the Sector Mark shall meet the requirement 0,30 ≤ I sm/I top ≤ 0,65
22.2
VFO signals The signal I vfo from the marks in the VFO 1 and VFO 2 fields shall meet the requirement 0,08 ≤ I vfo / I top ≤ 0,25 In addition, the condition I vfo /I pmax ≥= 0,20 shall be satisfied within each sector, where I pmax is the signal with maximum amplitude in that sector from embossed mark signals of I p defined in 22.3 and I vfo is the peak-to-peak amplitude of the read signal from the VFO area.
- 64 -
22.3
Address Mark, ID and PA signals The signal I p from the marks in these fields shall meet the requirements 0,08 ≤ I p / I top ≤ 0,65 I p min I p max
≥ 0,20
The second requirement applies over any Header. I pmin and I pmax are the signals with minimum and maximum amplitude in those fields.
22.4
Timing jitter The header signal shall be read and detected using the read Channel circuit defined in annex H under the conditions specified in 20.2.2. The timing jitter Jt(H) shall be measured according to the procedure in annex J and shall meet the following requirements: Jt(H) ≤ 0,10 T where T is the Channel clock period, Jt(H) is the standard deviation (sigma) of the length in time of the leading-to-leading and trailing-to-trailing edges for each nT period. The ideal length corresponds to n Channel bit times T. Jt is illustrated in figure J.1. All the time interval samples detected from the Header signals on the recording layer shall satisfy the condition of Jt(H).
22.5
Asymmetry Asymmetry is the deviation between the centre levels of the signals which give maximum and minimum amplitudes I pmax and I pmin in Address Mark, ID and PA fields (see annex Q) and shall be in the range of ± 0,15.
23 23.1
Signals from embossed Recording fields Signal amplitude If the disk has an Embossed Zone, the Recording fields of all sectors in this zone shall contain embossed marks. The signals from these marks shall be measured in Channel 1 (see 9.1). Acceptable defects of the marks are specified in section 6. The signal from all embossed Recording fields is defined as the peak-topeak value of the modulation of the signal. The signal I p from marks in the Recording fields of the Embossed Zone shall meet the following requirements: 0,08 ≤ I p / I top ≤ 0,65 I pmin I pmax
≥ 0,2
The last requirement applies over Recording fields. I pmin and I pmax are the signals with minimum and maximum amplitude in the Recording field of a sector.
23.2
Asymmetry Asymmetry is the deviation between the centre levels of the signals which give maximum and minimum amplitudes I pmax and I pmin in embossed Recording fields (see annex Q) and shall be in the range of ± 0,15.
23.3
Timing Jitter The embossed data signal shall be read and detected using the read Channel circuit defined in annex H under the conditions specified in 20.2.2. The timing jitter Jt d shall be measured according to the procedure in annex J and shall meet the following requirements: Jtd ≤ 0,10 T
- 65 -
where T is the Channel clock period, Jt d is the standard deviation (sigma) of the length in time of the leading-to-leading and trailing-to-trailing edges for each n T period. Jt is illustrated in annex J, figure J.1. All the time interval samples detected from the embossed data signals on the recording layer shall satisfy the former conditions of Jt d .
23.4
Byte Errors The embossed data in a sector as read in Channel 1 shall not contain any byte errors that cannot be corrected by the error correction defined in 29.2.7.
24
Signals from Control Track PEP marks The density of tracks and the shape of marks in the PEP Zone shall be such that the cross-track loss meets the requirement I m max I m min
≤ 2,0
The signal I is obtained from Channel 1 (see 9.1). The signal I m is the maximum amplitude in a group of three successive marks. I mmax is the maximum value and I mmin is the minimum value of I m obtained over one physical track of the PEP Zone. I mmax shall be greater than 0,2 I o , where I o is the signal obtained from Channel 1 in an unrecorded ungrooved area. The effect of defects shall be ignored.
Laser beam
Mark
Io I m min
I m max
0 Level
94-0135-A
Figure 24 - Path of the laser beam when crossing tracks and the resulting PEP signals
Section 5 - Characteristics of the recording layer 25
Method of testing Clauses 26 to 28 describe a series of tests to assess the properties of the Recording layer, as used for writing and reading data. The tests shall be performed in the Recording field of the sectors in the WORM Zone. The write and read operations necessary for the tests shall be made on the same Reference Drive. Clauses 26 to 28 specify only the average quality of the recording layer. Local deviations from the specified values, called defects, can cause write problems. These defects are covered in section 6.
- 66 -
25.1
Environment All signals in clauses 26 to 28 shall be within their specified ranges with the cartridge in any environment in the range of allowed operating environments defined in 8.1.2
25.2
Reference Drive The write tests described in clauses 26 to 28 shall be measured in Channel 1 of the Reference Drive. The drive shall have the following characteristics for the purpose of these tests.
25.2.1
Optics and mechanics The focused optical beam shall have the properties defined in 9.2 a) to f). The disk shall rotate as specified in 9.5.
25.2.2
Read power The optical power incident on the entrance surface of the disk and used for reading the information shall be in the range specified in 20.2.2.
25.2.3
Read Channel The Reference Drive shall have a Read Channel which can detect marks in the recording layer. This Channel shall have an implementation equivalent to that given by Channel 1 in 9.3 The edge positions in time shall be measured for testing purposes by a threshold detection method. The threshold value is referenced to the centre of the peak-to-peak envelope of the readback signal. The positive peak and negative peak signals of the envelope circuit (see annex L) shall each contain a single pole filter with a -3 dB roll-off point at 50 kHz. Nominally the threshold value shall be zero if the laser power calibration is perfect and there are no parameter variations. However, in some measurements the threshold value may have to be adjusted to minimize the effects of mark size changes due to parameter variations during writing.
25.2.4
Tracking During the measurement of the signals, the focus of the optical beam shall follow the tracks as specified in 20.2.4.
25.2.5
Signal detection for testing purposes The signal from the Read Channel is not equalized before detection. The signal shall be rolled off with a 3-pole Butterworth filter with a cut-off frequency of half the Channel clock frequency of the band being tested. All read testing is performed at 3 000 rpm. Nominally the threshold value shall be zero if the laser power calibration is perfect and there are no parameter variations. However, in some measurements the threshold value may have to be adjusted to minimize the effects of mark size changes due to parameter variations during writing.
25.3
Write conditions The requirement for all tests shall be met over the operating environment except where otherwise noted.
25.3.1
Write pulse and power Marks are recorded on the disk by pulses of optical power superimposed onto a specified bias power P b = 0,5 mW ± 0,1 mW at the test rotational frequency. The test pulse trains are defined as follows for marks of length 2T through 8T. 2T marks are formed with a single 1,5T pulse of power Ws superimposed into the bias power P b . The initial 2T portion of marks longer than 2T is formed with a 1,5T pulse of power Ws , with the incremental T lengths each being formed by the combination of a 0,5T (P b ) and 0,5T (Wp ) pair, where P b =Bias Power, Wp =Write Peak Power, and Ws =Write Subpeak Power. The relationship of Ws : Wp = 0,75:1,0. For mark lengths 2T to 8T, the pulse trains are as follows: 2T : 3T : 4T :
1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )1,0T(P b ) 1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )1,0T(P b ) 1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )1,0T(P b )
- 67 -
5T : 6T : 7T : 8T :
1,0T(P b )1,5/(Ws )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )1,0T(P b ) 1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp)0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )1,0T(P b ) 1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp ) 1,0T(P b ) 1,0T(P b )1,5T(Ws )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp ) 0,5T(P b ) 0,5T(Wp )0,5T(P b )0,5T(Wp )1,0T(P b )
The generalized pulse train for the purpose of testing is shown graphically in annex K. Individual pulses shall have 10% to 90% rise and fall times of less than 3 ns. The measurement of laser power shall be done in pulsed operation by averaging, for example, one pulse every 50 ns, using a sperical radiometer. The averaging method of measuring the laser power will minimize the accumulation of pulse width and pulse amplitude tolerances. The values Wp and Ws used in any media tests shall be the ones measured for that particular piece of media using the method in 25.3.2. Values within 5% of Wp and Ws that were measured by the media manufacturer at 30 mm, 45 mm, and 60 mm on their typical media shall be recorded in the SFP zone. 25.3.2
Pulse power determination The following procedures shall be used by the media manufacturer to measure the values of Ws and Wp that are recorded in the SFP zone. These powers are specified in the SFP zone as 2T and 4T powers. The 2T and 4T marks are formed using the pulse patters described in 25.3.1. Write several tracks at 30 mm, 45 mm and 60 mm radii of the disk under test by repeatedly writing the following test pattern. Fix the value of W s to be equal to 75% of the value of Wp in all cases. Run length: Mark or space:
2T M
6T S
4T M
6T S
Read and detect the readback signal with the detection method given in 25.2.5. Adjust focus for maximum readback signal amplitude of the 2T mark and set the threshold value at 50% of the peak-topeak signal amplitude from the 4T mark for the test. Measure the average distance between the edges, namely L2, L4 and L6 for the 2T, 4T and 6T runs respectively, using a time interval analyzer repeated for 30 mm, 45 mm and 60 mm radii. Averaging should be done using 10 s independent time interval samples on several tracks at each radial position. Adjust the powers Ws and Wp so that L6 is as close to 6T as possible. Choose the Wp and Ws to be recorded in the SFP zone as those powers which cause L6 to be decreasing with increasing laser power. Recording shall be done at a media temperature of 25 °C ± 1 °C, at the test RPM. 25.3.3
Media power sensitivity The pulse power Wp is the upper bound of the power required to form 4T marks as a function of pulse duration T p . Wp is given by the reciprocity relationship:
1 1 W = C + mW p T T p p where T p = 1,25T =
1,5T + 0,5T + 0,5T 2
The following formula shall be used by the media manufacturer to measure the value of the media power sensitivity C using the T p and Wp data from 25.3.2:
C = Wp
Tp Tp Tp + Tp
The value for C shall be less than 65 at radii 30 mm, 45 mm, and 60 mm.
