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FLORA OF JAPAN
(in English) by JISABURO OHWI National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
A combined, much revised, and extended translation by the author of his H AS #H @ i& FLORA OF JAPAN (1953) and AH A HE Wy it ~ 2° BS FLORA OF JAPAN—PTERIDOPHYTA (1957)
Edited by
Frederick G. Meyer Research Botanist, U.S. National Arboretum
and
Egbert H. Walker
Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1965
CONTENTS
Author’s preface to the English edition Vii Editor’s preface to the English edition ix Introduction 1 Phytogeographical résumé 1 Historical résumé of floristic work in Japan 6 General key to the families 9 Phylum Pteridophyta 21 Phylum Spermatophyta 109 Class 1. Gymnospermae 109 Class 2. Angiospermae 118 Subclass 1. Monocotyledoneae 118 Subclass 2. Dicotyledoneae 359 Reference list of authors’ names 931 Index of Japanese plant names 951 Index of scientific names 984
Index of English names 1067
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CORTE ONS Ue Se Oe
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
Osmunda asiatica and Asplenium antiquum
Dicranopteris linearis and Sphenomeris chinensis
Woodwardia orientalis var. formosana and Cyathea boninsimensis Cycas revoluta and Pinus pumila
Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis and Pinus thunbergi
Sciadopitys verticillata and Cryptomeria japonica
Themeda japonica
Miscanthus sinensis and Mount Shibutsu from Ozegahara Moor Livistona subglobosa and Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Callianthemum miyabeanum Stauntonia hexaphylla and Machilus thunbergu
Pittosporum tobira and Rhus javanica
Kandelia candel and Angelica ursina
Helwingia japonica and Rhododendron japonicum
Viburnum plicatum var. glabrum and Hypochaeris crepidioides Trichosanthes bracteata and Farfugium japonicum
FIGURES
Carex kobomugi and Carex macrocephala Japonolirion osense Nakai Calanthe oblanceolata Luisia teres
Nuphar japonicum Corydalis ochotensis Cardamine appendiculata Potentilla matsumurae Euchresta japonica Polygala reinii
Vaccinium sieboldii Primula tosaensis Cynanchum katoi Omphalodes prolifera Salvia japonica
Uncaria rhynchophylla Ligularia stenocephala
Following page 108 108 108 108 108 108 254 D4 254 468 468 650 650 650 854 854
Page 226 282 350 356 436 478 484 526 558 586 711 722 748 758 779 824 880
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AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
The original Japanese language edition of my Flora of Japan was published in Tokyo in 1953. This work included the in- digenous and adventive spermatophytes but not the pterido- phytes found in present-day Japan. Various authors have pub- lished floras of our realm, the first were by Europeans who visited Japan under Dutch auspices in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Under the influence of Europeans our own people began to collect plants in earnest after the middle of the 19th century. Soon thereafter the first flora listing all the plants known at that time was published by Jinzo Matsumura in 1884. Since that time other floras have been produced.
My Flora is a culmination of more than 30 years of study. Based largely upon my own field studies, this work is designed as a manual for students and for others less technically trained, who, from time to time, require a reference work to the flora of our islands. The present translation, the only flora of Japan in the English language and the first in a European tongue since Franchet and Savatier’s flora of 1875-79, is an emended and in several respects a revised version of my original work. Inclusion of the pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies), the pho- tographs, and the maps are features of the English version not found in my original Japanese edition. Also included in this English edition are some species recently recorded and not in- cluded in my Japanese edition. The nomenclature in the pres- ent work is in accordance with the International Code (In- ternational Rules Bot. Nom., 1961).
I shall be pleased if this English edition of my Flora is found to be useful to others outside my country. The translation might never have been undertaken except for my acquaintance with Leopold A. Charette of Burlington, Vermont, who, as a member of the U.S. Air Force, collected plants in parts of western Honshu and came to me for assistance shortly after
Vil
publication of my flora in 1953. He urged me to prepare trans- lations of certain genera for him, which I did. Very soon thereafter, I accepted the proposal to translate the entire work for publication in English.
I am deeply grateful to Drs. Tetsuo Koyama and Siro Kit- amura for contributing full treatments included here. The former wrote up the Araceae, Eriocaulaceae, and Juncaceae; the latter the Compositae. Much assistance has been generously given by various other Japanese and American botanists. In addition, much of the translation of this English version from my Japanese volume of 1953 was made by Dr. Koyama, a labor for which I am very grateful.
I wish to thank my American sponsors for making this translation of my Flora possible and for their continued and devoted interest over the long period since this translation project began in 1954. The Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored the first two grants-in-aid received from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., for translation in Japan of the Japanese text. A third and final grant, again from the National Science Foundation, together with funds provided by the Smithsonian Institution, made publication possible. Final editing and all arrangements for publication were entrusted to Frederick G. Meyer, Takoma Park, Maryland (formerly of the Missouri Botanical Garden), and Egbert H. Walker of the U.S. National Museum, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (retired). To friends and colleagues in my country I wish to extend thanks for provid- ing photographs which appear in the present work and for assisting me in various other ways.
JisaBurO OWI National Science Museum, Tokyo January 1965
Lbs att
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EDITORS’ PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
The flora of Japan first became known to westerners through the agency of the Dutch East India Company, established in Nagasaki in 1609. The first list of Japanese plants published in Europe was the “Amoenitatum Exoticarum” of Engelbert Kaempfer, published in 1712. Europeans under Dutch auspices continued to study the Japanese flora until Japan was opened to world commerce in 1859. Relatively soon thereafter, and continuing up to the present day, Japanese botanists have been busily engaged in the study of their flora.
To agriculturists, foresters, and horticulturists in America and Europe, and in other warm-temperate areas of the world, the Japanese flora long has been an important source of plant materials of economic importance. To botanists, the Japanese flora gained lasting prominence among students of the North Temperate boreal flora with Asa Gray’s now classic paper pub- lished in 1859,* which emphasized the relationships of the Japanese flora to parts of eastern United States.
The flora of Japan is perhaps the best known of any country in eastern Asia. Since about 1868, each period of activity has seen new floristic works published. Floras published in Japa- nese by Jinzo Matsumura, Tomitaro Makino, and Takenoshin Nakai, for example, are well known in Japan, although they have been of relatively little use to western botanists, prin- cipally because of language barriers.
This English language edition of a Flora of Japan, by Dr. Jisaburo Ohwi, is an attempt to bridge the language barrier. The last floristic work to cover the Japanese archipelago in a western language was Franchet and Savatier’s two-volume “Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium Huc- usque Rite Cognitarum,” published 1875-79. Unlike other floras of Japan of the past, Dr. Owhi’s work is the first to in- clude synoptical keys of all taxa through the level of the spe- cies. With this English translation, botanists, horticulturists, agriculturists, and others not fluent in the Japanese language
+Gray, A. Diagnostic characters of new species of phaenogamous plants, collected in Japan by Charles Wright, Botanist of the U.S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition, with observations upon the re- lations of the Japanese flora to that of North America, and of other parts of the northern temperate zone. Mem. Amer. Acad., n. ser.
6: 377-452, 1859.
have available a modern floristic work of Japan which covers the ferns through the phanerograms. We should point out here that the English language edition of this Flora of Japan is an emended account and not merely a verbatim translation of Dr. Ohwi’s original work in Japanese.
The Romaji or Japanese vernacular names are included for all taxa listed in this English edition, although to westerners the supplying of a vernacular name for every taxon might seem superfluous. This is due to the relative similarity of west- ern languages to Latin, the basis of the scientific names. But to the nonbotanist in Japan there is a far greater need for a ver- nacular name in Japanese because the great difference between that language and Latin precludes the use of the latter by the uninitiated. The vernacular names supplied by the author have been altered by the junior editor, with the aid of Mr. Hisao Matsumoto of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., by the insertion of additional hyphens, more than are commonly used by Japanese scholars. In this way the attempt has been made to aid westerners who may be interested in these names to comprehend more readily their structure and meaning. Japanese plants in cultivation often bear the original Romaji name and for this reason inclusion of the Japanese names is justified and useful.
In preparing the manuscript for publication, the editors have at all times endeavored to render faithfully and accurately the full intentions of the author, realizing fully the pitfalls of edit- ing another author’s work. All changes, corrections, and addi- tions have been carefully checked by the author himself. Vari- ous specialists in the United States have offered editorial assistance: Agnes Chase (Gramineae); F. A. McClure (Bam- buseae); C. V. Morton (ferns); Lincoln Constance (Umbel- liferae); Robert E. Woodson, Jr. (Apocynaceae and Asclepia- daceae); Rogers McVaugh (Campanulaceae); F. Raymond Fosberg (Rubiaceae); and S. F. Blake (Compositae). Without the full cooperation and cordial relationships between the edi- tors and the author, this project would not have been possible.
FREDERICK G, MEYER Ecpert H. Waker, Editors
January 1965
FLORA OF JAPAN
INTRODUCTION
In Europe and North America, many exhaustive floristic works are available, but in our country the lack of such works frequently has been keenly felt by us. Most of the early floristic investigations on the Japanese flora, beginning in the 18th cen- tury, were made by Europeans. Serious study and collecting by Japanese botanists began first in the 1860's. The early published works by our own botanists were mostly regional floristic stud- ies, although several floras of the entire Japanese archipelago from time to time have been published. One of the earliest was that of Jinzo Matsumura, “Nippon shokubutsu mei-i,’ pub- lished first in 1884, which went through nine editions. The “Nippon shokubutsu-dzukan” [“Illustrated Flora of Japan”], by Tomitaro Makino, first published in 1925, went through several editions and reprints, the latest in 1963. The “Nippon- shokubutsu-soran” [“Flora of Japan’”], by Tomitaro Makino and Kwanji Nemoto, first published in 1925, was issued the same year as Makino’s Illustrated Flora. The “Nova Flora Japonica,” by Takenoshin Nakai and M. Honda, 1935-51, un- fortunately was never completed.
The writing of my original Japanese edition began in 1947 after more than 30 years’ study on our flora. The aim was to produce a manual for botanists, dendrologists, foresters, and agriculturists, and a guide book for students who require a ready source of taxonomic information about the plants of Japan.
The present work enumerates all spontaneous plants inclu- sive of the ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, and phanero- gams. Synoptical keys are included for all taxa to the level of the species. A conservative interpretation of the taxa has been attempted. In complex groups, such as Sasa, Aconitum, Hosta, and others, where innumerable microspecies have been recorded by specialists, it has not been possible to include these in my Flora. Trivial variations in flower color, horticultural variants, local aberrations in vegetative morphology, such as dwarfs and monstrosities, are generally excluded. Exceptions to this are in instances where garden plants, long known to us, are enumerated as having originated from elements of our indigenous flora. Wherever such garden plants appear, the nomenclature is in accordance with modern usage in the nam- ing of horticultural plants (International Code for Cultivated Plants, 1961). A few plants of Chinese origin, long established in our country, such as Mahonia japonica, Prunus japonica, Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia liliflora, Clematis florida, and some others, are also included.
The Engler and Prantl system of classification, as outlined in “Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,” has been adopted for the phanerogams, and Copeland’s “Genera Filicum” as the guide in the treatment of pteridophytes. The aim was to construct the analytical keys on the basis of phylogeny, but this has not al- ways been practical or possible. Purely artificial keys often have been constructed for the convenience of the user. The diag- noses of the taxa and the keys are based almost wholly on avail- able herbarium specimens.
The geographical areas covered in this flora include all of present-day Japan, excluding the Tokara Islands. The Japanese archipelago is divided into eight segments: Hokkaido (includ- ing Rishiri and Rebun islands), northern Tohoku, Kanto, central, Kinki, and western Chugoku districts of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, including the adjacent islands of Tane- gashima and Yakushima as the southern boundary.
I am deeply grateful to the late Dr. G. Koidzumi, my men- tor, for his kind instructions over a long time and to many others for their many valuable suggestions. Dr. Y. Satake, S. Okuyama, and K. Hisauchi have rendered kind assistance to the author in various ways ever since he became a staff member of the National Science Museum. Dr. T. Koyama helped in preparing the drawings, reading proof, and making indexes, as well as in various other ways. In the preparation of accounts of complex plant groups various monographic studies by spe- cialists were very helpful. To all authors of these works the writer is greatly obligated.
I wish to mention that the original Japanese edition of this work was partially sponsored by a Publications Subsidy of the Ministry of Education, for which support I am deeply grateful.
PHY TOGEOGRAPHICAL RESUME
Japan supports a very rich flora in proportion to its size, a circumstance of historical importance in relation to Japan’s early closer relationship with mainland Asia and to its subse- quent development as an insular province with highly distinc- tive geographical characteristics. Historically, the Japanese home islands were a part of the continental landmass of Asia, at least down to the Quaternary Period. For this reason, our flora is most closely related to the Chinese flora, especially to plants of the mountains of China, where many species exist as relicts or as remnants of the much older Tertiary floras. That Japan was not greatly affected by Pleistocene glaciation is a factor which favored the preservation of older floras that might otherwise have vanished. Moreover, the approximately 850- mile length of the land area of Japan, extending over nearly 15 degrees of latitude from about 30° to 45° N. from the sub- tropical belt of the southern areas to the alpine summits of numerous mountain peaks——together with a complex moun- tain system that covers nearly 70 percent of the total land mass, are factors that determine the component elements of the flora.
The close proximity of the sea produces an insular climate over much of the country. The warm Japan Current or Black Stream (Kuroshio), as it flows from southwest to northeast along the Pacific side of the archipelago, influences all southern and southeastern areas, giving them a relatively high precipita- tion and little or no frost in areas near the coast. In these south- ern areas are found many plants which occur principally in areas farther south. In the north, the cool Kurile (Oyashio) Current has a pronounced cooling effect on the climate of northern Honshu. Likewise, in our northern areas and on the
y) INTRODUCTION
higher mountains occur many boreal species extending into this area from more northerly latitudes.
WARM-TEMPERATE REGION
This area embraces the coastal areas of southern Honshu, Shikoku, and the Pacific side of Kyushu, with a warm-temper- ate to subtropical climate influenced by the warm Japan Cur- rent (Kuroshio) from the southwest Pacific Ocean. This area is dominated largely by evergreen woody species, especially broad-leaved angiosperms. The heavy well-distributed precipi- tation of usually more than 60 inches per annum in this region results in a lush vegetation containing many plants with more southern affinities. Some common plants characteristic of this warm-temperate region are:
BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS
Camellia japonica Cinnamomum spp.
Cleyera japonica Daphniphyllum macropodum
Itea japonica Machilus spp. Myrica rubra Prunus spinulosa
Distylium racemosum Elaeocarpus japonicus Elaeocarpus sylvestris Eurya japonica
Cryptomeria japonica Pinus densiflora
Prunus zippeliana Quercus spp.
Symplocos spp. Trochodendron aralioides
CoNnIFERS
Podocarpus macrophyllus Podocarpus nagi
(in the secondary forest belt)
Lranas
Puants oF Rocky Piaces 1n MounTAINS
Calamagrostis hakonensis Carex spp.
Potentilla spp. Rhododendron spp.
StTaGEs OF SUCCESSION IN THE WARM-TEMPERATE REGION
The pioneer herbaceous plants which invade cut-over lands consist chiefly of Miscanthus sinensis, M. floridulus, Imperata, Themeda, Smilax china, Lespedeza, Rubus, and Rhododen- dron. The commonest pioneer woody species in many areas are Pinus densiflora, Mallotus japonicus, Clethra barbinervis, Calli- carpa japonica, and deciduous species of Symplocos. In the final stages of forest succession, evergreen species of Quercus and Cinnamomum reappear as climax dominants.
CoasraL DuNEs Arundo donax Calystegia soldanella Canavalia lineata Cnidium japonicum Ischaemum aristatum
Limonium tetragonum Messerschmidia sibirica Wedelia prostrata Zoysia macrostachys
ZONE BETWEEN THE DUNES AND CONIFEROUS FOREST
Pittosporum tobira Quercus phillyracoides Rosa wichuraiana Ternstroemia gymnanthera Vitex rotundifolia
Euonymus japonicus
Eurya emarginata
Hibiscus hamabo
Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens
Litsea japonica
SuBTROPICAL ELEMENTS OF SOUTHERN KyusHu, TANEGASHIMA, YAKUSHIMA, AND AOSHIMA
Actinidia rufa Hedera rhombea Hosiea japonica Kadsura japonica
Clethra barbinervis Euscaphis japonica Idesia polycarpa Mallotus japonicus Prunus jamasakura Prunus lannesiana
Piper kadsura Trachelospermum asiaticum Uncaria rhynchophylla
Decipuous TREES
Ardisia sieboldit Livistona chinensis Caesalpinia nuga Melastoma candidum Cassytha filiformis Messerschmidia argentea Cycas revoluta Microstegium ciliatum Entada phaseoloides Myoporum bontioides
Ficus microcarpa Glochidion hongkongense Ipomoea pes-caprae
Osheckia chinensis Schefflera octophylla Spinifex littoreus
Rhus javanica
Rhus succedanea
Rhus trichocarpa
Styrax japonica Zanthoxylum ailanthoides
SHRUBBY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES
Alocasia spp. Ardisia crenata Ardisia seboldii Arundinaria
(in forest understory) Arundo donax Broussonetia kaempferi Broussonetia kazinoki
Euryale ferox Nelumbo nucifera Nuphar japonicum
” Epilobium pyrricholophum Eriocaulon spp.
Lycopus lucidus Miscanthus sacchariflorus Phragmites spp.
Debregeasia edulis Dicliptera japonica Fatsia japonica Nandina domestica Pseudopyxts sp. Rhododendron spp. Rubus trifidus Villebrunea frutescens
AQuatics
Nymphaea tetragona Potamogeton spp.
MarsH PLANts
Polygonum spp. Rhynchospora spp.
Typha spp. Zizania latifolia
Kandelia candel Tree-ferns
On rocks in fast-running streams in the low mountains of southern Kyushu and Yakushima are found Cladopus and Hydrobryum, both of the Podostemaceae. These are quite re- markable members of the Japanese flora, since these genera are primarily tropical with a distribution centering in India and Malaysia.
The Laurisylvae or broad-leaved evergreen forest extends northward along both the Pacific side and the Japan Sea coast of Honshu to about 38° N. latitude, where the deciduous forest species become the dominant element of the woody vegetation. Deciduous forest species, such as Quercus acutissima, O. serrata, Castanea crenata, Acer spp., Carpinus laxiflora, C. tschonosku, Alnus japonica, and A. sieboldiana, are mixed with evergreen species, Evergreen trees native in the vicinity of Tokyo are represented only by a few species of evergreen Quercus, Casta- nopsis, Machilus, and a few others.
Areas of continental eastern Asia that correspond most closely with the warm-temperate parts of Japan are the low- land and hilly areas from southern Korea to the Yangtze Val- ley and the mountainous regions of Chekiang, Fukien, Hunan, Szechuan, Kwangsi, Kweichow, and Yunnan, and from For- mosa to the western part of Sikang to the highlands of the Himalayas, Burma, and Indochina.
Significant genera found in both China and in Japan include Trochodendron, Loropetalum, Chikusichloa, Cryptomeria, Elli-
INTRODUCTION
siophyllum, Chionographis, Nandina, Hosiaea, Skimmuia, Stauntonia, Hovenia, Liriope, Ophiopogon, Shibataea, Heteros- milax, and Phaenosperma. Genera such as Buxus, Camellia, Broussonetia, Aulacolepis are distributed even more widely over parts of southeastern Asia and India. While many of the species in the warm-temperate parts of Japan are endemic, very few of the genera are confined to this region. Alectorurus and Neofinetia are believed to be the only genera endemic of the Warm-temperate region of Japan.
In the warm-temperate region, endemism at the species level is perhaps best developed in the Fuji Volcanic Range and the Fossa Magna region. These areas, especially the Fuji Volcanic Range, as explained by Dr. F. Maekawa, were subject to a long period of volcanic activity during the Tertiary when they be- came pioneer areas for the development of new taxa. Campa- nula punctata var. microdonta, Carex hachijoensis, Rhododen- dron tsusiophyllum, and Astilbe simplicifolia are examples of endemic taxa found there.
ENDEMIc PLANTS OF THE Fuji VoLcANIC RANGE WITH THEIR ViIcARIoUS ANCESTORS IN THE Marntanp (Honsuu, SHIKoKu, AND KyusHu)
Polygonum cuspidatum var. terminale
Prunus lannesiana var. speciosa
Rhododendron tsusiophyllum
Saxifraga fortune var. crassifolia
Calamagrostis autumnalis
Campanula punctata var. mucrodonta
Carex doenitzit var. okuboi
Carex oshimensis
Hydrangea macrophylla var.
normalis Styrax japonica var. Lilium auratum var. jippet-kawamurae platyphyllum Weigela coraeénsts var.
Meliosma hachijoensis fragrans
TEMPERATE REGION
The temperate region begins at about 1,000-1,500 m. above sea level in Kyushu and southern Shikoku, thence gradually decreasing in altitude northeastward to the low mountains of the Kanto District. The temperate region descends to sea level at about 38° N. latitude and continues northward along the coastal areas to the southwestern part of Hokkaido, including the southern province of Tokachi. The intermediate forest zone between the warm-temperate and temperate regions are usually dominated by Quercus acutissima, O. serrata, Castanea crenata, and Pinus densiflora. In the temperate region Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and C. pisifera are widely cul- tivated, but the larger bamboos are no longer very evident. Plants common in the temperate region are:
Decipuous TREES
Fraxinus sieboldiana Hamamelis japonica Kalopanax septemlobus Magnolia obovata Prunus sargentit Prunus verecunda Quercus mongolica Sorbus alntfoha Sorbus commixta Sorbus japonica Styrax shiraiana Tilia japonica Ulmus laciniata Viburnum furcatum
Acer japonicum
Acer mono
Acer palmatum
Aesculus turbinata
Alnus hirsuta
Betula grossa
Betula maximowicziana
Betula schmidti
Carpinus cordata
Carpinus japonica
Fagus crenata
Fagus japonica
Fraxinus mandschurica var. japonica
CoNIFERS
Abies firma
Abies homolepis Larix leptolepis Pinus koraiensis Pinus pentaphylla Pseudotsuga japonica
Sciadopitys verticillata Taxus cuspidata Thuja standishit Thujopsis dolabrata Tsuga diversifolia Tsuga sieboldu
BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS
Aucuba japonica Daphniphyllum humile Euonymus fortunei
Ilex leucoclada Ilex sugeroki Skimmia japonica
Decipuous SHRUBS
Hydrangea macrophylla var. acuminata
Ilex serrata
Kerria japonica
Lespedeza spp.
Lonicera spp.
Sorbus gracilis Spiraea japonica Tripetaleia paniculata Vaccinium spp.
Decipuous Lianas
Actinidia polygama Akebia quinata Akebia trifoliata Hydrangea petiolaris
Rhus ambigua Schizophragma hydrangeotdes Tripterygium regelit
Vitis coignetiae
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Cacalia spp.
Chrysosplenium spp.
Circaea spp.
Cirsium spp.
Gentiana scabra var. buergert
Melampyrum laxum Plectranthus trichocarpus Saussurea spp.
Trillium spp.
Viola spp.
ENDEMIC GENERA FOUND IN THE TEMPERATE REGION
Anemonopsis (Ranunculaceae) Deinanthe (Saxifragaceae) Glaucidium (Ranunculaceae) Hakonechloa (Gramineae) Kirengeshoma (Saxifragaceae)
Peltoboykinia (Saxifragaceae) Ranzania (Berberidaceae) Sciadopitys (Coniferae) Thujopsis (Coniferae) Tripetaleia (Ericaceae)
ELEMENTS OF THE WARM-TEMPERATE REGION FOUND IN THE LirToraL ZONE OF THE TEMPERATE REGION
Calystegia soldanella Carex hobomugi Carex pumila
Imperata cylindrica Ixeris repens Zoysia macrostachya
PLaNnTs FouND IN THE TEMPERATE REGION More WIDESPREAD FARTHER SOUTH
Arabis stelleri Lathyrus maritimus Linaria japonica
Messerschmidia sibirica Rosa rugosa Thermopsis lupinoides
PLants CoMMoNLY Founp IN Rocky PLaces ALONG THE Coast
Chrysanthemum yezoense Lystmachia mauritiana
Sedum kamtschaticum
DomINANT CoMPONENTS OF THE CoasTaL FORESTS
Pinus thunbergit
Quercus dentata
Mars PLanTs oF CoasTaL AREAS
Aster tripolium Carex rugulosa Carex scabrifolia
Fimbristylis subbispicata Triglochin maritimum
Aguatic PLants
Aldrovanda vesiculosa Brasenia purpurea Myriophyllum spicatum Najas marina
Najas minor
Nuphar subintegerrimum
Potamogeton spp. Ranunculus nipponicus Sparganium spp. Utricularia spp. Vallisneria asiatica
INTRODUCTION
Marsu PLANts AND OTHERS CoMMON ALONG STREAMS
Caltha palustris Carex dickinsit Carex dispalata Cyperus glomeratus Eleocharis spp. Eriocaulon spp. Lycopus untflorus Rhynchospora spp.
Scirpus juncoides
Scirpus lacustris var. creber Scirpus mitsukurianus Scirpus preslit
Scirpus triqueter
Scirpus wichurae Sparganium stoloniferum Typha latifolia
RELICT SPECIES OF TEMPERATE JAPAN, WHOSE PRINCIPAL DisTRIBUTION Is IN NorTHERN Korea, MANCHURIA, AND AMUR
Adenophora palustris Astragalus adsurgens Campanula glomerata Carex cinerascens Carex leiorhyncha Carex lithophila Carex meyeriana Carex neurocarpa
Carex onoei
Lilium callosum Polygonatum inflatum Senecio flammeus Trigonotis nakaun Triosteum sinuatum Viburnum carlesit
The temperate flora of Japan shows close relationship to that of certain areas of mainland eastern Asia, especially with the mountainous areas of southern Korea and the lowlands of cen- tral Korea and the Huan River valley, also with the mountain- ous regions of central China and the high mountains of the Himalaya and Malaysia.
