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Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report

William S. Beatty, Kelly Amoth, Luke J. Fara, Brian R. Gray, Kristin Hall, Steven C. Houdek · U.S. Geological Survey

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Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report

Open-File Report 2025–1029

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report By William S. Beatty, Kelly Amoth, Luke J. Fara, Brian R. Gray, Kristin Hall, Steven C. Houdek, Jayden Jech, Kevin P. Kenow, Michael Wellik, and Steven Yang

Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

Open-File Report 2025–1029

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2025

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Beatty, W.S., Amoth, K., Fara, L.J., Gray, B.R., Hall, K., Houdek, S.C., Jech, J., Kenow, K.P., Wellik, M., and Yang, S., 2025, Restoration of Gavia immer (common loon) in Minnesota—2024 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025–1029, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20251029. Associated data for this publication: Beatty, W.S., Fara, L.J., Houdek, S.C., Jech, J., Kenow, K.P., Rettler, S., Wellik, M.J., Alto, A., and Savre, T., 2025, Summary of detection data for breeding common loons in north-central Minnesota (2024): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JHLXC. ISSN 2331-1258 (online)

iii

Acknowledgments This report was funded by the Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Deepwater Horizon settlement. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service assisted in all activities in this report. We thank K. Healy (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), R. Bowman (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), W. Thogmartin (U.S. Geological Survey), and B. Uher-Koch (U.S. Geological Survey) for providing comments that greatly improved this report. We also thank A. Alto and T. Savre for assistance in the field.

Contents Acknowledgments��iii Abstract��1 Introduction��1 Methods��2 Results��5 Benchmarks to Evaluate Project Progress��5 Parameter 1—Baseline Status of Lakes��5 Parameter 2—Length of Linear Shoreline Acquired��5 Parameter 3—Number of Deployed Artificial Nest Platforms��5 Parameter 4—Number of Occupied Artificial Nest Platforms��5 Parameter 5—Number and Locations of Recruited Lake Associations��6 Parameter 6—Number of Intervention Activities to Promote Use of Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear��6 Parameter 7—Presence/Absence, Territory Occupancy, and Nest Productivity��6 References Cited��6

Figures 1.

Map showing lakes monitored for common loon territory occupancy, nesting, and chick survival in 2024 to evaluate the effects of artificial nesting platforms on reproductive success in north-central Minnesota��4

Tables 1.

Lakes in a seven-county region in north-central Minnesota that were surveyed to collect information on common loon territory occupancy, nest success, and chick survival in 2024��4

Conversion Factors International System of Units to U.S. customary units

Multiply

To obtain

Length meters (m)

3.281

feet (ft)

Abbreviations ANP

artificial nest platform

MN DNR

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report By William S. Beatty,1 Kelly Amoth,2 Luke J. Fara,1 Brian R. Gray,1 Kristin Hall,3 Steven C. Houdek,1 Jayden Jech,3 Kevin P. Kenow,1 Michael Wellik,1 and Steven Yang2

Abstract

Introduction

In cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Geological Survey monitored 98 common loon (Gavia immer) focal territories and an additional 37 nonfocal territories in 2024 across 53 study lakes in Minnesota. Focal territories were those territories from which study inferences will be made, whereas nonfocal territories were observed to monitor common loon dynamics in territories adjacent to focal territories. In collaboration with lake associations and private citizens, we deployed 44 artificial nesting platforms within 44 treatment territories, and the remaining 54 focal territories were controls. We completed territorial surveys from April 29 to August 9, 2024, to evaluate occupancy, nest success, and chick survival. We attempted to visit each territory once a week. At least one nest attempt was observed in 41 of 54 control territories. Precisely one nest attempt was observed in 30 control territories, two nest attempts (first attempts failed) were observed in 9 control territories, and three nest attempts (first and second attempts failed) were observed in 2 control territories. At least one nest attempt was observed in 33 of 44 treatment territories. Precisely one nest attempt was observed in 25 treatment territories, two nest attempts (first attempts failed) were observed in 7 treatment territories, and three nest attempts (first and second attempts failed) were observed in 1 treatment territory. In treatment territories, 8 nests were on an artificial nesting platform; the remaining nest locations were natural. Chicks or other evidence of hatching were observed in 26 of 54 (48.1 percent) control territories and 21 of 44 (47.7 percent) treatment territories, with 7 of those successful treatment nests on an artificial nesting platform. This report includes no formal analysis, but we plan to analyze data after collection of all field data in subsequent years.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred from April 20 to September 19, 2010, and released approximately 5.0 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (McNutt and others, 2012), which prompted a Natural Resources Damage Assessment to evaluate damage from the oil spill (Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, 2016). The common loon (Gavia immer) was one of many bird species injured from the spill with the estimated number of common loons injured ranging from 561 to 910 (Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, 2016). In the context of a Natural Resources Damage Assessment, injury is a “measurable adverse change, either long- or short-term, in the chemical or physical quality or the viability of a natural resource” (43 CFR part 11.14(v)). Thus, natural resource injury can include mortality or lost reproduction (43 CFR part 11.62(f)). Deepwater Horizon Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group funded the “Restoration of Common Loon in Minnesota” project to restore common loons lost from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The project has three objectives (Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, 2019):

