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Recycling method and treatment device for battery pack — Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (US9509025B2)

Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha · Google Patents

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toyotajidoshakabushikikaisha

patent, google patents, intellectual property, US9509025B2, Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha, Shuji Iida, en, 2016

ABSTRACT

Abstract

A method of recycling a battery pack ( 10 ) that includes an assembled battery composed of a plurality of electric cells that are connected in series to one another includes a heating process of heating the battery pack ( 10 ) by supplying a vapor supplied from a vapor boiler ( 14 ) into a heat treatment bath ( 12 ) for heating the battery pack ( 10 ) to replace a space in the heat treatment bath ( 12 ) with the vapor, and a condensation process of condensing thermolysis products, which are discharged from the battery pack ( 10 ) through the heating process, by a condenser ( 18 ).

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase application of International Application No. PCT/IB2012/000368, filed Feb. 29, 2012, and claims the priority of Japanese Application No. 2011-064589, filed Mar. 23, 2011, the content of both of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a recycling method and a treatment device for a battery pack, and more specifically, to a recycling method and a treatment device for a battery pack that make it possible to safely perform an operation of recycling the battery pack.

2. Description of Related Art

In general, a battery pack is composed of an assembled battery, which is constituted by connecting in series a plurality of (e.g., about 10) battery modules, each of which is a single component unit obtained by connecting in series a plurality of (e.g., about 6 or 8) battery cells of a secondary battery such as a nickel hydrate secondary battery, a lithium-ion secondary battery, or the like to one another, to one another, electronic components such as a control unit that monitors and controls a charge state of the battery modules, a relay for disconnecting an electric circuit, a safety plug for mechanically cutting off the circuit, a cooling blower that cools the assembled battery, and the like, signal lines and power lines that connect the respective components to one another, a case that accommodates them in a sealed manner, and the like.

In the case where such a battery pack is used as, for example, a component for a vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle or the like, when the vehicle is scrapped, the battery pack is removed from the vehicle. After an operation of dismantling the battery pack and sorting the battery cells from the other components is performed, useful metals are recovered from the battery cells.

In general, a battery pack used as an automobile component generates a high voltage (e.g., a voltage equal to or higher than 300 V). Even when the vehicle is scrapped and the battery pack is removed therefrom, the battery pack is often held at the high voltage. In general, the operation of dismantling the battery pack and sorting the battery cells from the other components is manually performed by an operator who wears protective equipment such as insulated gloves or the like. Therefore, the securement of operational safety needs to be sufficiently taken into account.

Further, with a view to enhancing the safety in performing the operation of dismantling the battery pack and the like, it is also conceivable to discharge the assembled battery in the battery pack. In this case, however, the battery pack needs to be stored for a long time for self-discharge or to be forcibly discharged through the use of a resistor or the like. Consequently, the operation of recycling the battery pack takes a long time or becomes troublesome.

Thus, from the standpoint of ensuring the safety in performing the recycling operation and reducing the time required for the recycling operation, it is desirable that the assembled battery in the battery pack be swiftly and safely insulated (0 V).

Further, as an electrolytic solution in the battery cells, a burnable organic electrolyte is used in the case of a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a water-soluble electrolyte is used in the case of a nickel hydride secondary battery or the like. In performing the recycling operation, the recycling of the battery pack can be substantially facilitated by efficiently removing the electrolytic solution in the battery cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a recycling method and a treatment device for a battery pack that can make an improvement in at least one of the securement of safety in performing a recycling operation, the shortening of time, and the facilitation of the recycling of the battery pack.

A first aspect of the invention relates to a recycling method for a battery pack that includes an assembled battery composed of a plurality of electric cells that are connected in series to one another. This recycling method includes supplying a replacement gas, which replaces a space in a heat treatment bath for heating the battery pack, into the heat treatment bath to heat the battery pack, and condensing thermolysis products discharged from the battery pack by heating the battery pack. The replacement gas is a vapor or an inert gas.

The battery pack may be heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C.

The recycling method may further include heating the vapor before the vapor is supplied into the heat treatment bath. The heated vapor may be supplied into the heat treatment bath to heat the battery pack.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a treatment device for recycling a battery pack that includes an assembled battery composed of a plurality of electric cells that are connected in series to one another. This treatment device is equipped with a heat treatment bath for heating the battery pack, a supply unit that supplies a replacement gas, which replaces a space in the heat treatment bath, into the heat treatment bath, and a condensation unit that condenses thermolysis products discharged from the heated battery pack. The replacement gas is a vapor or an inert gas.

In the treatment device, the battery pack may be heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C. in the heat treatment bath.

