ABSTRACT
Abstract
Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is generated according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is provided to a geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel, the geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result. The computational result is received from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel. Other embodiments are disclosed.
Description
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The subject disclosure relates to a federated quantum computing distributed architecture.
BACKGROUND
Quantum computing generally involves storage or processing of information according to quantum mechanical states of light or matter. Information stored in these systems may display the quantum properties of the storage medium. These properties are different from classical Newtonian laws of physics that govern classical computing hardware. Significant evidence shows that the quantum computing paradigm allows certain advantages; for example, some problems can be solved by a quantum computer using exponentially fewer resources (e.g., time, memory size, energy) than would be used by the best known classical algorithms and computing systems.
A fundamental unit of quantum information in a two-level quantum system is the qubit. Unlike a classical bit, which may have a value of either 0 or 1, the qubit may exist in coherent superpositions of its two states, denoted as |0
and |1
. These basis states may be represented by quantum mechanical properties, for example, photonic polarization, atomic spin states, electronic states of an ion or charge states of superconducting systems. Other higher-level quantum systems may permit superpositions of more than two quantum states. For such instances, the unit of quantum information may be referred to more generally as a âqudit.â
One way of transferring quantum information between two locations uses the technique known as âquantum teleportation.â The teleportation process makes uses of two entangled qubits, known as a Bell pair, situated at respective ones of different locations between which the quantum information is transferred. The creation of such a Bell pair may be facilitated by a photon or photons sent over an optical channel (for example a free-space channel, an optical waveguide such as optical fiber or silicon channels within a chip). The encoded photons, or qubits, may be directed toward a receiver adapted to analyze the quantum bits to detect encoded information.
Whatever happens to a quantum property of one of the entangled qubits, e.g., spin or photonic polarization, influences the quantum property of the other instantaneously, in a predictable manner without regard to their distance of separation. If a first of one of the entangled particles allows it to interact with a memory qubit that holds information to be exchanged, the interaction changes the state of the particle, e.g., photon. Through quantum entanglement, the state of the entangled photon at the second recipient changes instantaneously. Such quantum teleportation also requires that information relating to the quantum states be shared between remote entities via a classical communication channel. The quantum state information, together with the observable quantum properties, may be used to exchange information in a secure manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a communications network in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 2 A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 2 B is a block diagram illustrating another example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 2 C is a block diagram illustrating yet another example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 2 D is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum communication node functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 and the quantum computing system of FIGS. 2 A, 2 B and 2 C .
FIG. 2 E depicts an illustrative embodiment of a process in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a mobile network platform in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a communication device in accordance with various aspects described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrative embodiments of a quantum computing infrastructure or platform, referred to herein as a federated quantum computing architecture, consisting of at least two geographically separate systems that cooperatively implement quantum algorithms adapted to obtain computational results based upon quantum mechanical processes.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a quantum computing system that includes a first quantum edge processing system having a processor and a memory. The memory stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include receiving instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is determined according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is forwarded to a geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is received from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a process, that includes obtaining, by a processing system including a processor, instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is determined, by the processing system, according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is forwarded, by the processing system, to a geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is obtained, by the processing system, from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a machine-readable medium, that includes executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include obtaining instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is generated according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is provided to a geographically separated quantum central module via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is received from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
Quantum computing imposes many challenges in generating, storing and/or otherwise processing the physical qubits in a manner that generates, preserves and/or detects or otherwise measures quantum mechanical properties of physical entities, i.e., qubits. These challenges may include one or more of physical constraints, environmental constraints, and cost constraints. The example systems, devices and processes disclosed herein refer to a separation of subsystems of a quantum computer. Such a modular approach facilitates a sharing of at least some of the subsystems, which suggests a cost-effective approach. A particular class of sharing is referred to herein as a federated quantum computing architecture.
Scientists have conceptually modeled a quantum computing system has having multiple distinct abstract layers. Generally, quantum computers may include analog computers and/or gate-based computers. In a particular layered model, the inner workings of a quantum computer may be characterized into four distinct layers: (i) a quantum data layer; (ii) a control and measurement layer; (iii) a control processor layer, and a (iv) host processor layer. One or more of these layers may be allocated to different hardware subsystems that may be geographically dispersed and shared according to a modular, flexible, evolvable, cost effective and efficient architecture for quantum computing and quantum Internet. The physical qubits may reside in the quantum data layer. It is envisioned that the quantum data layer will require highly specialized equipment that may depend upon the particular physical entity or entities generated, stored and/or otherwise processed according to the quantum mechanical processes. Equipment may require cryogenic cooling to extreme temperatures approaching absolute zero. Alternatively or in addition, the equipment may include specialized electronic circuits, optical devices, waveguides radio frequency (RF) devices, and the like. Implementation of a quantum program or algorithm may include one or more of generation, storage, measurement and/or facilitation of interactions between qubits.