1U.S. Geological Survey. 2Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 3Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

1. Acquire and protect critical lakeshore nesting and foraging habitat. 2. Enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. 3. Reduce lead exposure through advocacy of nontoxic fishing tackle. In this report, we describe activities under the “Restoration of Common Loon in Minnesota” project for calendar year 2024. Specifically, we report progress on monitoring benchmarks defined in the Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plan (Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, 2019), which are (1) baseline status of lakes (objective 2); (2) length of linear shoreline acquired (objective 1); (3) number of artificial nesting platforms (ANPs) deployed (objective 2); (4) number of ANPs occupied (objective 2); (5) number of lake associations recruited to participate in a loon-friendly lake program

2 Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report (objective 2); (6) number of intervention activities to promote environmentally friendly fishing gear (objective 3); and (7) common loon presence/absence, territory occupancy, and nest productivity (objective 2). No formal analysis is included because this is an ongoing project.

Methods Breeding common loons were monitored on territories in north-central Minnesota in 2021 (Beatty and others, 2022), 2022 (Beatty and others, 2023), and 2023 (Beatty and others, 2024). The study design resembled a before-after control-impact design. Pretreatment (that is, “before”) data were collected in 2021 and 2022 (Beatty and others, 2022, 2023). In 2023, we identified 99 focal territories from the sample of territories monitored in 2021 and 2022 (Beatty and others, 2024). Focal territories were territories from which inferences will be made for the study. We assigned 54 of these focal territories as control with the remaining 45 identified as treatment (that is, “impact”) units (Beatty and others, 2024). Focal territories and the status of each focal territory (control or treatment) will remain constant throughout the study with limited exceptions (discussed later in this section). Treatment was deployment of an ANP into a focal territory, which occurred early in the breeding season in 2023 (Beatty and others, 2024). Control territories did not receive an ANP. Thus, 2023 represented the first year of data collection with ANPs (that is, “after”). Breeding common loons were monitored on territories in north-central Minnesota in 2024 across 53 lakes (table 1, fig. 1), which was the second year of treatment data collection and fourth consecutive year overall. We monitored focal territories and nonfocal territories. Nonfocal territories were territories that did not met our criteria (Beatty and others, 2023) for focal territory but were on the same lake as a focal territory. We monitored nonfocal territories to track common loon dynamics on lakes with focal territories, which allowed us to identify the status of focal territories with more certainty. We worked with private citizens and lake associations to deploy ANPs to 44 treatment territories before an effective deployment date (discussed later in this section). ANPs were deployed in approximately the same location in the same treatment territories in 2023 and 2024. In late 2023, one treatment focal territory was recategorized as a nonfocal territory (Crow Wing County Island Lake–South) because the ANP was placed in an unsuitable area, which reduced the number of focal territories from 99 to 98 and the number of treatment territories from 45 to 44 (Beatty and others, 2024).