- 68 -
26 26.1
Write characteristics Resolution I L is the peak-to-peak value of the signal obtained in Channel 1 (see 9.2) from 4T marks and 4T spaces written under any of the conditions given in 25.3, and read under the conditions specified in 20.2.2 c). I H is the peak-to-peak value of the signal obtained in Channel 1 from 2T marks and 2T spaces written under the conditions given in 25.3, the lowest interval allowed by the RLL(1,7) code for each zone ± 0,1 MHz, and read under the condition specified in 20.2.2 c). The resolution I H /I L (see figure 25) shall not be less than 0,18 within any sector. It shall not vary by more than ± 0,10 over a track.
I
I
L
H
94-0132-A
Figure 25 - Definition of I and I L
26.2
H
Narrow-band signal-to-noise ratio The narrow-band signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of the signal level to the noise level of a specified pattern, measured in a 30 kHz bandwidth. It shall be determined as follows. Write a series of 2T marks followed by 2T spaces in the Recording field of a series of sectors at a frequency f 0 of the highest frequency allowed by the RLL(1,7) code for each zone ± 0,1 MHz. The write conditions shall be as specified in 25.3.1. Read the Recording fields in Channel 1 with the Read Channel specified in annex H under the conditions specified in 25.2 using a spectrum analyzer with a bandwidth of 30 kHz. Measure the amplitudes of the signal and the noise at the frequency f 0 a s indicated in figure 26. The measurements shall be corrected for the effect of the Header fields and for any instrumentation error in order to obtain the value for the Recording field only. The narrow- band signal-to-noise ratio is 20 log10
signal level noise level
The narrow band signal-to-noise ratio shall be greater than 45 dB for all tracks in any sector in the User Zone for all phase differences between -15° and +15 ° in the optical system as defined in 9.1. NOTE It is permitted to use a spectrum analyzer with a bandwidth of 3 kHz and to convert the measured value to that for a 30 kHz value.
- 69 -
Amplitude
Signal level
Noise level
f0
Frequency
95-0051-A
Figure 26 - Amplitude versus frequency
26.3
Cross-talk ratio The cross-talk ratio definition and measurement procedure describe the entities to be measured in terms of physical tracks. These physical tracks can consist of one or more logical tracks (see 13). The number of logical tracks involved in the measurement must be adjusted for the Band in which the measurement is made.
26.3.1
Track test method For tracks the test on cross-talk shall be carried out on any group of five adjacent unrecorded physical tracks, designated (n-2), (n-1), n, (n+1), (n+2), in the WORM Zone. Write a series of 2T marks followed by 2T spaces at a frequency f 1 for each zone ± 0,1 MHz in the Recording field of the sectors in track n. The write conditions shall be as specified in 25.3. Read the Recording fields of the sectors in the tracks (n-1), n and (n+1) under the conditions specified in 25.2.2 and 25.2.3. The cross-talk from a track n to track (n-1) and to track (n+1) shall be lower than -26 dB.
26.4
Timing Jitter The timing jitter can be obtained from the TIA data in 25.3.3 with the equalizer defined in annex M. Measure the length in time of the leading-to-leading and trailing-to-trailing edges of the detected data from the 2T mark (L2) followed by 6T space (L6), and 6T space (L6) followed by 2T mark (L2) with TIA. The measurements shall be made using 105 independent time interval samples on several tracks at each radial location. The value of timing jitter (due to the media) shall be less than 10 % of the time period T of one channel bit for 30 mm, 45 mm and 60 mm radii.
Section 6 - Characteristics of user data 27
Method of testing Clauses 29 and 30 describe a series of measurements to test conformance of the user data on the disk with this ECMA Standard. It checks the legibility of both embossed and user-written data. The data is assumed to be arbitrary. The user-written data may have been written by any drive in any environment. The read tests shall be performed on the Reference Drive. Whereas clauses 20 to 28 disregard defects, clauses 29 and 30 include them as unavoidable deterioration of the read signals. The gravity of a defect is determined by the correctability of the ensuing errors by the Error
- 70 -
Detection and Correction circuit in the read Channel defined below. The requirements in clauses 29 and 30 define a minimum quality of the data, necessary for data interchange.
27.1
Environment All signals specified in clauses 29 and 30 shall be within their specified ranges with the cartridge in any environment in the range of allowed operating environments defined in 8.1.2. It is recommended that before testing the entrance surface of the optical disk shall be cleaned according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the disk.
27.2
Reference Drive All signals specified in clauses 29 and 30 shall be measured in the indicated Channels of the Reference Drive. The drive shall have the following characteristics for the purpose of these tests:
27.2.1
Optics and mechanics The focused optical beam shall have the properties specified in 9.2 a) to f). The disk shall rotate as specified in 9.5.
27.2.2
Read power The optical power incident on the entrance surface of the disk (used for reading the information) shall be in the range specified in 20.2.2.
27.2.3
Read amplifiers The read amplifiers after the photodiode detectors in Channels 1 and 2 shall be as specified in 9.3.
27.2.4
Mark Quality The signals from both read amplifiers shall be converted from analog to binary with an edge detector as defined in annex H. The output signals from Channel 1 shall be filtered without equalization with the specified low-pass filter, and compared with their threshold levels of the comparator which shall be between 0,25 and 0,75 for the threshold fractional values. The threshold levels shall be adjusted to minimize the maximum offset (or bias) of the mark and space intervals from their desired (or true) values of 2T, 3T, ...., 7T, 8T. The output signals from the comparator are converted to binary signals with the edge detector. The timing jitter in this section is defined as the standard deviation of the separately measured 2T to 8T mark and space intervals excluding outlying observations by defects, using a time interval analyzer with the output signals from the edge detector of the marks and spaces in a sector. Therefore, independent interval samples for this measurement are limited by the number of marks and spaces in a sector. The timing jitters shall be expressed as a percentage of Channel bit time T. The converter for Channel 1 shall operate correctly for analog signals from embossed marks with amplitudes as determined by clauses 22 and 23. The converter for Channel 1 shall also operate correctly for analog signals from user-written marks with an amplitude as determined by clause 25.
27.2.5
Channel bit clock The signals from the analog-to-binary converters shall be virtually locked to the Channel bit clock/clocks which provides/provide the Channel bit windows of 0,70T effective width for timing the leading and/or trailing edges of the binary signals. Channel bit clock/clocks shall be adjusted in order to minimize the accumulated value/values of the timing errors of the leading to leading, leading to trailing, trailing to leading, and trailing to trailing edges from the Channel bit clock/clocks.
27.2.6
Binary-to-digital converters The binary signals shall be correctly converted to the data bytes with the binary-to-digital converters based on the sector format and the recording code defined in clauses 15 and 16.
27.2.7
Error correction Correction of errors in the data bytes shall be carried out by an error detection and correction system based on the definition in F.2 and F.3 of annex F. There shall be an additional correction system for the embossed data, based on the parity sectors as defined in 18.7.3.
- 71 -
27.2.8
Tracking During measurement of the signals, the focus of the optical beam shall follow the tracks as specified in 20.2.4.