It is understood that according to currently available quantum processes, the quantum data layer may include specialized devices and/or modules adapted to store and/or facilitate interactions among qubits. It is further understood that operation of the quantum data layer, e.g., to perform one or more quantum operations, may rely upon carefully orchestrated control instructions and/or signals in order to function in a useful way. In at least some embodiments, this control may be managed using one or more conventional computers. Manipulation of qubits within the quantum data layer, as may be performed responsive to a quantum algorithm, may be accomplished by the control and measurement layer. As the underlying architecture of a quantum data layer may differ depending upon the physical nature of the qubits and/or the storage elements and/or the gates, it is envisioned that the control and measurement layer may depend upon the physical structure of the quantum data layer. For example, addressing stored qubits and/or facilitating interactions between qubits, such as gate operations, may require specialized control signals according to the particular physical attributes and/or construction of the quantum data layer.
A quantum algorithm may include a one or more quantum operations and/or measurements. In at least some instances, the quantum operations and/or measurements may be determined according to a particular quantum algorithm, that may be further arranged according to a particular sequence. Depending upon the algorithm and/or the sequence of corresponding operations, it is possible that at least some quantum measurement outcomes of previous operations may be used to inform subsequent quantum operations. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, the sequence of operations may depend to at least some extent upon the underlying architecture of one or more of the quantum data layer and/or the quantum control and measurement layer. For example, the sequence of operations may depend upon one or more of a type of qubit, a qubit storage architecture, whether the computer is analog or gate-based, the type(s) of gates available, and so on. In at least some embodiments, the control processor layer may be analogized with an assembler implanting a low-level programming language, i.e., an assembly code, that depends on specifics of the quantum data layer and/or the quantum control or measurement layer.
The host processor layer may include a classical computer that may be adapted to handle ancillary tasks, such as accessing networks, accessing large storage arrays, and/or providing user interfaces. The host processor may run a conventional operating system and/or user interface adapted to facilitates user interactions. In at least some embodiments, the host processor may also provide a high-bandwidth connection to a control processor implementing the quantum control processor layer. It is understood that the host processor layer may implement a high-level programming language, such as C/C++, by which a quantum algorithm may be described. The host processing layer may include supporting libraries and/or access to such supporting libraries. The host processing layer alone or in combination with the quantum control processor layer may permit a compiling and/or linking process by which a quantum algorithm is converted into a machine-type code suitable for implementation by the quantum control and measurement layer and/or the quantum data layer. In this manner, the different layers divide a complex quantum computing process into sub-processes that may be allocated to supporting hardware adapted for implementing functionality of the corresponding quantum computing layer. Without limitation, one or more of the layers may be independent and/or physically, e.g., geographically, separate from the other layers. Alternatively or in addition, one or more of the layers may share at least a portion of supporting hardware systems and/or modules.
A quantum computer that is employed to a particular problem or task, may eventually interface with one or more of users, data, other classical computers, and/or communication networks. The quantum computer may include and/or otherwise be in communication with one or more conventional computers. In at least some embodiments, a quantum computer may utilize the conventional computer(s) for tasks that conventional computers may excel at, and/or whenever it is most efficient to do so.
<div id="p-0028" num="0027" class="
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The subject disclosure relates to a federated quantum computing distributed architecture.
BACKGROUND
Quantum computing generally involves storage or processing of information according to quantum mechanical states of light or matter. Information stored in these systems may display the quantum properties of the storage medium. These properties are different from classical Newtonian laws of physics that govern classical computing hardware. Significant evidence shows that the quantum computing paradigm allows certain advantages; for example, some problems can be solved by a quantum computer using exponentially fewer resources (e.g., time, memory size, energy) than would be used by the best known classical algorithms and computing systems.
A fundamental unit of quantum information in a two-level quantum system is the qubit. Unlike a classical bit, which may have a value of either 0 or 1, the qubit may exist in coherent superpositions of its two states, denoted as |0
and |1
. These basis states may be represented by quantum mechanical properties, for example, photonic polarization, atomic spin states, electronic states of an ion or charge states of superconducting systems. Other higher-level quantum systems may permit superpositions of more than two quantum states. For such instances, the unit of quantum information may be referred to more generally as a âqudit.â
One way of transferring quantum information between two locations uses the technique known as âquantum teleportation.â The teleportation process makes uses of two entangled qubits, known as a Bell pair, situated at respective ones of different locations between which the quantum information is transferred. The creation of such a Bell pair may be facilitated by a photon or photons sent over an optical channel (for example a free-space channel, an optical waveguide such as optical fiber or silicon channels within a chip). The encoded photons, or qubits, may be directed toward a receiver adapted to analyze the quantum bits to detect encoded information.