GENERA COMMON TO THE TEMPERATE FLORAS OF JAPAN AND THE MAINLAND OF EASTERN ASIA
The coastal areas of the Japan Sea side of Honshu, centering around Hokuriku from San’in District as far north as the west coast of Ugo Province, contrast rather sharply in climate with areas of the Pacific Coast at the same latitude. The winters on the Japan Sea side are considerably more humid than those on the Pacific side with much more snow in the mountains and along coastal areas. Coniferous forests of Abies, Picea, and Tsuga are charasteristic of the Pacific side of the country.
ENDEMIC or Hokuriku ELEMENTS IN THE FLorA OF JAPAN SEA SIDE
Actinidia Euptelea Aimshaea Helwingia Akebia Hosta Aucuba Hovenia Cercidiphyllum Peracarpa Cryptomeria Tricyrtis Dammnacanthus Weigela Deutzia
GENERA FOUND IN THE TEMPERATE FLora OF JAPAN WITH OUTLYING Taxa ExTENpDING Across Asia, SOME INTO EUROPE
Agrostis hideot
Alnus fauriei
Berchemia longeracemosa Calamagrostis fauriet Calamagrostis gigas Camellia rusticana
Carex aphyllopus Chrysosplenium fauriet Corydalis capillipes
Hamamelis japonica vat. obtusata
Tlex leucoclada
Tris gracilipes
Pedicularis nipponica
Poa fauriei
Ranzania japonica
Tripterygium regelit
Viola fauricana
Adenophora Hedera Adonis Ilex Bothriospermum Pseudostellaria Kengia Syringa Eranthis Thelygonum Forsythia
The relationship of the flora of Japan to that of North Amer- ica, especially eastern North America, was first elucidated by Asa Gray in his now classic paper published in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (see footnote p. ix). Gray first elcuidated the close affinities that exist be- tween the two areas. This floristic relationship is now explained on a historical basis of a former land-bridge connection be- tween Asia and North America across the Bering Sea in pre- glacial times. Most of the American representatives of genera common to both areas are considered by most authors to be distinct from those in Japan, but in some instances the Ameri- can and Japanese taxa may be distinguished only with diff- culty.
GENERA COMMON TO JAPAN AND EASTERN NortTH AMERICA
Apios Meehania Boykinia Menispermum Buckleya Menziesia Caulophyllum Muhlenbergia Clethra Osmorhiza Croomia Pachysandra Cryptotaenia Phryma Diarrhena Shortia Diphylleia Stewartia Epigaea Tipularia Hamamelis Torreya
Ttea Trautvetteria Leucothoé Tsuga Lespedeza Wisteria Magnolia Zizania
Epimedium sempervirens
Several gigantic herbaceous plants are found in the wet coastal areas of the Japan Sea side, the most common being Petasites japonicus var. giganteus, Polygonum sachalinense, Cacalia hastata var. orientalis, Urtica platyphylla, Angelica matsumurae, A. edulis, A. ursina, and Filipendula kamtscha- tica.
In the mountains near the Japan Sea coast where winter snows are deep, the alpine zone descends to a relatively low elevation and the development of moors is a prominent aspect of the high mountainous districts of this region. Among the common species in wet alpine meadows are Fauria crista-gallz, Tofieldia japonica, Narthecium asiaticum, Phyllodoce aleutica, Boykinia lycoctontfolia, Scirpus caespitosus, Scirpus hondoensis, Juncus beringensis, Geum pentapetalum, Plantago hakusanen- sis, and Primula cuneifolia var. hakusanensis. This mountain flora appears to be most closely related to that of more northern areas in Kamchatka and Alaska where snowfall is heavy and the climate is moist.
In the Hokuriku region of the Japanese alps where heavy winter snow weighs down all shrubby vegetation, most of the understory shrubs are nearly prostrate or at least decumbent. The occurrence of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs in this re- gion, such as Ilex leucoclada, Camellia rusticana, Daphniphyl- lum humile, Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana, Ilex crenata var. paludosa, is possible because of a protective covering of deep snow in winter. Also found here are Chikusichloa aqua- tica and Diplaziopsis cavaleriana, both represented more widely in the warm-temperate areas of western Japan.
BOREAL REGION
The boreal region of Japan is characterized by a coniferous forest belt composed of Abies mariesii, A. homolepis, A. mayri-
INTRODUCTION 5
ana, A. veitchit, Picea jezoensis, Larix kaempferi, Tsuga d1- versifolia, and Taxus cuspidata, which occurs at altitudes up to 2,000 m, in the western parts of Honshu and Shikoku. In the central district of Honshu this zone occurs from 1,500 to 2,000 m, altitude. In the northern districts of Honshu the coniferous belt is found from 1,000 to 1,500 m. altitude and to near sea level in the eastern and northern parts of Hokkaido. Common plants of this boreal region are:
Decipuous TREES
Betula playtyphylla Prunus ssiori
Sorbus commixta Sorbus matsumurana
Acer tschonoskiu Alnus matsumurae Alnus maximowiczit (upper zone) Betula ermanu
Decripuous SHRUBS Salix rein Vaccinium yatabet
Euonymus tricarpus Oplopanax Japonicus
BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS
Rhododendron brachycarpum Rhododendron degronianum
Tlex rugosa Ilex sugerokt
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Matanthemum dilatatum Microstylis monophyllos Platanthera ophrydioides Trientalis europaea
Circaea alpina var. caulescens Cornus canadensis
Epilobium spp.
Glyceria alnasteretum
LIANAS
Actinidia kolomikta Rhus ambigua
PLANTs OF CoasTaL DuNES
Arabis stelleri var. Artemisia stelleriana Carex gmeliniz Elymus mollis Glehnia littoralis Honkenya peploides Lathyrus maritimus
Linaria japonica
Matricaria matricarioides Matricaria tetragonosperma Mertensia asiatica
Rosa rugosa
Scutellaria strigillosa
PLANTs OF SEA CLIFFS
Chrysanthemum arcticum Potentilla megalantha
Trifolium lupinaster
PLANTs OF LirroraL Swamps IN CoasTaL AREAS
Carex lyngbyet Carex mackenziei Glaux maritima Salicornia europaea
Scirpus planiculmis Triglochin maritimum Triglochin palustre
AQUATICS
Nuphar pumilum Polygonum amphibium Potamogeton heterophyllus
Scirpus tabernaemontani Sparganium gramineum
PLANTs OF SPHAGNUM Bocs
Andromeda spp. Ledum spp.
Carex curta Narthecium asiaticum Carex limosa Rhychospora alba Carex middendor ffii Scheuchzeria
Drosera angelica Tofteldia japonica
Drosera rotundifolia Eriophorum spp.
Vaccinium oxycoccus
PLANTS OF FRESH-WATER MARSHES AND STREAM-MARGINS
Alnus hirsuta Calamagrostis langsdor ffi Epilobium angustifolium Phragmites communis
Polygonum sachalinense Salix spp. Scirpus wichurae
The genera found in the boreal region mostly are those with a wide circumboreal distribution. Only Pteridophyllum, Dac- tylostalix, and Tripetaleia are endemic of this floristic province.
Coniferous forests are widely scattered in the high moun- tains of the Japan Sea side, consisting, when they do occur, mainly of Thuja standishii and Larix leptolepis. Deciduous woody species predominate in the vegetation of this region, include Acer tschonosku, Alnus maximowiczu, Betula ermanit, Hamamelis japonica var., Magnolia salicifolia, and Sorbus matsumurana.
In lowlands, especially near the seacoast of eastern Hok- kaido centering in the provinces of Nemuro and Tokachi, fogs in summer are of frequent occurrence as a result of the cold Kurile Current which flows southwestward along the south coast. Moors in this area are well developed. Carex subspatha- cea and C. mackenziez occur in the littoral swamps, the only areas where these plants appear in Japan. In the coastal area are Saxifraga bracteata, Potentilla megalantha, Cochlearia oblongt- folia, Rhododendron parvifolium, and Fritillaria camtschatcen- sis, these having reached our area from farther north.
ARCTIC-ALPINE REGION
Extensive arctic-alpine areas are not represented in Japan, although treeless tundralike areas of limited extent occur on several mountain peaks scattered over various parts of the country. In the central district of Honshu, the alpine zone occurs at elevations of about 2,500 m. In the northern district of Honshu it begins at about 2,000 m. and at 1,500 m. in Hok- kaido. Characteristically, the alpine zone is represented by a shrubby pine, Pinus pumila, except on the more recent vol- canoes, such as Mount Fuji and Mount Asama. Immediately below the Pinus pumila zone deciduous shrubs are prominently represented, mainly Alnus maximowiczu, Betula ermanit, Pru- nus nipponica, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. axillare, Sorbus sambucifolia, and S. matsumurana, mixed with many high- altitude herbaceous plants. In the alpine zone, the plants con- sist mainly of Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Gen- tiamaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, and Cruciferae. The genera of the alpine zone mostly are those widely distributed throughout the northern parts of the North- ern Hemisphere. The only endemic genus of the alpine area of Japan is Japonolirion, found on serpentine rocks. Most of the species of alpine plants found in Japan occur also in eastern Si- beria, Alaska, the Aleutians, and Kamchatka, or represent widely distributed circumpolar species. Very little relationship is shown between the alpine plants of Japan and those of the Sino-Himalayan area, although Polystichum lachenense (Fil- ices) and the genus Androcorys (Orchidaceae) occur in both areas.
Recent vulcanism in Mount Fuji, Mount Asama, Mount Iwate, Mount Chokai and in some other areas may be responsi- ble for the occurrence of alpine species at lower elevations than on nonvolcanic mountain peaks found elsewhere.
Local endemism on Mount Hayachine, Mount Shibutsu, and Mount Apoi is associated with serpentine rocks found on these mountain peaks. The incidence of alpine plants is relatively
6 INTRODUCTION
high on Mount Apoi as a result of a lowered summer tem- perature brought on by heavy fog during the growing months of summer. The flora of Rebun Island, adjacent to Hokkaido, is known for the occurrence of floristic elements from Sakhalin as a result of a lowered summer temperature brought on by the cold current that flows southward through the Mamiya Channel.
HISTORICAL RESUME OF FLORISTIC WORK IN JAPAN
When Linnaeus wrote the first edition of his “Species Plan- tarum” in 1753, he knew only a few of the plants of Japan, all taken from the “Amoenitatum Exoticarum” (1712) of Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716). Kaempfer was a German naturalist who lived in Japan from 1690 to 1692 as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. The plants listed by Kaempfer were: Chenopodium scoparia, Rhus vernix, Laurus camphora, Thea sinensis, Uvaria japonica, Camellia japonica, Morus papyrifera, Xanthium strumarium, Ficus pumila, Smilax china, Taxus nucifera, Epidendrum moniliforme, Azalea in- dica, etc., all well known among the indigenous plants of Japan.
In volume I of Linnaeus’s “Mantissa Plantarum” (1767), Sophora japonica, Prenanthes japonica, and Tussilago japonica were described on the basis of actual specimens collected in 1759 by Christiaan Kleynhoff, a Hollander of German birth. The next year Kleynhoff’s collection was reported upon by N. L. Burman (1734-1793), also of Holland, in his “Flora Indica” (1768). In Burman’s work Azalea rosmarinifolia, Basella japonica, Arnica tussilaginea, and Ficus pyrtfolia are described from Japan as new taxa based upon Kleynhoff’s original speci- mens.
C. P. Thunberg (1743-1828), a Swedish naturalist, phys- ician, and disciple of Linnaeus, came to Japan in August of 1775 at the age of 32 years, as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. Thunberg traveled from Nagasaki to Yedo (Tokyo) and back before his return home via Java in December of 1776. Thunberg’s Japanese collections amounted to approximately 1,000 species. The best of his collection was from Hakone. The major work of Thunberg culminated in his now classic work “Flora Japonica,” published in 1784, the cornerstone of taxonomic botany in Japan. Thunberg pub- lished separately on parts of his Japanese collections in “Kaempferus Illustratus,” 1-2 (1780, 1783); “Nova Genera Plantarum,” 1 and 3 (1781, 1783), and several other works. Several novelties from his collection were published in “Sup- plementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium” (1781) by the son of Linnaeus and in part 2, volumes 8-14, of the “Natuurlyke Historie” (1773-83) of Martinus Houttuyn. Nearly all of Thunberg’s collections are now preserved in the University of Uppsala in Sweden.
Through the Dutch East India Company, established in Nagasaki in 1609, Japanese plants found their way to Europe via Dejima Island, the only Japanese port opened to foreigners at that time. Only ships of Dutch nationality were permitted ‘entry until restrictions were removed in 1859. Floristic studies on the Japanese flora during this period, although of a rela- tively limited scope, were carried on under Dutch sponsorship. Botanical collecting by the Dutch was greatly accelerated after the beginning of the 19th century by the opening of a botanical garden at Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in Java and by the ex-
ploits of Siebold and others. Japanese plants from various col- lectors were studied by K. L. von Blume (1796-1862) at Bui- tenzorg. We find that publication on some of Siebold’s early collections began to appear in volume 2 of Blume’s “Bijdran- gen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie” (1825-26).
P. F. von Siebold (1796-1866), of German birth, came to Japan in 1823 when he was 27 years of age as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. He remained in Japan until 1829. During his residence of six years he collected assiduously at Nagasaki and vicinity, and in 1826 he traveled to Yedo (Tokyo) and back. Siebold was assisted at various times by the able Japanese naturalists Keiske Ito (1803-1901), Yoan Uda- gawa (1798-1846), and Hobun Mizutani (1779-1833). Upon his return to Europe in 1830, Siebold lived at Leiden and conr- tinued to receive plants from Japan sent through his Japanese acquaintances, from H. Buerger who had earlier collected plants with Siebold, and from Jacques Pierot (1812-41) who visited Japan in 1840. Plants also came from Otto Gottlieb Johan Mohnike (1814-87). For a time Siebold operated the commercial nursery of Siebold & Co. at Leiden and sold many Japanese plants widely over Europe. This undertaking was the most important effort up to this time to introduce Japanese plants into Europe. Ch. F. A. Mooren (1807-58), Joseph De- caisne (1807-82), and Justus Karl Hasskarl (1811-94) made studies on the living plants brought from Japan by Siebold.
The principal works published by Siebold on the Japanese flora are his “Plantarum, quas in Japonia Collegit Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold, Genera Nova, Notis Characteristicis Delineationi- busque Illustrata Proponunt” (1843) and his “Florae Japonicae Familiae Naturales” (1845-46) both published jointly with J. G. Zuccarini, and his “Flora Japonica” (1826-70) published also under joint authorship with Zuccarini, except for the sec- ond volume, of which F. A. W. Miquel was joint author. Most of the herbarium specimens collected by Siebold are preserved in the Rijksherbarium at Leiden. A somewhat smaller set, pur- chased by Maximowicz, is in Leningrad along with Siebold’s unpublished drawings prepared for the “Flora Japonica.”
Siebold’s Japanese collections were cited in several works by other authors, especially by K. L. Blume in the “Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum,” 1-2 (1849-56) and in his “Flora Javae et Insularum Adjacentium Nova Series” (Orchi- daceae), 1858, and by E. G. Steudel in his “Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum,” (1854-55). F. A. W. Miquel published the most amplified account of Siebold’s collection in his “Prolusio Florae Japonicae” (1865-67) issued in his serial “Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi.”
Heinrich Zollinger, a Swiss botanist who worked in the herbarium at Buitenzorg from 1841 to 1848, published on the Japanese plants he found deposited in the Buitenzorg herba- rium. This work, entitled “Systematisches Verzeichnis der im Indischen Archipel in den Jahren 1842-48 gesammelten, sowie der aus Japan empfangenen Pflanzen” published in Zurich in 1854-55, included an account of the Japanese collections of P. F. W. Goring.
Philip Friedrich Wilhelm Goring (1809-79) was a bot- anist of German birth who collected under Dutch auspices at Nagasaki. Goring’s collections were studied by various special- ists, but principally by Zuccarini, who published on them in the periodical “Flora,” volume 29 (1846). Steudel reported on the grasses and sedges, also in volume 29 of “Flora.” The Ger- man botanist H. G. Reichenbach f. published on the orchids in the “Botanische Zeitung,” volume 3 (1845). Some new species based on Goring’s collections were described by N. S.
INTRODUCTION 7!
Turczaninov, a Russian botanist, in various issues of the “Bul- letin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou” for 1846 and 1848. The exact dates of Goring’s Japanese itinerary have not been definitely established. It is known, however, that he was in Java from 1844 to 1856.
The middle of the century saw the beginning of a new era of botanical activity in Japan, when foreign plant collectors, other than Dutch, began to visit the country. Among the first can be mentioned S. Wells Williams and James Morrow from the the United States of America who were attached to the Perry Expedition of 1852-54. Collections of plants were made chiefly at Shimoda, a harbor in the southern part of the Idzu Peninsula, and at Hakodate in Hokkaido. In the wake of these collectors came Charles Wright and J. Small, who visited Japan as members of the U.S. North Pacific Exploring (Ringold and Rodgers) Expedition of 1853-56. The collections from these two American expeditions were reported on by Asa Gray under the title “List of Dried Plants Collected in Japan by S. Wells Williams, Esq., and Dr. James Morrow” (1856) and “Diagnostic Characters of New Species of Phaenogamous Plants, Collected in Japan by Charles Wright” (1859). In the latter paper, Gray presented his views on the relationships be- tween the floras of Japan and of eastern North America (see footnote p. ix).
C. P. Hodgson, the English consul at Hakodate, 1859-60, sent to W. J. Hooker at Kew his collection from Hakodate and vicinity. Hooker in 1861 published a “Catalogue of Japan Plants, Systematically Arranged” based upon Hodgson’s col- lection.
C. J. Maximowicz (1827-91), a Russian botanist, first came to Hakodate in 1860 soon after publication of his “Primi- tiae Florae Amurensis” (1859). Maximowicz’s itinerary in Japan covered at least the following localities as cited on his herbarium specimens: the southwestern part of Hokkaido, Yokohama, Hakone, Mount Fuji, Mount Kuju, Nagasaki, Mount Aso, and Kumamoto. He left Japan in 1864. In 1866 Maximowicz purchased from Siebold’s widow part of his Japanese collections. At this period Maximowicz, through his many acquaintances in Japan, brought together the largest col- lection of Japanese plants made up to this time. Tschonoski Su- gawa (1841-1925), who was Maximowicz’s attendant during his stay in Japan, continued to send many plants to Maximowicz after his departure from Japan. Michael Albrecht, a medical emissary to the Russian consul at Hakodate, offered to Maxim- owicz his collection of plants gathered at Hakodate. In addition to these, much material was sent to Maximowicz by the leading Japanese botanists of the period, including Yasu- sada Tashiro (1856-1928), Yoshio Tanaka (1838-1916), Ryo- kichi Yatabe (1851-99), Jinzo Matsumura (1856-1928), Tokutaro Ito (1868-1941), Kingo Miyabe (1860-1951), and Tomitaro Makino (1862-1957).
Maximowicz published his first paper on the Japanese flora in 1866. He continued to publish intermittently from then on until his death in 1891. His most elaborate publications are “Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mand- shuriae” (1866-77) and “Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum” (1877-93). These were scholarly works, each a great contribution to Japanese botany. It should be men- tioned that Maximowicz made extensive use of the classical work “Somoku-dzusetsu” by Yokusai linuma (1783-1865), the first illustrated flora of Japan (ed. 1, 1856), in which Max- imowicz assigned Latin names to many of the figures. The principal set of Maximowicz’s Japanese collections is in
Leningrad, with nearly complete sets at Kew and in Paris. Partial sets exist in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., and in various other herbaria.
From 1857 to 1859 C. Wilford, an Englishman, traveled in eastern Asia and visited Japan as well as the north China coastal area, Formosa, and Korea. Wilford’s collection was sent to Kew and was studied later by Maximowicz.
Two British horticulturists, James Gould Veitch, who visited Japan from 1859 to 1862, and Robert Fortune, who came in 1861, sent many living plants and seeds to England.
Richard Oldham (1837-1864), an Englishman, botanized in the neighborhood of Nagasaki in 1862 and 1863. His collection was studied by Daniel Oliver at Kew, by Miquel in Leiden, and by Maximowicz in Leningrad.
Otto Schottmiiller (?-1864) and Max Ernst Wichura (1817-66), as members of a German scientific exploring ex- pedition dispatched to Japan and China between 1859 and 1861, botanized in the Ryukyus, Hokkaido, and Nagasaki in 1860.
P. A. L. Savatier, a Frenchman, collected plants in Japan from 1866 to 1871 and again from 1873 to 1876, during his tenure as a medical officer of the Jron Works at Yokosuka. The collections of Savatier were gathered chiefly in Yokosuka and its suburbs, Mount Fuji, Hakone, Atami, Nikko, and Hako- date. Savatier, like his predecessors, obtained assistance from several Japanese botanists of the period, as well as from sev- eral visiting foreigners. Japanese botanists assisting Savatier included Keiske It6, Motoyoshi Ono, Ichiro Saba, and Yoshio Tanaka. The foreigners who collected for Savatier included F. L. Verny (Mount Asama, Tomioka in Kozuke Province, and Niigata), de Brandt, the Prussian minister to Japan (Ha- kodate and Kyushu), a Mr. Robert, an army surgeon (Hako- date), and F. Hilgendorf (chiefly Hakodate). Other names among foreign contributors include Hogg, Kramer, Vidal (Tomioka, Niigata), and Dickins (Atami). The two-volume work by Franchet and Savatier, “Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte crescentium,” published in 1875-79, was the most extensive enumeration up to this time of the plants of Japan. Franchet and Savatier’s flora included a useful biblio- graphical compilation of classical studies on Japanese plants, such as Kwa-wi, Honzo-dzufu, and Somoku-dzusetsu. Savatier prepared a translation of Kwa-wi under the French title “Livres Kwa-wi traduits du japonais avec l’aide de M. Saba” (1873). The first set of Savatier’s Japanese collections is kept in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris. Par- tial sets are at Kew, in the U.S. National Museum, Washing- ton, D.C., and elsewhere.
Several small collections by Europeans were made during the latter part of the 19th century as follows:
Emanuel Weiss (1835-70) and J. von Xanthus were members of a Hungarian expedition in 1869-70, led by H. Wawra von Fernsee. Their collections are mainly from Yoko- hama. A publication on their collections was made by A. Kanitz, entitled “Expeditio Austro-Hungarica ad oras Asiae orientalis. Anthophyta quae in Japonia legit beat” (1878).
James Bisset (1843-1911), an Englishman, collected in Ja- pan at various times from 1866 to 1886, chiefly in Hakone, on Mount Oyama, and at Yokohama. Spencer le Marchant Moore published on these in parts I and II of his “Alabastra Diversa” in the Journal of Botany British and Foreign (1877-78).
Doenitz, a German, visited Japan from 1876 to 1880. He climbed Mount Nantaisan in Nikko in 1875, Mount Fuji in
8 INTRODUCTION
1875, and Mount Kanosan in 1876, and went to Yumoto near Nikko in 1876.
J. J. Rein (1835-1918), a German geographer, came to Japan in 1874 and made tours of Mount Ontake in Shinano province, Hakone, Nikko, Shikoku, and Amami-Oshima. His specimens are cited by Franchet and Savatier in their “Enu- meratio.”
F. Hilgendorff (1839-1904), a German teacher of zoology, botanized in Japan in connection with his zoological investi- gations.
L. H. Doederlein (1855-1936), a German, in company with Yasusada Tashiro visited Amami-Oshima and some other areas of Japan in 1880. His publication “Botanische Mitteil- ungen aus Japan” appeared in Botanisches Centralblatt in 1881.
Otto H. Warburg (1859-1938) came to Tokyo in 1887 after collecting previously in Korea, the Tsushima Islands, and the Goto Islands.
Charles S§. Sargent, an American botanist, collected in various parts of Japan in 1892. The results of his investigations on the Japanese forest flora were summarized in his “Forest Flora of Japan,” published in 1894.
Urbain Faurie (1847-1914), came to Japan in 1874 at the age of 27 years, as a French missionary. Faurie must be ex- tolled as perhaps the most energetic of 19th-century collectors of Japanese plants. His collections of flowering plants and cryptogams, amounting to several hundred thousand herbar- ium sheets, remain as a monumental legacy of his many en- ergetic years spent in the country.
Faurie first took up residence at Niigata in 1874. In 1883 he moyed to Hakodate in Hokkaido and began a tour of that part of Japan. In 1897 he lived in Aomori on Honshu. By this time Faurie had collected extensively over much of the coun- try as well as the adjoining areas of the South Kuriles, south- ern Korea, and Amami-oshima. He died from illness in For- mosa in 1914. His collections were sent mostly to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. A nearly complete set of Faurie’s collections is also kept in the herbarium of the University of Kyoto. Duplicates were widely dispersed to the leading herbaria of Europe, and large sets exist also in the older herbaria of America.
Faurie’s collections of his Niigata period were cited in Franchet and Savatier’s “Enumeratio.” After Franchet’s death the Faurie collections came into the hands of H. Léveillé (1863-1918), who worked on the Cyperaceae. This latter set of Faurie’s collections was purchased by the British Museum (Natural History) in London after Léveillé’s death. Faurie’s collections were studied by many specialists, including B. Ha- yata, T. Nakai, G. Koidzumi, H. Christ (ferns), E. Rosenstock (ferns), C. Christensen (ferns), E. Hackel (grasses), E. Koehne (Rosaceae), M. Petitmengin, G. Kiikenthal (Cypera- ceae), W. Becker (Violaceae), H. de Boissieu (Saxifragaceae and Cruciferae), C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae), A. Bennett (Potamogetonaceae), G. Bonati (Scrophulariaceae), A. Finet (Orchidaceae), O. von Seemen (Salix), C. K. Schneider (trees), R. Keller, F. N. Williams, and M. T. Masters (Con- iferae).
