Fluid Antenna-Aided Noise Modulation: Spatial Diversity for Variance-Based Wireless Communication

[2608.14958] Fluid Antenna-Aided Noise Modulation: Spatial Diversity for Variance-Based Wireless Communication Skip to main content Search Submit Donate Log in Search arXiv Press Enter to search · Advanced search Computer Science > Information Theory arXiv:2608.14958 (cs) [Submitted on 15 Aug 2026] Title: Fluid Antenna-Aided Noise Modulation: Spatial Diversity for Variance-Based Wireless Communication Authors: Hadi Zayyani , Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo , Pedro M. R. Pereira , Fernando D. A. García , Rausley A. A. de Souza View a PDF of the paper titled Fluid Antenna-Aided Noise Modulation: Spatial Diversity for Variance-Based Wireless Communication, by Hadi Zayyani and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract: Noise modulation (NoiseMod) encodes information in the \emph{variance} of a transmitted noise-like waveform rather than in its amplitude, phase, or frequency, and is attractive for ultra-low-power and covert links. Its main weakness is that, unlike classical modulation, it exhibits \emph{no} diversity under Rayleigh fading: its bit error probability (BEP) decays only as $1/(N_s\delta)$, where $N_s$ is the number of noise samples per bit and $\delta$ the useful-to-thermal noise variance ratio. Independently, fluid antenna systems (FAS) have been shown to recover substantial selection diversity from a single radiating element that switches among $N_p$ closely spaced ports, without extra radio-frequency chains. This paper combines the two: we equip a NoiseMod receiver with a fluid antenna and derive its average BEP. For idealized, mutually independent ports, we obtain an exact closed-form BEP via order statistics of the port envelopes. For the physically accurate, spatially correlated case governed by Jake's model, we build a semi-analytical BEP using the two-stage channel approximation of Khammassi \emph{et al.} We validate both regimes against full signal-level Monte Carlo simulation and show that (i) FAS restores a diversity order that grows with the number of ports $N_p$ when ports are weakly correlated, (ii) this gain saturates once the fluid-antenna aperture $W\lambda$ is fixed and $N_p$ grows, mirroring the outage-probability saturation reported for FAS, now observed for BEP, and (iii) an intrinsic, correlation-independent (and $\delta$-independent) BEP floor set only by $N_s$ and the variance ratio $\alpha$ persists regardless of the antenna diversity order. Subjects: Information Theory (cs.IT) Cite as: arXiv:2608.14958 [cs.IT] (or arXiv:2608.14958v1 [cs.IT] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.14958 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Felipe Augusto P. De Figueiredo Dr. [ view email ] [v1] Sat, 15 Aug 2026 01:22:13 UTC (36 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Fluid Antenna-Aided Noise Modulation: Spatial Diversity for Variance-Based Wireless Communication, by Hadi Zayyani and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: cs.IT < prev | next > new | recent | 2026-08 Change to browse by: cs math math.IT References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... 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