Whatever happens to a quantum property of one of the entangled qubits, e.g., spin or photonic polarization, influences the quantum property of the other instantaneously, in a predictable manner without regard to their distance of separation. If a first of one of the entangled particles allows it to interact with a memory qubit that holds information to be exchanged, the interaction changes the state of the particle, e.g., photon. Through quantum entanglement, the state of the entangled photon at the second recipient changes instantaneously. Such quantum teleportation also requires that information relating to the quantum states be shared between remote entities via a classical communication channel. The quantum state information, together with the observable quantum properties, may be used to exchange information in a secure manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a communications network in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 2 A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 2 B is a block diagram illustrating another example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 2 C is a block diagram illustrating yet another example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum computing system functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 .
FIG. 2 D is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a quantum communication node functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 and the quantum computing system of FIGS. 2 A, 2 B and 2 C .
FIG. 2 E depicts an illustrative embodiment of a process in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a mobile network platform in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of a communication device in accordance with various aspects described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrative embodiments of a quantum computing infrastructure or platform, referred to herein as a federated quantum computing architecture, consisting of at least two geographically separate systems that cooperatively implement quantum algorithms adapted to obtain computational results based upon quantum mechanical processes.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a quantum computing system that includes a first quantum edge processing system having a processor and a memory. The memory stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include receiving instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is determined according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is forwarded to a geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is received from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a process, that includes obtaining, by a processing system including a processor, instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is determined, by the processing system, according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is forwarded, by the processing system, to a geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is obtained, by the processing system, from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a machine-readable medium, that includes executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include obtaining instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process. A sequence of quantum operations is generated according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process. The sequence of quantum operations is provided to a geographically separated quantum central module via a communication channel. The geographically separated quantum central module implements the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result, which is received from the geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
Quantum computing imposes many challenges in generating, storing and/or otherwise processing the physical qubits in a manner that generates, preserves and/or detects or otherwise measures quantum mechanical properties of physical entities, i.e., qubits. These challenges may include one or more of physical constraints, environmental constraints, and cost constraints. The example systems, devices and processes disclosed herein refer to a separation of subsystems of a quantum computer. Such a modular approach facilitates a sharing of at least some of the subsystems, which suggests a cost-effective approach. A particular class of sharing is referred to herein as a federated quantum computing architecture.
Scientists have conceptually modeled a quantum computing system has having multiple distinct abstract layers. Generally, quantum computers may include analog computers and/or gate-based computers. In a particular layered model, the inner workings of a quantum computer may be characterized into four distinct layers: (i) a quantum data layer; (ii) a control and measurement layer; (iii) a control processor layer, and a (iv) host processor layer. One or more of these layers may be allocated to different hardware subsystems that may be geographically dispersed and shared according to a modular, flexible, evolvable, cost effective and efficient architecture for quantum computing and quantum Internet. The physical qubits may reside in the quantum data layer. It is envisioned that the quantum data layer will require highly specialized equipment that may depend upon the particular physical entity or entities generated, stored and/or otherwise processed according to the quantum mechanical processes. Equipment may require cryogenic cooling to extreme temperatures approaching absolute zero. Alternatively or in addition, the equipment may include specialized electronic circuits, optical devices, waveguides radio frequency (RF) devices, and the like. Implementation of a quantum program or algorithm may include one or more of generation, storage, measurement and/or facilitation of interactions between qubits.
It is understood that according to currently available quantum processes, the quantum data layer may include specialized devices and/or modules adapted to store and/or facilitate interactions among qubits. It is further understood that operation of the quantum data layer, e.g., to perform one or more quantum operations, may rely upon carefully orchestrated control instructions and/or signals in order to function in a useful way. In at least some embodiments, this control may be managed using one or more conventional computers. Manipulation of qubits within the quantum data layer, as may be performed responsive to a quantum algorithm, may be accomplished by the control and measurement layer. As the underlying architecture of a quantum data layer may differ depending upon the physical nature of the qubits and/or the storage elements and/or the gates, it is envisioned that the control and measurement layer may depend upon the physical structure of the quantum data layer. For example, addressing stored qubits and/or facilitating interactions between qubits, such as gate operations, may require specialized control signals according to the particular physical attributes and/or construction of the quantum data layer.