28
Minimum quality of a sector This clause specifies the minimum quality of the Header and Recording field of a sector as required for interchange of the data contained in that sector. The quality shall be measured on the Reference Drive specified in 27.2. A byte error occurs when one or more bits in a byte have a wrong setting, as detected by ECC and/or CRC circuits.
28.1
Headers
28.1.1
Sector Mark At least three of the five long marks of the Sector Mark shall have the timing specified in 15.2 and the signals shall have the amplitude specified in 22.1.
28.1.2
ID fields At least one of the two ID fields in a Header read in Channel 1 shall not have any byte errors, as checked by the CRC in the field.
28.2
User-written data
28.2.1
Recording field The flag field shall start at 60 Channel bits ± 6 Channel bits from the end of the pre-formatted header. If an ALPC field is recorded, it shall start 144 Channel bits ± 6 Channel bits from the end of the preformatted header. The VFO 3 field shall start at 216 Channel bits ± 6 Channel bits from the end of the pre-formatted header and shall end at 240 Channel bits ± 84 Channel bits from the end of the sector. The recording marks in a sector shall start 264 +/-84 Channel bits from the end of the sector.
28.2.2
Byte errors The user-written data in a sector as read in Channel 1 shall not contain any byte errors that cannot be corrected by the error correction defined in 27.2.7.
28.2.3
Timing jitter The user-written marks in a sector as read in Channel 1 shall have timing jitters due to the media less than 10% of the time period T of one Channel bit.
29
Data interchange requirements A disk offered for interchange of data shall comply with the following requirements (see annex M.)
29.1
Tracking The focus of the optical beam shall not jump tracks unintentionally.
29.2
User-written data Any sector written in the WORM Zone that does not comply with 28.2 shall have been replaced according to the rules of the defect management as defined in clause 19.
29.3
Quality of disk The quality of the disk is reflected in the number of replaced sectors in the WORM Zone. This ECMA Standard allows a maximum of 10 000 replaced sectors per side (see 19).
- 72 -
- 73 -
Annex A (normative)
Air cleanliness class 100 000 The classification of air cleanliness is based on a particle count with a maximum allowable number of specified minimum sized particles per unit volume, and on a statistical average particle size distribution.
A.1
Definition The particle count shall not exceed a total of 3 500 000 particles per cubic metre of a size 0,5 µm and larger. The statistical average particle size distribution is given in figure A.1. Class 100 000 means that 3 500 000 particles per cubic metre of a size of 0,5 µm and larger are allowed, but only 25 000 particles per cubic metre of a size of 5,0 µm and larger. It shall be recognized that single sample distribution may deviate from this curve because of local or temporary conditions. Counts below 350 000 particles per cubic metre are unreliable except when a large number of a samplings is taken.
Test method For particles of size in the range of 0,5 µm to 5,0 µm, equipment employing light-scattering principles shall be used. The air in the controlled environment is sampled at a known flow rate. Particles contained in the sampled air are passed through an illuminated sensing zone in the optical chamber of the instrument. Light scattered by individual particles is received by a photo detector which converts the light pulses into electrical current pulses. An electronic system relates the pulse height to particle size and counts the pulses such that the number of particles in relation to particle size is registered or displayed.
100 000 000
Total number of particle per m equal to, or greater than, the stated particle size.
10 000 000
3
A.2
1 000 000 100 000 10 000 1 000 100
0,1
0,51
5 10
100
Particle size micrometres 94-109-B
Figure A.1 - Particle size distribution curve
1 000
- 74 -
- 75 -
Annex B (normative)
Edge distortion test B.1
The distortion test checks if the case is free from unacceptable distortion and protrusions along its edges. The test is made by causing the cartridge to pass through the vertical slot of a gauge while applying a specified force in addition to the gravitational pull.
B.2
The gauge shall be made of a suitable material, e.g. of chrome-plated carbon steel. The inner surfaces shall be polished to a surface finish of 5 µm peak-to-peak.
B.3
The dimensions shall be as follows (see figure B.1): A = 155,0 mm B = 136,0 mm ± 0,1 mm C = 10,0 mm ± 0,1 mm D = 11,40 mm ± 0,01 mm E = 11,60 mm min.
B.4
When the cartridge is inserted vertically into the gauge, a vertical downward force F of 2,7 N maximum, applied to the centre of the top edge of the cartridge, shall cause the cartridge to pass through the gauge.
- 76 -
F
D C A B
C
95-0144-A
Figure B.1 - Distortion gauge
D
E
- 77 -
Annex C (normative)
Compliance test C.1
The compliance test checks the flatness and flexibility of the case by forcing the four reference surfaces of the cartridge into a plane.
C.2
The location of the four reference surfaces S1, S2, S3 and S4 is defined in clause 10.5.4 and figure 5.
C.3
The test gauge consists of a base plate on which four posts P1, P2, P3 and P4 are fixed so as to correspond to the surfaces S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively (see figure C.1). The dimensions are as follows (see figure C.2): Posts P1 and P2 D a = 6,50 mm ± 0,01 mm + 0,00 mm
D b = 4,00 mm - 0,02 mm
H a = 1,0 mm ± 0,1 mm H b = 2,0 mm max. Posts P3 and P4 D c = 5,50 mm ± 0,01 mm After assembly, the upper annular surfaces of the four posts shall lie between two horizontal planes spaced 0,01 mm apart.
C.4
The cartridge shall be placed with its reference surfaces onto the posts of the horizontal gauge. A vertical down force F of 0,4N shall be exerted on the cartridge opposite each of the four posts.
C.5
Requirements Under the conditions of C.4, any three of the four surfaces S1 to S4 shall be in contact with the annular surface of respective posts. Any gap between the remaining surface S and the annular surface of its post shall not exceed 0,1 mm.
- 78 -
F F F F
P2 P3
P1 P4
95-0056-A
Figure C.1 - Compliance gauge
Db
Z
Dc
Da
P3,4
P1,2
95-0057-A
Figure C.2 - Detail of posts
Ha
Hb
- 79 -
Annex D (normative)
Test method for measuring the adsorbent force of the hub D.1
The purpose of this test is to determine the magnetic characteristic of the magnetizable material of the hub.
D.2
Dimensions The test device (see figure D.1) consists of a spacer, a magnet, a back yoke and a centre shaft. The dimensions of test device are as follows : Dd =
8,0 mm ± 0,1 mm
De =
20,0 mm ± 0,1 mm
Df =
19,0 mm max.
Dg =
3,9 mm
Hc =
0,40 mm ± 0,01 mm
Hd =
1,2 mm (typical, to be adjusted to meet the force requirement of D.4)
+ 0,0 mm
D.3
- 0,1 mm
Material The material of the test device shall be : Magnet Back yoke Spacer Centre shaft
D.4
: Any magnetizable material, typically Sm-Co : Any suitable magnetizable material : Non-magnetizable material or air gap : Non-magnetizable material
Characteristics of the magnet with back yoke Number of poles: 4 (typical) Maximum energy product (BH max ): 175 kJ/m3 ± 16 kJ/m3 The characteristics of the magnet with back yoke shall be adjusted so that with a pure nickel plate of the following dimensions (see figure D.2), and the adsorbent force of this plate at the point of H c = 0,4 mm when spaced from the magnet surface shall be 9,5 N ± 0,6 N.
D.5
Dh =
7,0 mm ± 0,1 mm
Dj =
22,0 mm ± 0,1 mm
He =
2,0 mm ± 0,05 mm
Test condition for temperature These conditions shall be as specified in 8.1.1.
- 80 -
D
f
Dg
Hub
H d Magnet
Dd
Back yoke
Spacer
De
Centre shaft 94-0084-A
Figure D.1 - Test device for the clamping characteristic of the hub
D
h D i
94-0009-A
Figure D.2 - Calibration plate of the test device
H
e
H c
- 81 -
Annex E (normative)
CRC for ID fields
The sixteen bits of the CRC shall be computed over the first three bytes of the ID field. The generator polynomial shall be G(x) = x16 + x15 + x12 + 1 The residual polynomial shall be i = 23 i i =7 16 i R(x ) = aix + ai x x i =8 i =0
∑
∑
mod G( x )
and a i denotes a bit of the first three bytes and a i an inverted bit. The highest order bit of the first byte is a 23 . The sixteen bits c k of the CRC are defined by R( x ) =
k =15
k ck x ∑ k= 0
where c
15
is recorded as the highest order bit of the fourth byte in the ID field.
