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Apparatus, system, and method to manage the generation and use of hybrid … — Trulite, Inc. (US8364287B2)

Trulite, Inc. · Google Patents

Google Patents · Patents · License: Open Access

patent, google patents, intellectual property, US8364287B2, Trulite, Inc., Ken Pearson, en, 2013

ABSTRACT

Abstract

An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power. A monitoring module receives signals from one or more sensors. The signals comprise power level information of an electric energy storage device, power level information of one or more energy converters, and power level information of an electric load. A determination module compares the signals to determine whether electric power from the energy converters satisfies the electric load. A regulation module adjusts the electric power from the energy converters in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the energy converters does not satisfy an electric load threshold.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,925 entitled âAPPARATUS, SYSTEM, AND METHOD TO MANAGE THE GENERATION AND USE OF HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERâ and filed on Jul. 25, 2007 for Ken Pearson, et. al which is incorporated herein by reference. This application incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/459,991 filed Jun. 11, 2003, Ser. No. 11/270,947 filed Nov. 12, 2005, Ser. No. 11/740,349 filed Apr. 26, 2007, Ser. No. 11/828,265 filed Jul. 25, 2007, Ser. No. 11/829,019 filed Jul. 26, 2007, Ser. No. 11/829,035 filed Jul. 26, 2007, Ser. No. 12/179,554 filed Jul. 24, 2008, and Ser. No. 12/179,578 filed Jul. 24, 2008; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/951,903 filed Jul. 25, 2007, 60/951,907 filed Jul. 25, 2007, and 61/059,743 filed Jun. 6, 2008, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to hybrid electric power and more particularly relates to managing the generation, storage, and distribution of hybrid electric power.

2. Description of the Related Art

As the cost of fossil fuels increases, pollution increases, and the worldwide supply of fossil fuels decreases, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly important. Non-fuel-based energy, such as that provided by most renewable resources, is often efficient, readily available, and environmentally friendly. However, users have little control over the sources of most non-fuel-based energy, such as the sun and the wind. When one desires more power/energy, one cannot increase the sunlight or the wind speed accordingly to deliver it. Alternatively, if one is using less power/energy than is being generated, one cannot easily store excess sunlight or wind for later use.

Fuel-based energy, such as that provided by hydrogen or fossil fuels, can be generated on demand as power/energy needs arise. A request for increased power/energy cannot always be met instantaneously, however, because of energy conversion delays inherent in fuel-based energy generation. For example, increasing a flow of hydrogen to a hydrogen fuel cell may not cause an immediate increase in the output of electrical power from the hydrogen fuel cell. The increased hydrogen may also need to be converted to hydrogen from a hydrogen fuel source, which may introduce additional delays. Other fuel-based energy often has similar delays.

Accordingly, what is needed is an improved apparatus, system, and method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power that overcome the problems and disadvantages of the prior art. The apparatus, system, and method should provide efficient, on demand power/energy, and should conserve excess power/energy. In particular, the apparatus, system, and method should manage energy conversion delays, and efficiently balance power/energy that is delivered to an electric load.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

From the foregoing discussion, it should be apparent that a need exists for an apparatus, system, and method that manages the generation and use of hybrid electric power. Beneficially, such an apparatus, system, and method would efficiently manage energy conversion delays and balance electric power that is delivered to an electric load.

The present invention has been developed in response to the present state of the art, and in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available hybrid electric power generation and management systems. Accordingly, the present invention has been developed to provide an apparatus, system, and method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power that overcome many or all of the above-discussed shortcomings in the art.

The apparatus to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power is provided with a plurality of modules configured to perform the steps of managing the generation and the use of hybrid electric power. These modules, in the described embodiments, include a monitoring module, a determination module, a regulation module, an energy conservation module, a prioritization module, a user override module, and a prediction module.

In one embodiment, the monitoring module receives signals from one or more sensors. The signals, in a further embodiment, comprise energy level information of an electric energy storage device, power/energy level information of one or more energy converters, and power level information of an electric load. In another embodiment, the signals may comprise hydrogen or other fuel pressure or status information.