Early in the 20th century many European and American botanists visited Japan, including Hans Hallier (1903), Neth- erlands; E. B. Copeland (1907), U.S.A.; E. D. Merrill (1907), U.S.A.; H. Lecomte (1911), France; G. Finet (1911), France;
Adolf Engler (1912), Germany; E. H. Wilson (1914), U.S.A.; and W. T. Swingle (1915), U.S.A.
In the latter period of the Tokugawa government the in- troduction into Japan of European and American techniques of taxonomy changed the traditional herbalist approach to botany. Leading this movement were Keiske Ito, Yoshio Ta- naka, and Motoyoshi Ono. A school founded in 1873 as the Kaisei-Gakko, together with the Medical School of Tokyo, were united in 1877 as the new Imperial University of Tokyo, established as a center of Western learning. Here Ryokichi Yatabe (1851-99), who had studied at Cornell University in the United States, lectured on botany with the aid of Jinzo Matsumura and Saburo Okubo as assistant professors. At this time Kingo Miyabe and Tomitaro Makino were engaged in botanical research at the Botanical Institute of the University.
The Tokyo Botanical Society, presently the Botanical Soci- ety of Japan, was founded in 1882, with the Botanical Maga- zine of Tokyo as its organ for publication.
Outstanding among the taxonomic botanists of the new era in Japan are such names as M. Miyoshi (1861-1939); T. Makino (1862-1957); M. Shirai (1863-1932); K. Shibata (1877-1949); Y. Yabe (1866-1931); B. Hayata (1874-1934); T. Nakai (1882-1952); R. Kanehira (1882-1948); G. Koid- zumi (1883-1953); H. Takeda (1882—); and Y. Kudo (1887- 1932). Botanical publications at the end of the 19th century increased greatly to include floristic studies on the Japanese flora as well as on outlying areas, such as Korea, Formosa, the Bonin Islands, Sakhalin, Manchuria, and China. Collecting expeditions, such as Kudo’s Sakhalin Expedition and Hayata’s Indo-Chinese Expedition, were sent to various parts. Dr. Haya- ta’s, for instance, during his three trips to Indochina, Yunnan, and Siam, sent back several thousand sheets of vascular plants.
Among the publications we should mention by the botanists just cited are Miyabe’s “The Flora of the Kurile Islands” (1890); Miyabe and Kudo’s “Flora of Hokkaido and Sag- halien” (1930-34); Yabe’s “Icones Florae Manchuriae” (1914— 22); B. Hayata’s “Icones Plantarum Formosanarum” (1911- 21); Nakai’s various floristic notes on the Korean flora and his critical monographic studies on Aconitum, Viola, Lespedeza, Arisaema, Euonymus, Camellia, Myrsinaceae, Polygonaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Bambuseae, and Pteridophyta; Takeda’s many editions of an “Alpine Flora”; and Koidzumi’s monographs on Rosaceae, Aceraceae, and Morus, and his phytogeographical works.
Nakai’s prolific researches resulted in numerous important floristic works not only on the Japanese flora but also of Korea. His Korean Flora, “Chosen Shokubutsu” [ “Flora of Chosen” ] (1914), “Flora Sylvatica Koreana” (1915-39), and his incom- plete “Iconographia Plantarum Asiae-Orientalis” (1935-52) are especially important. The “Nova Flora Japonica” (1938- 51) is an unfinished work, jointly authored with M. Honda, an authority on Japanese grasses. T. Makino edited the “Jour- nal of Japanese Botany” started by him in 1916, and G. Koid- zumi edited the “Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica” started by him in Kyoto in 1932. These two periodicals remain today the leading Japanese journals for phytotaxonomy. The Botanical Magazine of Tokyo in recent years has greatly re- duced its publication of taxonomic papers. The leading centers for botanical research in Japan from about 1930 onward have been the University of Tokyo and the University of Kyoto. The younger taxonomists of present-day Japan are products largely of these two institutions.
GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES I. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA — Shida-Shokubutsu =‘ Vascular Cryptogams
Plants without true Howers and seeds, reproducing from spores borne in a sporangium; archegonia and antheridia pro- duced on the same or different prothallia———About 26 families with more than 10,000 species, especially abundant in the Tropics. The sequence of the genera of true ferns follows the classification of Copeland, “Genera Filicum,” 1947, with few exceptions.
1A. Terrestrial or aquatic, never free-floating, always sedentary. 2A. Leaves small, entire, very numerous and imbricate, or quill-like and crowded on a short cormlike stem, or verticillate and connate, forming a sheath around the stem. 3A. Stems conspicuously jointed, sheathed at the nodes; sporangia borne on the inner surface of peltate scales. Fam. 2. Equisetaceae, 3B. Stems not conspicuously jointed; sporangia in the axils of leaves or bracts, sometimes in terminal conelike spikes. 4A. Terrestrial plants with elongate usually leafy or scaly stems (practically naked in Psilotum).
ASE SPOMaunies-lochlar- leaves sscaleliceumepiaretr ere crate rele mstelaeh- tte ereteteltetoleteiaie tn ete sieve tetet iota Fam. 1. Psilotaceae, 5B. Sporangium 1-locular; leaves densely imbricate. GAR Beaves withoutsa ligule; spores!allbalikes .\)a5 ome cree ier eile eeiaye ole evercrcieleretalelebere sl shelele Fam. 3. Lycopodiaceae, GBS Leaves ligulate: "spores ofe2ikindsaiayeree aiarctc eines ctelsictets wiciele eiclev bel sists etelereatetovatat-ololare Fam. 4. Selaginellaceae,
4B. Mostly aquatic plants with short thick cormlike stems; leaves densely tufted and forming a rosette; spores of 2 kinds.
Fam. 5. Isoétaceae, 2B. Leaves relatively large, flat, mostly toothed or variously compound. 7A. Fronds not 4-foliolate; sporangia not enclosed in basal sporocarps. 8A. Vernation of fronds straight; plants fleshy, lacking sclerenchyma; sporangia with massive walls, with stomata, lacking ANG ANNULUS eerste eres scsicyersts eieceiererevatsle ares ieyailesetesois iclereiersieiai sievercre eveictere sreleiete c(evelelensiece charac Fam. 6. Ophioglossaceae, 8B. Vernation of fronds circinnate.
9A. Huge ferns with stout fleshy globose rhizomes; fronds bipinnate; stipe with an enlarged fleshy joint attached by a stipulelike outgrowth at base, each pinna and the pinnules similarly jointed; sporangia derived from plural cells, withea wrallimore tham di icellathick= 6 citisscccssauretobabice let ecces chaser cledejapcle:ateicuala iegsieekshareystevsuste a Fam. 7. Marattiaceae, 9B. Delicate to large ferns, rarely with a woody treelike stem; fronds variously cut, sometimes undivided, but the stipe with- out a distinct fleshy enlargement or joint at base; sporangia derived from a single epidermal cell, with a wall 1 cell
thick. 10A. Annulus rudimentary. UAC elerrestrialGpereniial Sig mses ces cctey-\cisicucre oieneropsvarel batereysaweveraistoney< hokey Aon ester tela cieyoied touche Fam. 8. Osmundaceae, IUBEs Aquaticvannials® (260 cavectcrssciaicss wisccis user a neeeay cate inl chev eretG aalete! Slevascis spo iictorsrsl oman eisyae Fam. 13. Parkeriaceae,
10B. Annulus well developed. 12A. Annulus transverse. USWA. AUT esse Ey SpmeaGeeeetbsontS bo od Ga daacios an bao oC mom OOD aS ROeGeD eo Fam. 9. Schizaeaceae, ISBE Anmiulus seme tans tose spepetere rove teeters oe raleie overs eiewe, sees thas ayare boneyarekarste fevclerezers Fam. 10. Gleicheniaceae, 12B. Annulus oblique or longitudinal. 14A. Blades very thin, mostly 1 cell thick, without specialized epidermis or stomata. Fam. 11. Hymenophyllaceae, 14B. Blades herbaceous, more than | cell thick, with epidermis and stomata.
ID AUe Plantineither bairyanorsscal ye, erateriaaeici-ue Cio iickeie miss afer once oer era eave erate Fam. 15. Plagiogyriaceae, 15B. Plant hairy or scaly, or both hairy and scaly. 1GATy) Annulusicomplete; oblique; tree LecuUs Meleisiere ctejsyevelareverere se mieye ini icieleleielclareleversiere Fam. 16. Cyatheaceae,
16B. Annulus interrupted, longitudinal; herbaceous ferns, not or scarcely arborescent. 17A. Margins of the blades reflexed and usually covering the sori, a true indusium lacking, or, if present, the fertile segments not contracted and beadlike or podlike. ...............+-- Fam. 12. Pteridaceae, 17B. Margins of the blades not covering the sori (except in Onoclea and Matteuccia, with dimorphic fronds, the fertile segments provided with a true indusium, contracted and podlike or beadlike). 18A. Sori typically indusiate.
19A. Fronds with elongate sori parallel to the costa or costules. .............. Fam. 18. Blechnaceae, 19B. Fronds without elongate sori, or, if present, these oblique to the costa. ZOAS e Stipe’or pinnae yountedsatibasere nies clei re care tata lotelciete eh teieterelal ele ctehetetalels Fam. 14. Davalliaceae,
20B. Stipe or pinnae not jointed at base. 21A. Rhizomes scaly. 22A. Rhizome scales clathrate, i.e., mostly broad and with dark thickened lateral walls and Colorless! thin’ outer walls: %<icjsle «loclieleie vie srsre s\s/sle/alelala wlcl=ls\= Fam. 19. Aspleniaceae,
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10 GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
22B. Rhizome scales “fibrous,” i.e., mostly with elongate cells with thinner lateral walls and miostlyicoloredyoutemwallsrertetetslalsteltenetetetotetete i eielereeiereisial slic iat= Fam. 17. Aspidiaceae, ZB Rbizomessbatcyabutmnotscal yams e i elitel tactile: Fam. 12. Pteridaceae (Microlepia),
18B. Sori without indusia. 23A. Spicular cells i.e., narrow, elongate, thickened cells present among normal cells of the epidermis; blades glabrous and scaleless; rhizome scales clathrate; fronds simple, linear to obovate, entire and not lobed, not articulate to the rhizome. .................+--5. Fam. 21. Vittariaceae, 23B. Spicular cells absent; blades often hairy or scaly; rhizome scales fibrous or rarely clathrate; fronds simple to compound, articulate to the rhizome or not. 24A. Plants normally epiphytic or saxicolous (terrestrial in Neochetropteris with basally articulate fronds; Platycerium with sporangia acrostichoid, i.e., borne over the whole surface).
Fam. 20. Polypodiaceae,
24B. Plants terrestrial; fronds not basally articulate, the sporangia not acrostichoid. Fam. 12, Pteridaceae (Pleurosoriopsis and Coniogramme), 7B. Fronds 4-foliolate; sporangia enclosed in basal sporocarps; plants aquatic, growing in mud. ....... Fam. 22. Marsileaceae, 1B. Free floating, usually not sedentary; leaves entire or 2-lobed. ........ 00. e sees nee cence cette ee eee Fam. 23. Salviniaceae,
II. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA Shushi-Shokubutsu Seed Plants
Plants with true flowers and seeds; female gametophyte developed within the macrosporangium (ovule), at maturity forming, with the enclosed embryonic sporophyte, the seed.
1A. Ovules naked, borne on the surface of a scale (sporophyll), sometimes arillate; flowers usually unisexual (plants monoecious or
dioecious); trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen with needlelike, scalelike to subulate or rarely flabellate or pinnately compound
leaves; stigmas absent; plants cone-bearing. ....... 2. eee eee e eer eee eee eee e eect renee Class 1. Gymnospermae,
1B. Ovules borne within an inclosed cavity (ovary); flowers perfect or unisexual; trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves various; plants with true flowers consisting of a stigma, style, ovary and stamens plus a floral envelope, or modifications of this condition.
Class 2. Angiospermae,
Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE
1A. Plants with palmlike leaves, dioecious; leaves pinnately compound, leathery, shiny, evergreen; ovules borne on pinnately com-
pound naked sporophylls; microsporangia borne in a large terminal cone. .............++.++++--- Fam. 24. Cycadaceae, 1B. Plants with leaves otherwise, not palmlike; leaves simple. 2A. Leaves flabellate, often deeply bifid at apex, long-petiolate, deciduous. .............--+++--eeeees Fam. 25. Ginkgoaceae,
2B. Leaves acicular, linear, or scalelike, rarely flat and oblong, sessile or nearly so, evergreen. 3A. Ovules 1 to few, enveloped by a relatively soft pulpy drupe or berrylike fruit; cotyledons 2.
4A. Anthers 2-locular; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong, 5—30 mm. wide; ovules solitary. ..... Fam. 27. Podocarpaceae, 4B. Anthers 3- to 9-locular; leaves linear, 2.0—3.5 mm. wide. 5A. Anthers 3-locular; leaves 2-5 cm. long; ovules several, paired. ................-.000- Fam. 28. Cephalotaxaceae, 5B. Anthers 4- to 9-locular; leaves 1.5—2.5 cm. long; ovules solitary. ............-.0eeeeeeeeeees Fam. 26. Taxaceae,
3B. Ovules numerous, borne on scales enclosed in a woody cone; cotyledons 2 or more. 6A. Cone-scales spirally arranged; leaves alternate or in fascicles. . 7A. Cone-scales 2-seeded, flattened, bracteate; leaves acicular or linear. ...........--0e+eeeeeeeees Fam. 29. Pinaceae, 7B. Cone-scales 2- to 9-seeded, flattened or peltate, ebracteate; leaves subulate or linear by cohesion of a pair. Fam. 30. Taxodiaceae, 6B. Cone-scales and leaves opposite or verticillate, the latter scalelike or short-subulate. ........... Fam. 31. Cupressaceae,
Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE
Subclass 1. MonocoryLEDONEAE Leaves usually parallel-veined; flowers typically 3-merous, sometimes 6-merous, rarely 4-merous (Stemonaceae).
1A. Plants with chlorophyll and characteristically with green leaves. 2A. Flowers in axils of chaffy or scaly bracts; perianth obsolete or bristle-shaped; ovary superior, 1-locular, 1-ovuled. 3A. Leaves 2-ranked; internodes hollow; culms round; leaf sheath split. ...........-.seeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 41. Gramineae, 3B. Leaves 3-ranked; internodes mostly solid; culms predominantly 3-angled; leaf sheath not split. ...... Fam. 42. Cyperaceae, 2B. Flowers not in axils of scaly or chaffy bracts; perianth either present or absent. 4A. Ovary superior or partly inferior. 5A. Carpels 2 to many, free, each containing | ovule, rarely 6 ovules. 6A. Perianth-segments 6. 7A. Outer 3 perianth-segments sepallike, the inner 3 petallike. ......................05. Fam. 38. Alismataceae, 7a, Resenin-coymants alll ANKE, concasadanounoooobanoHODODONDOD GOH DDOODDOODGOOOD Fam. 37. Scheuchzeriaceae,
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109
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110 111 109 111
115 116
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GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
GBrmeberianthmabsen tami ret iterator eeckercteveterstelcrcrelelele tie ncievalotcheleereravers clare blurs reyeye/e/aleiots Fam. 34. Potamogetonaceae, 5B. Carpel 1, or if more than 1, united into a compound ovary. 8A. Perianth-segments absent or much reduced.
9A. Marine aquatics; leaves ribbonlike; flowers unisexual, lateral in the inflorescence. ......... Fam. 36. Zosteraceae, 9B. Terrestrial or fresh-water aquatics. 10A. Free-floating gregarious stemless aquatics, with leaves and roots only. ..........+.+- Fam. 45. Lemnaceae,
10B. Aquatic or in wet places but not free-floating, with stems and leaves (sometimes these much reduced). 11A. Leaves linear or threadlike, entire or denticulate, frequently with stipules; plants submerged. Fam. 35. Najadaceae, 11B. Leaves broader; plants terrestrial or growing in water but never submerged. 12A. Flowers not in a spadix enclosed in a spathe. 13A. Inflorescence consisting of unisexual heads or spikes without involucral bracts. 14A. Leaves 2-ranked; flowers very numerous in congested elongate spikes. ...... Fam. 32. Typhaceae, 14B. Leaves 3-ranked; flowers in congested globose clusters. ...........2+0+-- Fam, 33. Sparganiaceae, 13B. Inflorescence in solitary, bisexual, globose to hemispherical heads surrounded by involucral bracts. Fam. 46. Eriocaulaceae, 12B. Flowers arranged on a spadix enclosed in a spathe. ..........0eeeccseeeeeeeeees Fam. 44. Araceae, 8B. Perianth-segments sepallike or petallike. 15A. Plants treelike, relatively woody; leaves large, rigid, evergreen, palmately or pinnately compound. Fam. 43. Palmae, 15B. Plants herbaceous; leaves typically simple, not large. 16A. Perianth-segments sepallike or glumelike. Acme Pentanth-segmentsys) imelikes -jjeyrerielerisieiteritemivieleseisioiey teledeley-vetetcicleletetets:clevereiele Fam. 50. Juncaceae, I/Bamie erianth-sepmentsysepallikenmc sctcerspetsatstetereieleiereislslsvercietsrststerey ciel ctclereteTaterevateds Fam. 37. Scheuchzeriaceae, 16B. Perianth-segments, at least the inner ones, typically petallike. 18A. Stamens 3 or 6 or fewer by abortion. 19A. Leaves with a basal membranous closed sheath; perianth very distinctly 2-seriate, the outer sepallike, the
ANMEL COLO lalikeearveyotorseets setae erate. <lasaks totes ee eae a alee aia elec otrohe Seer aiel evar efehavare Fam. 47. Commelinaceae,
19B. Leaves without basal membranous sheaths; perianth mostly corollalike, the 2 series alike or nearly so. 20A. Inflorescence subtended by a spathelike leaf-sheath. .............-++0000: Fam. 48. Pontederiaceae, 20B. Inflorescence not subtended by a spathelike leaf-sheath. .............-2-+++000+ Fam. 52. Liliaceae,
18B. Stamens 4 or 1. 21A. Flowers actinomorphic; stamens 4, with a long protruding connective. ........ Fam. 51. Stemonaceae, 21B. Flowers zygomorphic; stamen 1, without a protruding connective. ............ Fam. 49. Philydraceae, 4B. Ovary wholly inferior. “il. JAERI EC TERE oo bonpppocondnaACosT ppoHodAboododD hos omanaoounoboocnaonoadac Fam. 39. Hydrocharitaceae, 22B. Plants mostly terrestrial.
Zs ACmuScancenteherbss) HOWersnUMISeKUal ce teretcte tererretetevers tcc leleteretetalerchevelelsleiohereterehareleteletevers Fam. 54. Dioscoreaceae,
23B. Erect herbs; flowers bisexual. 24A. Fertile stamens 3 or 6.
Day Arie, SRARMENS OS > ek sa ta soya aveiee eve ice oie wid SiR aN ee ah rie ePotene eh PRE Hao otis oueraie Tor RORES Fam. 53. Amaryllidaceae,
DD Bsr AS LAMIENLIS Ba tara tati ia aieve whee eer aleve acufazelcnaehaus tala ace varacebolaiwle ole mistecaa is, stlate aint Mitel ee erates Fam. 55. Iridaceae, 24B. Fertile stamens 1 or 2.
2G Asa Stamens anid ipiseilAIstiercts ta\eysteyesazeraiay <=, veeve sheave. ci aisie«t slepereveladePetejeteraretateratstel alelsteyeys Fam. 56. Zingiberaceae,
Z26B. “Stamens Ivor:2, fused ttorthestyle:, cytes. oyereiseleverstalo nie ehetelesielalelelaistvterey ele wrctele ayes) s Fam. 58. Orchidaceae,
1B. Plants saprophytic, leafless, or the leaves without chlorophyll. 27A. Ovary superior or nearly so.
28A. Flowers unisexual; carpels many and free, 1-locular and l-ovuled. ............00ceeeueeeeae Fam. 40. Triuridaceae,
28B. Flowers bisexual; carpels 3, connate at least toward the base; ovules many. .......... Fam. 52. Liliaceae (Protolirion), 27B. Ovary inferior.
PVN, IG AES Aeon Glee qy reo Gelciis st GisIay oocoocooucouaducoucerEeobouanuuoondodcoaee Fam. 57. Burmanniaceae,
29B. Flowers zygomorphic; fertile stamens 1 or 2, fused to the style. ...........-..- eee esses eee Fam. 58. Orchidaceae,
Subclass 2, DicoryLEDONEAE
Leaves mostly net-veined; flowers typically 5-merous but variously modified, rarely 3- or 6-merous.
1A. Corolla absent or rudimentary; calyx rarely petallike, sometimes none. 2A. Flowers perfect or unisexual, borne in aments; trees or shrubs. 3A. Flowers of both sexes in aments.
4A. Capsules many-seeded; seeds provided with a tuft of long hairs. ............ cece eee eee eee ceeee Fam. 62. Salicaceae, 4B. Fruit l-seeded, without a tuft of hairs. Ape neriale HOwers SOMtAny Any AXIST Ob DIACES Mele eleieiatslel rateretaeleleintereleteletsisieiere sissies sistetreistereier aioe Fam. 63. Myricaceae, SBagemale Aowers:2 or: S210) AXIS: of) DraCtSay. ovoisyuinveynjeiotoveys xibievevereveie:oseve.e/arets e)aveleys asateioveyerer ciel stererere Fam. 65. Betulaceae, 3B. Flowers of only one sex (staminate) in aments. 6A. Ovary superior; fruit an achene sometimes imbedded in the fleshy or juicy calyx. .............. Fam. 68. Moraceae,
6B. Ovary inferior; fruit a nut, sometimes drupelike. Agee eaves pinnately compound's eacye ss cieieteleiorale ce toinvere care alate ale Vatuiaberareteloieitve ole elsvere rors arate Fam. 64. Juglandaceae,
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PAE GEGEN Tas cited \o) eter e trod Aohnd DOO MEIER SO BORD Seo no DAS ae Aa Tina GHOoae rece. tp 0% Fam. 66. Fagaceae, 2B. Flowers not in aments. 8A. Carpels 2 to numerous, free or slightly adherent. 9A. Calyx absent. 10A. Trees or shrubs; flowers in racemes or fascicles. 11A. Leaves palmately veined; flowers unisexual, fasciculate; fruit a follicle. ............ Fam. 89. Cercidiphyllaceae, 11B. Leaves pinnately veined; flowers perfect. 12A. Trees with evergreen leaves; flowers in racemes, carpels sessile, shortly connate and slightly embedded in the receptaclesittruit dehiscemtsy vsceicceceveia croravsievoveliearciecelavetenemellevevoxscontustovarcli ever wveceiere Fam. 87. Trochodendraceae, 12B. Trees with deciduous leaves; flowers axillary in fascicles; carpels wholly free, pedicelled, indehiscent. Fam. 88. Eupteleaceae, HOBSeElerbsawithralracemosesinioresccose ieee eee teen rCeE eee EET cr eEeee eee renee Fam. 59. Saururaceae, 9B. Calyx present. 13A. Leaves opposite; herbs or climbing plants with somewhat woody stems.
14A. Fruit a cluster of follicles or achenes, rarely solitary. ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 90. Ranunculaceae, 14B. Fruit an aggregation of fleshy carpels forming a berrylike structure. ................. Fam. 81. Phytolaccaceae, 13B. Leaves alternate; trees, shrubs or climbing woody vines. DIA. GWeavest simples ic\z.c. crore «is isis io core ieve.erevs a yeieteray are ayer sic ke lortena e nuais ayebePotaeievers aievevelevet ore parsr ails Fam. 94. Magnoliaceae, 15B. Leaves compound. 16A. ‘Trees and shrubs with pellucid oil-glands; leaves pinnately or ternately compound. ...... Fam. 110. Rutaceae,
16B. Woody climbing plants without pellucid oil-glands; leaves palmately or ternately compound. Fam. 91. Lardizabalaceae, 8B. Carpel 1 or usually more and united into a compound ovary. 17A. Calyx absent; ovary superior.
18A. Plants flat and thalloid, growing on rocks in running water. .............-..-+++++--- Fam. 70. Podostemaceae, 18B. Plants terrestrial or aquatic, with stems and leaves. 19A. Aquatic plants with finely dissected verticillate leaves. ..........-----+-+-+ee-eee Fam. 86. Ceratophyllaceae, 19B. Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the leaves always simple and not verticillate. 20A. Plants dioecious, arborescent, evergreen. ......-.-- eee eee eee eee e eet teens Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae,
20B. Plants monoecious, deciduous, arborescent, or, if evergreen, the flowers perfect. 21A. Flowers naked, included in a cup-shaped involucre (cyathium), the staminate flowers marginal, the pistillate centralssplantsawithymilkeyay ice well eee ee erence icineciiiett Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae, 21B. Flowers with a perianth, in spikes or racemes; plants without milky juice. 22A. Root-parasites; leaves scalelike without chlorophyll; inflorescence ovoid to subcylindric, thick, very many Flowered ees, sai Ve veness|as ules sbevensuessswbekes lai oheraboary au Me ieueiec en et Rey Reese em eRene nel gee Fam. 77. Balanophoraceae, 22B. Nonparasitic; leaves with chlorophyll. 23A. Flowers unisexual; plants diminutive with simple opposite leaves, aquatic or in wet places. Fam. 115. Callitrichaceae, 23B. Flowers perfect; plants usually of more robust stature. 24A. Leaves trifoliolate or 3-pinnate; anthers opening by valves. ...............- Fam. 92. Berberidaceae, 24B. Leaves simple; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. 25A. Ovules solitary.