- 82 -
- 83 -
Annex F (normative)
Interleave, CRC, ECC, Resync for the data field
F.1
Interleave for 2 048-byte sectors The different bytes shall be designated as follows. Dn
are user data bytes
DMP m
are DMP bytes (see 15.12.3)
Ck
are CRC check bytes
E s,t
are ECC check bytes
These bytes shall be ordered in a sequence A in the order in which they shall be recorded on the disk. The n order of n of D n is the same as that in which they are input from the interface. Depending on the value of n, these elements are: 1 ≤ n ≤ 2 048 : A n = D n
for
for 2 049 ≤ n ≤ 2 056 : A n = DMP m for 2 057 ≤ n ≤ 2 060 : A n = C k for 2 061 ≤ n ≤ 2 380 : A n = E s,t where: m = n - 2 048 k = n - 2 056 s = [(n - 2 061) mod 20] + 1
n − 2 061 +1 10
t = int
The notation int[x] denotes the largest integer not greater than x. The first three parts of An are 20-way interleaved by mapping them onto a two-dimensional matrix B ij with 103 rows and 20 columns. Thus for 1 ≤ n ≤ 2 060 : B ij = An where: i=102 - int[(n-1)/20] j = ( n - 1 ) mod 20
- 84 -
F.2 F.2.1
CRC General The CRC and the ECC shall be computed over the Galois field based on the primitive polynomial G (x) = x 8 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 p
The generator polynomial for the CRC bytes shall be i =139
G c ( x ) = ∏ ( x +α i ) i =136
where the element αi = (ß i ) 88 , with ß being a primitive root of G (x). The value of the n-th bit in a byte is p the coefficient of the n-th power of ß, where 0 ≤ n ≤ 7, when ß is expressed on a polynomial basis. The contents of the four check bytes c k of the CRC are defined by the residual polynomial
Rc ( x ) = I c( x )x
mod Gc( x )
4 k =4
Rc ( x ) = ∑ c k x −
4 k
k =1
The last equation specifies the storage locations for the coefficients of the polynomial.
F.2.2
CRC for 2 048-byte sectors The four check bytes of the CRC shall be computed over the user data and the SWF bytes as specified in F.2.1. The information polynomial shall be
i =102 j =19 j =15 I c ( x ) = ∑ ∑ Bi, j x i + ∑ B0, j x 0 j = 0 i =1 j = 0
( )
F.3
( )
ECC The primitive polynomial G (x) and the elements αi and ß shall be as specified in F.2.1. The generator p polynomial for the check bytes of the ECC shall be i =135
GE ( x ) = ∏ ( x + a i ) j =120
This polynomial is self-reciprocal. This property can be used to reduce the hardware size. The initial setting of the ECC register shall be all ZEROs. The bits of the computed check bytes shall be inverted before they are encoded into Channel bits.
F.3.1
ECC for 2 048-byte sectors The 160 check bytes of the ECC shall be computed over the user bytes, the SWF bytes and the CRC bytes. The corresponding 10 information polynomials shall be:
( )
i =102
I E j ( x ) = ∑ Bi , j x i i= 0
where 0 ≤ j ≤ 19. The contents of the 16 check bytes E s,t for each polynomial I Ej (x) are defined by the residual polynomial
R E j ( x ) =I E j (x )x
16
mod GE (x )
- 85 -
t = 16
R E j ( x ) = ∑ E j +1,t x
16 −t
t =1
The last equation specifies the storage locations for the coefficients of the polynomials.
F.4
Resync The Resync fields (see annex G) shall be inserted in the Data field to prevent loss of synchronization and to limit the propagation of errors in the user data. They are numbered consecutively and shall contain one of the following pattern of Channel bits. 0X0 100 000 001 000 000 100 00Y 0X0 100 000 001 000 000 101 00Y Where X and Y are set to ZERO or ONE based on the preceding or following data patterns. For 2 048-byte sectors, a field RSn shall be inserted between bytes A40n and A40n+1’ where 1 ≤ n ≤ 59.
F.5
Recording sequence for the Data field The elements of the Data field shall be recorded on the disk according to sequence A immediately following n the Sync bytes and with the Resync bytes inserted as specified in F.4. Figure F.1 shows in matrix form the arrangement of these elements. The sequence of recording is from topto-bottom and left-to-right. SB D RS P C E
designates a Sync byte designates a user byte designates a Resync byte designates a DMP byte designates a check byte for CRC designates a check byte for ECC
For 2 048-byte sectors (figure F.1) the first 103 rows contain in columns 0 to 19 the user bytes, the DMP bytes and the CRC check bytes. The next 16 rows contain only the ECC check bytes.
- 86 -
Column No. j → SB1
SB2
0
1
2
3
D1 D21 D41 D61 D81 D101 D121
D2 D22 D42 D62 D82 D102 D122
D3 D23 D43 D63 D83 D103 D123
RS49 RS49 D1961 D1981 RS50 RS50 D2001 D2021 RS51 RS51 D2041 E1,1 RS52 RS52 E1,2 E1,3
E1,13 E1,14 E1,15 E1,16
SB3
SB4
RS1
RS1
RS2
RS2
RS3
RS3
…
7
8
9
D4 D24 D44 D64 D84 D104 D124
D8 D28 D48 D68 D88 D108 D128
D9 D29 D49 D69 D89 D109 D129
D1962 D1982 D2002 D2022 D2041 E2,1 E2,2 E2,3
D1963 D1964 D1983 D1984 D2003 D2004 D2023 D2024 D2043 D2044 E3,1 E4,1 E3,2 E4,2 E3,3 E4,3
D1968 D1988 D2008 D2028 D2048 E8,1 E8,2 E8,3
E3,13 E2,14 E2,15 E2,16
E3,13 E3,14 E3,15 E3,16
E8,13 E8,14 E8,15 E8,16
…
19 Row No. i ↓
15
16
17
18
D10 D30 D50 D70 D90 D110 D130
D16 D36 D56 D76 D96 D116 D136
D17 D37 D57 D77 D97 D117 D137
D18 D38 D58 D78 D98 D118 D138
D19 D39 D59 D79 D99 D119 D139
D20 D40 D60 D80 D100 D120 D140
D1969 D1989 D2009 D2029 P1,1 E9,1 E9,2 E9,3
D1970 D1990 D2010 D2030 P1,2 E10,1 E10,2 E10,3
D1976 D1996 D2016 D2036 P2,4 E16,1 E16,2 E16,3
D1977 D1997 D2017 D2037 C1 E17,1 E17,2 E17,3
D1978 D1998 D2018 D2038 C2 E18,1 E18,2 E18,3
D1979 D1999 D2019 D2039 C3 E19,1 E19,2 E19,3
D1980 D2000 D2020 D2040 C4 E20,1 E20,2 E20,3
E9,13 E9,14 E9,15 E9,16
E10,13 E10,14 E10,15 E10,16
E16,13 E17,13 E18,13 E19,13 E20,13 E16,14 E17,14 E18,14 E19,14 E20,14 E16,15 E17,15 E18,15 E19,15 E20,15 E16,16 E17,16 E18,16 E19,16 E20,16
103 rows
16 rows
RS58 RS58 RS59 RS59
E4,13 E4,14 E4,15 E4,16
Figure F.1 - Data field configuration, 2 048-byte sectors, ECC interleave
102 101 100 99 98 97 96 . . . 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 . . .-13 -14 -15 -16
- 87 -
Annex G (normative)
Determination of Resync pattern
DSV (Digital Sum Value) is used in the descriptions that follow. Other acronyms include PLL (Phase Lock Loop), PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
G.1
Conditions of Resync pattern The Resync pattern shall have the following characteristics to satisfy its required function: 1. The Resync pattern is an irregular Channel bit pattern of seven consecutive ZERO bits and a ONE bit followed by six consecutive ZERO bits that does not occur in the (1,7) modulation code. 2. The irregularity of Resync pattern is detectable using either only leading edges or only trailing edges when dual PLL is used. 3. The number of ONEs in Resync pattern is switchable from an odd number to an even number or vice versa for minimizing the d.c. level fluctuation of the data pattern in the Data field of a sector. 4. The length of the Resync pattern shall be 24 Channel bits.
G.2
Resync pattern Selection of one of the two Resync patterns shown below shall be made in order to minimize the d.c. level fluctuation. The selection criteria is described in G.5.