The determination module, in one embodiment, compares the signals to determine whether power/energy from the one or more energy converters satisfies the electric load. In a further embodiment, the determination module determines whether a power level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level. The predefined threshold level, in one embodiment, is based on an energy conversion delay of one or more of the one or more energy converters.

In another embodiment, the regulation module adjusts the electric power from the one or more energy converters in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the one or more energy converters does not satisfy the electric load threshold. In a further embodiment, the regulation module increases the electric power from the one or more energy converters in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the one or more energy converters does not satisfy the electric load and that the power level of the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level.

In one embodiment, the energy conservation module stores excess electric energy from the one or more energy converters as an alternate energy type in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the one or more energy converters satisfies the electric load. In another embodiment, the energy conservation module causes at least one of the one or more energy converters to convert a secondary fuel to a primary fuel, and the primary fuel comprises the alternate energy type. The alternate energy type, in one embodiment, is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen gas, heat energy, chemical energy, and potential energy. The energy conservation module, in another embodiment, charges the electric energy storage device in response to a substantially full alternate energy storage device.

The prioritization module, in one embodiment, balances a supply of electric power delivered to the electric load based on a prioritization of electric sources. In one embodiment, in the prioritization of electric sources, a priority of the non-fuel-based energy converters is higher than a priority of the electric energy storage device, and the priority of the electric energy storage device is higher than a priority of the fuel-based energy converters. In another embodiment, the prioritization of electric sources is selected based on one or more of an energy conversion cost, an energy conversion efficiency, and an energy conversion delay. In another embodiment, the user override module overrides the prioritization of electric sources based on user input.

In one embodiment, the prediction module makes a prediction of an upcoming power draw of the electric load based on a historic power draw of the electric load. In another embodiment, the determination module is further configured to adjust the electric power from the one or more energy converters based on the prediction.

A system of the present invention is also presented to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power. The system may be embodied by one or more energy converters, an electric energy storage device, one or more sensors, a controller, and a power interface.

The one or more energy converters, in one embodiment, each convert an energy source to electric power. In one embodiment, the electric energy storage device stores and supplies the electric power from the one or more energy converters. The electric energy storage device, in a further embodiment, comprises an energy storage capacity configured to substantially satisfy an power draw of the electric load for at least twelve hours, and the one or more energy converters are configured to output an amount of electric power satisfying an average power draw of the electric load and less than a peak power draw of the electric load. In one embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy converters comprises a collapsible structure. In a further embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy converters is a non-fuel-based energy converter selected from the group consisting of photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, water turbines, geothermal turbines, solar concentrators, and waste heat co-generators.

In another embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy converters is a fuel-based energy converter selected from the group consisting of fuel cells, microturbine systems, hydrogen reformers, hydrogen electrolysis systems, and internal combustion engine generators. In a further embodiment, at least one of the one or more energy converters is configured to convert a secondary fuel to a primary fuel. In another embodiment, the secondary fuel is selected from the group consisting of water and hydrocarbons, and the primary fuel comprises hydrogen. In one embodiment, the secondary fuel comprises a chemical hydride, and the primary fuel comprises hydrogen. In a further embodiment, the chemical hydride comprises a solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and an activating agent.

The one or more sensors, in a further embodiment, measure a power level of the electric energy storage device, a power level of the one or more energy converters, and a power level of an electric load coupled to the one or more energy converters and to the electric energy storage device. In another embodiment, the sensors further receive an energy source status and an electric power generation potential of the one or more energy converters. The electric power generation potential, in one embodiment, comprises a measured gas pressure of produced hydrogen generated by the one or more energy converters.

In one embodiment, the power interface is configured to electrically couple the one or more sensors, the electric energy storage device, and the controller. In a further embodiment, the power interface comprises one or more standardized ports, each of the standardized ports configured to transfer communication signals and electric power from a corresponding pluggable connector of one of the one or more energy converters. In a further embodiment, the standardized ports removably couple the corresponding pluggable connector to the power interface.