The treatment device may further be equipped with a heating unit that heats the vapor before the vapor is supplied into the heat treatment bath. The heated vapor may be supplied into the heat treatment bath.

The invention can make an improvement in at least one of the securement of safety in performing a recycling operation, the shortening of time, and the facilitation of the recycling of the battery pack.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features, advantages, and technical and industrial significance of an exemplary embodiment of the invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals denote like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a treatment device that recycles a battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a result obtained by measuring a voltage while heating a lithium-ion secondary battery (battery cells);

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 );

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 );

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing another example of the treatment device that recycles the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the treatment device that recycles the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 7 is a flowchart for explaining a process of dismantling the battery back and a process of recovering valuable resources in the battery cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT

A battery pack in this embodiment of the invention is composed of an assembled battery, which is constituted by connecting in series a plurality of (e.g., about 10) battery modules, each of which is a single component unit obtained by connecting in series a plurality of (e.g., about 6 or 8) battery cells of a secondary battery such as a nickel hydrate secondary battery, a lithium-ion secondary battery, or the like to one another, to one another, electronic components such as a control unit that monitors and controls a charge state of the battery modules, a relay for disconnecting an electric circuit, a safety plug for mechanically cutting off the circuit, a cooling blower that cools the assembled battery, and the like, signal lines and power lines that connect the respective components to one another, a case that accommodates them in a sealed manner, and the like.

In the recycling method for the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention, a replacement gas (a water vapor or an inert gas) that replaces a space in a heat treatment bath for heating the battery pack is supplied into the heat treatment bath, and a heating process of heating the battery pack and a condensation process of condensing thermolysis products discharged from the battery pack are carried out. Owing to these processes, an electrolytic solution in the battery cells is recovered, and the battery function of the battery cells is lost. Then, the battery pack whose battery function has been lost is dismantled, and valuable resources in the battery cells are recovered. The heating process and the condensation process will be described hereinafter, using a treatment device shown in FIG. 1 .

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a treatment device that recycles a battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention. A treatment device 1 shown in FIG. 1 is mainly used for a heating process and a condensation process in the aforementioned recycling method for a battery pack 10 .

The treatment device 1 shown in FIG. 1 is equipped with a heat treatment bath 12 , a vapor boiler 14 , a vapor heater 16 , a condenser 18 , a waste liquid tank 20 , a gas adsorption filter 22 , and piping elements.

The heat treatment bath 12 is a treatment bath for mainly subjecting the battery pack 10 to a heat treatment. In this embodiment of the invention, the heat treatment bath 12 is equipped with a box body portion 24 that accommodates the battery pack 10 , an open/ close door 26 that opens or seals the box body portion 24 , electric heaters 28 that are provided in upper and lower portions in the box body portion 24 respectively, and a pedestal 30 on which the battery pack 10 is laid. The box body portion 24 is provided with a supply pipe 32 for supplying a vapor (or a later-described inert gas) into the box body portion 24 , and a discharge pipe 34 through which gases in the box body portion 24 , such as a vapor and the like, are discharged. Further, the heat source is not limited to the electric heaters 28 . An indirect heating-type gas heater, such as a radiant tube or the like, or the like may also be employed as a heat source.

The vapor boiler 14 generates the water vapor (hereinafter referred to simply as a vapor), and is designed as, for example, a through flow boiler or the like. The vapor heater 16 heats the vapor generated by the vapor boiler 14 . In this embodiment of the invention, the vapor heater 16 is equipped with an electric heater 36 , a temperature sensor 38 , and a temperature adjuster 40 .

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

2. Description of Related Art

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The battery pack may be heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C.

In the treatment device, the battery pack may be heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C. in the heat treatment bath.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a treatment device that recycles a battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a result obtained by measuring a voltage while heating a lithium-ion secondary battery (battery cells);

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 );

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 );

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing another example of the treatment device that recycles the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the treatment device that recycles the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 7 is a flowchart for explaining a process of dismantling the battery back and a process of recovering valuable resources in the battery cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT

As will be described later, the condenser 18 is a device for condensing thermolysis products and the like discharged mainly from the battery pack 10 . Mentionable as the condenser 18 are an indirect-type water-cooled heat exchanger of a shell-and-tube type or the like, a surface-type heat exchanger of a plate-fin type or the like, and the like. The condenser 18 of this embodiment of the invention is designed as the shell-and-tube type, and is equipped with a main body portion 42 , a plurality of heat transfer pipes 44 provided in the main body portion 42 , a cooling tower 46 , and piping elements that connect the heat transfer pipes 44 in the main body portion 42 to the cooling tower 46 .