A quantum algorithm may include a one or more quantum operations and/or measurements. In at least some instances, the quantum operations and/or measurements may be determined according to a particular quantum algorithm, that may be further arranged according to a particular sequence. Depending upon the algorithm and/or the sequence of corresponding operations, it is possible that at least some quantum measurement outcomes of previous operations may be used to inform subsequent quantum operations. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, the sequence of operations may depend to at least some extent upon the underlying architecture of one or more of the quantum data layer and/or the quantum control and measurement layer. For example, the sequence of operations may depend upon one or more of a type of qubit, a qubit storage architecture, whether the computer is analog or gate-based, the type(s) of gates available, and so on. In at least some embodiments, the control processor layer may be analogized with an assembler implanting a low-level programming language, i.e., an assembly code, that depends on specifics of the quantum data layer and/or the quantum control or measurement layer.
The host processor layer may include a classical computer that may be adapted to handle ancillary tasks, such as accessing networks, accessing large storage arrays, and/or providing user interfaces. The host processor may run a conventional operating system and/or user interface adapted to facilitates user interactions. In at least some embodiments, the host processor may also provide a high-bandwidth connection to a control processor implementing the quantum control processor layer. It is understood that the host processor layer may implement a high-level programming language, such as C/C++, by which a quantum algorithm may be described. The host processing layer may include supporting libraries and/or access to such supporting libraries. The host processing layer alone or in combination with the quantum control processor layer may permit a compiling and/or linking process by which a quantum algorithm is converted into a machine-type code suitable for implementation by the quantum control and measurement layer and/or the quantum data layer. In this manner, the different layers divide a complex quantum computing process into sub-processes that may be allocated to supporting hardware adapted for implementing functionality of the corresponding quantum computing layer. Without limitation, one or more of the layers may be independent and/or physically, e.g., geographically, separate from the other layers. Alternatively or in addition, one or more of the layers may share at least a portion of supporting hardware systems and/or modules.
A quantum computer that is employed to a particular problem or task, may eventually interface with one or more of users, data, other classical computers, and/or communication networks. The quantum computer may include and/or otherwise be in communication with one or more conventional computers. In at least some embodiments, a quantum computer may utilize the conventional computer(s) for tasks that conventional computers may excel at, and/or whenever it is most efficient to do so.
Referring now to FIG. 1 , a block diagram is shown illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a system 100 in accordance with various aspects described herein. For example, system 100 can facilitate in whole or in part, a federated quantum computing architecture. In at least some embodiments, the federated quantum computing architecture includes a quantum computing system includes at least two primary segmentsâa quantum central or core module (qCM) 170 , e.g., a physical quantum chamber, that may be realized according to quantum mechanical technologies, and a quantum edge module (qEM) 176 a , 176 b , generally 176 , that may be realized according to classical computer adapted to facilitate quantum control of the qCM 170 to perform quantum operations adapted to implement a quantum algorithm. These two modules 170 , 176 may be geographically separated and in communication over a secure high-speed connection. According to the federated quantum computing architecture, the qCM 170 may be accessed and shared among multiple geographically diverse users by way of the one or more qEM 176 . The qCM 170 may include devices and/or components specially adapted for physically manipulating and/or storing quantum particles, e.g., qubits.
According to the illustrative embodiment, the qCM 170 is provided via a central network 179 . The central network 179 may be a physical network, e.g., at a data center with dedicated hardware components and systems, a virtual network, in which network functions are allocated to virtual network servers, or a combination of physical and virtual networks. In at least some embodiments, the central network 179 may be in communication with the communications network 125 . It is envisioned that the qCM 170 may be located at a physical location, such as a university laboratory, an industrial complex, a military installation, and so on. The qCM 170 may not be physically maintained by a network service provider, but rather by a separate and distinct entity. Accordingly, in at least some embodiments, the qCM 170 may be in communication with a central network 179 via a communication link 180 . The communication link 180 may include, without limitation, any classical communication links or channels, such as a coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical fiber, a radio link, cellular radio, WiFi, a satellite link, a free-space optical link, and combinations of thereof. Alternatively or in addition, the communications link 180 may include a quantum channel adapted to facilitate quantum-enabled communications between the qCM 170 and the central network 179 .
In at least some embodiments, the qCM 170 is in further communication with one or more physically separate edge computing modules, e.g., the qEM 176 , according to a mobile edge computing (MEC) or more generally, any network edge computing (NEC), which may be adapted to determine a sequence of quantum operations according to instructions for implementing quantum algorithms. Communications between the qCM 170 and the qEM 176 may be provided via the central network 179 . Alternatively or in addition, the communications between the qCM 170 and the qEM 176 may be provided via any other suitable communication link 181 a , 181 b , generally 181 , which may include a classical communication link, a quantum-enabled communication link, or any combination thereof.