In one embodiment, the controller determines whether the power level of the one or more energy converters satisfies the electric load. In a further embodiment, the controller determines whether the power level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level. In another embodiment, the controller increases the power level of the one or more energy converters in response to a determination that the power level of the one or more energy converters does not satisfy the electric load and that the power level of the electric energy storage device fails to satisfy the predefined threshold level. In a further embodiment, the controller is further configured to receive customized energy converter type definitions and to control energy converters corresponding to the customized energy converter type definitions.

A computer program product of the present invention is also presented to perform the operations for managing the generation and use of electric power. The operations, in one embodiment, substantially include the steps of operation of the apparatus to manage the generation and use of hybrid electric power presented above.

In one embodiment, the computer program product comprises an operation for receiving signals from one or more sensors, the signals comprising power level information of an electric energy storage device, power level information of one or more hydrogen-based energy converters, pressure level information of a hydrogen storage device, and power level information of an electric load. In another embodiment, the computer program product comprises an operation for determining whether electric power from the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters satisfies the electric load. In a further embodiment, the computer program product comprises an operation for determining whether a power level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level.

The computer program product, in one embodiment, comprises an operation for increasing hydrogen generation of a hydrogen generating device in response to a determination that the electric power from the one or more energy converters does not satisfy the electric load and that the power level of the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level. In one embodiment, the computer program product comprises an operation for storing excess electric energy from the one or more energy converters as an alternate energy type in response to a determination that the electric power from the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters satisfies the electric load and that the power level of the electric energy storage device satisfies the predefined threshold level, and an operation for charging the electric energy storage device in response to a full alternate energy storage device. In a further embodiment, the computer program product comprises an operation for charging the electric energy storage device in response to a determination that the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level.

Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present invention should be or are in any single embodiment of the invention. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, discussion of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.

Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the invention.

These features and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a controller in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordan

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to hybrid electric power and more particularly relates to managing the generation, storage, and distribution of hybrid electric power.

2. Description of the Related Art

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a system for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a controller in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method for managing the generation and use of hybrid electric power in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like.

Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.

Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several computer readable media. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network. Where a module or portions of a module are implemented in software, the software portions are stored on one or more computer readable media.

Reference throughout this specification to âone embodiment,â âan embodiment,â or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases âin one embodiment,â âin an embodiment,â and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

Reference to a computer readable medium may take any form capable of storing machine-readable instructions on a digital processing apparatus. A computer readable medium may be embodied by a compact disk, digital-video disk, a magnetic tape, a Bernoulli drive, a magnetic disk, a punch card, flash memory, integrated circuits, radio frequency identification (RFID), or other digital processing apparatus memory device.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of programming, software modules, user selections, network transactions, database queries, database structures, hardware modules, hardware circuits, hardware chips, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of a system 100 for balancing the generation and use of hybrid electric power. In one embodiment, the system 100 may include one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 , one or more fuel-based energy converters 104 , one or more electric energy storage devices 130 , and an electrical and control system 106 .

In one embodiment, the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 convert one or more non-fuel-based energy sources to electric power. The non-fuel-based energy sources may comprise the sun 108 , the wind 112 , geothermal sources, waves, water flow, and other natural, free, or other non-fuel-based energy sources. The non-fuel-based energy converters 102 may comprise photovoltaic cells 110 , wind turbines 114 , water turbines (not shown), geothermal turbines (not shown), solar concentrators/collectors (not shown), waste heat co-generation (not shown), and the like.

In one embodiment, the system 100 is configured to be portable, and the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 are physically modular such that each of the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 may be detached from and reattached to the system 100 . Each of the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 may comprise a mechanical connector configured to removably couple the non-fuel-based energy converter 102 to the system 100 (such as through an energy interface described below). For example, the photovoltaic cells 110 may comprise a connection arm or the like that detachably mounts the photovoltaic cells 110 on the system 100 . The connection arm may be manually or automatically adjustable, such that the photovoltaic cells 110 may be positioned to optimize generation efficiency substantially independent of the position of the system 100 .