The waste liquid tank 20 is provided with a vent pipe 48 . Further, the gas adsorption filter 22 is installed in the vent pipe 48 , and the vent pipe 48 is opened to the atmosphere via the gas adsorption filter 22 . Mentionable as the gas adsorption filter 22 are an activated carbon filter and the like. The treatment device 1 of this embodiment of the invention is an atmosphere opening system, and is structured as follows. For example, when the device is in operation, the interior of the device is filled with the vapor at one atmospheric pressure. However, while the vapor is liquefied due to a fall in its temperature resulting from the stoppage of the device, air is introduced from the gas adsorption filter 22 to maintain the atmospheric pressure. Thus, the opening/closing of the open/ close door 26 of the heat treatment bath 12 and the like can be easily and safely carried out.

Next, the piping elements will be described. One end of a piping element 50 a is connected to the vapor boiler 14 , and the other end of the piping element 50 a is connected to the supply pipe 32 of the heat treatment bath 12 via the vapor heater 16 . One end of a piping element 50 b is connected to the discharge pipe 34 of the heat treatment bath 12 , and the other end of the piping element 50 b is connected to an introduction port (not shown) of the main body portion 42 of the condenser 18 . One end of a piping element 50 c is connected to a discharge port (not shown) of the main body portion 42 of the condenser 18 , and the other end of the piping element 50 c is connected to a waste liquid inlet (not shown) of the waste liquid tank 20 . One end of a piping element 50 d is connected to a coolant outlet (not shown) of the cooling tower 46 , and the other end of the piping element 50 d is connected to a heat transfer pipe inlet (not shown) in the main body portion 42 . One end of a piping element 50 e is connected to a heat transfer pipe outlet in the main body portion 42 , and the other end of the piping element 50 e is connected to a coolant inlet of the cooling tower 46 .

Next, the operation of the treatment device 1 according to this embodiment of the invention will be described.

Heating Process

First of all, the open/ close door 26 of the heat treatment bath 12 is opened, the battery pack 10 is set on the pedestal 30 in the box body portion 24 , and the open/ close door 26 is closed and sealed. Then, the vapor boiler 14 is operated to generate the vapor, and the vapor is further heated by the vapor heater 16 in the piping element 50 a . The heated vapor is supplied into the box body portion 24 , and an electric heater 28 of the heat treatment bath 12 is turned on to heat the battery pack 10 (a heating process). In supplying the heated vapor, with a view to preventing dew condensation in the box body portion 24 , it is desirable to preheat the interior of the box body portion 24 and the battery pack 10 (e.g., to about 80Â° C.) prior to the supply of the heated vapor. Further, the heating of the vapor by the vapor heater 16 is preferable in that the battery pack 10 can be heated earlier, but the heating of the vapor is not indispensable. It should be noted that the temperature control of the heated vapor is performed by detecting a temperature of the heated vapor by the temperature sensor 38 , and adjusting the output of the electric motor 36 by the temperature adjuster 40 on the basis of the detected temperature.

The temperature to which the battery pack 10 is heated differs depending on the type of the battery cells. However, the pressure in the battery cells rises through the heating of the battery pack 10 at a temperature equal to or higher than a boiling point of an electrolytic solution in the battery cells, so that thermolysis products such as the electrolytic solution and the like can be easily discharged as gases to the outside of the battery cells from safety valves provided on the battery cells. In a lithium-ion secondary battery that employs an organic electrolytic solution and a nickel hydride secondary battery that employs an aqueous electrolytic solution, the battery pack 10 is heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 150Â° C., so that it is possible to destroy the battery function and make the voltage equal to zero without disassembling the battery pack 10 .

In the heating process of this embodiment of the invention, the space (gas) in the heat treatment bath 12 is replaced with the heated vapor (the space in the heat treatment bath 12 is filled with the heated vapor), and hence is in an anoxic state. Accordingly, among electrolytic solutions used in a lithium-ion secondary battery, organic electrolytes such as dimethyl carbonate and the like are burnable materials, but even when an organic electrolyte is discharged to the outside of the battery cells through the heat treatment, this organic electrolyte is discharged from the interior of the heat treatment bath 12 without burning in the heat treatment bath 12 . Further, among electrolytic solutions used in a lithium-ion secondary battery, electrolyte salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate and the like are changed through thermolysis into lithium fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and the like, by the heat treatment. Especially by being heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C., lithium fluoride is fixed to (can be caused to remain in) the interior of the battery cells, such as electrode plates or the like, so that the amount of the lithium fluoride flowing out from the battery cells can be substantially reduced.