26 Ange Weavestentiressusuallysalternates see eeeeieeciccene einer: Fam. 60. Piperaceae, ZOBylcavesusertate s Oppositessaeerieieicisieiiaeicieteieisie tactician Fam. 61. Chloranthaceae, 2> Bem Ovules several won) panictaleplacentacsie rr essence Fam. 59. Saururaceae,
17B. Calyx present; ovary superior to inferior. 27A. Flowers minute and numerous, entirely enclosed within a thick ovoid or pyriform to globose receptacle (syconium) ; plants swith miley ijuice’, 75, -\chsoyo te) overs ava velere nee Sues ie etey apaielevelevcneoeleerecltorenverttentere Fam. 68. Moraceae (Ficus), 27B. Flowers not enclosed within a receptacle. 28A. Ovary inferior or perianth perigynous and the ovary superior.
ZO AnePlantsy parasitic epiphytes: -:reversiseesetescreyohevavalsysiers sae Vee eco een ete Fam. 74. Loranthaceae, 29B. Plants terrestrial. 30A. Whole plant covered with stellate hairs or scales. .............---eeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 143. Elaeagnaceae,
30B. Plants glabrous or pubescent, not stellate. 31A. Calyx actinomorphic, 2- or 3-lobed, or distinctly zygomorphic. 32A. Flowers perfect; stamens 3, 6, or 12; fruit berrylike or capsular, many-seeded. Fam. 75. Aristolochiaceae, 32B. Flowers unisexual; stamens more than 12; fruit an achene. .............. Fam. 152. Theligonaceae, 31B. Calyx actinomorphic, 4- or 5-lobed. 33A. Styles more than 2.
SAS, eavesiverticill ates. (fo e:jacc chase ace i sseulh iu op a05 2c te Sato toRe rel HM chatettoneiceea aked encdeeenee cham Fam. 150. Haloragaceae, 34B. Leaves alternate. SIA) UAVS! SIMPLE’, ee. -k.0) 4: areca tetencvassuatecs ie arMtone Svan cmap le ee rome aewee ar ave arava ewaonatets escapees Fam. 82. Aizoaceae, SD Ba wlbeavest pimmate sar. ysycysiepe vet sie echey eh scsne ee PR RNG Se RAVES CUe eA ea ERASI Pot Pay eV es: Se awe a Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 33B. Style 1. BOAY, viSeeds pana mys, «5 isyay s-auctscsyassus tics ee ves ans faites areas ty alors “ays aneteusceve dogs erekeh aster Pevetane Fam. 149. Onagraceae, 36B. Seeds 1 or few. SHAN, ILeeKyes WeReCMMettes AGWENE, 5 o00000cccuescocauns0n0000000000000GG0 Fam. 151. Hippuridaceae,
37B. Leaves alternate or opposite; terrestrial. 38A. Ovules several in each locule of the ovary. ........--.eesseeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 73. Santalaceae,
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GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
38B. Ovules 1 or 2 in each locule of the ovary. 39A. Stamens inserted! on the calyx tube. ... 0... esse ec eens scceresesseese Fam. 166. Oleaceae, 39B. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc. ..........+....seeesseeees Fam. 155. Cornaceae,
28B. Ovary superior; perianth hypogynous. 40A. Trees and shrubs.
41A. Anthers opening by valves; plants commonly aromatic. ..........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 95. Lauraceae, 41B. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. ADIN WANTS Venta forblietel Gilaakiaels AcadasdendodocacasuodonncucnsoooenboDOAEaaG Fam. 110, Rutaceae,
42B. Leaves without pellucid oil-glands. 43A. Ovules several to many in each carpel. 44A. Ovary 1-locular; stamens numerous, free. ..........+seesecsesseeeeees Fam. 140. Flacourtiaceae, 44B. Ovary 2- to many-locular; filaments united into a tube. ...............00- Fam. 134. Sterculiaceae, 43B. Ovules 1 or 2 in each carpel. 45A. Ovary 2- to many-locular. Hdd. ILCANCS PNAS @spPESG, HoasandsonoonoanobnedangpodvcbedeoonudosbogS Fam. 166. Oleaceae, 46B. Leaves simple. 47A. Leaves alternate.
48A. Styles 2; ovary 2-locular; capsules bifid. ...............-.0005- Fam. 103. Hamamelidaceae,
48B. Styles 3; ovary 3-locular; capsules not bifid. .............+2.000- Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae,
47/Bx) heaves Opposites HOWeXS!UNISCXUalay ete nloletatclslayeictateinl-t-lellale) <a clots lay-ysterele ote Fam. 116. Buxaceae,
45B. Ovary 1-locular.
ADA”. /Stamenseincurved: il DIC), o =:craveray susan avasecc) sicsarat osusete yay ef <yst sucyeretar(arare twlaysrsyalies dvavaie Fam. 68. Moraceae, 49B. Stamens erect in bud.
DOANE Stylesvandustipriass2& cyscaysteforcroeevarcerateretcisieneia eles si avenersraieieyetsserevstemsteysle ey areeve Fam. 67. Ulmaceae, 50B. Style and stigma 1.
51A. Stamens 4; filaments adnate to calyx tube. ..............+++-s220+s- Fam. 71. Proteaceae,
SI Basestamense sous) O-ahilamentsnclistiictasrrtiartisteteiisisteleretletelsistericte Fam. 142. Thymelaeaceae,
40B. Herbs or suffrutescent undershrubs. 52A. Ovary 2- to 3- or rarely 4-locular.
53'Aa uCalyx-tube- presents is) or else avs arartpsyevererormsiens exeusus ee yeacsiotere «Oats ienafe excl aivielelenertaeje/eys Fam. 144. Lythraceae, 53B. Calyx-tube absent. 54A. Stamens tetradynamous; sepals 4; fruit usually a silique. ................-...- Fam. 98. Cruciferae, 54B. Stamens equal in length; fruit a berry or capsule. SpA cea biiliteas bennysadoweEsnpertectaerseerreeeseiaietsisieforsve verde evel avetleY- tte ver=iet ey Vole Fam. 81. Phytolaccaceae, 55B. Fruit a capsule. 56A. Flowers perfect; seeds minute and numerous. ...........--+-eeeeeeeeees Fam. 82. Aizoaceae,
56B. Flowers unisexual; seeds relatively few. 57A. Filaments thick and flat; evergreen procumbent herbs or subshrubs; flowers in spikes. Fam. 116. Buxaceae (Pachysandra), 57B. Filaments slender; plants of various habits. ........--....+--..--+s Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae, 52B. Ovary 1-locular. 58A. Stipules membranous, sheathing the stem above the nodes, ocreate; achene enclosed by persistent sepals. Fam. 78. Polygonaceae, 58B. Stipules not sheathlike and ocreate or absent. 59A. Parasitic herbs without green parts. 60A. Twining parasite on aerial parts of host plant; stems elongate, slender and branched. Fam. 95. Lauraceae (Cassytha), 60B. Erect parasites on roots of host plant; stems thick, short and simple, with few scales. 61A. Flowers perfect, solitary, terminal; stems with opposite scales. ............ Fam. 76. Rafflesiaceae, 61B. Flowers unisexual, numerous, minute, spicate; stems with alternate scales. Fam. 77. Balanophoraceae, 59B. Plants nonparasitic, with green leaves. 6ZASS SepalseZeimostlyplarce-andicad ucoussmetseii-t-felelstsicierbekritetelelaieteietspe)sfeleyatelen ts Fam. 96. Papaveraceae, 62B. Sepals 3-5, at least in male flowers, persistent. 63A. Style or stigma 1. 64A. Sepals united into an elongate tube. 65A. Fruit an indehiscent nut, drupe or berry; ovary 1-locular and 1-ovuled. Fam. 142. Thymelaeaceae, 65B. Fruit a capsule; ovary 1- to 6-locular with many ovules. ............ Fam. 144. Lythraceae, 64B. Sepals distinct or nearly so. 66A. Flowers unisexual; leaves simple. O7AS BStamensy man yew «ehtane, actays ehkel eller abet he a ors eatcTOLS ocak mags vonone Fam. 152. Theligonaceae, 67B. Stamens 4-5. 68A. Ovules basal and orthotropous; plant sometimes provided with stinging hairs. Fam. 69. Urticaceae, 68B. Ovules mostly pendulous and anatropous; plants without stinging hairs. Fam. 68. Moraceae, 66B. Flowers perfect. GO AwSepalsipexsistent. malted ua ty DASCa tel otelel=int= iafet-leveteyoyereieiet= te -ieyainista) eistahatals Fam. 104. Rosaceae,
386
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14 GENERAL Key To FaMILIEs
G8}, Ceprils clacielnoms, ives, souancsosccoocn.0d00U0DDOUDoDOCOHOOGS Fam. 90. Ranunculaceae, 63B. Styles or stigmas more than 1. TW, Seely 2p Sievers mer, so5¢cacconconconcd0bs9500cD0nn000C0e Fam. 96. Papaveraceae, 70B. Sepals 4 or 5, at least in staminate flowers; stamens few. MAC Eruitranbachene ee ryetl-verrertiehsieieteiteleteyalsseleieterote tere ieisterelorekere Fam. 68. Moraceae (Humulus),
71B. Fruit a capsule or utricule. 72A. Leaves opposite; nodes thickened; stamens usually twice as many as the sepals; seeds many,
Dlacentationyiree-central meee een etnies rtetrte riers ls Fam. 84. Caryophyllaceae,
72B. leaves mostly alternate; nodes not thickened; stamens commonly as many as the sepals; seeds 1 or few.
73A. Sepals scarious; stamens united at base; flowers bracteate. ...... Fam. 80. Amaranthaceae,
73B. Sepals herbaceous; stamens usually free; flowers not bracteate. .. Fam. 79. Chenopodiaceae, 1B. Corolla of distinct or united petals, or calyx petallike and provided with a whorl of external sepallike bracts. 74A. Petals distinct or sepals petallike and provided with a whorl of external sepallike bracts. (piAeeeAquaticnherbs leavesppeltatelomcorclater ptr ieirtaeiitliet rite rire iatetcitslat-ietatsietstenemer tetera Fam. 85. Nymphaeaceae, 75B. Terrestrial, rarely aquatic herbs, the leaves not peltate or cordate. 76A. Ovary superior; perianth hypogynous (perigynous in Rosaceae). 77A. Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 78A. Carpels more than 1, free or nearly so.
79A. Filaments united into a tube; indument often lepidote or stellate. ...................- Fam. 133. Malvaceae, 79B. Filaments free; indument usually simple. SOAS Stamens) perigynous;) sepals persistemts \yatae)-)-lelel-))s)el-lscts elele)e)sheholstele) tele leleleielete aici Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 80B. Stamens hypogynous; sepals deciduous. AMEN Ter bse tieteisy siavsieisversrevavcielaeieperare cuauctclevels shetayncvialicves Ae karclie aot Maen cn areoR eR RSet Fam. 90. Ranunculaceae, GIN, Iwas, Sonus, oe Wroouby Cleo, cosacanacoaseqndndaoousscocoodboodscnun Fam. 94. Magnoliaceae,
78B. Carpel 1, or, if more, then united into a compound ovary. 82A. Sepals 2 or 3.
83A. Sepals petallike, colored; fruit an achene. ...............0...sseeeeeeeeseeees Fam. 90. Ranunculaceae, 83B. Sepals not petallike, green; fruit a capsule. 84A. Sepals caducous; leaves thin, serrate, lobed or compound. ...................-- Fam. 96. Papaveraceae, 84B. Sepals persistent; leaves rather fleshy, simple and entire. ...................--: Fam. 83. Portulacaceae,
82B. Sepals 4 or 5, or more. 85A. Leaves opposite. 86A. Plants not characteristic of mangroves or tidal flats; fruit a many-seeded capsule; leaves deciduous. 87A. Stamens free, attached to the calyx-tube, frequently dimorphic or trimorphic; petals, if present, inserted
OM WINS win Ge wae Abele, 4 oqqqanncccoc0cGd900050G0anb05000000n0008 Fam. 144. Lythraceae, 87B. Stamens usually many, often clustered in fascicles of 3 to 5, inserted on the receptacle; petals inserted on The Mreceptacles Vey. a ites erccie tether ee sae ete eee eparete eect ater at ede eter eich tates Fam. 137. Guttiferae,
86B. Plants of mangroves or tidal flats; fruit usually 1-seeded, usually viviparous; leaves persistent, evergreen. Fam. 145. Rhizophoraceae, 85B. Leaves alternate. 88A. Flowers zygomorphic; fruit a legume; leaves frequently compound. ........... Fam. 105. Leguminosae, 88B. Flowers actinomorphic. 89A. Filaments united into a tube, or partly so.
90A. Plants with pellucid oil-glands in all parts. ..............---- eee eee eee eeee Fam. 110. Rutaceae, 90B. Plants without oil-glands. QUA, Sepals vallyeus iin lech cacocanccodnanscccoouD sss GoobHoDDOODODCODDONSO Fam. 133. Malvaceae, (lis, Seorils iemloystenyys sim [eC ooannouncaccsepoo nud oocoboouboudouBoDyOepaOE Fam. 136. Theaceae, 89B. Filaments free to the base. OO/Awe Galyxqpersistentulerr ne ninee areca eitoneeieieeitset ttt etter Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 92B. Calyx deciduous. OB Aue Ovanye prominently astipitatenmerayeyeleistekieletetttenienenett netstat tetera Fam. 97. Capparidaceae, 93B. Ovary sessile, not stipitate. 94A. Woody climbers with alternate leaves. .........+..-.seeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 135. Actinidiaceae,
94B. Plants not climbing. 95A. Sepals valvate. 96A. Petals entire, imbricate or convolute in bud; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 132. Tiliaceae, 96B. Petals frequently laciniate or dentate; anthers opening by pores. .. Fam. 131. Elaeocarpaceae, OSB eSepalspimlbricate nc -jasc.eet-yaynloss orstesoreeseroyenate eterna rete hetote tomer sev etereterie eter sven Fam. 136. Theaceae, 77B. Stamens twice as many as the petals or fewer. 97A. Insectivorous plants usually growing in moist places, or in water, with gland-tipped hairs on the leaves. Fam. 99. Droseraceae, 97B. Plants not insectivorous. 98A. Carpels more than 1, separate or nearly so. 99A. Plants with pellucid oil-glands in all parts. ........ cece eee eee eee teen eee Fam. 110. Rutaceae, 99B. Plants without pellucid oil-glands. 100A. Flowers 4- or 5-merous; stamens equaling or twice the number of the perianth lobes; plants more or less fleshy; carpels subtended by an hypogynous scalelike nectariferous gland. .... Fam. 100. Crassulaceae,
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GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
100B. Flowers variable, not as above. 101A. Stamens perigynous.
102A. Stipules usually prominent; carpels one to many. ...----+e+-e eee eeeeeee ... Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 102B. Stipules usually absent; carpels frequently fewer than the sepals. ......... Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae, 101B. Stamens hypogynous. LOS Aree Uiceeshwsthypiinate leaves: wayetetslaistetebaialel biota! oleje lelaicy-t-te)= teleport <fcleis e)<l<le/=1 Fam. 111. Simaroubaceae, 103B. Shrubs or woody climbers; leaves never pinnate. 104A. Leaves palmately or ternately compound. ........20eeeeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 91. Lardizabalaceae,
104B. Leaves simple. 105A. Leaves alternate. 106A. Stipules none; flowers usually greenish, small, rarely solitary, unisexual. Fam. 93. Menispermaceae, 106B. Stipules large, deciduous leaving distinctive scars; flowers usually white or colored, large, oolletng feats son oodcaaboup uooodI00G4 bod UdobUononaoOU eS . Fam. 94. Magnoliaceae, MOS BH eiWeawessopposite arejersictelelciefesevers'aistetetet=celes<letnzele vere tops fevalevel vfelvietexoyetel eicsevete Fam. 118. Coriariaceae, 98B. Carpel 1, or if more than 1, these united into a compound ovary. 107A. Styles 2-5. 108A. Leaves opposite or verticillate. NODANenSepalsi2-splantsyrathersfleshysecteetivalale eiaraireletsisteushebienebettedseeieverePee tele ter sis) vars Fam. 83. Portulacaceae, 109B. Sepals 3-5. 110A. Herbs with entire leaves. 111A. Flowers 3-merous; plants small, flaccid, with stipules, growing in mud or in water. Fam. 138. Elatinaceae, 111B. Flowers 4- or 5-merous; stipules commonly absent. 112A. Leaves mostly with pellucid resinous glands; stamens frequently numerous and clustered into fascicles Os SstOvo sy ereialayerelcversveYerste/soleteveyeleiore mparatalsrevepe Naver ste tlereecatesdre Fam. 137. Guttiferae, 112B. Leaves without resinous glands; stamens twice as many as the petals or fewer. Fam. 84. Caryophyllaceae, 110B. Herbs or woody plants with serrate leaves.
MUS Atp a eavesisinn pl ems 21.50 cnet otei rave yavs feiisick overs ster eyerel avalater o¥etoyevsletolslsrefey@ era siecese .. Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae, HISB eaves) pinnate ontemate-punaten afelejaiareleiteleleriele lterererersseiaisrelelesi sels Fam. 122. Staphyleaceae,
108B. Leaves cauline and alternate or basal. DIAC Sepals;2-sleavesypinuatel ys marteds mp-ler-(elelelcislereiecieieie-e cpeieieterehsleiviststsielvejatertere« Fam. 96, Papaveraceae,
114B. Sepals 3-5. 115A. Sepals 3; much-branched procumbent alpine shrubs; leaves evergreen, linear, small and densely anranredyonubranchletgaparilalcrferelalerevelsve) cietelererer=ieteversksteleispeicterslereteisversisY= Fam. 117. Empetraceae, 115B. Sepals 4-5. 116A. Trees or shrubs.
LUA ae eawes!com pound stwerssr. ayueseitated se peter Palate och crjevarsisteastavavelckereiteie lees Fam. 119. Anacardiaceae, UU7B:, Heeavesysimm plestszs eretays seterencye otste rere ote axor at esis yalafe ayonysterefeis 31st oes Fam. 103. Hamamelidaceae, 116B. Herbs. VBA) Leavesiteifoliolatesy sio-cicicpa cya) overenee araperet crore tevekatorsysioyehs Guchsjevale eee scerers Fam. 107. Oxalidaceae, 118B. Leaves simple. TLVAC eLeavessentires lincar to lanceolate: sereiserereielereleiererelei « clerelelelcisis crave ... Fam. 108. Linaceae, 119B. Leaves ovate to cordate-orbicular. 120A. Leaves chiefly cauline, with stellate hairs. ...............+e006 Fam. 134, Sterculiaceae, 120B. Leaves chiefly basal, without stellate hairs. ................--- Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae,
107B. Style 1. 121A. Ovary 2- to 5-locular. 122A. Flowers distinctly zygomorphic. 123A. Trees; leaves opposite, palmately compound. .........-+++++seeeees Fam. 125. Hippocastanaceae, 123B. Herbs; leaves alternate, simple. 124A, Flowers spurred; ovary 5-locular, the ovules numerous; valves of capsule coiling and ejecting the
seedsyelastically sin debiscencerumys\atesepattes-ieioyeratr-isteroliateteieresterehe eeieens Fam. 128. Balsaminaceae, 124B. Flowers not spurred; ovary 2-locular, each containing 1 ovule; capsules much flattened, the seeds EAIEN OR Peg OOOO UO OREM AOU Ia TOD SOLaNS CNODEAO Gs aE Meco Eka Fam. 113. Polygalaceae, 122B. Flowers actinomorphic. 25 AcweLeavesnysthinellucidvoil-elands:eswieferieicleyeiierteitaciclaciein eerie i tereeentaeeerse ere Fam. 110. Rutaceae, 125B. Leaves without pellucid oil-glands. PZ GAvum@lim bingysbrubs with) tendrilsurpreretecier erences eters ciaterclaloieltiveitetere rs Fam. 130. Vitaceae,
126B. Plants without tendrils. 127A. Plants herbaceous.
128A. Petals 4; stamens 6, didynamous; fruit a silicle or silique. ..........-- Fam. 98. Cruciferae, 128B. Petals more than 4; stamens as many as the petals or more numerous; fruit various, not as above. 129A. Plants saprophytic, without chlorophyll. ..........+seeceeeeeees Fam. 158. Pyrolaceae, 129B. Plants not saprophytic. US OAS SAR ruiits Spiny ses ay eveyone ah clavevsae exere aisle” are/exusaiara/ahnceeene Fam. 109. Zygophyllaceae (Tribulus),
130B. Fruits not spiny.
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GENERAL Key To FAMILIEs
131A. Petals inserted on top of the calyx-tube.
132A. Filaments geniculate and inflexed. .................. Fam. 148. Melastomataceae,
1B2B ye ehilamentssnot geniculate ieee arate Fam. 144. Lythraceae, 131B. Petals free from the calyx.
(BSAC webruitelobedvandabeakedgmeer ei recrernnr critter Fam. 106. Geraniaceae,
133B. Fruit of more or less separate carpels, not lobed or beaked. . Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae, 127B. Plants woody, trees or shrubs. 134A. Leaves alternate. 135A. Leaf-blades simple. 136A. Ovules numerous in each locule of the ovary. 137A. Anthers opening by terminal pores. 138A. Anthers erect in bud; carpels when 3 the other floral parts 3- or 6-merous. Fam. 159. Ericaceae, 138B. Anthers inverted in bud; sepals and petals 5; ovary 3-locular with a 3-lobulate style. Fam. 157. Clethraceae, 137B. Anthers opening by slits. ...........--...eeee essence eee Fam. 102. Pittosporaceae, 136B. Ovules 1- or 2 in each locule of the ovary. 139A. Stamens opposite the petals. 140A. Sepals valvate. ......... deo kos etl ete Ree Aue ite Fam. 129. Rhamnaceae, 4 OBS Sepalsiimbricateninbud aenieerreeinaeeree eerie Fam. 127. Sabiaceae, 139B. Stamens alternate with the petals. 141A. Fruit a capsule or samara; flowers provided with a disc. ... Fam. 121. Celastraceae,
141B. Fruit drupaceous; flowers without a disc. .............. Fam. 120. Aquifoliaceae, 135B. Leaf-blades compound. IG, Ovary clegalhy nel, csanncascoangcosusscooposocssccanne Fam. 111. Simaroubaceae, 142B. Ovary not lobed. 143A. Stamens united into a tube. ......-....-...0-0--e+- eee eee Fam. 112. Meliaceae, 143B. Stamens free. 144A. Stamens rising inside the disc. ....................---+ Fam. 126. Sapindaceae,
144B. Stamens inserted on or under the edge or rim of an annular intrastaminal disc. Fam. 119. Anacardiaceae, 134B. Leaves opposite. 145A. Leaves simple. 146A. Fruit a winged samara. 147A. Stamens usually 8; flowers with a disc; fruit a pair of adnate samaras. Fam. 124. Aceraceae, 147B. Stamens 2; flowers without a disc; fruit a single samara. Fam. 166. Oleaceae (Fraximus), 146B. Fruit capsular or baccate, rarely with protrusions suggesting wings. 148A. Anthers opening by pores; filaments geniculate and inflexed. Fam. 148. Melastomataceae, 148B. Anthers opening lengthwise; filaments not geniculate. 149A. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. ....... Fam. 129. Rhamnaceae, 149B. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer and alternate with them. Fam. 121. Celastraceae, 145B. Leaves compound. 150A. Fruit an inflated capsule or berry; stipules paired. ........... Fam. 122. Staphyleaceae, 150B. Fruit a samara; stipules none. ................ Fam. 124. Aceraceae (Acer, in part), 121B. Ovary 1-locular. 151A. Flowers zygomorphic.
152A. Calyx gamosepalous; fruit a legume, I-carpellate. ...............+-.+0-- Fam. 105. Leguminosae, 152B. Calyx-lobes free; carpels 2 to many. I5SV5 Saeels amel sails 5g cays S=. cooccccccessvgcn0csda900000G0be000008 Fam. 139. Violaceae, 153B. Sepals 2 or sometimes almost absent; petals 4; carpels 2. ............... Fam. 96. Papaveraceae, 151B. Flowers actinomorphic. 154A. Anthers mostly dehiscing by valves. .............220eeeeeeeeeee eee eens Fam. 92. Berberidaceae, 154B. Anthers not opening by valves. IS SIAG ai Sepals 2a) s:ciaiis ava chevsaves tus, Scie: Veep Se ES ees Fam. 96. Papaveraceae,
155B. Sepals more than 2. 156A. Sepals 4; leaves simple.
157A. Woody plants with berrylike fruit; stamens 8. ................. Fam. 141. Stachyuraceae,
157B. Herbs; fruit a silique or rarely a loment; stamens 6, tetradynamous. .... Fam. 98. Cruciferae, 156B. Sepals 5.
TS SArvobrurtia legumesd.21) he cee tie Meera ein aetna entitle cto Fam. 105. Leguminosae,
[58 Basebrinitanachenerorstolliclessper renee ere eee een eer nerenrc Fam. 104. Rosaceae,
76B. Ovary inferior to semi-inferior. 159A. Stamens many, more than twice as many as the petals. GOAN Sepalse2tcapsulelcircumscissilessiee eee eee eee eee eee Fam. 83. Portulacaceae, 160B. Sepals 4 or more; fruit dehiscing otherwise.
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GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
161A. Leaves alternate, usually stipulate; petals usually 5; fruit a pome. .........0.0eeee eee Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 161B. Leaves opposite, without stipules. WGZAS Rrnitea) debiscentymany-seeded capsules)... «..\e\a\si-vatecletelelelatstel= crelahoialel= shelslalaistevels Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae,
162B. Fruit indehiscent. 163A. Anthers 4-locular; fruit 1-seeded, germinating in situ and the hypocotyl much elongate while still attached
to the branch; leaves without pellucid glands. ..............eeeeeeeeee Fam. 145. Rhizophoraceae, 163B. Anthers 2-locular; fruit more than 1-seeded, never germinating within the attached fruit; leaves with pel- mere! eMC cooodano ns dHOdoodMoBNOOUUUdOD dH ODDOCUDEOOa DOO DOOOGOUDD DO Fam. 147. Myrtaceae,
159B. Stamens twice as many as the petals or fewer. 164A. Styles 2 or more.