In one embodiment, one or more sensors 116 , such as directional sensors, sunlight sensors, wind sensors, or the like, send signals to the electrical and control system 106 allowing the electrical and control system 106 to position one or more of the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 or to position parts of the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 such as solar collectors. The mechanical connectors may comprise a standardized communications and power transfer interface, as described below in connection with the power/ energy interface 158 . In a further embodiment, one or more of the one or more non-fuel-based energy converters 102 is configured for portability, and may comprise a collapsible structure. Examples of non-fuel-based energy converters 102 having collapsible structures include photovoltaic cells 110 that comprise two or more panels that fold together, or wind turbines 114 that comprise collapsible turbine arms or the like.

In one embodiment, the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 comprise one or more sensors 116 . In one embodiment, the one or more sensors 116 may comprise electrical sensors that monitor voltages and/or currents produced by the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 . In one embodiment, either the voltage or the current has a substantially constant known value, and the one or more sensors 116 measure the other value that is not known. The measured value may be either the voltage or the current. With the constant known value and the measured value the controller 154 may calculate the electric power output of the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 using the known value and the measurement from the one or more sensors 116 . In another embodiment, the one or more sensors 116 may comprise one or more energy source sensors such as sunlight sensors, wind speed sensors, water speed sensors, temperature sensors, and the like that measure an energy source status of the non-fuel-based energy sources. The one or more sensors 116 may be in communication with the electrical and control system 106 , the one or more sensors 116 sending communication signals comprising power level information of the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 such as temperatures, speeds, voltages, currents, and the like, to the electrical and control system 106 .

In one embodiment, the fuel-based energy converters 104 convert one or more fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 to electric power. The fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 may comprise hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane, natural gas, coal and the like; uranium or other nuclear fuels; hydrogen or hydrogen sources such as chemical hydrides, hydrocarbons, and water; biomass fuels; and other fuel-based energy sources. The fuel-based energy converters 104 may comprise one or more of a fuel cell system 120 , such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells or solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), a microturbine system 124 , hydrogen reformers (not shown), hydrogen electrolysis systems (not shown), hydrocarbon or hydrogen based electric generators (not shown) such as an internal combustion engine generator, and the like. The fuel-based energy converters 104 may make multiple conversions before generating electric power. For example, a fuel-based energy converter 104 may derive a fuel from a fuel-based energy source

118 , 122 such as a chemical hydride, a hydrocarbon, water, or the like. The derived fuel source, in one embodiment, may be hydrogen, and the fuel-based energy converters 104 may perform a second conversion, converting the hydrogen to electric power.

In one embodiment, the system 100 is configured to be portable, and the one or more fuel-based energy converters 104 are physically modular such that each of the one or more fuel-based energy converters 104 may be detached from and reattached to the system 100 . Each of the one or more fuel-based energy converters 104 may comprise a mechanical connector configured to removably couple the fuel-based energy converter 104 to the system 100 . The mechanical connectors may comprise a standardized communications and power transfer interface, as described below in connection with the power/ energy interface 158 . In a further embodiment, one or more of the one or more fuel-based energy converters 104 is configured for portability.

The fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 may provide a primary fuel directly to the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 , or the fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 may provide one or more secondary fuels to a converter subsystem 128 for conversion to a primary fuel by the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 . For example, the fuel-based energy source 118 may comprise a pressurized storage tank of hydrogen gas that provides a hydrogen flow, or primary fuel, directly to the fuel cell system 120 . Alternatively, the fuel-based energy source 118 may comprise a chemical hydride, water, natural gas, bio-diesel or another secondary fuel, and the converter subsystem 128 may comprise a converter such as a reformer, electrolysis system or the like that converts the secondary fuel source to hydrogen that the fuel cell system 120 or another fuel-based energy converter 124 such as a combustion engine may use for generating electric power.