Further, in the heating process of this embodiment of the invention, it is possible to mention, as an advantage of supplying the vapor, that hydrogen fluoride (gas) can be easily recovered as fluorinated acid in a subsequent condensation process. It should be noted that the details of changes in the voltage of the lithium-ion secondary battery and a reaction in the lithium-ion secondary battery during the heat treatment will be described later.

It should be noted that by subjecting a nickel hydride secondary battery to the heating process of this embodiment of the invention as well in a similar manner, an electrolytic solution used in the nickel hydride secondary battery, such as an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide or the like, evaporates, and is discharged from the safety valves provided on the battery cells.

Condensation Process

Then, the organic electrolyte discharged from the battery cells through the heating process, the electrolytic solution such as lithium hexafluorophosphate or the like, a thermoplastic resin, which is a resinous material used as a material constituting the battery pack 10 , and the like are discharged from the discharge pipe 34 of the heat treatment bath 12 and supplied to the main body portion 42 of the condenser 18 through the piping element 50 b , in the form of thermolysis products (gases). In this case, a coolant in the cooling tower 46 is supplied to the heat transfer pipes 44 through the piping element 50 d . After the main body portion 42 is cooled, the coolant is discharged from the piping element 50 e , and is returned to the cooling tower 46 again. Thus, the thermolysis products supplied to the main body portion 42 of the condenser 18 is cooled and liquefied (a condensation process). A condensate liquid (thermolysis products) liquefied by the condenser 18 is a mixture of an aqueous waste liquid of vapor and the like and an organic waste liquid of an organic electrolyte and resins and the like in the battery pack 10 . Hydrogen fluoride, which is generated through thermal decomposition of the aforementioned electrolytic salt, dissolves into the aqueous waste liquid to become fluorinated acid. It is desirable that the temperature of the coolant supplied to the main body portion 42 be set to a temperature that allows the temperature in the main body portion 42 to fall to or below the boiling point of the thermolysis products through cooling. In the case of a lithium-ion secondary battery, it is preferable to set the temperature of the coolant equal to or lower than 32Â° C. Thus, the thermolysis products can be efficiently cooled and liquefied.

Then, the condensate liquid liquefied by the condenser 18 passes through the piping element 50 c to be trapped in the waste liquid tank 20 . The condensate liquid in the waste liquid tank 20 is likely to be acidic due to the influence of fluorinated acid or the like. Therefore, when a certain amount of condensate liquid accumulates in the waste liquid tank 20 , it is desirable to add alkaline chemicals such as calcium hydroxide and the like to the condensate liquid to make an adjustment to an appropriate pH. Thus, the entire waste liquid tank 20 can be transported to treatment facilities or the like to perform a treatment. It should be noted that a drainage treatment device may be separately installed to perform the treatment.

When the pressure in the waste liquid tank 20 becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure, gas is discharged into the atmosphere from the vent pipe 48 , which is installed in the waste liquid tank 20 . At this moment, an organic electrolyte and the like are contained in the gas in some cases. However, the organic electrolyte and the like are adsorbed by an activated carbon filter (the gas adsorption filter 22 ), so that odor and the like do not leak out from the device. Further, as described above, during a process in which the vapor in the device liquefy due to a fall in the temperature thereof, for example, when the device is stopped, the pressure in the waste liquid tank 20 becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure in some cases. However, since outside air enters the waste liquid tank 20 from the vent pipe 48 via the activated carbon filter, the pressure in the device is held at the atmospheric pressure.

Hereinafter, changes in the heating temperature and the voltage of the lithium-ion secondary battery in the heating process and the reaction in the lithium-ion secondary battery during the heating process will be described.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a result obtained by measuring a voltage while heating a lithium-ion secondary battery (battery cells). As shown in FIG. 2 , around 150Â° C., the organic electrolyte and the like are discharged from the safety valve of the lithium-ion secondary battery, and the voltage of the lithium-ion secondary battery starts fluctuating. In addition, as heating is continued, the temperature abruptly rises around 180Â° C., white smoke is discharged from the safety valve, and the voltage becomes equal to zero, so that it is possible to completely destroy the function of the battery. In addition to the occurrence of a chemical reaction such as the bonding of lithium atoms entered into a negative electrode material during charging to fluorine in the electrolyte, or the like, a thermal decomposition reaction of a positive electrode material occurs. Such an abrupt rise in temperature is considered to take place for this reason. After the heating process as described above, the battery pack 10 can be safely handled as a scrap whose voltage is 0. Therefore, the dismantling of the battery pack 10 and the like as subsequent processes can be safely and easily carried out.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ). As shown in FIG. 3 , lithium hexafluorophosphate, which is used as an electrolytic salt for a lithium-ion secondary battery, is thermally decomposed by being heated to about 150Â° C. In particular, by being heated at a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C., lithium hexafluorophosphate is thermally decomposed and fixed in the battery cells as lithium fluoride, and a part of unreacted fluorinated acid is discharged to the outside of the battery cells together with the organic electrolyte.