According to a federated quantum computing platform, a least some of the supporting quantum mechanical processes are allocated to a common quantum computing core module (qCM) 170 . Functionality of the qCM 170 is shared among distinct quantum edge modules (qEM) 176 a , 176 b , generally 176 , that may be physically and/or geographically separated from each other and/or from the qCM 170 . The federated architecture facilitates interoperability and/or information sharing between semi-autonomous, de-centrally organized entities. Accordingly, multiple quantum computing services may be deployed according to particular functional, e.g., business, requirements, while sharing functionality of the qCM 170 in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
According to the illustrative embodiment of the system 100 , a communications network 125 is presented for providing broadband access 110 to a plurality of data terminals 114 via access terminal 112 , wireless access 120 to a plurality of mobile devices 124 and vehicle 126 via base station or access point, referred to generally as a wireless access point (WAP) 122 , voice access 130 to a plurality of telephony devices 134 , via switching device 132 and/or media access 140 to a plurality of audio/ video display devices 144 via media terminal 142 . The WAP 122 may be in communication with the communications network 125 via a backhaul network or backhaul link 175 . In at least some embodiments, the communications network 125 provides communication access to wireless devices that may or may not be mobile, such as drones and/or appliances, e.g., home appliances, security systems, and the like. Wireless communications access may include, without limitation machine-to-machine or machine-type communications, e.g., according to Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In addition, communication network 125 is coupled to one or more content sources 175 of audio, video, graphics, text and/or other media. While broadband access 110 , wireless access 120 , voice access 130 and media access 140 are shown separately, one or more of these forms of access can be combined to provide multiple access services to a single client device (e.g., mobile devices 124 can receive media content via media terminal 142 , data terminal 114 can be provided voice access via switching device 132 , and so on).
The communications network 125 includes a plurality of network elements (NE) 150 , 152 , 154 , 156 , etc., for facilitating the broadband access 110 , wireless access 120 , voice access 130 , media access 140 and/or the distribution of content from content sources 175 . The communications network 125 can include a circuit switched or packet switched network, a voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network, Internet protocol (IP) network, a cable network, a passive or active optical network, a 4G, 5G, or higher generation wireless access network, WIMAX network, UltraWideband network, personal area network or other wireless access network, a broadcast satellite network and/or other communications network.
In various embodiments, the access terminal 112 can include a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), optical line terminal (OLT) and/or other access terminal. The data terminals 114 can include personal computers, laptop computers, netbook computers, tablets or other computing devices along with digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, data over coax service interface specification (DOCSIS) modems or other cable modems, a wireless modem such as a 4G, 5G, or higher generation modem, an optical modem and/or other access devices.
In at least some embodiments, WAP 122 is adapted to communicate via a quantum channel, being referred to herein as a quantum- aware WAP 122 . The quantum- aware WAP 122 may include a radio adapted to support wireless communications and a quantum processor adapted to support one or more quantum processes. The quantum- aware WAP 122 wireless communications may be implemented according to a wireless communication protocol, such as a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol. Example WLAN protocols include any of these generally known to those skilled in the art, including the examples disclosed herein, such as any of the IEEE 802.11 protocols, e.g., Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth. In at least some embodiments, the quantum- aware WAP 122 may include a classical network interface, such as a network interface card, e.g., an Ethernet interface, adapted to connect to a classical communications channel, such as a classical communications backhaul channel 175 between the quantum- aware WAP 122 and an edge device of a mobility core network of the communications network 125 . The quantum- aware WAP 122 is also in communication with the quantum channel 174 .
Alternatively or in addition, the quantum- aware WAP 122 may include a quantum-aware radio access network (Q-RAN) terminal 172 (shown in phantom). The Q- RAN terminal 172 may include one or more radios adapted to support wireless mobile communications along with a quantum processor adapted to support one or more quantum processes. In at least some embodiments, the Q- RAN terminal 172 includes a quantum-aware base station and/or quantum-aware radio controller. The wireless mobile communications may be implemented according to one or more wireless mobile communication protocols, such as any of the example wireless mobility protocols disclosed herein or otherwise generally known to those skilled in the art. Example wireless mobility protocols include, without limitation, one or more of the example 3GPP LTE protocols, e.g., sometimes referred to generally as 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G. In at least some embodiments, the Q- RAN terminal 172 may include a classical network interface, such as a network interface card, e.g., an Ethernet interface, adapted to connect to a classical communications channel, such as a classical communications backhaul channel 175 between the Q- RAN terminal 172 and an edge device of a mobility core network of the communications network 125 . The Q- RAN terminal 172 is also in communication with the quantum channel 174 .