In embodiments where one or more of the fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 comprise secondary fuels, the fuel-based energy sources

118 , 122 may comprise an alternate energy storage device 119 . The alternate energy storage device 119 may store excess primary fuel or potential energy for later conversion to electric power. Examples of potential energy storage include storing heat, creating steam, elevating an object such as water, winding a spring, or other potential energy storage that the fuel-based energy converters 104 and/or the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 can convert into electric power when requested. The alternate energy storage device 119 increases the efficiency of the system 100 by allowing excess electric energy generated by the non-fuel-based energy converters 102 and/or the fuel-based energy converters 104 to be stored as a primary fuel and/or as potential energy, instead of being wasted.

In one embodiment, the fuel-based energy converters 104 comprise one or more converter subsystems 128 . Each of the converter subsystems 128 may receive control signals from the electrical and control system 106 . The converter subsystems 128 may comprise air pumps, water pumps, cooling blowers, solenoid valves, electrical switches and the like that affect the rate that the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 convert secondary fuels to primary fuels or the rate that the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 generate electric power. For example, the converter subsystems 128 may comprise variable speed air pumps that pump air into the fuel cell system 120 to fuel the generation of electric power, water pumps that pump water into a chemical hydride to facilitate the generation of hydrogen by the fuel cell system 120 , a valve on one of the fuel sources

118 , 122 , or the like.

Each of the fuel-based energy converters 104 , in one embodiment, includes an inherent conversion delay, based on the fuel-based energy source

118 , 122 that is used. The conversion delay may be greater for fuel-based energy converters 104 that are configured to convert a secondary fuel to a primary fuel by way of a converter subsystem 128 and to convert the primary fuel to electric power, than the delay for fuel-based energy converters 104 that are configured to use a primary fuel directly.

The conversion delay may comprise an amount of time from when the electrical and control system 106 sends a control signal to the fuel-based energy converters 104 to when the electric power output of the fuel-based energy converters 104 reflects the control signal. The control signal may be a startup signal, a shutdown signal, an electric power increase or decrease signal, or another control signal. The conversion delay may comprise an electric power generation time, the duration of time that the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 take to convert a primary fuel to electric power, or the conversion delay may comprise both an electric power generation time and an energy source conversion time, the duration of time that the fuel-based energy converters

120 , 124 in cooperation with one or more converter subsystems 128 take to convert a secondary fuel to a primary fuel, and the primary fuel to electric power.

In one embodiment, the fuel-based energy converters 104 comprise a fuel source 118 of hydrogen and a hydrogen fuel cell system 120 . As described in the example above, the hydrogen source 118 may store hydrogen gas, or the hydrogen source 118 may comprise one or more hydrogen sources, such as chemical hydrides, water, hydrocarbons, and the like. In one embodiment, the hydrogen fuel cell system 120 may comprise one or more reformers (i.e. converter subsystems 128 ) that convert natural gas or other hydrocarbons from the hydrogen source 118 to hydrogen gas. In a further embodiment, a hydrogen converter subsystem 128 may use electrolysis to break down hydrogen containing compounds such as water from the hydrogen source 118 to release hydrogen gas for use in the fuel cell system 120 . In an alternative embodiment, the fuel cell system 120 may use hydrogen directly from the hydrogen source 118 to generate electric power.

In another embodiment, the hydrogen converter subsystem 128 may use water and a chemical hydride from the hydrogen source 118 to generate hydrogen. In a further embodiment, the hydrogen converter subsystem 128 may introduce a liquid such as water to a liquid permeable pouch comprising one or more cavities containing a solid reactant such as a solid anhydrous chemical hydride. The solid reactant, in another embodiment, may further comprise a solid anhydrous activating agent to facilitate a reaction between the water and the reactant. In one embodiment, a chemical hydride may be considered a reducing compound containing hydrogen that generates hydrogen gas when it reacts with water or other oxidizing agents.