We identified an effective deployment date for ANPs of May 10, 2024, which was earlier than 2023. ANPs deployed before the date were categorized as effectively available to common loons as a nesting site, whereas ANPs deployed after the date were categorized as effectively not available to common loons as a nesting site. We selected an earlier effective deployment date in 2024 compared to 2023 because ice-out occurred early to mid-April in most surveyed lakes in 2024. In contrast, ice-out occurred in late April to early May in most surveyed lakes in 2023. Additionally, the earliest observed nesting attempt in 2024 occurred on May 3 and a preliminary analysis indicated that 20 percent of nests were initiated by May 10, 2024. Thus, May 10 was an acceptable effective deployment date because it balanced nesting common loon phenology and ANP deployment logistics (Beatty and others, 2024). Furthermore, the effective deployment date in 2024 also aligns with general common loon nesting phenology, which typically starts nest construction in mid-May (Paruk and others, 2021). We surveyed 53 lakes across seven counties in north-central Minnesota, which was 3 fewer lakes than surveyed in 2023. We did not survey Unnamed Lake in Becker County (not shown) in 2024 because it was identified as a multilake territory and categorized as a nonfocal territory in 2023. A multilake territory is a territory in which a breeding loon pair use multiple lakes during the breeding season. A parcel on Wabedo Lake (not shown) was under consideration for acquisition for this project in 2023. Thus, we surveyed Wabedo Lake in 2023, but we did not survey this lake in 2024 because the parcel was dropped from consideration for acquisition. Finally, we did not survey Island Lake in Crow Wing County (not shown) because the ANP was placed in an unsuitable area in 2023, and the lake was entirely removed from the study. We surveyed each territory by way of motorboat, kayak, canoe, or shoreline observation (Beatty and others, 2022). We circumnavigated larger lakes and frequently stopped to scan for common loons. Information was collected on common loons and environmental variables that could affect loon or nest detection (Beatty and others, 2022). We defined a nest attempt as an adult loon observed incubating on a nest with or without visual confirmation of egg(s) or observation of a nest bowl with eggs from the current year. All data from surveys were recorded in an ArcGIS Survey123 version 3.19 application (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redlands, California, United States). We visited loon territories every 3–13 days (mean=6.9 days) from April 29 to July 12, 2024, to collect information on territory occupancy, nesting, and chick survival (Beatty and others, 2022, 2023). Each territory was surveyed twice from July 29 to August 9, 2024, to document chick presence to estimate survival.

Methods 3 Table 1. Lakes in a seven-county region in north-central Minnesota that were surveyed to collect information on common loon (Gavia immer) territory occupancy, nest success, and chick survival in 2024. Lake

Lake

Atkin County

Cass County—Continued

Big Sandy Lake

Town Line Lake

Clear Lake

Widow Lake

Dam Lake

Woman Lake

Gun Lake

Crow Wing County

Long Lake

Barbour Lake

Waukenabo Lake

Big Trout Lake Becker County

Butterfield Lake

Big Sugar Bush Lake

Cross Lake

Blueberry Lake

Dolney Lake

Knutson Lake

Goodrich Lake

Lake Maud

Hartley Lake

Nelson Lake

Little Ox Lake Beltrami County

Little Rabbit Lake Mitchell Lake

Stump Lake Cass County

Mollie Lake

Birch Lake

Moody Lake

Boxell Lake

Mud Lake

Dade Lake

Pleasant Lake

Four Point Lake1

Scott Lake

Lake Hattie

Velvet Lake

Horse Lake

Hubbard County

Horseshoe Lake

Crooked Lake

Howard Lake

Daisy Lake

Island Lake

Lord Lake

Little Thunder Lake

Itasca County

Long Lake

Lake Alice

Lost Lake

Deer Lake

Lake Margaret

Ox Hide Lake

Mud Lake

Thistledew Lake

Thunder Lake 1Four Point Lake was listed as Five Point Lake in previous reports. In the U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, this lake is listed as

Four Point Lake but it is locally known as Five Point Lake according to signs and local residents.

4 Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report 96°

95°

94°

93°

CANADA

UNITED STATES

CLEARWATER

48°

Lower Red Lake

UNITED STATES

BELTRAMI 71

2 Bemidji

CANADA

Map area

Upper Red Lake

Lake ITASCA Winnibigoshish

Hibbing

47° 71

Brainerd

Fergus Falls

Baxter

46°

Duluth

AITKIN

CROW WING

Deepwater Horizon

169

MINNESOTA

BECKER Detroit Lakes

GULF OF AMERICA

Mille Lacs Lake

WISCONSIN

HUBBARD

Leech CASS Lake

94 169 59 94

EXPLANATION

10 20

40 MILES 40 KILOMETERS

Study area boundary Priority lake

Figure 1. Lakes (n=53) monitored for common loon territory occupancy, nesting, and chick survival in 2024 to evaluate the effects of artificial nesting platforms on reproductive success in north-central Minnesota.