In at least some embodiments, backhaul communications of an active mobile communication session, e.g., providing mobile devices
124 , 126 with access to back-end services, may be secured according to one or more quantum processes, such as implementing a quantum algorithm and/or the exchange of qubits via the quantum channel 174 . Quantum processes may include, without limitation, one or more of any of the quantum processes disclosed herein, such as generation of qubits, generation of quantum entangled particles or qubits, transmission and/or receipt of qubits and/or quantum entangled particles or qubits, entanglement swapping, quantum teleportation, sensing of quantum states, evaluation of qubit values, detection of tampering by evaluation of quantum states, quantum key distribution (QKD), storage of entangled particles and/or qubits, quantum processing of qubits, e.g., according to quantum gates, and the like. A qubit is quantum mechanical analogue of a classical bit embodied in one or more of ions, electrons, and/or photons.
In at least some embodiments, the communications network 125 includes one or more quantum-aware devices, such as a quantum frontend server qEM 176 . The qEM 176 may include a quantum processor adapted to support one or more quantum processes, as well as a traditional processing system, e.g., running an operating system, such as UNIX®, a registered trademark of X/Open Co. Ltd., Corp. of Berkshire, England, or Windows®, a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp., of Seattle, WA, and/or Apple® iOS, a registered trademark of Apple Corp. of Cupertino, CA The Q-FES 176 is in communication with one or more classical communications back- end links 175 . The qEM 176 is also in communication with the quantum channel 174 .
In at least some embodiments, the qEM 176 is in communication with one or more servers providing access to back-end services. The servers may be local, e.g., providing services offered by a network service provider of the mobility core network and/or the communications network 125 . Alternatively or in addition, the services may be available from third party services 178 , such as streaming media services, e.g., Pandora®, a registered trademark of Pandora Media, LLC, of Oakland CA, and Netflix®, a registered trademark of Netflix, Inc., of Los Gatos, CA Other services may include, without limitation, web-browsing, instant messaging, video chat, VoIP, teleconferencing, security monitoring, social media, such as Facebook®, a registered trademark of Facebook, Inc. of Menlo Park, CA, Twitter®, a registered trademark of Twitter, Inc., of San Francisco, CA, TikTok®, a registered trademark of Bytedance Ltd. of Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, and so on.
In various embodiments, the base station or access point 122 can include a 4G, 5G, or higher generation base station, an access point that operates via an 802.11 standard such as 802.11n, 802.11ac or other wireless access terminal. The mobile devices 124 can include mobile phones, e-readers, tablets, phablets, wireless modems, and/or other mobile computing devices.
In various embodiments, the switching device 132 can include a private branch exchange or central office switch, a media services gateway, VoIP gateway or other gateway device and/or other switching device. The telephony devices 134 can include traditional telephones (with or without a terminal adapter), VoIP telephones and/or other telephony devices.
In various embodiments, the media terminal 142 can include a cable head-end or other TV head-end, a satellite receiver, gateway or other media terminal 142 . The display devices 144 can include televisions with or without a set top box, personal computers and/or other display devices.
In various embodiments, the content sources 175 include broadcast television and radio sources, video on demand platforms and streaming video and audio services platforms, one or more content data networks, data servers, web servers and other content servers, and/or other sources of media.
In various embodiments, the communications network 125 can include wired, optical and/or wireless links and the
network elements
150 , 152 , 154 , 156 , etc., can include service switching points, signal transfer points, service control points, network gateways, media distribution hubs, servers, firewalls, routers, edge devices, switches and other network nodes for routing and controlling communications traffic over wired, optical and wireless links as part of the Internet and other public networks as well as one or more private networks, for managing subscriber access, for billing and network management and for supporting other network functions.
FIG. 2 A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment of a federated quantum computer system 200 functioning within the communication network 100 of FIG. 1 in accordance with various aspects described herein. The four, quantum hardware layering models are allocated to one or more components of the federated quantum computer system 200 . In general, a centralized quantum computer is shared among many users and/or applications by way of one or more edge computing systems, which alleviates any requirement for providing an actual quantum computer physically at or near the network edge. The actual physical quantum computer may reside in a cloud, providing a shared quantum resource that would bring cost efficiency and flexibility.
The example quantum computing system includes two primary modules that may be geographically separated. The first module is a quantum core or central module (qCM) 201 and the second module is a quantum edge module (qEM) 202 . The term edge suggests that the qEM 202 may be located in a relatively close proximity to one or more end users and/or end-user devices, whereas the term central suggest that the qCM 201 is provided at a remote location, which may or may not be central, but is otherwise remotely accessible by one or more qEM 202 . According to the illustrative example, the qCM 201 is located in central location, e.g., a core cloud, while the one or more qEM 202 are located at edges of the network, e.g., one or more network edge clouds. The qEM 2002 may provide quantum control sequences 210 , such as sequences of elementary gate operations to the qCM 201 . The qCM 201 , in turn, may provide an outcome of measurements 211 to the qEM 202 .