Example embodiments of a system to generate hydrogen from a chemical hydride, including examples of pouches, chemical hydrides, and activating agents are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/829,019 filed Jul. 26, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Chemical hydrides may comprise organic or nonorganic compounds. Nonlimiting examples of chemical hydrides may include sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and calcium hydride.

In one embodiment, the fuel-based energy converters 104 comprise a microturbine fuel source 122 and a microturbine system

CLAIMS

Claims ( 21 )

1. An apparatus to manage the generation and use of electric power, the apparatus comprising:

a monitoring module configured to receive signals from a plurality of sensors, the signals comprising power level information of a plurality of energy converters, energy level information of an electric energy storage device, and power level information of an electric load, wherein the plurality of energy converters comprises at least one fuel-based energy converter and at least one non-fuel-based energy converter, the at least one fuel-based energy converter converts a secondary fuel to a primary fuel and generates electric power using the primary fuel, the secondary fuel comprises a mixture of a solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and a solid anhydrous activating agent, and the primary fuel comprises hydrogen;

a determination module configured to compare the signals to determine whether electric power from the plurality of energy converters satisfies the electric load and whether the energy level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level, the predefined threshold level based on an energy conversion delay of the at least one fuel-based energy converter, the energy conversion delay comprising an amount of time for the at least one fuel-based energy converter to convert the secondary fuel to the primary fuel and to generate electric power using the primary fuel; and

a regulation module configured to increase the electric power from the at least one fuel-based energy converter in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the plurality of energy converters does not satisfy the electric load threshold and that the energy level of the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level, wherein the regulation module increases the electric power from the at least one fuel-based energy converter by increasing a rate that the at least one fuel-based energy converter introduces a liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent to produce hydrogen and generates electric power using the produced hydrogen, the hydrogen produced at the time the at least one fuel-based energy converter introduces the liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an energy conservation module configured to store excess electric power from the plurality of energy converters as an alternate energy type in response to a determination by the determination module that the electric power from the plurality of energy converters satisfies the electric load.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the energy conservation module is further configured to cause at least one of the plurality of energy converters to convert a secondary conservation fuel to a primary conservation fuel, the primary fuel comprising the alternate energy type.

4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the alternate energy type is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen gas, heat energy, chemical energy, and potential energy.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the energy conservation module is further configured to charge the electric energy storage device in response to a substantially full alternate energy storage device.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a prioritization module configured to balance a supply of electric power delivered to the electric load based on a prioritization of power/energy sources.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein, in the prioritization of electric sources, a priority of the at least one non-fuel-based energy converter is higher than a priority of the electric energy storage device, and the priority of the electric energy storage device is higher than a priority of the at least one fuel-based energy converter.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the prioritization of electric sources is selected based on one or more of an energy conversion cost, an energy conversion efficiency, and an energy conversion delay, a user override module configured to override the prioritization of electric sources based on user input.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a prediction module configured to make a prediction of an upcoming power draw of the electric load based on a historic power draw of the electric load, and wherein the determination module is further configured to adjust the electric power from the plurality of energy converters based on the prediction.

10. A system to manage the generation and use of electric power, the system comprising:

a plurality of energy converters each configured to convert an energy source to electric power, the plurality of energy converters comprising at least one fuel-based energy converter and at least one non-fuel-based energy converter, the at least one fuel-based energy converter converting a secondary fuel to a primary fuel and generating electric power using the primary fuel, the secondary fuel comprising a mixture of a solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and a solid anhydrous activating agent, and the primary fuel comprising hydrogen;

an electric energy storage device configured to store the electric power from the plurality of energy converters as energy and to supply the energy as electric power;

a plurality of sensors that measure an energy level of the electric energy storage device, a power level of the plurality of energy converters, and a power level of an electric load coupled to the plurality of energy converters and to the electric energy storage device;