Data 1
Resync area
Data 2
----------
---------------------------------------------------
-----------
Resync pattern ------------------------------Resync 1 Resync 2
where
0x0 0x0
x = ZERO or ONE y = ZERO or ONE
100000001000000100 100000001000000101
00y 00y
- 88 -
G.3
Generation algorithm of resync pattern Table G.1 - Algorithm for resync patterns PREVIOUS Data 1
NEXT Data 2
Resync Area
Data bits X1 X2
Channel bits
00
0 001
010
100
000
001
000
00
1 001
010
100
000
001
000
01
0 001
010
100
000
001
000
01
1 010
000
100
000
001
000
10
0 101
010
100
000
001
000
10 11
1--0 010
000
does not occur 100 000 001
000
11
1---
00
assumed data bits
0x0
Resync Pattern
does not occur
z
00y
Data bits X3 X4
000 100 0 1 1 000 100 0 1 1 000 100 0 1 1 000 100 0 1 1 000 100 0 1 1
001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000 001 000
0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x 0x 1x
000 100 0 1 1
001 000 001 000
0x 1x 0x 1x
98-0071-A
where: z = ZERO for Resync 1 z = ONE for Resync 2
Note 1: x1 and x2 are encoded assuming the following information bits are ZERO ZERO Note 2: The values of these information bits are the assumed value for encoding. Note 3: This Channel bit was inverted after encoding in order to generate the irregular pattern Note 4: The value of the last three bits of the Resync area is determined by: 1) the previous Channel bit assumed to be ZERO 2) the two information bits (assumed to be ZERO ONE); 3) the state of Data 2 information bit X3 per the (1,7) encode table 3.
01
- 89 -
G.4
Minimization of d.c. level The criteria for selecting either Resync pattern 1 or Resync pattern 2 in order to minimize the d.c. level fluctuation is based on the Channel bits of the Data area, and 0x0, 00y in the Resync area. Data
Resync area
Data
------------------
----------------------------------------------------
---------------
Resync pattern ----------------------------Data Block
100000001000000100 (Resync pattern 1) 100000001000000101 (Resync Pattern 2)
0x0
00y
Data Block
where: x = ZERO or ONE y = ZERO or ONE The decision is made to select either Resync pattern 1 or Resync pattern 2 according to the procedure described in G.5.
G.5
Determination of Resync pattern The Resync pattern to be used shall be determined by the following procedure. 1. Convert the Channel bits described in PPM data into PWM data in order to simplify handling. For example, if the PPM data is ... 0010100010010 ... the PWM data shall be ... 0011000011100 ... The DSV calculation shall be defined in terms of PWM data such that ZERO = -1 and ONE = +1. (see Example below) Example of calculation of Block DSV m and Resync DSV m
(1,7) channel bit (PPM data)
0
1 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
PWM data
0
1 1 1 1 1 000 011 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Written marks on the disk
+ 5 98-0073-A
DSV m is calculated as DSVm = (+5 - 4 + 8 - 5 ... )
- 4
+ 8
- 5
- 90 -
2. The Resync area shall be divided into two parts (RS || INV), where both parts are concatenated as follows: RS = 0x010000000100000010 in PPM data INV = 000y(INV1) or 100y(INV2) in PPM data . 3. The user data field shall be concatenated as VFO3 || SYNC || B0 || RS1 || INV1 (or INV2) || B1 || RS2 || ... ... || INV1 (or INV2) || Bm || RSm+1 || ... ... || INV1 (or INV2) || BN where m = 1 to N N = 59 in the 2 048-byte sector, (See figure G.1) 4. The DSV(z) function shall be defined such that the argument (z), which is a PPM data stream, shall result in the PWM DSV sum based on the last PWM state of the PWM data preceding the data in the (z) argument. 5. INV1 or INV2 shall be selected in step m using the following algorithm: P0 = DSV(VFO3 || SYNC || B0 || RS1) Pm = Pm-1 + DSV(INV1 || Bm ||RSm+1) or Pm = Pm-1 + DSV(INV2 || Bm || RS) Select INV1 or INV2 to minimize |Pm|. PN = PN-1 + DSV(INV1 ||BN) or PN = PN-1 + DSV(INV2 ||BN) Select INV1 or INV2 to minimize |PN|. This procedure shall be repeated from m = 1 to N, where N = 59 in 2 048-byte sector-byte sector If |P m| is the same for Resync pattern 1 and Resync pattern 2, Resync pattern 1 shall be selected.
- 91 -
Resync area Resync pattern
VFO3
Sync
Data #0
VFO3
SYNC
B0
0x0
d.c. level fluctuation bit
Resync #1
RS
1
00y
Data #1
INV1 or INV2
B
0x0
RS
1
P0
Resync #2
2
00y INV1 or INV2
P1
continued d.c. level fluctuation bit 0x0
Resync #m
RS
m
00y INV1 or INV2
Data #m
0x0
Resync #(m+1)
RS
Bm
m+1
00y
0x0
INV1 or INV2
Pm
98-0072-A
Resync #59 #539
RS
00y INV1 or INV2
Data #59 #539
B
59
P59
Note: Each P0, P1,...P59 represents the total DSV from VFO3. Figure G.1 - 2 048-byte sector Resync
- 92 -
- 93 -
Annex H (normative)
Read Channel for measuring jitter
Jitter shall be measured by using the following read Channel.
Filter Test point Channel 1 or Channel 2
Leading edge
+ -
Comparator
Edge detector
Trailing edge
Adjustable 95-0058-A
Input signal: Channel 1, for embossed marks Channel 2, for user written marks Filter specifications: 1) Equalizer: 2) Filter type: 3) Low pass filter:
See annex M. 5th Bessel function Cut-off frequency = one half the channel clock frequency of the band being tested.
- 94 -
- 95 -
Annex J (normative)
Timing jitter measuring procedure
The timing jitter of leading-to-leading or trailing-to-trailing edges shall be measured using the following procedures.
1) Set the threshold level of the detector circuit such that the 2T mark and 2T space of the VFO is exactly 2 Channel bit times T long. 2) Hold the threshold level, and detect the signal edges. 3) Measure the lengths in time of the leading-to-leading and trailing-to-trailing edges using a Time Interval Analyzer. 4) Acquire 10 5 independent time interval samples excluding the data from defective areas. 5) Calculate the standard deviation Jt of the timing jitter distribution; the difference between the measured length of leading-to-leading or trailing-to-trailing edges and the mean value of corresponding mark or space length Ln shall be taken as samples, where Jt is shown in figure J.1. The lengths leading-to-leading or trailing-to-trailing edges shall be separately examined, and the specifications should be satisfied even in the worst case. In case of header signal evaluation, the threshold level shall be set using VFO1 and the time interval samples shall be measured using the AM to PA fields. In case of embossed data signal evaluation, the threshold level shall be set using VFO 3 and the time interval samples shall be measured using the Sync and Data field in the user data area, including all time interval samples from user data SWF, CRC, ECC, and Resync.
Mean value of the jitter distribution of each nT leading-to-leading or nT trailing-to-trailing edges
Standard of Deviation = Jt
Time interval
Edge Shift (St)
Ideal time interval (nT)
T (Channel clock period) 97-0129-A
Figure J.1 - Measured distribution of timing jitter
- 96 -
- 97 -
Annex K (normative)
Definition of write pulse shape
Wp
Ws
Pb
1,5T 0,5T
2T
98-0008-A
0,5T
3T
8T
where: Wp = Peak Power of Writing Ws = Subpeak Power of Writing P b = Bias Power Figure K.1 - Shape of write pulse train for testing
Tp
0,5P Ws , Wp
0,9P
0,1P
Pb Tr
Tf
94-0143-B
where: Ws , Wp = Write Power T r = Rise Time P b = Bias power P = Pw - Pb T f = Fall Time T p = Write pulse width Figure K.2 - Shape of write pulse for testing
- 98 -
- 99 -
Annex L (normative)
Requirements for interchange
L.1
Equipment for writing The disk under test shall have been written with arbitrary data by a disk drive for data interchange use in the operating environment.
L.2
Test equipment for reading
L.2.1
General The read test shall be performed on a test drive in the test environment. The rotational frequency of the disk when reading shall be as defined in clause 9.5. The direction of rotation shall be as defined in clause 10.5.9
L.2.2
Read Channel
L.2.2.1
Characteristics of the optical beam The optical beam used for reading shall comply with the requirements of 9.2 b), c), d) and f).
L.2.2.2
Read power The read power shall comply with the requirements of 9.3.
L.2.2.3
Optics The optical head used for reading shall comply with the requirements of annex L.
L.2.2.4
Read amplifier The read amplifier after the photo detector in both Channels 1 and 2 shall have a flat response from d.c. to 37 MHz within 1 dB.