165A. Seeds many; ovary superior, free or partly adnate to the calyx tube. .............. Fam. 101. Saxifragaceae, 165B. Seeds 1 or 2 in each locule; ovary inferior. IGGACE eaves opposites erbsiy hye clere!eicicic ciajelciere.cfevalolelersis ave, nisl lence sislele scale ferevelerdielen oie Fam. 150. Haloragaceae,
166B. Leaves alternate. 167A. Herbs; petioles usually expanded or sheathing at base; fruit a schizocare composed of two indehiscent fn tala (1 Se BiG PA OI CIORIC ICCC En BO BOCIAC OCCT EKIO OC Or cID COA Cec Oe OG ORCS Fam. 154. Umbelliferae, 167B. Woody plants, rarely herbs; petioles not expanding or sheathing at base; fruit a capsule or berry, not di- vided into mericarps. NGS AcmeEecavesisimplessirnitiae-locularicapsules rtetey-l-\eleletcleleiai<ielslelettosiel eel ielet ole Fam. 103. Hamamelidaceae, 168B. Leaves lobed or compound; fruit a drupe or berry. ........--0ee eee e cece eees Fam. 153. Araliaceae, 164B. Style 1. 169A. Anthers opening by terminal pores; seeds many. MAQAS® (THeavest3=1to nerves cscayesie ate ecsusce a)2/sisis1siais <\evave1s ais exe (ate ays) iesa a's) avelawapetelars Fam. 148. Melastomataceae, OBS Leaves with only, the midrib) prominents s-- =) ls sels eee eee ieee seers sees Fam. 159. Ericaceae, 169B. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent; seeds 1 to few. 171A. Trees or woody shrubs, rarely herbaceous; fruit a drupe or berry. 172A. Leaves simple. 173A. Filaments free or slightly united at base.
UPA Ae MP Stal Si eae cis cerapars ities haevovarwesce cet dic asion Irae eee telaateleets lero esol anes oho eee Fam. 155. Cornaceae,
L7ABs oPe tals} G72 -< cyaiscaras avery orcsnva ani daca re reei Rare VANS TVG TER ae SET ST Se NE Fam. 146. Alangiaceae,
7, ilenicnue tonal Palo io A HSS Goo aaccanncoucconauodeucdsansednuenn Fam. 165. Styracaceae, L72B;. Teeaves\ Compounds: (fois avsse/otsterasie ever teva Povavors eo eetsei ave era ee GPa leit ke fos exctvoreterereee ae roveiotors Fam. 153. Araliaceae, 171B. Herbs or suffrutescent undershrubs; fruit a capsule. .............eeee eee eee eees Fam. 149. Onagraceae,
74B. Petals more or less united. 175A. Ovary superior. 176A. Carpels 2, separate; plants commonly with milky juice. 177A. Filaments free, pollen not united into masses; style and stigma 1. ...............--00- Fam. 169. Apocynaceae, 177B. Filaments united, pollen united into a mass (pollinia); styles 2, stigmas lobed. ....... Fam. 170. Asclepiadaceae, 176B. Carpel 1, or, when more than 1, united into a compound ovary. 178A. Stamens exceeding the number of corolla-lobes. 179A. Ovary 1-locular. 180A. | Leaves|\compound, the keelloften basally, ‘connate, .. <0. «sie cllss es cls ee sla ale 6 Fam. 105. Leguminosae, SOB wep ecavestsiniplesccorollayeamopetalousswemrelrialsstersieliersicisrcietertier teicher ater ereisieistele Fam. 165. Styracaceae, 179B. Ovary 2- to many-locular. 181A. Styles 2 to many, sometimes apically branched. 182A. Filaments more or less united; flowers bisexual.
SS Ate Stipulestpresentsyherbstonsurubsiwsverieterserteiatertetetsleletetctey stella ietcbevoreiele eiciertinte eters Fam. 133. Malvaceae, USSR eaStipilesrabsentsitreesioLslrllbsenvreleraetelapeieleietcteieistetclerclate eiereterstersreteretorsrersterietteterete Fam. 136. Theaceae, 182B 5) ebilaments|distincts) flowers umisextidlonscrialelelercie lois eiclelele cist oleiiercieteleieleleleleiels « erereiarere Fam. 163. Ebenaceae, 181B. Style simple or shallowly lobed at apex. 184A. Flowers zygomorphic; ovary 2-locular and 2-ovuled. ...............-eeeeeeeee Fam. 113. Polygalaceae,
184B. Flowers actinomorphic. 185A. Stamens more or less united; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. 186A. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. ...........-. eee ceceecceeeees Fam. 165. Styracaceae, 186B. Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla-lobes, hypogynous. ............ Fam. 136. Theaceae, 185B. Stamens free to the base; anthers opening by pores or transversely or very rarely longitudinally dehiscent. 187A. Ovary 3-locular; style shallowly 3-lobed at apex; sepals free to the base; anthers inverted in bud. Fam. 157. Clethraceae, 187B. Ovary 4- to 7-locular; style usually unlobed; sepals usually connate at the base. WSS ASH Plan tsswoad yerersicisteis Gctescrelareisre ole: tinioteraiarelsreyereravelowwiareral oye arate orene eras inieieteiate Fam. 159. Ericaceae, U88B (Plants herbaceous: | 2.i</ih eerie c eeete loa eere aera arate tel cree eteie bs ee neon Fam. 158. Pyrolaceae, 178B. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer. 189A. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them; ovary 1-locular. 190A. Styles 5; ovary l-ovuled; fruit a utricle often inclosed within the calyx. ......... Fam. 162. Plumbaginaceae, 190B. Style 1; ovary more than 1-ovuled but the fruit may be only 1-seeded; fruit a capsule or drupe, not a utricle; ovules on a free-central placenta. 191A. Herbaceous; fruit a capsule; ovules numerous. ..........eeeeeeeececccccceeees Fam. 161. Primulaceae, 191B. Woody-stemmed shrubs, or suffrutescent undershrubs; fruit a drupe; oyules numerous, and the ovary semi- inferior (Maesa), or ovules few and the ovary superior. ...........020000000: Fam. 160. Myrsinaceae,
17
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498
651
652
498
659 667
516 661
652 693
686 651 727 661 654
743 744
551 727
623 627 724 585 727 627 690
693 690
18 GENERAL Key To FAMILIES
189B. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, or fewer. 192A. Fertile stamens 2 or 4, fewer than the corolla-lobes. 193A. Herbs; corolla more or less zygomorphic. 194A. Ovary 1-locular. 195A. Aquatic herbs, the submerged leaves much dissected, with insectivorous bladders; corolla spurred at Loy era ete ees AAI ERE hy rl Ol TAS cL AA Proc GOA ao MO RECA C Fam. 181. Lentibulariaceae, 195B. ‘Terrestrial herbs without insectivorous bladders; corolla not spurred. 196A. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded nutlet, conspicuously reflexed; placentae basal. Fam. 184. Phrymaceae, 196B. Fruit a many-seeded dehiscent pod or capsule, not reflexed; placentae parietal. 197A. Plants with green leaves; stamens 2-5. .....-.---0s eee eee reer eres Fam. 180. Gesneriaceae, 197B. Plants parasitic, without green leaves; stamens 4. ...........-----+-+> Fam. 179. Orobanchaceae, 194B. Ovary 2- to 5-locular. 198A. Ovary with a solitary ovule in each locule. 199A. Ovary deeply 4-lobed consisting of as many nutlets; style 1, cleft at apex. ...... Fam. 175. Labiatae, 199B. Ovary not lobed; style 1, entire. 1.00... 00sec eee eee ee ee ee eee ne Fam. 174. Verbenaceae, 198B. Ovary with 2 to many ovules in each locule. 200A. Vegetative parts usually with cystoliths; seeds few, each supported by a retinaculum. Fam. 182. Acanthaceae, 200B. Vegetative parts without cystoliths; seeds usually small and many, not supported by a retinaculum.
201A. Shrubs with alternate leaves; fruit a berry or a drupe. .............+-. Fam. 183. Myoporaceae,
201B. Herbs, rarely trees or shrubs, with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves; fruit usually a dehiscent
GCapstile sarees orsteiasebans fava ere tacsvolone eta Slee tera k sleeve elokcteketetoteretotetote Fam. 177. Scrophulariaceae,
193B. ‘Trees or shrubs; corolla essentially regular. ........00seeeeee eee setters eerees Fam. 166. Oleaceae,
192B. Fertile stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the nearly actinomorphic corolla. 202A. Ovary apparently deeply 4-lobed. PUB, ILGENES- CHOIR oo ovosooano agg oon an dDoUOD ODO GO DOOUDOpOnOUaDUGoOUDUODIDDOGD Fam. 175. Labiatae, DOSBumsseavesnaltenmate yarn tater taretsicreteteloreaie toi cnctetseks Celtel tale tencenetcvel Meenet NareRstetetot= Fam. 173. Boraginaceae, 202B. Ovary not 4-lobed. 204A. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla.
205A. Scandent shrubs; style simple, 5-lobed. .............0.0000eeeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 123. Icacinaceae, 205B. Erect or ascending shrubs or trees; styles entire or absent. 206A. Style simple; fruit a capsule; flowers perfect. ...........seeee eee esse ee eeee Fam. 159. Ericaceae, 206B. Style absent; fruit a drupe; flowers usually polygamodioecious. .......... Fam. 120. Aquifoliaceae, 204B. Stamens epipetalous. 207A. Capsule bifid at apex; leaves opposite, with stipules. .............++.++---- Fam. 167. Loganiaceae, 207B. Capsule not lobed until maturity, or a drupe, sometimes a berry; leaves opposite and exstipulate or alternate.
208A. Corolla small and scarious; capsules circumscissile; leaves simple and all radical. Fam. 185. Plantaginaceae, 208B. Corolla not scarious; fruit usually longitudinally dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. 209A. Leaves opposite. ZilOAWAWioodyaplants seer r Serer ere erer ante reer relent m cers Fam. 174. Verbenaceae, PIOB Se blerbstntecrcteverasieenctace tere bret ehc tears leletcheie ele yetenoiele etoraters tele Giese eter ketene Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 209B. Leaves alternate. 211A. Plants scandent. 212A. Flowers perfect; fruit usually a capsule, rarely a berry; stigma capitate or bifid. Fam. 171. Convolvulaceae, 212B. Flowers unisexual; fruit a drupe; stigma 5-lobed. .............--... Fam. 123. Icacinaceae, 211B. Plant not scandent. 213A. Stigmas 3; ovary 3-locular; capsule dehiscent, 3-valved. 214A. Herbs with pinnately divided leaves. .........+-200ee+eeeee Fam. 172. Polemoniaceae, 214B. Depressed shrublets or subherbaceous with undivided, entire or serrate leaves. Fam. 156. Diapensiaceae, 213B. Stigmas 1-5; ovary 1- to 5-locular (when 3-locular the capsules indehiscent). 215A. Ovary 2- or 3-locular; terrestrial plants. 216A. Ovules many; leaves pubescent, glabrous or spiny, not characteristically scabrid or hispid. Fam. 176. Solanaceae, 216B. Ovules 4; leaves characteristically scabrid or hispid, sometimes glabrous, never spiny. Fam. 173. Boraginaceae, 215B. Ovary 1-locular; terrestrial or aquatic plants. 217A. Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; corolla-lobes convolute, induplicate or valvate in bud. Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 217B. ‘Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs or herbs; corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Fam. 180. Gesneriaceae, 175B. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior. 218A. ‘Tendril-bearing, climbing herbs with unisexual flowers; fruit a pepo. ............--.--- Fam. 191. Cucurbitaceae, 218B. Tendrils absent; fruit never a pepo. 219A. Anthers not united.
Page
813
819 812 810
766 762 816 818 790 728
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734
819
762
735
751
754
GENERAL Key To FaMiIcies
220A. Stamens many, more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; trees or shrubs. ........ Fam. 164. Symplocaceae, 220B. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer. 221A. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla. 222A. Woody plants; stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes.
223A. Filaments free to the base; anthers dehiscing by apical pores. ......++++++eeeeeees Fam. 159. Ericaceae,
223B. Filaments united at base; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. ..............2+-+++ Fam. 165. Styracaceae, 222B. Herbs or shrubs.
224A. Stigma indusiate; shrubs (in ours), without milky juice. ..............+22-- Fam. 193. Goodeniaceae,
224B. Stigma not indusiate; herbs (in ours), with milky juice. ..............+--- Fam. 192. Campanulaceae,
221B. Stamens epipetalous. 225A. Fertile stamens 1—4, fewer than the corolla-lobes. 226A. Terrestrial herbs; flowers small, many, in corymbs or cymes; ovary wholly inferior.
Doom El owersawit Hout nvolicressmaerctcdeieteialclelereisialeicieleleversteleicterelelaisie| alevefelereveterete Fam, 189. Valerianaceae, 22D ROW ersvIDVOLICKALC na ecelete rate: everelelelevers Wie nial ore aieleleis(e sve sterere/chevereleleiesacsielers ere Fam. 190. Dipsacaceae, 226B. Aquatic herbs; flowers solitary in axils of leaves; ovary semi-inferior. ..........- Fam, 178. Pedaliaceae,
225B. Fertile stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes. 228A. Leaves alternate. 229 AcmblantsnwoadyvOvanyeinreriolestetetelelerereteteleletelsterarelolersievataleteyereretelelsietere Fam. 72. Olacaceae (Schoepfia) 229 Reese lants, Ler bvaccousslOVALyASU DCI Lematertnleleiejeleretsietelstetateretcteieletciat-valelatelstaralalayate Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 228B. Leaves opposite or verticillate. 230A. Leaves simple or pinnately compound; fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 231A. Stipules present, interpetiolar or intrapetiolar, becoming leaflike (Galium); flowers actinomorphic. Fam. 186. Rubiaceae, 231B. Stipules minute or absent; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic. ....... Fam. 187. Caprifoliaceae, 230B. Leaves ternately compound; fertile stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. ... Fam. 188. Adoxaceae, 219B. Anthers united. 232A. Flowers variously arranged, not in involucrate heads; fruit a capsule. ............. Fam. 192. Campanulaceae, 232B. Flowers in involucrate” heads; fruit a cypselate achene, usually with a scaly, hairy, or plumose pappus. Fam. 194. Compositae,
19
Page 725
693 727
854 848
843 845 810
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855
CRNA Pa see JOH ie eet tg OY i.
cGrecany
Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA Ferns and Fern Allies
Fam. 1. PSILOTACEAE Marsusa-ran Ka __ Psilotum Family
Frequently epiphytic, herbaceous, erect or pendulous perennials with dichotomously branched creeping rhizomes; leaves (branch-tips) flattened and leaflike or scalelike; sporangia homosporous, solitary and terminal on the branch-tips, rather large and prominent, 2- or 3-locular and 2- or 3-lobed; spores many——Two genera with about 3 species, in the Tropics and sub- tropics.
1. PSILOTUM Sw. Martsusa-ran Zoku
Rhizomes wiry, creeping, branched; stems simple in the lower half, much forked toward the top into slender flattened or triquetrous branchlets; leaves (branch tips) scalelike, minute, 3- or 2-ranked; sporangia coriaceous, sessile, depressed at apex, 3Jocular, 3-lobed, loculicidally split; spores oblong, 1-ribbed———Two species, of wide distribution, mostly in warmer regions.
1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Lycopodium nudum angia depressed-globose, about 2 mm. across, 3-grooved and L.; P. triquetrum Sw—Matsuza-Ran. Rhizomes 1-2mm._ obtusely 3-angled——Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocky across, brown-villous; stems 10-35 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, cliffs; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; erect, slender, green, glabrous, loosely scaly, dichotomously rare-———s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and generally in forking in upper half; sterile scales entire, the fertile bifid; spor- _ the Tropics.
Fam. 2. EQUISETACEAE = Toxusa Ka __ Horsetail Family
Perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes; stems green, all alike or of two kinds (the sterile stems green, the fertile without chlorophyll), simple or branched, grooved, with a ring of smaller cavities around the central cylinder; leaves very small, con- nate and forming a sheath above the nodes, the sheaths with as many teeth as the grooves on stems; spikes terminal, the stipitate-peltate sporangiophores spirally arranged on a common axis; spores all alike, green, provided with 4 elastic, hygroscopic, clavate bands.——A single genus.
1. EQUISETUM L. = Toxusa Zoxu
Characters of the family—About 23 species, nearly cosmopolitan, absent in Australia.
1A. Spikes obtuse to subacute, not apiculate; stems annual. 2A. Stems dimorphic, the fertile whitish or flesh-colored, soft and succulent, the sterile green and branched. 3A. Internodes nearly smooth or with minute scabrid tubercles; teeth of primary sheaths brown throughout, those on the branches sub-
Wiate-trian pt lane isc. avsiceoviielsiora eel elaystaevel eos) atelekeye: s,c stata to incslelele eoisseins = of e co-che. ousbevete eh eforauon tere ster mieiete s ateleiate 1. E. arvense 3B. Internodes minutely spiny on the ridges; teeth of primary sheaths with broad, scarious, white margins, those on the branches |synovete LhTAVs lo (1s) EPC ey ee DRI IS OIE Con Gictod ait mere Cn oid DOU cred create mene hU 5 Sdcicioden tong 2. E. pratense
2B. Stems all alike, green. 4A. Stems spinulose on the ridges; teeth of primary sheaths with very broad membranous margins; branches spreading or drooping. 5A. Sheaths of branches with erect deltoid teeth; branches simple. ............--- ese eeeeccrcceeccccscessecs 2. E. pratense 5B. Sheaths of branches with spreading subulate-linear teeth; branches ramulose, drooping above. .............. 3. E. sylvaticum 4B. Stems smooth, with minute tubercules; teeth of primary sheaths with scarious margins; branches ascending, usually simple. 6A. Primary sheaths loose, with 10 or fewer broadly lanceolate teeth rather prominently scarious on the margin; stems with
Slenderacentralicavitismarertsyettetererctelteteie aeieerst\catiel eke reir ienencsLerotee ciel oletetereneitecastetecercistain) ateletelecatel mes olel intetenere 4. E. palustre 6B. Primary sheaths tight, with 15-20 subulate-lanceolate teeth scarcely or very narrowly scarious on margin; stems with a large Central cavleyperrereeuctas Coy auhe rue teleae taieus tree eke oteene nae aeaiaetel aenetnicfotetcvaiel chatnvocena hate venetetotale stetatetatete sreteteieretietetars 5. E. fluviatile
1B. Spikes apiculate to obtuse; stems evergreen. 7A. Teeth caducous. 8A. Sheaths nearly as wide as long, becoming blackish at both ends, with 12-30 caducous teeth; stems mostly simple. .. 6. E. Ayemale
8B. Sheaths longer than wide, pale green, with 5-15 caducous teeth; stems branched at least near base. ........ 7. E. ramosissimum 7B. Teeth persistent.
Ave Stemsibolowstceth elongate, oUchMon pera to ana DrOaCemarnretetsteterciatetatefepste etetatalvelit siete baleiatets slstcte/articiers/<ielaratete 8. E. variegatum
OB Pemstems sold siteet yas! Droaasy OM owe tere torahete ete ct ekete'a) costa c/eregeletepe st NeMnseters; eictay ete eeelanstcejcrereyapeieieioie iets ware eterareatahensys 9. E. scirpoides
21
22 EQUISETACEAE; LYCOPODIACEAE
1. Equisetum arvense L. Sucina. Sterile stems 20- 80 cm. long, erect or decumbent at base, green, 3-4 mm. across, the internodes nearly smooth or with minute scabrid tubercles, 6- to 15-grooved, the central cavity less than half the diameter of the stem; primary sheaths 3-6 mm. long, green, the teeth as many as the grooves, subulate, acuminate, brown throughout; branches spreading, simple, verticillate, (3-)4-grooved, the sheaths pale green, 3- or 4-toothed, the teeth subulate-triangu- lar, acuminate, black-tinged at the tip; fertile stems 10-30 cm. long, smooth, terete, simple, flesh-colored to pale brown, the sheaths 10-25 mm. long, loose, pale green to brownish, 6- to 12- toothed; spikes 2-4 cm. long, pedunculate——Fruiting Mar.— June. Sunny banks and waste grounds in lowlands to moun- tains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; very common. Circumboreal.
2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Yacut-sucina. Sterile stems 20-60 cm. long, green, 2-3 mm. across, 8- to 20-grooved, the internodes minutely spiny on the ridges; primary sheaths 3-8 mm. long, pale green, the teeth subulate-deltoid, pale brown, scarious, with a darker colored midrib and white mar- gins; branches horizontally spreading, simple, verticillate, the sheaths pale, with 3 or 4 short, deltoid, acute teeth; fertile stems 10-25 cm. long, simple or with short branches at maturity of the spike, the sheaths 5-10 mm. long, pale yellow-green, with 10-20 lanceolate white-scarious teeth, the midrib brown; spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, pedunculate——Hokkaido (n. and e. distr.); rare.—Sakhalin, n. Kuriles, Korea, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
8. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Fusa-sucina. Sterile stems 30-70 cm. long, erect, 2—4 mm. across, green, rather soft, 10- to 18-grooved, the ridges with 2 rows of minute spinules, the central cavity about half the diameter of the stem; sheaths green at base, the teeth irregularly connate into 3-6 subacute lobes, rufous-brown; branches slender, verticillate, drooping above, loosely spinulose on the angles, ramulose, 3- or 4- grooved, the sheaths with 3 or 4 long, spreading, subulate- linear teeth; fertile stems with short branches; spikes 1-2 cm. long, pedunculate——Reported to occur in Hokkaido (Shiri- beshi Prov.).——Sakhalin, n. Kuriles, n. Korea, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
4, Equisetum palustre L. Inu-sucina. Stems 20-50 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. across, green, usually branched, densely tuberculate, 4- to 10-grooved, the central cavity small; sheaths 5-12 mm. long, loose, usually green, the teeth 10 or fewer, acu- minate, broadly lanceolate, blackish, the margins narrowly scarious; branches ascending, simple, 4- or 5-grooved, the sheaths with lanceolate-deltoid appressed brown-tipped acu- minate teeth; spikes 1-3 cm. long, pedunculate——Fruiting May-June. Boggy places; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyu- shu; more common northward.—Sakhalin, Kuriles, Korea, Formosa, China, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
5. Equisetum fluviatile L. E. limosum L.; E. heleo-
Fam. 3. LYCOPODIACEAE HikaGE-NO-KAZURA Ka
charis Ehrh.—Muzv-sucina, Mizu-pokusa. Stems 50-100 cm. long, erect, 3-10 mm. across, green, simple or with irregu- lar whorls of branches in the middle, smooth, slenderly 10- to 30-grooved, the central cavity 4/5 the diameter of the stem; sheaths 5-12 mm. long, green, tight, the teeth 15-20, small, subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, blackish, scarcely or narrowly scarious on margin; branches ascending, slender, simple, 5- angled, the sheaths green, the teeth 4 or 5, subulate, green, as- cending and acuminate; spikes 1-2 cm. long, pedunculate or subsessile Fruiting May-July. Boggy places; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ——s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Korea, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
6. Equisetum hyemale L. Toxusa. Stems 20-75 cm. long, erect, firm, simple, evergreen, 3-8 mm. across, shal- lowly 14- to 26-grooved, scaberulous, the ridges with 2 rows of tubercles, the central cavity about 2/3 the diameter of the stem; sheaths 5.5-14 mm. long, tight, a little longer than broad (3-8 mm. wide), with a black band below the middle and a black border, the teeth 14-26, the apical portion 3-6 mm. long, mem- branous, dark brown, caducous, the basal portion persistent on the sheath; spikes 6-13 mm. long, sessile-———Fruiting Aug— Dec. Sandy shaded places in valleys and ravines; Hokkaido, Honshu (n. and centr. distr.)——Sakhalin, Kuriles, Korea, Himalayas, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
7. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. E. ripense Nakai & F. Maekawa.—Inu-poxusa. Stems 40-120 cm. long, usu- ally evergreen, minutely tuberculate, gray-green, 8- to 24 grooved, branched at base or near the middle, the central cavity about half the diameter of the stem; sheaths 5.5-21 mm. long, rather loose, pale green, much longer than broad (2.5-8.5 mm. wide), the teeth membranous, 8-24, dark brown with white margins, linear, 3-5 mm. long, caducous, the basal portion persistent on the sheath; branches 6- to 10-grooved; spikes 8- 17 mm. long, sessile or nearly so.Fruiting May-Sept. Hon- shu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—Eurasia and Africa.
8. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. CHIsHiMA-HIME- DOKUSA. Stems slender, ascending, branched at base, simple above, 3- to 12-grooved, the central cavity about 1/3 the diame- ter of the stem or much reduced or absent in small stems; sheaths green with a black border, the teeth 4-10, lanceolate to lanceolate-deltoid, persistent; spikes 5-10 mm. long-——Hok- kaido; rare-——Sakhalin, Kuriles to N. America, and Europe.
9. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Hime-poxusa. Stems 5-28 cm. long, tufted, simple or slightly branched at base, green, decumbent or ascending, slender, firm, wiry, 0.5-1 mm. thick, solid, slightly flexuous, 6-ribbed, tuberculate on the ribs; sheaths short, rather loose, green at base, black upwardly, the teeth pale brown, ovate, broadly scarious on margin, with an awnlike excurrent midrib; spikes 2-3 mm. long, sessile or short-pedunculate——Along valleys in mountains; Hokkaido; rare.— Sakhalin, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
Clubmoss Family
Herbs with small simple 1-nerved evergreen leaves spirally arranged or 4-ranked; sporangia solitary in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes in the axils of modified leaves (bracts), 2-valved, homosporous, the spores globose, granular, usually
with 3 lines radiating from the apex. the following.