Benchmarks to Evaluate Project Progress 5

Results We monitored 126 territories in 2021 (Beatty and others, 2022), 132 territories in 2022 (Beatty and others, 2023), and 141 territories in 2023 (Beatty and others, 2024). In 2024, we monitored 135 territories, including 54 focal control territories and 44 focal treatment territories (Beatty and others, 2025). In addition, we monitored 19 nonfocal territories that had at least one nontreatment ANP in 2024 or a previous year, as well as 8 territories discovered in 2022 or 2023. ANPs in nonfocal territories were placed by private citizens and lake associations outside the scope of the before-after control-impact study design. We also monitored three nonfocal territories that were multilake territories adjacent or near focal territories. Finally, we monitored seven territories that were near parcels under consideration for acquisition. In the sample of 98 focal territories, we observed at least one nest attempt in 41 of 54 control territories and 33 of 44 treatment territories. A second nest attempt after a failed initial attempt was observed in 9 control territories and 7 treatment territories. A third nest attempt after a failed second attempt was observed in 2 control territories and 1 treatment territory. In treatment territories, 8 nests were on an ANP; the remaining nest locations were on natural substrates. Chicks or other evidence of hatching were observed in 26 of 54 control territories and 21 of 44 treatment territories, with 7 of those successful treatment nests occurring on an ANP. In 2023, one nest attempt, which was successful, was on an ANP (Beatty and others, 2024). This report includes no formal analysis, but we plan to analyze data after collection of all field data in subsequent years.

Benchmarks to Evaluate Project Progress The Monitoring and Adaptative Management Plan (Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, 2019) provides parameters to assess project progress, and we report on all parameters in the following sections.

Parameter 1—Baseline Status of Lakes Parameter 1 represents a reporting metric for objective 2, which is to enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. Completion of parameter 1 is detailed in the 2021 annual report (Beatty and others, 2022).

Parameter 2—Length of Linear Shoreline Acquired Parameter 2 represents a reporting metric for objective 1, which is to acquire and protect critical lakeshore nesting and foraging habitat. In 2024, three parcels completed the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR) acquisition process with one parcel each on Barbour Lake (434.3 meters [m]) and Big Trout Lake (192.0 m) in Crow Wing County and Clear Lake (1,037.8 m) in Aitkin County. The total length of linear shoreline acquired as of the end of 2024 was 1,664.1 m. In addition, MN DNR, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Geological Survey staff considered one additional parcel for lakeshore habitat acquisition. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided approval for this additional parcel prior to MN DNR internal processing. The parcel under consideration for acquisition as of the end of calendar year 2024 contained a total of 8,839.2 m of shoreline. Thus, the final value for this parameter may be more than the amount of shoreline acquired as of 2024.

Parameter 3—Number of Deployed Artificial Nest Platforms Parameter 3 represents a reporting metric for objective 2, which is to enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. We worked with private citizens and lake associations to deploy 44 ANPs to 44 focal treatment territories in 2024. May 10, 2024, was the effective deployment date whereby ANPs deployed on or before this day were considered available to nesting loons and ANPs deployed after this date were considered not available to nesting loons. One ANP (Hattie Lake–Sand Point North) was deployed May 20, 2024, so it was not considered available to nesting loons, whereas the remaining ANPs were deployed before the effective deployment date. Thus, we deployed 43 of 44 (95 percent) ANPs by May 10, 2024. The ANP deployed late was considered not available to breeding pairs. In addition, the MN DNR worked with private lake associations and private citizens to deploy seven ANPs for education and outreach, which were not part of the before-after control-impact study design.

Parameter 4—Number of Occupied Artificial Nest Platforms Parameter 4 represents a reporting metric for objective 2, which is to enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. We observed 8 nests on deployed ANPs for an occupancy rate of 8/43 (18.6 percent) with 7 of these resulting in successful nests, which represents an increase from the occupancy rate of 1/42 in 2023 (Beatty and others, 2024).

6 Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report

Parameter 5—Number and Locations of Recruited Lake Associations Parameter 5 represents a reporting metric for objective 2, which is to enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. The Loon Friendly Lake Registry program provides support to lake associations to develop lake management plans and encourages lake associations to appoint a liaison to support loon friendly activities on the lake. In addition, participants in the Loon Friendly Lake Registry are provided plans to enhance loon productivity and encourage monitoring of loon activity as part of an ongoing MN DNR community science project, the Volunteer Loon Watcher Survey. The MN DNR provided support to more than 50 active lake associations in calendar year 2024 to develop and update lake management plans as part of the Loon Friendly Lake Registry program.