The scale of the network may be relatively local, e.g., whereby the qCM 201 and the qEM 202 are located within a common geographic area or region, such as a city or metropolitan area. Accordingly, the qCM 201 and qEM 202 may be in communication via a dedicated communication channel and/or a metropolitan network. Other geographical groupings serviced by one qEM 202 may include, without limitation, a state, a group of states, e.g., New England, a country, a group of countries, e.g., Europe. These two modules could be connected over any secure, dedicated high speed classical or quantum connection (such qTCP). These qCM 201 and the qEM 202 may be connected over a high-speed classical communication channel 207 , a quantum-enabled communication channel 208 , such a quantum transmission control protocol (qTCP) 212 . Providing the qCM 201 at a centralized location accessible by one or more qEMs 202 at physically separate locations may prove advantageous in view of the cost and functional constraints associated with a quantum-enabled processor.
In at least some embodiments the qEM 202 may include a quantum communications processor 209 b in communication with the quantum channel 208 and in at least some embodiments, in communication with the classical communications channel 207 . In at least some embodiments the qCM 201 may include a quantum communications processor 209 a in communication with the quantum channel 208 and in at least some embodiments, in communication with the classical communications channel 207 . In at least some embodiments, either or both of the quantum communication processors
209 a , 209 b , generally 209 , may be separate from any of the control processor plane module 205 , the host processor 206 , the quantum data plane module 203 and the control and management plane module 204 .
Considering the aforementioned four-layer, quantum hardware model, the example federated, quantum computing architecture has allocated the four layers into two physically distinct compartments or modules. The first physically distinct module corresponds to the qCM 201 , which is configured to include at least two sub-modules. A first sub-module includes a quantum data plane module 203 , which is adapted to provide functionality of the quantum data layer of the four-layer, quantum hardware model. A second module includes a control and measurement module 204 , which is adapted to provide functionality of the control and measurement layer of the four-layer, quantum hardware model. In at least some embodiments, the qCM 201 may include a quantum memory device, such as a quantum random access memory (qRAM) 219 . The qRAM 219 may be adapted to store quantum state information, e.g., qubits. Alternatively or in addition, the qRAM 219 may be adapted to store control and/or measurement information, such as instructions and/or measurements including partial measurement results. It is envisioned that in at least some embodiments, the qRAM 219 may enhance quantum computer processing speed and/or capacity.
Although a single qEM 202 is illustrated as being in communication with the qCM 201 , it is understood that more than one <figure-callout id="202" label="different qEM" filenames="US11907804-20240220-D00002.png" state="{
CLAIMS
Claims ( 20 )
What is claimed is:
1. A quantum computing system, comprising:
a first quantum edge processing system including a processor; and
a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the first quantum edge processing system, facilitates performance of operations, the operations comprising:
receiving instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process;
determining, based on one or more received instructions of the instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm, that the one or more received instructions are related to a quantum process;
responsive to the determining that the one or more received instructions are related to a quantum process, determining a sequence of quantum operations according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process;
selecting a geographically separated quantum central module from a plurality of quantum central modules, each respective quantum central module comprising a particular respective physical layer architecture, wherein the geographically separated quantum central module is located remotely from the first quantum edge processing system, wherein the selecting the geographically separated quantum central module is based on comparing one or more quantum operations of the sequence of quantum operations with respective physical layer architectures of the plurality of quantum central modules, forming a selected geographically separated quantum central module;
forwarding the sequence of quantum operations to the selected geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel, the selected geographically separated quantum central module implementing the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result; and
receiving the computational result from the selected geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
2. The quantum computing system of claim 1 , further comprising converting compiled code to commands adapted for execution by a control and measurement layer of the selected geographically separated quantum central module, wherein the commands are determined according to a respective physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module.
3. The quantum computing system of claim 2 , wherein the respective physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module comprises one of a trapped-ion qubit architecture, a superconducting qubit architecture or a photon-based qubit architecture.
4. The quantum computing system of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the geographically separated quantum central module from the plurality of quantum central modules to obtain a selected quantum central module comprising a particular physical layer architecture, wherein the particular physical layer architecture is adapted to the one or more quantum operations.
5. The quantum computing system of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of quantum central modules comprise a plurality of respective different physical layer architectures, wherein the determining of the sequence of quantum operations is based on the particular physical layer architecture of the plurality of respective different physical layer architectures of the selected quantum central module.
6. The quantum computing system of claim 1 , wherein a quantum measurement is adapted to perform a logical gate operation of the plurality of quantum bits of the selected geographically separated quantum central module to obtain a quantum gate result, wherein the computational result is based on the quantum gate result.