L.2.2.5
Analog to binary conversion The signals from the read amplifier shall be converted from analog to binary. The converter for Channel 1 shall work properly for signals from pre-recorded marks with properties as defined in 22 and 23. The converter for Channel 2 shall work properly for signals from user-written marks with properties as defined in 26 and 27.
L.2.2.6
L.2.3
Binary-to-digital conversion The binary signal shall be converted to a digital signal according to the rules of the recording code.
Tracking The open-loop transfer function for the axial and radial tracking servo shall be
sc 1+ (2πf 0 ) 2 πf 0 H= 2 cs 1 + s 2πf 0c 2
where s = i2πf, within an accuracy such that 1+H not deviate more than ± 20% from its nominal value in a bandwidth from 50 Hz to 10 kHz. The constant c shall be 3. The open-loop 0-dB frequency f 0 shall be 1 550 Hz for the axial servo and 2 340 Hz for the radial servo. The open-loop d.c. gain of the axial servo shall be at least 80 dB.
- 100 -
L.3
Requirements for the digital read signals A byte error is defined by a byte in which one or more bits have a wrong setting, as detected by the error detection and correction circuit.
L.3.1
Any sector accepted as valid during the writing process shall not contain byte errors in Channel 2 after the error correction circuit.
L.3.2
Any sector not accepted as valid during the writing process shall have been rewritten according to the rules for defect management.
L.4
Requirements for the digital servo signals The focus of the optical beam shall not jump tracks voluntarily.
L.5
Requirement for interchange An interchanged optical disk cartridge meets the requirements for interchangeability if it meets the requirements of L.3 and L.4 when it is written on an interchange drive according to L.1 and read on a test drive according to L.2.
- 101 -
Annex M (normative)
Measurement implementation for Cross-track signal
The Cross-track signal shall be measured by using the implementation shown in figure M.1 with the following characteristics. Droop Rate: 0,1(1 / µs ) ≤
∆I / I bottom ∆t
≤ 0,2(1 / µs )
Bottom Trace Error (BTE): I bottom − I bh I bhmax
I bh :
≤ 0,05
Bottom-hold signal at the bottom position
I bottom: Channel 1 signal at the bottom position
Channel 1 (see 9.3)
Bottom-hold circuit
Bottom-hold signal
Low pass filter Cut-off frequency: 50 kHz min.
Cross-track signal
Figure M.1 Measurement implementation for Cross-track signal
Sector Mark (odd band) Channel 1
Bottom-hold signal VFO
.
Ism . t
.
I
Ibottom
Ibh
98-0001-A
. .
Itop
Figure M.2 Illustration of the various parameters for bottom-hold characteristics.
- 102 -
- 103 -
Annex N (normative)
Asymmetry measuring definition
The asymmetry of signals from headers (clause 22.5), and embossed Recording field (clause 23.2) shall be measured based on the following definitions.
N.1
Asymmetry of signal from header (clause 22.4) TA2
Sector Mark
VFO
PA1 TA1
AM,ID Ipmax
Ism IIG
Itop
Ivfo
Ipmaxtop
Ipmintop Ipmaxbottom
0 Level
Ipmin
Ipminbottom
98-0002-A
Figure N.1 Signal from Header in channel 1
(Ipmaxtop + Ipmaxbottom)/2 - (Ipmintop + Ipminbottom)/2 Asymmetry = ----------------------------------------------------------------------(Ipmaxtop - Ipmaxbottom) where I pmin and I pmax are the signals with minimum and maximum amplitude in that sector from Address Mark, ID, and PA. I pmaxtop and I pmaxmin are the signals of top and bottom level of I pmax. I pmintop and I pminbottom are the signals of top and bottom level of I pmin.
N.2
Asymmetry of signal from embossed Recording field (clause 23.2) (Ipmaxtop + Ipmaxbottom)/2 - (Ipmintop + Ipminbottom)/2 Asymmetry = ----------------------------------------------------------------------(Ipmaxtop - Ipmaxbottom) where I pmin and I pmax are the signals with minimum and maximum amplitude in embossed Recording field of sector. I pmaxtop and I pmaxmin are the signals of top and bottom level of I pmax. I pmintop and I pminbottom are the signals of top and bottom level of I pmin.
- 104 -
- 105 -
Annex P (informative)
Office environment
P.1
Air cleanliness Due to their construction and mode of operation optical disk cartridges have considerable resistance to the effects of dust particles around and inside the disk drive. Consequently it is not generally necessary to take special precautions to maintain a sufficiently low concentration of dust particles. Operation in heavy concentrations of dust should be avoided e.g. in a machine shop or on a building site. Office environment implies an environment in which personnel may spend a full working day without protection and without suffering temporary or permanent discomfort.
P.2
Effects of operation In the office environment (as well as other environments) it is possible for an optical disk drive to degrade the quality of written marks if the read power is applied to a single track for a long period of time. This would happen if a media in a drive remains loaded , the drive remains in the ready status, and is in jump-back mode on one particular track. If this occurs at the maximum operating temperature (55 o C) and at the maximum allowable bias field (32 000 A/m), the marks on the media may be degraded. The media manufacturer’s selection of the value for the maximum read powers allowed in the User Zone as well as the optical drive manufacturer’s read power management method should reflect this possibility and be designed to minimize any risk to data integrity.
- 106 -
- 107 -
Annex Q (informative)
Derivation of the operating climatic environment
This annex gives some background on how some of the conditions of the operating environment in 8.1.2 have been derived.
Q.1
Standard climatic environment classes The conditions of the ODC operating environment are, with a few exceptions mentioned below, based on parameter values of the IEC standard climatic environment class 3K3 described in IEC publication 721-3-3. This publication defines environmental classes for stationary use of equipment at weather-protected locations. The IEC class 3K3 refers to climatic conditions which "... may be found in normal living or working areas, e.g. living rooms , rooms for general use (theatres restaurants etc.), offices, shops, workshops for electronic assemblies and other electrotechnical products, telecommunication centres, storage rooms for valuable and sensitive products."
Q.2
Overtemperature considerations While IEC class 3K3 defines the limits for the room climate only, the ODC operating environment specification in this ECMA Standard takes into consideration also system and drive overtemperature. This means that when inserted in a drive, the ODC will sense a temperature which is above the ambient room temperature. The figures in the operating environment specification have been calculated from the assumption that overtemperature may be up to 20°C.
Q.3
Absolute humidity The introduction of the parameter absolute humidity
(unit : g water / m3 of air)
is very useful when studying overtemperature. When the temperature rises inside a drive, the relative humidity goes down but the absolute humidity remains substantially constant. So, making room for overtemperature in the operating environment specification affects not only the upper temperature limit but also the lower relative humidity limit. The relationship between these parameters is shown in the climatogram (the relative humidity vs. temperature map ) of the ODC operating environment, figure Q.1. The absolute humidity restrictions influence the operating environment in the following two ways: i. Combination of high temperatures and high relative humidities are excluded. Such combinations could have negative influence on the performance and the life of ODCs. ii. Combinations of low temperatures and low relative humidities are excluded. Such combinations are very unlikely to occur in worldwide normal office environments.
Q.4
Deviations from the IEC standard environment class Apart from the change introduced by the overtemperature considerations above, there are a few more parameter values which are not based on IEC class 3K3. These are:
- 108 -
− Atmospheric pressure The IEC 3K3 lower limit of 70 kPa has been extended to 60 kPa. ODCs according to this ECMA Standard show no intrinsic pressure sensitivity and 70 kPa excludes some possible markets for ODCs. − Absolute humidity The IEC 3K3 value for the upper limit of 25 g/m3 has been raised to 30 g/m3 in view of some expected operation in portable devices outside the controlled office environment. − Temperature The maximum temperature around the ODC, i.e. room temperature plus overtemperature, has been limited to 55 °C (while IEC 3K3 + 20 °C would have become 60 °C).For ODCs according to this ECMA Standard, however, the 55°C limit is considered to be a physical limit above which operation (as well as storage) is not safe. This means that equipment designers may want to ensure adequate cooling inside the drive especially when the room temperature approaches the upper IEC 3K3 limit of 40°C. − Further The rates of change (the gradients) of temperature and relative humidity are not according to IEC 3K3.
Q.5
Wet bulb temperature specifications Instead of specifying limits for the absolute humidity, some of the earlier standards for ODCs as well as those for other digital data storage media often use restrictions of the parameter wet bulb temperature
(unit: °C)
in order to avoid too severe combinations of high temperatures and high relative humidities. In order to facilitate comparisons between different specifications, figure Q.2 and table Q.1 show wet bulb temperatures of interest for the ODC operating environment, as well as for the testing and storage environments. Since wet bulb temperatures vary slightly with the atmospheric pressure, the diagram is valid for the normal pressure of 101,3 kPa only.