Two genera, Phylloglossum, a monotypic genus of Australia and New Zealand, and
LycopoDIACEAE 23
1. LYCOPODIUM L.
HIKAGE-NO-KAZURA ZOKU
Stems erect or creeping, much branched; leaves small, imbricate or subverticillate, 4- to 16-ranked, usually all alike, sometimes dimorphic and distichous; sporangia coriaceous, l-locular, 2-valved, reniform to subglobose——About 180 species, widely dis-
tributed.
1A. Stems erect or drooping, not creeping; sporangia in axils of leaflike or scalelike bracts of main stem. 2A. Plants terrestrial, 3-25 cm. high, usually erect from the decumbent or ascending base, often bearing axillary bulbils in the upper part.
3A. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, costate, petiolelike at base. .....
eiovatate Vel ait staietere, cheyeisfeieraieiaieiscaxesstals'elexeseiel</ecoleicialara\aferals 1. L. serratum
3B. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, ecostate, not narrowed at base. ....sssecc cree e cece eee e eet ee eee eteteneeeeseees 2. L. selago 2B. Plants epiphytic, usually pendulous, sometimes erect, to 70 cm. long, often tufted.
4A. Leaves less than 4 mm. long, nearly all alike.
5A. Leaves broadly subulate, 1.5-3 mm. long, strongly incurved above the middle, 1.5-2 times as long as the sporangia.
3. L. fargesit
5B. Leaves triangular-ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, closely appressed to the stem, about as long as the sporangia. ...... 4. L. sieboldit
4B. Leaves 8-20 mm. long, nearly all alike or dimorphic.
6A. Sterile leaves linear to lanceolate; fertile leaves similar but usually slightly smaller, much longer than the sporangia.
7A. Leaves spirally arranged, broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, the sterile leaves about 1.5-2 mm. wide. ...
5. L. cryptomerinum
7B. Leaves subdistichous, lanceolate, the sterile leaves 2.5-3 mm. Wide. ........ssseeeeeeeeeerseeeeeseeeeeee 6. L. ford 6B. Sterile leaves deltoid-ovate to broadly deltoid-lanceolate, spreading, 6-13 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, lustrous, broadest at the
base; fertile leaves scalelike, deltoid or deltoid-ovate, as long as or slightly longer than the sporangia... ..
7. L. phlegmaria
1B. Stems creeping or long-climbing; sporangia in special fertile terminal spikes on the lateral branches. 8A. Fertile stems unbranched, arising directly from short-creeping, simple or sparsely branched primary stems; sterile branches creep-
ing, not erect.
9A. Leaves (bracts) of fertile stems (peduncles) dense, simulating those of the creeping stems; sporangia subglobose. .
8. L. inundatum
9B. Leaves (bracts) of fertile stems (peduncles) scattered, scalelike, much smaller than those of the creeping stems; sporangia reni-
MOE codon woCd dea mo aedE LOCH addoO boop aU GOON OOO
anand ouodeedodacdopeoboUes melletelsieeteretelo en caroMmianyne
8B. Fertile stems branched, arising from much elongated primary stems; eerie branches often erect.
10A. Spikes nodding to deflexed.
11A. Stems much elongate, climbing on trees; spikes in groups of 2-10, pedunculate; branchlets much flattened; leaves of sterile branches linear-lanceolate, 1.5—2 mm. long, appressed, with a long hairlike tip; fertile leaves (bracts) obsoletely toothed, with
Abby aline vars Like tl piatlelelletelatatetele!sleleteletsletstetst=telel
11B.
Fin co Hom tO UOC MOO BUE OELOCDADAOOOOG DoDaouC 10. L. casuarinotdes Stems erect, not twining or climbing, arcuate above; spikes solitary, sessile; branchlets not flattened; leaves of sterile stems
linear-subulate, 3-4 mm. long, with an awnlike tip; fertile leaves (bracts) fimbriate, with a long awnlike tip. 11. L. cernuum
10B. Spikes erect.
12A. Leaves spirally to somewhat distichously arranged, all alike or nearly so. 13A. Stems long-creeping below ground; branches erect, unbranched at base, much branched above, of treelike form.
12. L. obscurum
13B. Stems creeping on surface of ground; branches sparsely ramulose near the ascending base, not of treelike form. 14A. Free portion of sterile leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 3.5-6(—7) mm. long, toothed or the tip filiform; spikes 2-6 cm.
long.
15A. Spikes 1-6, long-pedunculate; leaves of sterile branches entire, with a filiform hairlike tip.
13. L. clavatum var. nipponicum
15B. Spikes solitary, sessile; leaves of sterile branches toothed, with a pungent awnlike tip. ............ 14. L. annotinum 14B. Free portion of sterile leaves subulate, 2-3 mm. long, entire, acuminate; spikes 1-2 cm. long. 15. L. sitchense var. nikoense
12B. Leaves in 4 rows, somewhat dimorphic.
16A. Spikes solitary, 1-2 cm. long, sessile; sterile branches slightly flattened, the ventral leaves trowel-shaped or subulate, the lateral leaves strongly incurved on outer margin, with the free portion about as long as the decurrent base.
16. L. alpinum
16B. Spikes 2-5, 2-3 cm. long, long-pedunculate; sterile branchlets much flattened, the ventral leaves reduced to a minute ap- pressed subulate tip, the lateral leaves not or only slightly incurved on outer margin, with the free portion much shorter
than the decurrent base.
1. Lycopodium serratum Thunb. var. serratum. L. lucidulum sensu auct. Japon., non Michx.——Hosopa-rocE- sHIBA. Stems erect, ascending to shortly decumbent at base, simple or sparsely forked, 7-25 cm. long, striate, bulbils in up- per part deep green, consisting of 3 oblong, obtuse, carnose, erect leaves about 5 mm. long; leaves rather thin and loose, spreading to subdeflexed, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, acuminate to short-cuspidate, green, flat, sometimes unequal in size, costate on both sides especially so beneath, serrate and sometimes crisped on margin, nearly sessile; sporangia in axils of ordinary leaves, reniform, sessile. ——wWoods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyu- shu; rather common and variable——Sakhalin, s. Kuriles, Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, and Malaysia.
etter eee eee ee ee ee ey
17. L. complanatum
Var. longepetiolatum Spring. L. javanicum Sw.; L. serra tum var. javanicum (Sw.) Makino; L. serratum forma inter- medium Nakai; L. serratum var. intermedium (Nakai) Miyabe & Kudé——O-rocesuipa, Htrona-No-rocEsHIBA, Leaves broader, distinctly narrowed to a petiolelike base ——Honshu (s. distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu.
2. Lycopodium selago L. var. appressum Desy. Ko- sUGI-RAN. Stems nearly simple or sparsely forked, erect from a short ascending base, 3-10 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide including the leaves, with bulbils in upper portion; leaves rather thick and dense, linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. wide, ascending, incurved to appressed toward apex, ecostate, acumi- nate, entire, lustrous, scarcely broadened at base; sporangia reniform, in axils of ordinary leaves—Mossy sunny slopes in
24 LyYCcoPoDIACEAE
alpine regions; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.), Kyushu (Yakushima); rather rare———Kuriles, Kamchatka to Europe and N. America.
Var. chinense (Christ) Ohwi. L. chinense Christ; L. selago forma chinense (Christ) E. Pritz.; L. miyoshianum Makino; L. selago var. miyoshianum (Makino) Makino——Htme- SUGI-RAN. Stems 8-15 cm. long, rather slender; leaves broadly linear, 3-7 mm. long, 0.5-0.8 mm. wide, spreading to obliquely ascending, the lower ones sometimes slightly de- flexed, slightly incurved above, acuminate-——Coniferous woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare.—s. Kuriles, Korea, and China.
Var. somae (Hayata) Ohwi. L. somae Hayata; L. chinense var. somae (Hayata) Masam.——kKo-sucI-TOcESHIBA. Stems slender, often rubescent at base, 3-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. across including the leaves; leaves smaller, narrowly oblong to nar- rowly lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, 0.5-0.8 mm. wide, short- acuminate, deflexed. ‘Woods in mountains; Kyushu (Yaku-
shima) ; rare -——Formosa. 3. Lycopodium fargesii Hert. L. tereticaule Hayata; L. fauriei Rosenst.; L. quasitprimaevum Koidz—Hrmo-suct-
RAN, HosoHIMo-YORAKU. Stems slender, tufted, pendulous, 30-40 cm. long, sparingly forked, 2-3.5 mm. across including the leaves, prominently short-striate; leaves rather densely im- bricate, broadly subulate, 1.5-3 mm. long, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide, acute, entire, strongly incurved above the middle, obtusely cari- nate on back at base, slightly concave on inside, more or less adnate to the stem at base; sporangia reniform-orbicular, more than half as long as the fertile leaves——Kyushu (Yaku- shima) ; rare——Formosa and China.
4. lycopodium sieboldii Mig. Hrmo-ran. Stems tufted, filiform, pendulous, about 1.5 mm. across including the leaves, slightly angular, sparsely forked, 20-40 cm. long, leafy; leaves scalelike, closely appressed and adnate to the stem in lower two-thirds, the free portion triangular-ovate to ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, very acute, about as long as the sporangia, convex and scarcely keeled on back; fertile leaves simulating the scale leaves but more dilated and barely acute to short- mucronate; sporangia reniform-orbicular, as long as to slightly longer than the leaves———Honshu (Sagami, Izu, and Kii Prov.), Kyushu (s. distr.); rare——-Korea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus (var.).
5. Lycopodium cryptomerinum Maxim. Suci-ran. Epiphytic; stems solitary or few together, rather stout, 15-30 cm. long, erect, short-ascending at base, 3-5 mm. across near base, or 2-3 cm. across including the leaves, sparsely forked; sterile leaves coriaceous, rather dense, spirally arranged, broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, gradually narrowed and obtusish at tip, shortly adnate to the stem at base, entire, slightly recurved on margin, flat, lustrous above, the midrib broad, obsoletely raised at tip; fertile leaves simulating the sterile, very slightly smaller; sporangia reni- form.—Hokkaido (Oshima and Hidaka Prov.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
6. Lycopodium fordii Bak. L. hamilton var. petiola- tum C. B. Clarke; L. petiolatum (C. B. Clarke) Hert.; L. henryt Bak.; L. subdistichum Makino——NANKAKU-RAN. Rather soft pendulous epiphyte; stems usually tufted, branched once or twice or simple, rather slender, 20-40 cm. long, 1-1.7 em. wide (including the leaves) in the sterile part; sterile leaves lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, obliquely spreading, subacute, slightly narrowed at the base, entire,
I-nerved, the basal ones small and suberect; fertile leaves nearly like the sterile ones, often smaller and narrower, fre- quently ascending, 3-10 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; sporangia cordate, broadly rounded on upper margin——Honshu (Ha- chijo Isl. and Kii Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. Ryukyus, Formosa, and China.
7. Lycopodium phlegmaria L. Yoraxu-nisa. Pen- dulous epiphyte; stems loosely forked, rather stout, deeply grooved, 40-70 cm. long, to 8 mm. across at base excluding the leaves, or 22.5 cm. wide including the leaves; fertile branches terminal, several times forked, 10-25 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. across; sterile leaves coriaceous, narrowly deltoid-ovate to broadly deltoid-lanceolate, 6-13 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, pungent at apex, rounded-truncate at base, very short-petiolate, spreading, lustrous, entire, silghtly recurved on margin, midrib not prominent; fertile leaves (bracts) dense, scalelike, about 1 mm. long and as wide, deltoid or deltoid-ovate, obtuse to rounded at apex, slightly shorter than to slightly longer than the reniform-cordate sporangia——Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima); rather rare——-Ryukyus and Formosa, and generally throughout the Old World Tropics.
8. Lycopodium inundatum L. Yacur-sucrran. Rather soft, pale green, creeping herb; stems slender, simple or spar- ingly branched, 5-12 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. across, or 5-10 mm. across including the leaves; leaves linear, soft, spreading, somewhat ascending, 4-6 mm. long, 0.5-0.8 mm. wide, acumi- nate, entire or with few minute teeth, midnerve obsolete; fer- tile branches arising directly from the creeping stems, simple, usually solitary, erect, 4-10 cm. long, leafy; spikes usually soli- tary, erect, cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide inclusive of the fertile leaves (bracts), the bracts many, similar to the sterile leaves, spreading to recurved, dilated at base; sporangia subglobose——Boggy places; Hokkaido, Honshu (Kinki Distr. and northw.); rather rare-———China, Europe, and N. America.
9. Lycopodium carolinianum L. L. subinundatum Tagawa——INU-YACHI-SUGI-RAN. Similar to the preceding in habit, but firmer on all parts; stems creeping, 5-15 cm. long, simple or sparingly forked, rather densely leaved; leaves subu- late-lanceolate or linear, 4-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, acu- minate, entire, the lateral ones ascending; scapes (peduncles) arising directly from creeping stems, solitary, simple, erect, 4-7 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. across; scalelike leaves of scape loosely disposed, erect to suberect, subulate, about 3 mm. long; spikes terminal, solitary, erect, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, densely many-leaved; bracts imbricate, scalelike, deltoid- ovate, about 3 mm. long, scarcely 2 mm. wide, acuminate, erose on membranous lower margin, pale yellowish, obliquely spreading, with a broad entire cusp at apex; sporangia reni- form.—Wet boggy places; Honshu (Mount Tenganzan in Oomi Prov.); very rare-——N. and S. America, S. Africa, Mauritius, Ceylon, and Malaysia.
10. Lycopodium casuarinoides Spring. LL. casuart- noides var. japonicum Nakai——Himo-zurv. __ Climbing on trees; stems much elongate, terete, wiry; leaves of sterile stems scalelike, appressed, linear-lanceolate, convex on back, not keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long, with a long hairlike tip 2-4 mm. long; branches rather loosely disposed, 20-40 cm. long, rami- fied, pendulous, the branchlets much flattened, 1.5-4 mm. wide inclusive of the loosely arranged leaves; leaves of branch- lets prominently decurrent, firm, the free portion deltoid and appressed to lanceolate and ascending, 0.5-2 mm. long, ob-
LycopoDIACEAE 25
soletely toothed, with a hyaline tardily deciduous apical hair; spikes in groups of 2-10, pedunculate, erect, pedicelled, cylin- dric, 2-5 cm. long, the bracts ovate-deltoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, undulate-toothed, with a hyaline apical hair——Pine forests; Honshu (Kii Proyv.), Kyushu; very rare——Formosa, China, Philippines, and Malaysia to n. India.
11. Lycopodium cernuum L. Mi£uzvu-suci. Stems rather slender, 20-50 cm. long, erect at base, arcuate above, often rooting and bearing new shoots at apex, densely leafy, pale green; branches much ramified, relatively short, slender, somewhat arcuate at the tip; leaves of sterile branches all alike, linear-subulate, entire, spreading to ascending, 3-4 mm. long, 0.2-0.3 mm. wide, attenuate to an awnlike tip; spikes solitary on the branch tips, sessile, nodding, ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, densely bracteate, 5-10 mm. long, about 3 mm. across; bracts deltoid, fimbriate, awnlike at the tip—Wet sunny slopes in hills and mountains; Hokkaido (Iburi Prov.), Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu=—Ryukyus, Formosa, and the tropics of both hemispheres.
12. Lycopodium obscurum L. Mannen-suci. Stems long-creeping, subterranean, slender, about 2.5 mm. wide, loosely scaly; branches erect, 15-30 cm. long, simple at base, much branched above, rather loosely to densely leafy; leaves all alike, linear to broadly so, 3-4 mm. long, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, green, spreading, often incurved at apex, minutely spine- tipped; spikes 1 to several on a branch, solitary and terminal on the branchlets, erect, 2-5 cm. long, the bracts cordate-del- toid, undulate, more or less scarious-margined, with a short cusp at the tip—Damp coniferous woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Korea, e. Siberia, and N. America-—— Forma strictum (Milde) D. C. Eaton. L. dendroideum var. strictum Milde; L. juniperoideum Sw.; L. obscurum var. den- droideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton; L. dendroideum Michx—— TACHI-MANNEN-suUGI. Branchlets short, erect; plant with a treelike aspect. Forma flabellatum (Milde) Takeda. L. dendroideum vor. flabellatum Milde—Ucutwa-MANNEN-SUGI Branchlets obliquely spreading, subflabellate.
13. Lycopodium clavatum L. var. nipponicum Nakai. L. japonicum Thunb.—Hrrace-no-Kazura. Stems exten- sively creeping, leafy, 3-4 mm. across excluding the leaves, al- ternately branched; branches forked, ascending, densely leafy, 6-8 mm. across inclusive of the leaves; leaves all alike, spread- ing, linear to broadly so, 4-5 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, more or less incurved and filiform at the tip, entire, green, slightly lustrous; spikes erect 1-6, cylindric, 2-6 cm. long; peduncles 7-20 cm. long, erect, loosely leafy, the leaves ascending or suberect, linear, with a long hairlike tip; bracts ovate-deltoid, with a hairlike tip, spreading, the margins narrowly scarious, undulate-erose——Woods in hills to high mountains; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common and very variable. Our plant, sometimes differentiated into 2 or 3 varieties, usu- ally has leaves with a shorter hairlike tip than European plants. —The species occurs in Sakhalin, Kuriles, Korea, Formosa, China, India, Malaysia to Polynesia and Hawaii, N. America, Europe, and Africa.
14. Lycopodium annotinum L. SucrKazura. Stems long-creeping, leafy; branches ascending, somewhat forked at base, erect, to 20 cm. long, densely leafy, 8-13 mm. across; leaves of sterile branches spreading to subreflexed, 4-7 mm. long, 0.6-1.3 mm. wide, with an incurved tip, toothed, obso- letely costate on both sides, with a pungent awnlike tip; spikes
solitary, terminal on the branchlets, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. across, sessile, erect; bracts dense, broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate with a short deciduous filiform tip, the margins erose-dentate, more or less hyaline-—Coniferous woods: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Korea to China and the Himalayas, Siberia to Europe, and N. America. Our plants may be separated into the following:
Var. pungens Desy. TaKaNE-SUGI-KAZURA. Leaves as- cending, about 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, incurved at the tip, nearly entire.
Var. latifolium Takeda. Ht1rowa-no-suci-Kazura. Leaves horizontally to obliquely spreading, lanceolate, usually more than 1 mm. wide, slightly incurved at tip.
Var. angustatum Takeda. Swinno-suci-Kazura. Leaves reflexed, linear-lanceolate, about 1 mm. wide or sometimes narrower.
15. Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. var. nikoense (Fr. & Sav.) Takeda. L. nikoense Fr. & Sav.; L. alpinum var. ni- koense Fr. & Sav.; L. sabinaefolium var. sitchense subvar. ni- Roense (Fr. & Sav.) Koidz.;? L. alpinum var. planiramulosum Takeda—TakaNE-HIKAGE-NO-KAZURA. | Stems _ long-creep- ing, loosely leafy, about 2 mm. across exclusive of the leaves; branches forked nearly to the base, 3-15 cm. long (inclusive of the fertile branchlets which are usually longer than the ster- ile), 3-5 mm. across inclusive of the leaves, somewhat glauces- cent, ascending at base; leaves of sterile branches ascending to suberect, incurved at tip, subulate, 2-3 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, acuminate, entire, convex on back, concave inside, not keeled; spikes solitary on the branchlets, yellowish, cylindric, erect, sessile; branchlets 1-2 cm. long; bracts deltoid-orbicular, cuspidate, erose to undulate on margin——Sunny slopes among mosses and lichens in alpine regions; Hokkaido, Hon- shu (centr. and n. distr.), Kyushu (Yakushima); rather rare. —kKuriles. The typical variety occurs in Kamchatka, the Aleutians, and N. America.
16. Lycopodium alpinum L. CuisHima-HiKacE-No-KA- zurA. Stems long-creeping, loosely leafy; branches erect from an ascending base, forked below and becoming flabellate or bushlike, 4-10 cm. long, the branchlets slightly flattened, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; leaves rather densely disposed in 4 rows, lanceolate-subulate, acutish with a short hyaline tip, the lateral ones more or less flattened, strongly incurved on margin, as- cending, the dorsal leaves shorter, convex on back, appressed, the ventral ones trowel-shaped or subulate; spikes 1-2 cm. long, few on each branch, nearly equal in height, sessile; bracts as- cending, narrowly deltoid-ovate, hyaline and subentire on margin, acutish— Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. mountains); rare-——Sakhalin, Kuriles, Kamchatka to Siberia and Europe and N. America.
17. Lycopodium complanatum L. L. complanatum var. anceps Asch.—AsuHI-KAZURA. Stems elongate and long-creeping, loosely leafy; branches ascending, 10-30 cm. long, usually flabellately ramulose; branchlets much flattened, green, 2-grooved above, 3-4 mm. wide; leaves of sterile branches rather loosely disposed in 4 rows, small, long-decur- rent and adnate to the axis, spinelike at tip, the lateral ones flattened, the free part 1-1.5 mm. long, ascending to suberect, the dorsal leaves subulate, appressed, adnate most of the length on inner side to the axis, convex on back, the ventral leaves al- most wholly adnate, reduced to a minute appressed subulate tip; peduncles erect, 8-13 cm. long, the leaves loose, linear, as-
26
LycopopIAcEAE;
cending, often hyaline at the tip; spikes 2-5 on each peduncle, 2-3 cm. long, pedicelled; bracts deltoid-cordate, with a linear hyaline short tip, erose and membranous on margin.——
Fam. 4. SELAGINELLACEAE
Herbs with long, usually creeping stems; rhizophores leafless,
SELAGINELLACEAE
Mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ——Ku- riles, Sakhalin, Korea, China, Himalayas, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
Iwa-Hipa Ka __ Selaginella Family
giving rise to adventitious roots; leaves small, 1-nerved, ligulate
at base, all alike and spirally arranged or of two sizes arranged in 4 rows; spikes terminal, usually 4-angled, the bracts all alike or dimorphic; sporangia axillary, of two kinds, the larger megasporangia usually borne in lower axils, fewer than the
smaller microsporangia borne above-——One genus.
1.
SELAGINELLA Beauv.
Twa-H1Ba Zoku
Characters of the family——A cosmopolitan genus comprising about 700 species.
1A. Leaves all alike, spirally arranged.
2A. Leaves spreading, minutely spine-tipped; spikes pedunculate, solitary, the bracts spreading, spirally arranged, 3.5-5 mm. long.
1. S. selaginoides
2B. Leaves imbricate, appressed to ascending, hair-tipped; spikes sessile on short ascending branchlets, the bracts in 4 rows. 3A. Branchlets about 1.5 mm. across including the leaves; megaspores with prominent primary reticulations. .......... 2. S. sibirica 3B. Branchlets about 1 mm. across including the leaves; megaspores with prominent primary and secondary reticulations.
3. S. shakotanensis
1B. Leaves of two sizes, in 4 rows, those of the 2 dorsal rows smaller, appressed, those of the 2 ventral rows larger, spreading to ascending. 4A. Stems densely tufted, 5-12 cm. long; roots confined to the base, forming a short false stem. .............---+> 4. S. tamariscina
4B. Stems not tufted, creeping or ascending.
5A. Main stems without green leaves, shallowly subterranean, wiry, with small scarious scales, unbranched at base, branched in upper
(Se OORT Coy CeIn Boer on A COMO AE CORBET not METIS BEeIICOM TROD ACO ccd ob Onan AMOS ear do biumoc ada s 5. S. pachystachys 5B. Main stems with green leaves, ascending or creeping at ground level, branched from the base. 6A. Stems erect to ascending, with aerial roots in the lower half, deep green above, 6-9 mm. wide. ............ 6. S. doederleinit
6B. Stems prostrate, creeping on the ground.
7A. Bracts all alike, loosely arranged, or if two forms present then the larger ones in the same plane as the large leaves, entire,
ciliolate, or obsoletely toothed.
8A. Stems long-creeping, loosely leaved, scantily forked. .................2...0eeeeee ene 7. S. remotifolia var. japonica 8B. Stems short-creeping, rather densely leaved, prominently forked. 9A. Fertile branches sparsely branched, the leaves not smaller than the bracts; bracts abruptly acuminate; stems and sterile
branches 4-6 mm. wide; sterile leaves of upper plane cuspidate, ..........00eecceeeeesccesseees 8. S. nipponica 9B. Fertile branches simple or once forked at tip, scapiform, the leaves smaller than the bracts; bracts acute; stems and sterile branches 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; sterile leaves of upper plane obtuse to acutish, not cuspidate. ............ 9. S. helvetica
7B. Bracts of two forms, densely arranged, the smaller ones in the same plane as the larger leaves, spine-toothed. 10A. Stems mat-forming, densely leaved, 3-5 mm. wide; spikes 1.5-3 mm. wide. ...............-.0-- 10. S. heterostachys 10B. Stems long-creeping, loosely leaved, 7-8 mm. wide; spikes 2.5-3 mm. wide. ..............-....- 11. S. boninensis
1. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link. Lycopodium selaginoides L.; S. spinosa Beauy.m—KokE-suGIRAN. Stems creeping and appressed to the ground, slender, 3-5 mm. wide, with short ascending branches; leaves multifarious, all alike, spreading, rather loose, more dense in upper part, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, acute, minutely spine-tipped, remotely ciliate, the midrib obsolete; fertile stems erect from a creeping base, scapiform, 5-8 cm. long, inclusive of the spike, simple; leaves of fertile stems similar to the sterile ones; spike solitary, erect, 1-2 cm. long, pedunculate, rather densely bracteate; bracts multifarious, similar to the sterile leaves but slightly larger, spreading to ascending, 3.5-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, prominently serrate-ciliate; sporangia globose. June-July. Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. to n. distr.); rather
rare—Kuriles, Kamchatka, Siberia to Europe, and N. Amer- ica. 2. Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron. SS. rupestris
forma sibirica Milde; S. schmidti Hieron———Ezo-No-HIMo- KazuRA. Stems rather short, much branched, forming a dense mat, the branchlets ascending; leaves all alike, multifari- ous, persistent, subulate-linear, about 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, filiform-tipped, ciliate, gray-green, narrowly and deeply grooved on back, appressed or ascending
and incurved at tip when dried; spikes 4-angled, sessile, the bracts all alike, in 4 rows, narrowly deltoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, short awn-tipped, ciliate; megaspores with prominent primary reticulations——Rocks; Hokkaido (Hidaka and Kitami Prov. including Rebun and Riishiri Isls.); rare——Sakhalin, n. Korea, e. Siberia to Alaska.