a controller configured to determine whether the power level of the plurality of energy converters satisfies the electric load and whether the energy level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level and to increase the power level of the at least one fuel-based energy converter in response to a determination that the power level of the plurality of energy converters does not satisfy the electric load and that the energy level of the electric energy storage device fails to satisfy the predefined threshold level, the predefined threshold level based on an energy conversion delay of the at least one fuel-based energy converter, the energy conversion delay comprising an amount of time for the at least one fuel-based energy converter to convert the secondary fuel to the primary fuel and to generate electric power using the primary fuel, wherein the controller increases the power level of the at least one fuel-based energy converter by increasing a rate that the at least one fuel-based energy converter introduces a liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent to produce hydrogen and generates electric power using the produced hydrogen, the hydrogen produced at the time the at least one fuel-based energy converter introduces the liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent; and

a power interface configured to electrically couple the plurality of sensors, the electric energy storage device, and the controller.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the signals further comprise an energy source status and an electric power generation potential of the plurality of energy converters.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the electric power generation potential comprises a measured gas pressure of produced hydrogen generated by the at least one fuel-based energy converter.

13. The system of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the at least one non-fuel-based energy converters is selected from the group consisting of photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, water turbines, geothermal turbines, solar concentrators, and waste heat co-generators.

14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one fuel-based energy converter comprises a plurality of fuel-based energy converters, at least one of the plurality of fuel-based energy converters selected from the group consisting of a fuel cell, a microturbine system, a hydrogen reformer, a hydrogen electrolysis system, and an internal combustion engine generator.

15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the power interface comprises one or more standardized ports, each of the standardized ports configured to transfer communication signals and electric power from a corresponding pluggable connector of one of the plurality of energy converters, and to removably couple the corresponding pluggable connector to the power interface.

16. The system of claim 10 , wherein the controller is further configured to receive customized energy converter type definitions and to control energy converters corresponding to the customized energy converter type definitions.

17. The system of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the plurality of energy converters comprises a collapsible structure.

18. The system of claim 10 , wherein the electric energy storage device comprises an energy storage capacity configured to substantially satisfy a power draw of the electric load for at least twelve hours, and further wherein the plurality of energy converters are configured to output an amount of electric power satisfying an average power draw of the electric load and less than a peak power draw of the electric load.

19. A computer program product comprising a computer readable medium having computer usable program code executable to perform operations for managing the generation and use of electric power/energy, the operations of the computer program product comprising:

receiving signals from a plurality of sensors, the signals comprising energy level information of an electric energy storage device, power/energy level information of a plurality of energy converters, pressure level information of a hydrogen storage device, and power/energy level information of an electric load, wherein the plurality of energy converters comprises one or more hydrogen-based energy converters and one or more non-fuel-based energy converters, the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters converting a secondary fuel comprising a mixture of a solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and a solid anhydrous activating agent to hydrogen and generating electric power using the hydrogen;

determining whether electric power/energy from the plurality of energy converters satisfies the electric load;

determining whether an energy level of the electric energy storage device satisfies a predefined threshold level, the predefined threshold level based on an energy conversion delay of the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters, the energy conversion delay comprising an amount of time for the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters to convert the secondary fuel to hydrogen and to generate electric power using the hydrogen;

increasing a rate that the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters introduce a liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent to produce hydrogen and generate electric power using the produced hydrogen in response to a determination that the electric power/energy from the plurality of energy converters does not satisfy the electric load and that the energy level of the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level, the hydrogen produced at the time the one or more hydrogen-based energy converters introduce the liquid to the mixture of the solid anhydrous chemical hydride reactant and the solid anhydrous activating agent.

20. The computer program product of claim 19 , further comprising storing excess electric power/energy from the plurality of energy converters as an alternate energy type in response to a determination that the electric power/energy from the plurality of energy converters satisfies the electric load and that the energy level of the electric energy storage device satisfies the predefined threshold level, and further comprising charging the electric energy storage device in response to a full alternate energy storage device.

21. The computer program product of claim 20 , further comprising charging the electric energy storage device in response to a determination that the energy level of the electric energy storage device does not satisfy the predefined threshold level.

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