- 109 -
Figure Q.1 - Climatogram of IEC Class 3K3 and the ODC operating environment
- 110 -
Figure Q.2 - Wet bulb temperatures of the operating and storage environments
The points A to I and area T are defined in table Q.1.
- 111 -
Table Q.1 - Position of the main points of Figure Q.2 Air temperature
Relative humidity
°C
%
Wet bulb temperature °C
A
31,7
90,0
30,3
B
32,8
85,0
30,6
C
55,0
28,8
35,5
D
55,0
3,0
22,2
E
31,7
3,0
12,1
F
5,0
14,7
-1,4
G
-10,0
90,0
-10,3
H
5,0
85,0
3,9
I
10,0
46,8
-11,6
Test environment
23,0 C ± 2,0 C
50,0% ± 5,0%
---
o
o
(T) Storage environment
is determined by A-B-C-D-E-F-G
Operating environment
is determined by B-C-D-E-F-H
- 112 -
- 113 -
Annex R (informative)
Transportation
R.1
General As transportation occurs under a wide range of temperature and humidity variations, for differing periods, by many methods of transport and in all parts of the world it is not possible to specify conditions for transportation or for packaging.
R.2
Packaging The form of packaging should be agreed between sender and recipient or, in the absence of such agreement, is the responsibility of the sender. It should take account of the following hazards.
R.2.1
Temperature and humidity Insulation and wrapping should be designed to maintain the conditions for storage over the estimated period of transportation.
R.2.2
Impact loads and vibration Avoid mechanical loads that would distort the shape of the cartridge. Avoid dropping the cartridge. Cartridges should be packed in a rigid box containing adequate shock absorbent material. The final box should have a clean interior and a construction that provide sealing to prevent the ingress of dirt and moisture.
- 114 -
- 115 -
Annex S (informative)
Sector retirement guidelines
It is assumed that up to 10 000 sectors may be replaced in any of the following cases: • A sector does not have at least one reliable ID field. • Only one of the two ID fields in one sector is reliable, and the current sector number is contradictory to the one anticipated by the preceding sectors. • A single defect of more than 40 bytes in a 2 048-byte sector is detected • The total number of defective bytes exceeds 60 bytes in a 2 048-byte sector or 5 bytes in one ECC interleave of a 2 048-byte sector
- 116 -
- 117 -
Annex T (informative)
Track deviation measurement
The deviation of a track from its nominal location is measured in the same way as a drive sees a track, i.e. through a tracking servo. The strength of the Reference Servo used for the test is in general less that the strength of the same servo in a normal drive. The difference in strength is intended for margins in the drive. The deviation of the track is related to the tracking error between the track and the focus of the optical beam, remaining after the Reference Servo. The tracking error directly influences the performance of the drive, and is the best criterion for testing track deviations. The specification of the axial and radial deviations can be described in the same terms. Therefore, this annex applies to both axial and radial track deviations.
T.1
Relation between requirements The acceleration required by the motor of the tracking servo to make the focus of the optical beam follow the tracks on the disk (see 11.4.6 and 11.4.8) is a measure for the allowed deviations of the tracks. An additional measure is the allowed tracking error between the focus and the track (see 20.2.4). The relation between both is given in figure T.1 where the maximum allowed amplitude of a sinusoidal track deviation is given as a function of the frequency of the deviation. It is assumed in the figure that there is only one sinusoidal deviation present at a time.
log (x
max )
e
max
log(f )
94-0145-A
Figure T.1 Maximum allowed amplitude of a single sinusoidal track deviation At low frequencies the maximum allowed amplitude x max is given by x max = x max / (2πf) 2 , where x max is the maximum acceleration of the servo motor. At high frequencies the maximum allowed amplitude x max is given by
(1)
- 118 -
x max = e max
(2)
where e max is the maximum allowed tracking error. The connection between both frequency regions is given in V.3.
T.2
Reference Servo The above restrictions of the track deviations is equal to the restriction of the track deviations for a Reference Servo. A Reference Servo has a well-defined transfer function, and reduces a single, sinusoidal track deviation with amplitude x max to a tracking error e max as in figure T.1. The open-loop transfer function of the Reference Servo shall be
H s ( iω ) =
1 ω0
c iω
2
1+ 1+
iωc
ω0
(3)
iω cω 0
where i = −1 , ω = 2πf and ω0 = 2πf 0 , with f 0 the 0 dB frequency of the open-loop transfer function. The constant c gives the cross-over frequencies of the lead-lag network of the servo: the lead break frequency f0 and the lag break frequency f 2 = f 0 × c . The reduction of a track deviation x to a tracking error e f1 = c by the Reference Servo is given by e x
=
1
(4)
1+H s
If the 0 dB frequency is specified as
ω 0=
a max c
(5)
e max
then a low-frequency track deviation with an acceleration a max will be reduced to a tracking error e max , and a high frequency track deviation will not be reduced. The curve in figure T.1 is given by x max = e max |1 + H s |
(6)
The maximum acceleration required from the motor of this Reference Servo is a max ( motor ) = e max ω |1 + H s |. 2
(7)
At low frequencies f < f 0 / c applies a max ( motor ) = a max ( track ) =
ω0
2
e max c
(8)
Hence, it is permitted to use a max (motor) as specified for low frequencies in 11.4.6 and 11.4.8 for the calculation of ω 0 of a Reference Servo.
T.3
Requirement for track deviations The track deviations shall be such that, when tracking with a Reference Servo on a disk rotating at the specified frequency, the tracking error shall not be larger than e max during more than 7,2 µs. The open-loop transfer function of the Reference Servo for axial and radial tracking shall be given by equation (3) within an accuracy such that |1+H| does not differ by more than ± 20% from its nominal value in
- 119 -
ω
0
shall be given by 2π equation (5), where a max and e max for axial and radial tracking are specified in 20.2.4. 11.4.6 and 11.4.8. a bandwidth from 50 Hz to 170 kHz. The constant c shall be 3. The 0 dB frequency
T.4
Measurement implementation Three possible implementations for an axial or radial measurement system have been given below. H a is the open-loop transfer function of the actual tracking servo of the drive. H s is the transfer function for the Reference Servo as given in equation (3). x and y are the position of the track and the focus of the optical beam. e s is the tracking error after a Reference Servo, the signal of which has to be checked according to the previous paragraph.
POSITION SENSOR Filter 1 1 + Hs
+ y
Servo
+
x
es
ea
94-0081-B-Revised
Figure T.2 - Implementation of a Reference Servo by filtering the track position signal with the reduction characteristics of the Reference Servo es
+
Ha
x
Hs Ha
y
-
94-0082-B-Revised
Figure T.3 - Implementation of a Reference Servo by changing the transfer function of the actual servo
- 120 -
ea
+
1+Ha 1+Hs Ha
x
es
y
-
94-0083-B-Revised
Figure T.4 - Implementation of a Reference Servo by changing the tracking error of the actual servo
The optimum implementation depends on the characteristics H a and H s . Good results for motors in leaf springs are often obtained by using separate circuits in a low and high frequency Channel. The implementation of figure T.2 is used in the low-frequency Channel, while that of figures T.3 or T.4 is used in the high-frequency Channel. The signals from both channels are added with a reversed cross-over filter to get the required tracking error. In the low-frequency Channel one can also use the current through the motor as a measure of the acceleration of the motor, provided the latter is free from hysteresis. The current must be corrected for the transfer function of the motor and then be converted to a tracking error with a filter with a e e = transfer function 2 derived from equation (4). a xω
- 121 -
Annex U (informative)
Values to be implemented in existing and future standards
This ECMA Standard specifies values for bytes which identify optical disk cartridges which conform to this ECMA Standard. It is expected that other types of optical disk cartridges will be developed in future. It is therefore recommended that the following values be used for these other cartridges.
U.1
Byte 0 of the Control Track PEP Zone Settings of bits 6 to 4 have the following meanings: 000 001 010 011 110
U.2
means Constant Angular Velocity (CAV) means Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) means Zoned Constant Angular Velocity (ZCAV) means Zoned Constant Linear Velocity (ZCLV) means Logical Zoned Constant Angular Velocity (Logical ZCAV)
Byte 7 of the Control Track PEP Zone The following bit patterns have the indicated meanings. 0000 0000 0001 0000 0001 0001 0010 0000 0101 0001 0110 0000 0011 0000 1001 0000 1010 0000 1011 0000 0110 0000 1110 0000 0001 0011
Read-only ODCs (ROM) Write once ODCs using irreversible recording WO ODC using MO recording Rewritable ODCs using MO recording WO ODCs using exchange coupled Direct Over Write (DOW) Rewritable ODCs using exchange coupled DOW Rewritable ODCs of the type phase change Partial ROM of Write once ODCs Partial ROM of MO Partial ROM of phase change Direct overwrite Partially Embossed Direct overwrite Write Once Direct overwrite
Note that when the most significant bit is set to ONE, this indicates a partial ROM. See also 17.3.2.1.4.