8. Selaginella shakotanensis (Franch.) Miyabe & Kudo. S. rupestris sensu auct. Japon., non Spring; S. rupestris var. shakotanensis Franch—Htimo-Kazura. Stems creeping, much branched, forming small dense mats, the branchlets short, ascending, dark gray-green; leaves persistent, all alike, multifarious, subulate-linear, 1-1.3 mm. long, about 0.3 mm. wide, acute, ciliate, appressed or ascending, incurved and white- filiform at tip, narrowly and deeply grooved on back, slightly concave on inner side; spikes as thick as the sterile ones, 4- angled, the bracts narrowly deltoid-ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, ciliate, short awn-tipped; megaspores with prominent primary and secondary reticulations—Rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (Tango, Yamato and Iwashiro Prov. northeastw.); rare-——Sakhalin and s. Kuriles.
4. Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring. Lycopo- dium tamariscinum Beauv.; S. involvens sensu auct. Japon., non Spring (?); S. vettchti MacNab; S. involvens var. veitchii
SELAGINELLACEAE Pi
(MacNab) Bak.—Iwa-nipa. Evergreen; stems densely tufted, densely leaved, ascending to spreading, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, branched, gray-green on upper side, pale green beneath, flat, the branches sparingly forked in one plane; roots all at the base, interwoven to form a simple or rarely few- branched false stem to 15 cm. long; leaves of two forms, in 4 rows, ascending, the larger or lower ones ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, short-acuminate, filiform-tipped, serrulate, the margins cartilaginous, the smaller or upper leaves slightly smaller, sub- erect, scarcely oblique; spikes slightly narrower than the sterile branchlets, regularly 4-angled, the bracts ovate-deltoid, about 1.5 mm. long, acuminate, awn-tipped, serrulate, green, white- cartilaginous on margin——Shaded rocks; Hokkaido (Oshima Proy. including Okushiri Isl.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—kKorea, Ryukyus, Formosa, Philippines and China to n. India.
5. Selaginella pachystachys Koidz. S. caulescens sensu auct. Japon., non Spring; S. japonica Moore ex MacNab, non Miq,; S. caulescens var. japonica (Moore) Bak——Kata-HIBA. Plant pale green, sometimes rubescent; basal stems slender, shallowly creeping, unbranched at base, branched on upper part, 0.5-0.7 mm. across, whitish, with ovate scarious scales about 1 mm. long; aerial stems 8-20 cm. long, erect from an ascending base, 15-30 cm. long, unbranched in lower half, pinnately much branched above in one plane, flat, frondlike, the branches 3-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the branchlets 1.5-2 mm. wide, flat, densely leaved; leaves on aerial stems rather loose, all alike in the petiolelike lower part, dimorphic on upper part; leaves of lower plane ovate to broadly so, about 1.5 mm. long, acute, oblique, serrulate-ciliolate at least on the upper side near base, those of the upper plane 1/2-1/3 as long as the lower ones, appressed, ovate, cuspidate, the midrib prom- inent on upper side; bracts uniform, dense, in 4 rows, deltoid- ovate, about 1 mm. long, cuspidate, minutely serrulate toward base——Mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shi- koku, Kyushu; common.—s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, and (?) China.
6. Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. S. atroviridis sensu auct. Japon., non Spring——ONI-KURAMAGOKE. Stems erect to ascending, flexuous, much branched, to 30 cm. long or more, deep green above, pale green beneath, 1.5-2.5 mm. across, or 6-9 mm. wide including the leaves, 3-grooved on upper side, the rhizophores to 10 cm. long on the lower half; branches forked; leaves of lower plane larger, narrowly oblong- ovate, denticulate, slightly oblique, spreading, rounded at base on upper side, those of upper plane appressed, ovate, about 1.5 mm. long excluding the short-awned tip, denticulate; fertile branchlets 4-angled, the bracts all alike, ascending, deltoid- ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, denticulate, green——Woods in low- lands and hills; Honshu (Izu Isls.), Kyushu (Koshiki, Yaku- shima, Tanegashima)——Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and Indochina.
7. Selaginella remotifolia Spring var. japonica (Miq.) Koidz. S. japonica Miq.; S. kraussiana sensu auct. Japon., non A. Br—kKuramacoke. Stems long-creeping, loosely leafy, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, or 5-6 mm. wide inclusive of the leaves; branches short, 1-3 times forked, 3-5 cm. long, prostrate, with ascending tips, densely leafy; leaves of the lower plane hori- zontally spreading, flat, ovate, about 3 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute or acutish, rounded at base, entire, those of the up- per plane appressed, 2-2.5 mm. long, short-acuminate, strongly auriculate at base; fertile branchlets slender, scarcely more than
1 mm. across, 4-angled, the bracts deltoid-lanceolate, suberect, about 1.3 mm. long, gradually acuminate, entire or obsoletely denticulate——July-Oct. Damp woods in hills and lowlands; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—tThe typical variety occurs in Formosa, China, and Malaysia.
Selaginella uncinata (Desy.) Spring. Lycopodium unci-
natum Desv.m—KonTERI-KURAMAGOKE. Leaves iridescent, those of the upper plane cuspidate. Frequently cultivated in greenhouses———China.
8. Selaginella nipponica Fr. & Sav. S. savatieri Bak.; S. hachijoensis Nakai ——TacHI-KURAMAGOKE, Delicate herb; stems weak, appressed-creeping, densely leafy, 4-6 mm. wide; leaves of lower plane broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, spreading or slightly recurved, acute, slightly unequal, obsoletely ciliate, rounded on upper margin near base, those of the upper plane narrowly ovate, about 1 mm. long, cuspidate, denticulate; fer- tile branches 5-10 cm. long, erect, scapiform, simple to sparsely branched, the bracts abruptly acuminate; leaves on fertile branches all alike or slightly dimorphic, more densely disposed than on sterile branches, ovate; sporangia in axils ——May-July. Damp shaded places in lowlands and hills; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—kKorea and China.
9. Selaginella helvetica (L.) Link. Lycopodium helve- ticum L.; S. mariesii Bak.—Ezo-No-HIME-KURAMAGOKE. Delicate herb; stems and branches short, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, appressed to the ground, forming a loose mat; leaves of lower plane spreading to slightly deflexed, oblong to ovate-oblong, 1.2-1.7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, loosely ciliolate, pale green, slightly dilated on upper margin at base, those of upper plane narrowly ovate, obtuse to sub- acute, about 1 mm. long, ascending; fertile branches erect, sim- ple or once forked, scapiform, 4-8 cm. long, the leaves all alike, ovate, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, acute, ciliolate, pale yellow-green, ascending, rather loosely disposed; spikes slender, solitary or in pairs, 1-3 cm. long, the bracts membranous, similar to the leaves of the scape, obliquely spreading——July—Aug. Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu; rare.—-s. Kuriles, Korea, China, Siberia to Asia Minor, Europe.
10. Selaginella heterostachys Bak. S. recurvifolia Warb.; S. integerrima sensu auct. Japon., non Spring—— Hime-TacH-KuRAMAGOKE. Closely resembling No. 8 in habit, but differing in the more numerous sterile leaves of the upper plane, more rounded at base, the keeled bracts dimor- phic, strongly differing from the leaves on the fertile branches, and the more numerous somewhat flattened spikes; leaves of lower plane on branches and stems ovate, 2-3 mm. long, ob- tusish to acute, oblique at base, white-margined, those of up- per plane narrowly deltoid-ovate, rounded at base, nearly equi- lateral; spikes 7-25 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, dorsiventral, the bracts of two forms, many, dense, the longer ones deltoid- lanceolate, ciliolate, acuminate, keeled, the smaller ones slightly keeled July-Oct. Honshu (Izu Isls., Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and Indochina.
11. Selaginella boninensis Bak. S. longicauda Warb.; S. somae Hayata—Hrpacoke. Stems long-creeping, pros- trate, slender, loosely leafy, 7-8 mm. wide inclusive of the leaves, the branches creeping, simple to thrice forked; leaves of the lower plane membranous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 34 mm. long, acute, cordate at base, horizontally spreading, green, toothed, those of the upper plane ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, cus-
28 SELAGINELLACEAE; ISOETACEAE; OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
pidate, rounded at base, appressed; spikes dorsiventral, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the bracts of upper plane larger, obliquely spread- ing, broadly deltoid-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acuminate.
—Reported to occur in Honshu (Hachijo Isl. in Izu Prov.); rare.—Bonins, Formosa, and Philippines.
Fam. 5. ISOETACEAE = Mruzvu-nma Ka
Small grasslike or sedgelike perennial herbs, aquatic or of wet places; stem a short thick cormlike axis becoming grooved or lobed with age; leaves tufted, linear, with septate air-canals, with 1 central and often 4 or more peripheral vascular bundles, the leaf-base spoon-shaped with a small persistent ligule inside above the cavity; sporangia in the cavity at base of the leaves, covered with a velum, of two kinds, the megasporangia usually on the outer leaves, the microsporangia on inner ones; megaspores tetrahedral, variously sculptured or spined——One genus, of about 60 widely distributed mostly temperate species,
Quillwort Family
absent or rare in the Tropics. 1. ISOETES L. Characters of the family.
Mizu-nira Zoku
1A. Megaspores (under a lens) deeply and subequally alveolate; corms 3-lobed at base; leaves 20-100 cm. long; velum absent; slowly run-
ning water of streams and ditches. ....................-.
BRAD ACTER BORO cor coon Ar ANomoos oGuoUucRouSG 1. I. japonica
1B. Megaspores densely spiny all over; corms 2-lobed at base; leaves 5—20 cm. long; velum orbicular to elliptic; shallow water of lakes and
fens biers je an bOoOboOS UC oMEa pon boncsotsesbocoaedosueE
J. Isoétes japonica A. Br. J. edulis Sieb. ex Mig— Mrzu-nira. Aquatic perennial herb; corms 3-lobed at base, 1-5 cm. across, densely rooting on inner side of the lobes; leaves tufted, many, slender, usually 20-100 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide at base, gradually narrowed to an obtusish tip, bright green, subterete in transverse section, the phyllopodia white, nearly square to ovate, 4-15 mm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, thinly membranous on margin, closely imbricate; velum absent; lig- ule thinly membranous, cordate-deltoid, 3-8 mm. long, attenu- ate-acuminate; megaspores white, globose, with 3 commissures in one hemisphere, deeply and subregularly alveolate-—— Slowly running water of streams and ditches; Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; rather rare-——Korea.
2. Isoétes asiatica (Makino) Makino.
I. echinospora
sae eRe inset es REM rice oranc Honor mrctaclonzzad iC aae
var. astatica Makino——HiMe-Mizu-NIRA. Small dark green aquatic herb; corms 5-15 mm. across, 2-lobed at base, densely rooting on inner side of the lobes; leaves 10-30, tufted, erect or ascending, subulate, 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide near the middle, gradually narrowed to an obtusish tip, subterete, with a narrow flat face inside, the phyllopodia deltoid, 4-7 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely imbricate, membranous on mar- gin, white; velum orbicular to elliptic with a suborbicular to elliptic opening at base extending to the middle; ligule cordate- suborbicular or broadly cordate; megaspores white, globose, marked in one hemisphere with 3 commissures, densely spiny. Shallow water of lakes and ponds; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ; rare——s. Sakhalin.
«
Fam. 6. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Hana-yasuri Ka
Mostly terrestrial (rarely epiphytic) scaleless herbs with short fleshy stems; leaves solitary or few, straight or bent, with a sterile foliar segment at base and an apical spicate or paniculate nonfoliar fertile part; sporangia bivalvate, relatively large, without an annulus.—Four genera, with about 90 species, of wide distribution.
Grapefern Family
1A. Sporangia connate, forming a simple spike; foliar (sterile) leaf simple, entire or forked, with reticulate veins. ...... 1. Ophioglossum 1B. Sporangia free, in panicles; foliar (sterile) leaf often much dissected and toothed, with free veins. ..............-..-- 2. Botrychium
1. OPHIOGLOSSUM L.
Hana-yasurt Zoku
Rhizomes erect, fleshy, sometimes tuberous; sterile and fertile leaves arising from a common stipe, the sterile foliar leaf simple or sometimes forked at the tip, entire, reticulately veined, the fertile spike terminal, simple, pedunculate; sporangia marginal, coalescent in 2 ranks, transversely dehiscent——About 30 species, of wide distribution in both hemispheres.
1A. Epiphytic on tree-trunks, evergreen, with solitary or paired fertile spikes on upper side of an elongate entire or forked ribbonlike
StErile Erm dares ayactayey ossiictase ie, si aieye ie ie us sake suhar Re Toh panerve eas hase e or VSS TENSIVE a oie aetee Tee, Sere IE Oa CoN orewctnieye mvetonete ce 1. O. pendulum
1B. Terrestrial, with a solitary terminal fertile spike and a lower simple, entire sterile blade, the latter sometimes much reduced or absent. 2A. Sterile blade present; stipes 1-3 together.
3A. Sterile blade broadly linear to oblong or navicular, narrowly cuneate at base; exospore with rough reticulation. .... 2. O. zhermale 3B. Sterile blade ovate, elliptic, or nearly orbicular. 4A. Sterile blade usually distinctly petiolate; exospore with rough reticulation. .....................-------- 3. O. petiolatum
4B. Sterile blade sessile or short-petiolate; exospore with fine reticulations and the spores apparently smooth under magnification. 4. O. vulgatum 2B.) Sterile'bladevabsent: stipes: 5=7 togethers) ara ae:tysie nisi se a soecs) zim nisi sinioranyinis ate a ae ley teralave evs lel ekttene ciate eee etersee pacers 5. O. Rawamurae
1. Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioderma pendulum (L.) Presi——Kosu-ran. Evergreen pendulous rhizomatous epiphyte; sterile blades tufted, green, rather fleshy, linear to
ribbonlike, 30-80 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded at apex, slightly narrowed toward the base, flat, unlobed or more often 1 or 2 times forked at tip, entire or subentire, mar-
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 29
gins somewhat whitish, the nerves slender, parallel in lower half, the veinlets anastomosing; peduncle of fertile blade on the upper side of frond near the middle, arcuate, rather stout, thickened above, simple or once forked, 1-4 cm. long; fertile spikes linear, straight, slightly flattened, with a deep groove on each side, 5-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, obtuse with a small blackish mucro at apex.——Tree trunks; Kyushu (Yaku- shima); rather rare——Ryukyus, Formosa, Philippines, Mal- aysia to India, Polynesia, and Australia.
2. Ophioglossum thermale Komar. 0. vulgatum var. thermale (Komar.) C. Chr.; O. littorale Makino; O. nippont- cum var. littorale (Makino) Nishida ex Ohwi——Hama-Hana- yasurI. Stipes 7-20 cm. long; sterile blade broadly linear to oblong or navicular, 1-3 (-5) cm. long, 0.3-1 cm. wide, obtuse to acute at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, sessile or indistinctly short-petiolate; venation fine, with small oblong areoles and a few secondary free veinlets——Apr—Dec. Wet sandy sea- shores; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-——Formosa and Kamchatka.
Var. nipponicum (Miyabe & Kudo) Nishida. O. nippont- cum Miyabe & Kudo; O. japonicum Prantl, non Thunb.; O. angustatum Maxon; O. savatieri Nakai——Ko-HaNa-YAsuRI. Sterile blade thinner, usually oblong, sometimes elliptic, more often lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, distinctly short-
petiolate. Sunny ground in inland areas; Hokkaido, Hon- shu, Shikoku, Kyushu=—Korea and China.
8. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Fuyi-ana-yasurt. Stipes 8-20(-30) cm. long; sterile blade ovate to broadly so, or oblong, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, usually distinctly petio- late; areoles rather large, without intermediate veinlets—— Apr.—Nov. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—Tropical Asia, Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, Bonins, Hawaii, Micronesia, and tropical America.
4. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Hrrowa-HANa-YasuRi. Stipes 15-30 cm. long; sterile blade fleshy and softly herba- ceous, ovate to deltoid-ovate, rarely oblong, 6-12 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, usually sessile, with a cordate to sometimes truncate base embracing the base of peduncle of the sporophyll, the venation with oblong areoles and sometimes with secondary areoles and numerous secondary connecting veinlets——Apr— July. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu—Widely dis- tributed in the temperate areas of the N. Hemisphere.
5. Ophioglossum kawamurae Tagawa. SaKURAJIMA- HANA-yAsURI. | Small somewhat tufted herb with short erect rhizomes; sterile blade wholly suppressed; fertile spike broadly linear, 3-10 mm. long, cuspidate; peduncle slightly thickened at apex, green July-Aug. Kyushu (Sakurajima); rare.
2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw.
Hana-warasl Zoku
Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, with rather fleshy roots; sterile blade sessile or petiolate, pinnately or ternately divided, the segments toothed, with free veins; fertile blades 1-3 times pinnately divided; ultimate branchlets with 2 rows of naked sporangia; sporangia free, rather coriaceous, globose, mostly sessile, without an annulus, opening transversely into 2 valves—— A cosmopolitan genus with about 30 or more species.
1A. Small glabrous herbs, usually not more than 20 cm. high, of alpine regions; sterile blade simply pinnate or ternate, not more than
8 cm. long. 2A. Sterile blades oblong to ovate, simply pinnate to ternate, the pinnae oblong, obovate, or flabellate, obtuse. 3A. Sterile blade sessile or nearly so, pinnate, inserted at or above the middle of the stipe, the pinnae 7-11. ..........- 1. B. lunaria 3B. Sterile blade petiolate, inserted near the top of the stipe; pinnae fewer. .....-..-+-+++--eeeeee 2. B. simplex var. tenebrosum
2B. Sterile blades deltoid, sessile, the lowest pair of pinnae largest, the blade apparently ternately divided, the pinnae lanceolate, acute. 3. B. lanceolatum 1B. Larger herbs more or less hairy on the buds, usually 15-60 cm. high or more, of mountains and lowlands; sterile blade ternate, the segments 2-pinnate or ternately 2-pinnate, 3-30 cm. long. 4A. Sterile blade petiolate, usually evergreen. 5A. Segments of the sterile blade obtuse, the ultimate segments mucronate- to crenate-toothed. 6A. Fertile stalk without a sterile frond or scale of the previous year at base; sterile segments scarcely to very slightly white-
Miia ime te paver ppera Stee aerate ce cletovets ete ec ottielca/e eve skegstavaretafatevetatelare coset tells totsie alone ete lstelsovorste) stetmiaavele/ eves 4. B. ternatum
6B. Fertile stalk with a sterile frond or white membranous scale of previous year at base; sterile segments more or less white- margined.
7A. Plant 15-30 cm. high; sterile blade 3- or 4-ternate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide. ...........-+.+-++5> 5. B. robustum
7B. Plant 8-13 cm. high; sterile blade 2- or rarely 3-ternate, 2.5—4 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide. ..........--.- 6. B. multifidum
5B. Segments of the sterile blade acute, the ultimate segments mucronate- to aristulate-toothed. 8A. Sterile blade aristulate-toothed; lowest posterior lobe of the pinnules of sterile blade flabellate-orbicular, decurrent on the rachis
of the main segment beyond the base of the pinnules, .........-... eee eee e eee eee cette 7. B. japonicum 8B. Sterile blade mucronate-toothed; lowest posterior lobe of the pinnules of sterile blade obliquely cuneate and sometimes only slightly decurrent, not entirely so on the rachis of the main segment. .....---.---+-+eeseeeeseeeereees 8. B. nipponicum
4B. Sterile blade sessile, deciduous. 9A. Fertile panicle once pinnate, linear or cylindric, scarcely broadened at base, scarcely or not overtopping the sterile blade; pinnae
with an accessory lobe on the posterior side below the insertion of the pinnae. ..........+-.+seeeeeeeeeeeee 9. B. strictum 9B. Fertile panicle compound, pyramidal, broadened at base, longer than and overtopping the sterile blade; pinnae without an acces- sory lobe on the posterior side below the insertion of the pinnae. ..........- 020s eee eee e seen ee eeeee 10. B. virginianum
1. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Osmunda lunaria L. —Hime-wana-warast. Glabrous rather fleshy herb 5-25 cm. high; stipe solitary, covered with brown membranous slightly fibrous sheaths at base; sterile blade at or above the middle of the stipe, simply pinnate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.2-2.2 cm.
wide, sessile or nearly so; pinnae 7-11, flabellate, reniform, or broadly cuneate, 7-13 mm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, truncate to cuneate and entire on lower margin, crenulate or rarely incised on upper margin, palmately veined, short-petiolulate; fertile spike 1.5-6 cm. long, on a peduncle twice as long—July-
30 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Sept. Sunny alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ; rare———Korea, Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Siberia, Himalayas, Europe, N. and S. America.
2. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eaton) Clausen. B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton——Koxe- HANA-WARABI. _— Delicate glabrous herb, 4-6 cm. high (in ours); stipes very slender; sterile blade obovate, sometimes ovate, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, usually ternate (in ours), the petiole about 1-2 mm. long, the segments obovate or cune- ate, obscurely undulate on upper margin, few-nerved; fertile part consisting of a short slender peduncle with few pairs of sporangia.—Aug. Mossy forests in high mountains; Honshu (Mount Yatsugatake in Shinano); very rare——e. N. America and Europe (Austria).
8. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. Osmunda lanceolata Gmel.; B. palmatum Presl; B. rutaceum vat. triparti- tum Ledeb.—M I1yaMaA-HANA-WARABI. Rather fleshy gla- brous herb 6-20 cm. high, with brown membranous withering sheaths at base; sterile blade below the fertile panicle, sessile, deltoid, 2-3 cm. long and as wide, pinnately divided, the seg- ments linear to lanceolate, pinnately lobed to entire, sessile, ob- tuse, the lowest lateral segments pinnately veined, 1.5-2 cm. long; fertile panicle rather dense, pyramidal, subsessile or very shortly pedunculate, usually not longer than the sterile blade. Aug. Alpine regions; Honshu (centr. distr.); very rare. —Sakhalin, n. Kuriles, Kamchatka, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
4. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. Osmunda ter- nata Thunb.——Fuxyu-No-HANA-waraBI. _ Rather fleshy ever- green herb 15-40 cm. high, very sparsely long-hairy or gla- brate; stems naked at base, the bud hidden, hairy; sterile blade thick-herbaceous, 5-angled in outline, 3- or 4-ternate, 4-15 cm. long, 5-20 cm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, the primary and secondary segments petiolulate, ovate or ovate-deltoid, ob- tuse, the ultimate segments ovate, lobed, crenate- to mucronate- toothed, obtuse, the petiole rather stout, arising immediately above the base, 3-15 cm. long; fertile panicle long-pedunculate, erect, pyramidal, 4-10 cm. long, dense——Sept.—Nov. Thickets and grassy places in lowlands and low mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to the Himalayas.
5. Botrychium robustum (Rupr.) Underw. B. rutae- folium var. robustum Rupt.; B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. robustum (Rupr.) C. Chr.; B. matricariae sensu auct. Japon., non Spring —Ezo-FUYU-NO-HANA-waRaBI. Rather fleshy herb 15-30 cm. high, thinly long-hairy or rarely glabrate; stems with a whitish basal sheath or scale, or with last year’s sterile blade persistent; sterile blade thick-herbaceous, 5-angled in outline, 3- or 4-ternate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, petiolate, the segments obtuse, the ultimate ones ovate, lobed, crenulate- to mucronate-toothed, the petiole arising immediately above the base; fertile panicle long-pedunculate, pyramidal, dense, 4-8 cm. long—Aug.—Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu (mountains of centr. and n. distr.) ——Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, Sakhalin, Kuriles, Kamchatka to Alaska.
6. Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Osmunda multifida Gmel.; B. matricariae (Schrank) Spreng.; O. matri- cariae Schrank; B. rutaceum Sw.; B. rutaefolium A. Br. AZUSA-HANA-WARABI. Similar to the preceding but smaller, 8-13 cm. high, very thinly white-hairy to glabrescent; stems usually with a whitish membranous basal scale, sometimes with last year’s sterile blade persistent; bud white-hairy; sterile blade 3- or 5-angled in outline, 2 or 3 times ternate, 25-4 cm. long,
3-5 cm. wide, the segments deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the ultimate segments ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, crenate-toothed, the petiole 3-6 cm. long, arising immediately above the base; fer- tile panicle rather dense, pyramidal, 2-3 cm. long, the peduncle 7-12 cm. long——Aug. Mountains; Honshu (Shinano Prov.) ; very rare——Europe to Siberia, and N. America.
7. Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw. B. dauci- folium var. japonicum Prantl—O-ana-warasi. Stout slightly hairy herb 25-40 cm. high; stems naked at base (rarely with an old persistent frond attached); sterile blade herba- ceous, 5-angled in outline, petiolate, 8-15 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, 3 or 4 times ternate, the pinnae deltoid or deltoid-ovate, acute to subacuminate, petiolulate, the pinnules oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, pinnately lobed to parted, acuminate, aristu- late-toothed, the lowest basal lobe flabellate-orbicular, the peti- oles 5-15(—20) cm. long, stout, green to brownish or yellowish, arising 3-10 cm. above the base of the stem; fertile panicle 7-15 cm. long, yellow-brown to brown, the peduncle erect, rather stout, slightly longer to twice as long as the sterile blade —— Sept—Nov. Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.