Parameter 6—Number of Intervention Activities to Promote Use of Environmentally Friendly Fishing Gear Parameter 6 represents a reporting metric for objective 3, which is to reduce lead exposure through advocacy of nontoxic fishing tackle. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency’s cooperative agreement ended on June 30, 2024. Thus, the reported activities herein represent accomplishments for the first 6 months of 2024. The Get the Lead Out program has continued as a program at Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the program will continue its outreach and education efforts with funding from the State of Minnesota. The Get the Lead Out program conducted 37 in-person education programs in 2024. Education and outreach programs included presentations to students (kindergarten through high school), summer day camps, and tabling at community events and sports shows. The “We Are Water” traveling exhibit included a piece on the Get the Lead Out program. Another component of these outreach programs is the distribution of sample packs of lead-free fishing tackle to the public. In 2024, the program distributed more than 3,200 sample packs of lead-free fishing tackle across Minnesota.

Parameter 7—Presence/Absence, Territory Occupancy, and Nest Productivity Parameter 7 represents a reporting metric for objective 2, which is to enhance common loon habitat and increase lake stewardship. We monitored 98 focal territories on 53 lakes in 2024 and observed at least one loon on one sampling occasion in all territories. An occupied territory was defined as a sampling unit that had a pair of loons present on at least three sampling occasions between April 29 and July 12, 2024, or an observation of a subsequent stage in the reproductive process (for example, nesting, chicks). We observed 40 of 44 treatment

territories and 51 of 54 control territories as occupied in 2024. Chicks or other evidence of hatching were observed in 26 of 54 control territories and 21 of 44 treatment territories, with 7 of those successful treatment nests occurring on an ANP.

References Cited Beatty, W.S., Amoth, K., Bergstrom, K., Fara, L.J., Gray, B.R., Houdek, S.C., Jech, J., Kenow, K.P., Rabasco, R., Rettler, S., Wellik, M., and Yang, S., 2024, Restoration of Gavia immer (common loon) in Minnesota—2023 Annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1044, 6 p., accessed December 2024 at https://doi.org/10.3133/ ofr20241044. Beatty, W.S., Fara, L.J., Houdek, S.C., Jech, J., Kenow, K.P., Rettler, S., Wellik, M.J., Alto, A., and Savre, T., 2025, Summary of detection data for breeding common loons in north-central Minnesota (2024): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JHLXC. Beatty, W.S., Fara, L.J., Houdek, S.C., Kenow, K.P., and Gray, B.R., 2022, Restoration of Gavia immer (common loon) in Minnesota—2021 Annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2022–1074, 7 p., accessed December 2024 at https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20221074. Beatty, W.S., Fara, L.J., Houdek, S.C., Rabasco, R., Rettler, S., Rasmussen, E., Kenow, K.P., Gray, B.R., Yang, S., and Amoth, K., 2023, Restoration of Gavia immer (common loon) in Minnesota—2022 Annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1062, 5 p., accessed December 2024 at https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231062. Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, 2016, Deepwater Horizon oil spill—Final programmatic damage assessment and restoration plan and final programmatic environmental impact statement: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1,869 p. [Also available at https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/ restoration-planning/gulf-plan.] McNutt, M.K., Camilli, R., Crone, T.J., Guthrie, G.D., Hsieh, P.A., Ryerson, T.B., Savas, O., and Shaffer, F., 2012, Review of flow rate estimates of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 109, no. 50, p. 20260–20267, accessed December 2024 at https://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.1112139108.

References Cited 7 Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, 2019, Final restoration plan 1 and environmental assessment— Birds and sturgeon: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Open Ocean Trustee Implementation Group, 163 p., accessed April 2022 at https://www. gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/media/document/2019-03oo-tig-final-rpea1-finalpdf.

Paruk, J.D., Evers, D.C., McIntyre, J.W., and Barr, J.F., 2021, Common loon (Gavia immer), version 2.0., in Mager, J., and Piper, W.H., eds., Birds of the world: Ithaca, New York, Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

For more information about this publication, contact: Director, USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center 2630 Fanta Reed Road La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603 For additional information, visit: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/umesc Publishing support provided by the Rolla and Lafayette Publishing Service Centers

Beatty and others—Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report—OFR 2025–1029

ISSN 2331-1258 (online) https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20251029

Restoration of Gavia immer (Common Loon) in Minnesota—2024 Annual Report

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