Further, dimethyl carbonate, which is used as an organic electrolyte for a lithium-ion secondary battery, has a boiling point of 90Â° C. Therefore, by heating the battery cells to a temperature equal to or higher than 90Â° C., dimethyl carbonate evaporates in the battery cells. In addition, by heating the battery cells to a temperature equal to or higher than 150Â° C., the pressure in the battery cells rises, thermal decomposition products are discharged from the safety valves to the outside of the battery cells, and the function of the battery is destroyed.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing thermal decomposition properties of lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ). As shown in FIG. 4 , lithium nickel dioxide, which is used as a positive electrode material for a lithium-ion secondary battery, is decomposed around 210Â° C. with an abrupt exothermic reaction. Besides, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, or the like is used as the positive electrode material for the lithium-ion secondary battery. These materials are thermally decomposed at about 180 to 350Â° C. Accordingly, in order to cause the electrolytic solution to be discharged from the battery pack 10 , recover the electrolytic solution, and easily recover the positive electrode material such as lithium nickel dioxide or the like, it is desirable to heat the battery pack at a temperature at which the organic electrolyte is discharged and a positive electrode active material is not decomposed, namely, at a temperature equal to or higher than 150Â° C. and lower than 180Â° C.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing another example of the treatment device that recycles the battery pack according to this embodiment of the invention. In a treatment device 2 shown in FIG. 5 , components identical in configuration to those of the treatment device 1 shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference symbols respectively, and the description thereof will be omitted.

The treatment device 2 shown in FIG. 5 is equipped with the heat treatment bath 12 , an inert gas generation device 52 , the condenser 18 , the waste liquid tank 20 , the gas adsorption filter 22 , and piping elements.

The inert gas generation device 52 is a gas cylinder or the like that is filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, or the like. It should be noted that although the inert gas is supplied to the heat treatment bath 12 without being heated in this embodiment of the invention, it is also acceptable to heat the inert gas as described above.

The waste liquid tank 20 is provided with the vent pipe 48 . The gas adsorption filter 22 is installed in the vent pipe 48 , and the vent pipe 48 is opened to the atmosphere via the gas adsorption filter 22 . The gas adsorption filter 22 includes an alkaline chemical filter and an activated carbon filter. The alkaline chemical filter is formed by, for example, causing a filter formed of a chemical fiber or the like to adsorb calcium hydroxide powder or sandwiching calcium hydroxide powder between two filters.

In this embodiment of the invention, the inert gas is supplied into the box body portion 24 of the heat treatment bath 12 via the piping element 50 a , by the gas cylinder that is fill

CLAIMS

Claims ( 5 )

What is claimed is:

1. A recycling method for a battery pack that includes an assembled battery composed of a plurality of electric cells that are connected in series to one another, comprising:

supplying a vapor or an inert gas, which replaces a space in a heat treatment bath for heating the battery pack, into the heat treatment bath to heat the battery pack; and

condensing thermolysis products discharged from the battery pack by heating the battery pack.

2. The recycling method according to claim 1 , wherein

the battery pack is heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 150Â° C. and lower than 180Â° C.

3. The recycling method according to claim 1 , wherein

the battery pack is heated to a temperature equal to or higher than 160Â° C.

4. The recycling method according to claim 1 , further comprising heating the vapor before the vapor is supplied into the heat treatment bath, wherein

the heated vapor is supplied into the heat treatment bath to heat the battery pack.

5. The recycling method according to claim 1 , wherein

the electric cells are nickel hydride secondary batteries or lithium-ion secondary batteries.

US14/006,626

2011-03-23

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Recycling method and treatment device for battery pack

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Battery pack recycling method and processing apparatus

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2011-03-23

PCT/IB2012/000368

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2012-02-29

Recycling method and treatment device for battery pack

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2014-01-29

CN103443996B

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( en )

2015-08-13

JP5703884B2

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CN103443996A

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WO2012127291A1

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2012-09-27

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2015-03-25

AU2012232832A1

( en )

2013-10-17

Recycling method and treatment device for battery pack — Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha (US9509025B2)

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