7. The quantum computing system of claim 6 , wherein the quantum measurement is adapted to measure a physical property of a quantum bit of the plurality of quantum bits of the selected geographically separated quantum central module, wherein the physical property comprises a quantum state of the quantum bit.
8. The quantum computing system of claim 1 , wherein the forwarding of the sequence of quantum operations to the geographically separated quantum central module further comprises exchanging quantum information with the selected geographically separated quantum central module according to a quantum teleportation process.
9. The quantum computing system of claim 1 , further comprising receiving the computational result via the communication channel, wherein the determining of the sequence of quantum operations is further based upon the computational result.
10. A method, comprising:
obtaining, by a processing system including a processor of a first quantum edge processing system, instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process;
determining, by the processing system, based on one or more obtained instructions of the instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm, that the one or more obtained instructions are related to the quantum mechanical process;
responsive to the determining that the one or more obtained instructions are related to the quantum mechanical process, determining, by the processing system, a sequence of quantum operations according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process;
selecting, by the processing system, a selected geographically separated quantum central module from a plurality of quantum central modules, each respective quantum central module of the plurality of quantum central modules comprising a particular respective physical layer architecture, wherein the selected geographically separated quantum central module is located remotely from the first quantum edge processing system, wherein the selecting the selected geographically separated quantum central module is based on comparing one or more quantum operations of the sequence of quantum operations with respective physical layer architectures of the plurality of quantum central modules;
forwarding, by the processing system, the sequence of quantum operations to the selected geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel, the selected geographically separated quantum central module implementing the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result; and
obtaining, by the processing system, the computational result from the selected geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising converting, by the processing system, compiled code to commands adapted for execution by a control and measurement layer of the selected geographically separated quantum central module, wherein the commands are determined according to a particular physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the particular physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module comprises one of a trapped-ion qubit architecture, a superconducting qubit architecture or a photon-based qubit architecture.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising selecting, by the processing system, the selected geographically separated quantum central module from a plurality of quantum central modules to obtain the selected geographically separated quantum central module comprising a particular physical layer architecture.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the plurality of quantum central modules comprise a plurality of different physical layer architectures, wherein the determining of the sequence of quantum operations is based on the particular physical layer architecture of the plurality of different physical layer architectures of the selected geographically separated quantum central module.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein a quantum measurement is adapted to perform a logical gate operation of the plurality of quantum bits of the selected geographically separated quantum central module to obtain a quantum gate result, wherein the computational result is based on the quantum gate result.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the quantum measurement is adapted to measure a physical property of a quantum bit of the plurality of quantum bits of the selected geographically separated quantum central module, wherein the physical property comprises a quantum state of the quantum bit.
17. A non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor of a first quantum edge processing system, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:
obtaining instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm adapted to obtain a computational result according to a quantum mechanical process;
determining based on one or more obtained instructions of the instructions for implementing a quantum algorithm, that the one or more obtained instructions are related to performing the quantum mechanical process;
responsive to the determining that the one or more obtained instructions are related to performing the quantum mechanical process, generating a sequence of quantum operations according to the instructions for implementing the quantum algorithm, wherein the sequence of quantum operations is adapted to physically manipulate a plurality of quantum bits according to the quantum mechanical process;
selecting a selected geographically separated quantum central module from a plurality of quantum central modules, each respective quantum central module of the plurality of quantum central modules comprising a particular respective physical layer architecture, wherein the selected geographically separated quantum central module is located remotely from the first quantum edge processing system, wherein the selecting the selected geographically separated quantum central module is based on comparing one or more quantum operations of the sequence of quantum operations with respective physical layer architectures of the plurality of quantum central modules;
providing the sequence of quantum operations to the selected geographically separated quantum central module, via a communication channel, the selected geographically separated quantum central module implementing the quantum mechanical process to obtain a computational result; and
receiving the computational result from the selected geographically separated quantum central module via the communication channel.
18. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 17 , further comprising converting compiled code to commands adapted for execution by a control and measurement layer of the selected geographically separated quantum central module, wherein the commands are determined according to a physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module.
19. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the physical layer architecture of the selected geographically separated quantum central module comprises one of a trapped-ion qubit architecture, a superconducting qubit architecture or a photon-based qubit architecture.
20. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 17 , further comprising selecting the selected geographically separated quantum central module from the plurality of quantum central modules to obtain a selected quantum central module, wherein the plurality of quantum central modules comprises a plurality of different physical layer architectures, wherein the generating of the sequence of quantum operations is based on a particular physical layer architecture of the plurality of different physical layer architectures of the selected quantum central module.
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