- 122 -
- 123 -
Annex V (informative)
Measurement of the vertical birefringence of the substrate
This annex describes a non-contact measurement method for optical disk substrate birefringence which applies to both uncoated substrates and to disks coated with thinfilms. This technique will yield average or bulk values of both in-plane birefringence (IPB) and vertical birefringence (VB) with one procedure. The method uses a slightly modified variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE), although the variable wavelength capability is unnecessary for a simple characterization at the operating point of this Standard. The method assumes the principal optical axes of the substrate align with the polar r, φ, z directions of the disk, which is valid for injection molded plastic disks. Finally, the method described also assumes that the contribution of the MO ellipticity of the coated MO film(s) to the measured optical retardation is negligible compared to the contribution of the substrate material. An ellipsometric measurement of the phase retardation between orthogonal polarization states for a range of incident angles is made to uniquely determine the substrate refractive indices for the three principal directions (N r , N f, N z ) This range of incident angles should be restricted only to limitations of the apparatus on the low angle side, and beam walk off on the high angle side. Angles ranging from -70 o to +70 o are recommended. Three angles would generally be the minimum necessary to establish VB. When measuring a film-coated disk, the incident beam will reflect off both the top surface of the disk and the MO layers (see figure V.1). Since the substrate is relatively thin (-1,2 mm), both of these reflections can enter the detector. To eliminate the undesirable top surface reflected beam, a simple beam stop is employed. This small blocking element consists of a thin (<0,5 mm) but stiff opaque strip which is inserted at the reflection point of the incident beam and which is in close proximity with the top of the disk. Adjust the position of the strip to achieve maximum reflected signal at the point of reflection. In this situation, the top surface reflection is blocked and only the bottom reflection off the internal surface (thin film surface) is allowed to pass to the polarization detector (see figure V.1). (CAUTION: If the strip is moved too close to the incident source, the main beam is blocked and the signal drops. If the strip is moved too far from the reflection point, both reflections are blocked and again the signal drops). For clear substrates, the VASE can be used in the straight-through mode and the measurements made in transmission and again no contact is required. For a disk where the principal optical axes are aligned with the cylindrical coordinates of the disk (which is almost universally the case), the following equation expresses the retardation as a function of angle of incidence to the indices of the disk: N r , N φ , N z . The retardation data are regression fit to the non-linear analytical expression given below, and the indices are determined as free parameters.
Nφ ∆ = d × N 2 − sin 2 θ − r Nz
()
N 2 − sin 2 θ z
()
where ∆ is the retardation and d is the thickness of the disk. The birefringence results from the differences between the indices In plane:
∆Nin = Nr - Nφ
Vertical:
∆Nvert = 0.5 (Nr + Nφ) - Nz
The dimensionless birefringence can be expressed in length units by multiplying ∆N in or ∆N vert by the substrate thickness d. In this case, the birefringence is expressed as nm of retardation.
- 124 -
Spurious Reflection Detector
Probe Beam Disk (a)
Spurious Beam Reflection Block Probe
Disk (b) 96-0033-A
Figure V.1 (a) Origin of spurious reflection. (b) Non-contact beam blocking technique for eliminating spurious reflection.
- 125 -
Annex W (informative)
Guidelines for the use of WORM ODCs
This annex lists some important points to be observed when using the WORM ODCs specified by this Standard. a) Read the PEP and/or the SFP when the ODC is inserted into the drive to ascertain the media type, so as to enable and/or disable the appropriate host commands. If the drive is not intended to support this type of ODC, reject the disk with an appropriate error message and disallow any further operations on the disk. b) Before writing a sector, it must be determined whether or not the sector has been already written. This can be done in two ways. One method is to check the contents of the flag field between the Sector Header and the Data Record, and if recorded, the sector has been written and no attempt should be made to write the sector again. The second method is to read the data record and inspect the contents. If the sector has been written and no attempt should be made to write the sector again. These tests do not apply to the sectors that make up the DMAs.
- 126 -
- 127 -
Annex X (informative)
Laser power calibration for evaluation of media power sensitivity
X.1
Variance of testing condition For measurement of media power sensitivity specified in clause 25.3.4, laser power of the media tester should be calibrated carefully since the values of the media power sensitivity C are easily affected by the various variation allowed for Reference drive. The laser spot profile on the magnetic layer varies with optical variation allowed for Reference drive specified in clause 9.2. Table X.1 shows the best and the worst conditions allowed for Reference drive from the point of view of the write power sensitivity. The peak temperature for the worst condition is estimated to decrease by 21% from that for the best condition. Therefore media power sensitivity C should be carefully evaluated.
Table X.1 The best and worst conditions allowed for Reference drive.
X.2
Best condition
Worst condition
λ
675 nm
695 nm
λ/NA
1,227 µm
1,263 µm
D/W
0,8
0,9
Variance of wave front at the optical head
0
λ2/330
Disk tilt
0
2,8 mrad
Variation of Substrate thickness
0
50 µm
Power calibration Laser power calibration of the tester should be done in the following scheme. Use of a high speed front power monitor is recommended for precise calibration. Step 1 : Calibrate high-speed front monitor by power meter (figure Z.1). • The calibration can be done in a d.c. laser operation with a d.c. power meter. • For the purpose of observing the write pulse shape during writing, high speed (>100MHz) front power monitor is recommended.
- 128 -
Optical power meter
High-speed Front power monitor (> 100 MHz)
_._ mW
MO & servo detectors
96-0034-A
LD Oscilloscope Figure X.1 - Calibration of front power monitor
Step 2 : Directly observe the write pulse shape during writing (figure X.2). • Pulse power in focused condition is different from that in un-focused condition because of the self coupled effect of the laser diode. • Pulse power, pulse duration, and bias power level should be carefully observed in real testing condition. • Check if shapes of three kinds of pulses, which is isolated pulses for 2T marks and two 2T spaced pulses for 4T marks, are completely identical. If not, significant error will appear in the measurement of C and E th .
- 129 -
High-speed Front power monitor (> 100 MHz)
MO & servo detectors
LD
96-0035-A
Oscilloscope Figure X.2 - Measurement of pulse power and pulse width
Step 3 : Measure write pulse power and pulse width with appropriate filters. • Ringing can be removed by a (Gaussian) low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 80 MHz (figure X.3a) • For precise pulse energy measurement, average power level measurement is recommended unless high speed front monitor is available (figure X.3b). Notes for measurement: Bias power level Bias power level P b should be measured carefully (with an accuracy of ± 0,05 mW) because error in the P b measurement may result in a significant error in measured C-value. Disk temperature Disk temperature should be kept at 25°C±1°C. Internal temperature may rise if the tester lid is closed. Stray light The stray light within the optical head may enter the objective lens and form a stray beam spot. Even if the temperature increase in the optical beam spot is small, the measurement for the light power through the objective lens may large. Contamination of optical components (especially the objective lens) If the light is absorbed by dust or other debris, the light power through the objective lens decreases. This can be measured by the power meter and does not, therefore, result in any complications. If the light is diverted instead of being absorbed, however, not all of the light power through the objective lens is valid for the temperature-up of the media; therefore, variance results. Frequent cleaning is required.
- 130 -
Beam spot size Before the measurement of media power sensitivity, the beam profile of the tester should be checked by optical knife edge profiler. Unless the measured spot diameter is far from 1,08 µ m, which is the best diameter for Reference drive, the above conditions such as disk tilt should be carefully adjusted.
96-0036-A
Figure X.3a – Elimination of ringing by LPF (~ 100 MHz)
Tp
Period Pw = (Pa - Pb) ´ period/Tp + Pb LPF(~ 100 kHz)
Pw Pb
96-0043-A
Pa Average power level
Pb
Figure X.3b - Determination of pulse power from average power level
Figure X.3 - Precise determination of pulse power from average power level
.
.
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+41 22 849.60.01 [email protected]
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ECMA 114 Rue du Rhône CH-1204 Geneva Switzerland This Standard ECMA-280 is available free of charge in printed form and as a file. See inside cover page for instructions.