8. Botrychium nipponicum Makino, AKs-HANA-WARABI. Similar to the preceding but more fleshy and red-brown tinged, very thinly hairy or glabrous; stems naked at base; sterile blade 5-angled in outline, 8-15 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, 3 or 4 times ternate, the pinnae and pinnules petiolulate, acute to acuminate, obtuse at the tip, the ultimate segments deltoid- lanceolate, pinnately lobed to parted, mucronate-toothed, the lowest basal lobes decurrent beyond the base of the segment but not inserted on the main rachis, the petioles 7-12 cm. long, arising 2—5 cm. above the base of the stem; fertile panicle 3-15 cm. long, narrowly pyramidal, twice as long as the sterile blade——Oct.-Noy. Honshu (Kanto Distr.); rare.
9. Botrychium strictum Underw. Osmundopteris stricta (Underw.) Nishida—Nacaso-No-HANA-WARABI, NAGABO-NO- NATSU-NO-HANA-WaRABI. Deciduous, thinly hairy to nearly glabrous herb, 30-80 cm. high; stems terete, rather stout, slightly thickened, commonly with a membranous ovate entire brown scale 2-3 cm. long at base; sterile blade sessile, ternately divided, the main lateral branches ovate, 15-30 cm. long, 10— 20 cm. wide, bipinnate, short-acuminate, short-petiolate, the rachis narrowly winged; pinnae acuminate, sessile, the pinnules oblong-ovate, toothed, pinnatiparted, the terminal primary seg- ment deltoid; fertile panicle linear-cylindric, 10-30 cm. long, scarcely or not overtopping the sterile blade——Aug.—Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——Korea and China.
10. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Osmunda vir- giniana L.; Osmundopteris virginiana (L.) Small; B. gracile Pursh—Narsu-No-HANA-WaRaBI. Deciduous, thinly hairy rather soft herb, 30-60 cm. high; stems with a brown mem- branous scale 2-3 cm. long at base; sterile blade sessile, ter- nately divided, green, the main lateral branches ovate, 10-20 cm. long, 5-15 cm. wide, short-acuminate, short-petiolulate, bi- pinnate; pinnae lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, the pinnules oblong to narrowly ovate, pinnately lobed and toothed, sessile or somewhat adnate on the prominently winged rachis, the primary terminal segment deltoid; fertile panicle ovate to broadly lanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, compound, longer than and overtopping the sterile blade——May-June. Woods; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare—Korea, Man- churia, China, Himalayas, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
MaraTTIACEAE; OSMUNDACEAE 31
Fam. 7. MARATTIACEAE
Terrestrial; fronds with circinnate vernation, compound, joined on the rhizome or short stem by the enlarged stipulelike base of the stipe; pinnae jointed at base; sporangia in elongate or round dorsal sori, the sporangia separate, derived from several cells, opening by a ventral longitudinal split——Four genera, with about 150 species, widely distributed in the Tropics of both hemi- spheres.
Ryusintat Ka = Marattia Family
1. ANGIOPTERIS Hoffm.
RywtsintTal Zoku
Large ferns with short stout stems; fronds bipinnate, the veins free; sori dorsal, near the margin, the sporangia usually 7 to
13, in 2 rows, contiguous but not coherent.
Madagascar to Polynesia and Japan. A complex genus represented by more than
100 species according to some authors or reduced to a single species by others.
1. Angiopteris lygodiifolia Rosenst. A. fauriei Hieron.; A. oschimensis Hieron.; A. sakura Hieron.; A. evecta sensu auct. Japon., non Hoffm.; A. suboppositifolia sensu auct. Japon., non De Vriese——Rytsintat. Nearly glabrous, with a short stout stem or rhizome; fronds tufted, to 1.5 m. long or sometimes longer; stipes stout, fleshy, terete, green, about 2.5 cm. thick above the base, the basal portion dilated, obovate-orbicular, rounded on back, with a semirounded auri- cle on each side at top; blades oblong-ovate to ovate, bipinnate, to 1 m. long, 50-60 cm. wide; pinnae 3-6 pairs, alternate, the rachis swollen and jointed at base; pinnules 15-25 pairs,
Fam. 8. OSMUNDACEAE
ZENMAI Ka
alternate, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, subsessile, minutely toothed, green above, paler beneath, the costa prominent on both sides, the veinlets many, parallel, spreading, distinct, usually once forked; sori oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, with 7-13 sessile ellipsoidal sporangia, each with an opening on the inner side, solitary on the veinlets near the margin of the pinnae-——Woods in low mountains; Honshu (Izu Isls., Izu Peninsula, Kii and Ise Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rarer eastw.—Ryukyus and Formosa.
Osmunda Family
Terrestrial with erect or ascending large scaleless rhizomes; fronds with circinnate vernation, pinnately divided, the veins free; sporangia large, maturing simultaneously, the annulus incomplete, with thick cells on one side near the tip, dehiscent by a
vertical slit across the apex. Guinea; Osmunda of wide distribution.
1. OSMUNDA L.
Three genera and about 20 species, 2 of the genera confined to S. Africa, Australia, and New
ZENMAI ZOKU
Fronds dimorphic; fertile pinnules terminal, medial, or occupying the whole blade; sporangia marginal on much-reduced
pinnules.—Species about 15, nearly cosmopolitan, absent in Australia.
1A. Sterile blade ovate, bipinnate; pinnae and pinnules few, the pinnules lanceolate to narrowly ovate, minutely toothed. 2A. Pinnules of sterile blade obliquely truncate to rounded at base, sessile, chartaceous to membranous. ........++-++++ 1. O. japonica 2B. Pinnules of sterile blade acuminate to cuneate at base, sometimes indistinctly petiolulate, coriaceous to chartaceous. .... 2. O. lancea
1B. Sterile blade lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae many, coarsely acute-toothed or pinnatiparted. 3A. Fronds deciduous, chartaceous to herbaceous; pinnae pinnatiparted, nearly truncate and sessile or subsessile at base.
4A. Fertile pinnae on separate fronds, red-brown; sterile pinnae green, paler beneath, acuminate; woolly hairs red-brown.
3.0. asiatica
4B. Fertile and sterile pinnae on the same blade, the fertile medial; sterile pinnae slightly glaucescent especially beneath, acute; woolly
hairs of young plants light brown. ...........2+++e:-
BEE AOTC ODOR TORIC DDC TICIOC CORO OC EnGeK 4. O. claytoniana
3B. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, lustrous; pinnae coarsely acute-toothed, long-acuminate, narrowed to a petiolelike base; fertile pinnae
itis FETA A A OrtcnooIG lot + Ue OS OE OBICIC Obi ao ccc oc oe
1. Osmunda japonica Thunb. O. regalis sensu auct. Japon., non L.; O. regalis var. japonica (Thunb.) Milde; O. regalis var. biformis Benth.; O. biformis (Benth.) Makino; O. nipponica Makino——ZeEnMat. _ Rhizomes short, ascending, stout, covered with bases of old withered leaves, the woolly hairs cinnamon-brown, mixed with blackish ones, soon decidu- ous; fronds dimorphic, sterile fronds to 1 m. long, tufted; stipes stramineous, smooth, with a chartaceous wing on each side near base; blades ovate or triangular-ovate, bipinnate, glabrous or nearly so; pinnae 20-30 cm. long, oblong-ovate, the lower ones short-petiolulate; pinnules oblong to broadly lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse to acute, obliquely trun- cate and rounded at base, minutely toothed, green above, glaucescent beneath, sessile, the costa distinct, penninerved, the veinlets spreading, parallel, 1-3 times forked; fertile fronds 20-50 cm. long, rising among the sterile fronds, the sporophylls paniculate, erect, rather loose, cinnamon-brown.—Apr.—May
Bao Oi Sb Ae bor Mito COE. Bip Ob Hetaciied } ermincka cio 5. O. banksifolia
(-Oct.). Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. —s. Sakhalin, Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China to the Him- alayas.
2. Osmunda lancea Thunb. 0. japonica Houtt., non Thunb.; Osmundastrum lanceum (Thunb.) Pres]}—Yasua- ZENMAI. Closely resembling the preceding but somewhat smaller and less densely woolly; sterile fronds to 1 m. long; pinnules slightly thicker, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate to cuneate at base, petiolulate (sessile in var. lati- pinnula. Tagawa)—Apr—-May. Hokkaido (s. distr.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare.
8. Osmunda asiatica (Fern.) Ohwi. 0. cinnamomea sensu auct. Japon., non L.; O. cinnamomea var. foktensis Copel.; O. cinnamomea var. asiatica Fern.; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum var. fokiense (Copel.) Tagawa——Yamaporl- ZENMAI. | Rhizomes stout; woolly hairs red-brown, mixed with some blackish ones in the fertile areas, soon deciduous ex-
32 OsMUNDACEAE; SCHIZAEACEAE; GLEICHENIACEAE
cept at base of pinnae; sterile fronds tufted, erect, green; stipe shorter than the blade, flattened and dilated near base; blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, 12-20 cm. wide, abruptly contracted and short-acuminate at apex, not or very shortly narrowed at base; pinnae many, horizontally spreading, linear- lanceolate, 16-23 mm. wide, acuminate, pinnatiparted, sessile on the posterior side, truncate and subsessile on the anterior side; segments rather numerous, oblong-ovate, 4-7 mm. wide, sub-entire, obtuse to rounded at the tip, 1-nerved, the veinlets slender, usually once forked, pinnately arranged; fertile blades several, central, erect, strict, narrow, the pinnae ascending, red-brown, soon withering after spore dissemination ——May- July. Wet places; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; lo- cally abundant. s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Amur, Ussuri, Man- churia, Korea, China, and Formosa.
4, Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmundastrum claytoni- anum (L.) Tagawa——Onrzenmat. _ Closely allied to the preceding, the woolly hairs light brown; sterile blades acute; pinnae somewhat glaucescent beneath; fertile pinnae olive- brown to blackish in interrupted pairs in the middle portion of the blade; sterile blades 15-25 cm. wide; pinnae 2-3 cm.
Fam. 9. SCHIZAEACEAE
Kanrkusa Ka
wide, the segments 6-8 mm. wide———May-July. Wet places; Honshu (centr. distr.); locally abundant——Korea, Man- churia, Ussuri, and e. N. America; a variety occurs in For- mosa and sw. China to the Himalayas.
5. Osmunda banksiifolia (Pres!) Kuhn. Nephrodium banksiaefolium Presl; Plenasium banksiaefolium (Pres!) Presl; O. javanica sensu auct. Japon., non Bl. SHIROYAMA-ZENMAI. Rhizomes stout, erect or ascending; woolly hairs scanty, red- brown, early deciduous; sterile fronds evergreen, 1-1.5 m. long, tufted; stipes lustrous, brownish, with a wing on each side near base; blades oblong-lanceolate, simply pinnate; pinnae 10-20 pairs, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, narrowed to a petiolelike base, coarsely acute-toothed, obliquely spreading, jointed at base, except the terminal one, lustrous, glabrous, slightly thickened and whitish on the margin, the costa and veinlets raised on both sides, the veinlets 1-4 times forked, parallel, obliquely spreading; fertile pinnae medial, linear-cylindric, 7-10 cm. long, dark brown—June-Dec. Wet places; Hon- shu (Izu Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China, Indochina, and Malaysia.
Climbing Fern Family
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping or ascending; fronds often scandent and much elongate; sporangia marginal, sometimes ap- parently superficial, with a complete distal annulus, opening by a longitudinal slit——Four genera, with about 150 species, chiefly in the S. Hemisphere, 1 in our area.
1. LYGODIUM Sw.
Kanr-xusa Zoku
Rhizomes creeping, hairy; rachis of fronds much elongate, twining; pinnae alternate, pinnately or palmately divided, short- petiolulate; veins usually free; sporangia subtended by an outgrowth simulating an indusium, in 2 rows on margin of the ulti- mate segments; spores tetrahedral—A bout 40 species, in New Zealand, S. Africa, Asia, Malaysia, Polynesia, and 1 species in e.
N. America.
J. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Ophioglossum japonicum Thunb.; Hydroglossum japonicum (Thunb.) Willd. —Kanvrxusa. Scandent; rhizomes creeping, 3-4 mm. across, densely covered with soft blackish hairs about 1 mm. long; rachis much elongate, twining, 2-striate, pale brown, lustrous; pinnae alternate, with a pair of pinnate segments and a hairy bud at the tip of a short petiolule, the segments deltoid to ovate, ternately 1- or 2-pinnate, with the rachis puberulent in upper part; sterile pinnae thinly chartaceous, often 3- to
5-lobed to -parted, minutely toothed, the terminal lobe or seg- ments elongate deltoid- to linear-lanceolate, to 60 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acute to obtuse; veins obliquely ascending, once to thrice forked, the veinlets ending in the marginal teeth; sporangia in 2 closely adjacent rows on margin beneath the ultimate segments——Aug.—Jan. Thickets and hedges in low- lands and low mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr., Shinano, Etchu Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common— Ryukyus, Formosa, Korea and China.
Fam. 10. GLEICHENIACEAE
Terrestrial ferns with long-creeping rhizomes; fronds often falsely forked by the abortion of the terminal bud, the lateral branches usually again dichotomous, the ultimate branches pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatifid; veins free, pinnate, simple or forked; sori exindusiate, dorsal, the sporangia 4-15, with a complete oblique annulus, opening by a longitudinal slit. Six genera, with about 130 species, of wide distribution in the Tropics and subtropics.
Urayiro Ka — Gleichenia Family
1A. Plant with jointed hairs on rhizomes and buds; pinnae pinnatiparted. .......... 2.2... eee e eee eee eee ee eee eee 1. Dicranopteris 1B. Plant with flattened paleae on rhizomes and buds; pinnae bipinnatiparted. ...........--..0+eeeeeee eee e eee eee 2. Gleichenia
1. DICRANOPTERIS Bernh.
Ko-suipa Zoku
Rhizomes with jointed hairs; fronds evergreen, the primary rachis elongate, the lateral branches several times dichotomous, usually with a pair of foliaceous stipulelike outgrowths at the base of each fork, the secondary rachises naked, only the ultimate branches (and the stipulelike branches) leafy; veins 2-4 times forked; sori superficial, usually with 6 or more sporangia———A pantropic genus with about 10 species, also in New Zealand.
toma (Thunb.) Bernh.; G. dichotoma (Thunb.) Hook.; D. linearis var. dichotoma (Thunb.) Holttum——Ko-suia. Rhizomes firm, terete, wiry, 3-4 mm. across, with sparse
1. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. Polypo- dium lineare Burm. f.; Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) C. B. Clarke; P. pedatum Houtt.; P. dichotomum Thunb.; D. dicho-
GLEICHENIACEAE; HyMENOPHYLLACEAE 33
brown jointed hairs while young; stipes pale brown, terete; fronds sometimes more than 1 m. long, firm; ultimate branches (pinnae) chartaceous, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, pinnatiparted, 15-30 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, gradually acute, obtuse at the tip, sessile, green above, glaucous beneath; seg- ments many, nearly horizontally spreading, linear, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse to retuse, entire, slightly hairy beneath, the hairs
2. GLEICHENIA J. E. Smith
jointed, brown, soon deciduous, pinnately veined, the veins 2-4 times forked, slightly raised on both sides; sori small, rounded, solitary near the middle portion of the uppermost vein——Oct.Jan. Dry thin woods and thickets; Honshu (Iwaki and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and widely distributed in the Tropics and subtropics, also in Australia.
Urajiro Zoku
Rhizomes long-creeping, firm, scaly while young; fronds large, stipitate, pinnate or falsely forked; pinnae bipinnatiparted; veins once forked; sori superficial, with about 4 sporangia——About 10 species, Malaysia to India and Japan, 1 in tropical America.
1A. Scales ciliate; pinnules nearly horizontally spreading, glaucous and glabrous beneath; ultimate segments narrowly oblong, obtuse; GETS (iss Sat oosgenonnodcoudectooporoonddaconsopeanobons soda sda pd Coe DONO DOD OOSNIDOOeNOUODI000NO ile (ee glauca 1B. Scales entire; pinnules obliquely spreading, slightly glaucous with scattered glandular hairs beneath; ultimate segments broadly linear,
cuspidate; stipes flattened and with 2 longitudinal ridges to the base. ......+.+-seeeeeeeeee reese eee eee eneees 2. G. laevissima
1. CGleichenia japonica Spreng. Polypodium glaucum Houtt.; G. glauca (Houtt.) Hook., non Sw.; Dicranopteris glauca (Houtt.) Underw.; Diplopterygium glaucum (Houtt.) Nakai; Hicriopteris glauca (Houtt.) St. John——Unrayjio. Rhizomes long-creeping, terete, 5-6 mm. across, wiry, densely scaly while young; stipes terete; scales lanceolate-deltoid, 6-7 mm. long, caudate, ciliate, lustrous, dark brown; fronds scaly while very young, the dormant terminal bud densely scaly, rufous to dark brown, ciliate; pinnae chartaceous, opposite, 50-100 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide, bipinnatiparted, green, slightly lustrous above, glaucous beneath, glabrous; pinnules many, horizontally spreading, linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 15-30 mm. wide, sessile, pinnatiparted, the ultimate seg- ments spreading, narrowly oblong, obtuse; costa impressed above, the costules slender; veins once forked; sori median; on
Fam. 11. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
the anterior branches of the veins——Nov.—Jan. Dry, thin woods; Honshu (Iwaki and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, the Tropics of Asia, Australia, and Polynesia.
2. Gleichenia laevissima Christ. G. kiusiana Makino; Dicranopteris laevissima (Christ) Nakai; Diplopterygium lae- vissimum (Christ) Nakai; Hicriopteris laevissima (Christ) St. John——Kaneko-supa. —_ Closely allied to the preceding; scales brown to yellow-brown, membranous, entire, glabrous; stipes with a narrow flat face and 2 longitudinal ridges to the base; pinnules obliquely spreading, the ultimate segments broadly linear, acute or cuspidate, green above, slightly glau- cous and with short subclavate minute glandular hairs be- neath——Oct.—Noy. Kyushu; rare-——China, Indochina, and Philippines.
Koxe-suinosu Ka _ Filmyfern Family
Epiphytic or terrestrial ferns; rhizomes slender, long-creeping, nearly naked or with jointed hairs; fronds usually small, thin, without stomata, usually with circinnate vernation, very rarely straight in extremely reduced fronds; veins nearly always free; sporangia in marginal sori elevated with a slender receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped sometimes 2-valved indusium; an- nulus complete; spores tetrahedral to globose——About 34 genera, with about 650 species, chiefly in the Tropics and subtropics, few in colder regions.
1A. Indusium 2-valved; rhizomes very scantily hairy; fronds fulvous to brownish green. Doc ltimatersepments (of tie) Dladesentiressnyetavel-eielereislaielarererelayeielatatelebavstaterele eteraicfersreterosaleteterelerslereiavsjoinlatetajalalelsterelshe)a]niefe 1. Mecodium ae em letidtersepmicnts: of the pladesttootued amarcier'4 <tercier-ietorereiateic ci oleveierereiaterstcretereterereteaciedotersyone sereiet stele inieletovel tele tars 2. Hymenophyllum 1B. Indusium cup-shaped to tubular, entire or shallowly 2-lobed at mouth; rhizomes prominently hairy; fronds green. 3A. Rhizomes long-creeping, remotely leafy. 4A. False veinlets absent.
Shy Thank panevabyw@ereeene pooncaboscoccacapcapagdoLosncapesde0 oad auasdesu pao Lunnousbocodr 3. Vandenboschia
SP EErOndsipalniatelyplobed gtoy parted orara:<loretecnielslsyeiy ctoloeok ciel wieketerovelsbe ste. sib]aferre vin eVefoxekarosyeterelelele efske tia) olaveleisiate 4. Gonocormus
dite el kosenl ESieanls Sonora pedenepcosoa0b ooe ob Hno codon Goocane Sos odonoEceneonaapeucdpes doodDoonor 5. Crepidomanes She Rbyzomiesishort, erect tojascendingy densely leatye cre <-\a1s)orereicleielofern «line tele eiesaue' cel toler alaja in lalalalatmla,@\n\/a/elafn\ale)s as 6. Selenodesmium
1. MECODIUM Presl
Koxe-sHinosu Zoku
Epiphytic or growing among mosses on rocks; rhizomes very slender, long-creeping, thinly hairy to subglabrate; fronds usually thin, pinnately compound, the ultimate segments entire, l-veined; indusium 2-valved, usually nearly to the base, the re- ceptacle included——A pantropic genus comprising about 100 species.
1A. Stipes prominently winged. 2A. Plants usually 10-30 cm. high; ultimate segments of frond 1-2 mm. wide; wings of stipes entire to slightly crispate-undulate. 3A. Ultimate segments of blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; main rachis 1.5-2 mm. wide inclusive of the wings; fronds narrowly to broadly
PATICEOLAC CE eC eee ere Ta eee Ce a niclate a ects Micterne aiele end oolajete scarcer moarevels sje ccaysfevase,areYeqeanfe wimter 1. M. flexile 3B. Ultimate segments of blades about 2 mm. wide; main rachis 2-3 mm. wide inclusive of the wings; fronds oblong to ovate-oblong. 2. M. badium
2B. Plants 5-10 cm. high; ultimate segments of frond 0.5-1 mm. wide; wings of stipes strongly crispate-undulate. .... 3. M. riukiuense
34 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
1B. Stipes not or scarcely winged.
4A, Stipes and nerves on underside of blades and rachis with yellow-brown flexuous hairs; plants about 5 cm. high. .. 4. M. oligosorum
4B. Stipes and blades glabrous or nearly so; plants taller.
5A. Pinnae disposed at an acute angle on the rachis, simple or the segments 2—5, elongate, 1.2—1.7 mm. wide. ...... 5. M. wrightit 5B. Pinnae disposed at an obtuse angle on the rachis, the segments narrower, 0.7—1 mm. wide.
6A. Fronds 10-25 cm. long; stipes narrowly winged. ...... 6B. Fronds 2—5 cm. long; stipes not winged. ............
1. Mecodium flexile (Makino) Copel. Hymenophyl- lum flexile Makino—O-xoxx-sHINoBU, NACHI-KOKE-SHINOBU. Rhizomes long-creeping, filiform, remotely leafy; fronds 10- 30 cm. long; stipes winged except at base; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 1.5-3(—4) cm. wide, usu- ally narrowed at tip, 2- or 3-pinnatiparted, the rachis 1.5-2 mm. wide inclusive of the entire or slightly crispate wing; pin- nae rather numerous, narrowly ovate, somewhat oblique, pinnately to bipinnately parted, the pinnules 1-1.5 mm. wide; sori few on each pinna, the valves orbicular to slightly de- pressed, entire, 1.5-2 mm. across——-Among mosses; Honshu (Izu Prov. through Tokaido to Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyu- shu.—Formosa.
2. Mecodium badium (Hook. & Grev.) Copel. Hyme- nophyllum badium Hook. & Grev.; H. crispatum sensu auct. Japon., non Wall_—Own1I-KoKE-sHINOBU. Plant very spar- ingly pilose, mostly while young; rhizomes long-creeping, 0.5— 0.7 mm. across; fronds oblong to ovate-oblong, 15-30 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide; stipes 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide in- clusive of the entire sometimes slightly crispate wings; blades ovate to narrowly so, usually narrowed at tip, 3-pinnatiparted, the rachis winged, 2-3 mm. wide; pinnae obliquely spreading, usually somewhat elongate; ultimate pinnules or segments en- tire, broadly linear, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse; indusia de- pressed-orbicular, the valves obsoletely toothed on upper mar- gin or entire, 2-3 mm. wide——Among mosses on rocks and on tree trunks; Honshu (Kii Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. Formosa, China to Malaysia, and India.
3. Mecodium riukiuense (H. Chr.) Copel. Hymeno- phyllum riukiuense H. Chr.— RyvuxKyu-KokE-sHinoBu, Oxi NAWA-KOKE-SHINOBU. Rhizomes creeping, nearly filiform; fronds 5-10 cm. long, 17-30 mm. wide; stipes at first with an entire, soon crispate-undulate wing on both sides; blades nar- rowly ovate, sometimes somewhat elongate and narrowed at tip, 3-pinnatiparted, the rachis winged; ultimate pinnules or segments narrow, linear, 0.5—-1 mm. wide, obtuse; valves of indusia ovate to elliptic, few-toothed on upper margin, about 1 mm. wide—Shikoku, Kyushu (s. distr.); rare-——Ryu- kyus.
4. Mecodium oligosorum (Makino) H. Its. Hymeno- phyllum oligosorum Makino——KtyosuMI-KOKE-SHINOBU. Rhizomes, rachis, and costa of the fronds rufous-pubescent; rhizomes capillary, long-creeping, sparsely branched; fronds small, about 5 cm. long; stipes filiform, 1-3 cm. long, not winged; blades broadly to narrowly ovate, 2-4 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, obtuse, bipinnately parted, the rachis
2. HYMENOPHYLLUM J. E. Smith
FSCS A CLOT AICRe teva hab Sea a eect arat as 6. M. polyanthos Bees Ans Pic DIC ied han AOR eae RI IIA ei acticin 7. M. paniculiflorum
winged; pinnae obliquely spreading, palmately to pinnately parted, the ultimate segments obtuse, entire; indusia orbicular, about 1.5 mm. wide, the valves obsoletely few-toothed on up- per margin——Among mosses on rocks in damp woods; Hon- shu (Kanto Distr. and Mino Proy. westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- shu.
5. Mecodium wrightii (v. d. Bosch) Copel. Hymeno- phyllum wright v. d. Bosch—Koxe-sHINOBU. Delicate, very thinly hairy, especially while young; rhizomes capillary, branched, forming a loose mat; fronds small; stipes 7-20 mm. long, glabrous, narrowly winged in upper part; blades deltoid- ovate to narrowly so, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, bipinnati- parted, the rachis winged; pinnae rather few, ascending, di- vided or simple in the upper ones; ultimate segments more or less elongate, 1.2-1.7 mm. wide, entire, retuse or sometimes rounded at apex; indusia orbicular to broadly ovate, the valves 1.21.5 mm. wide, entire or obsoletely bilobed on upper margin. —Damp woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.— Sakhalin and Korea.
6. Mecodium polyanthos (Sw.) Copel. Trichomanes polyanthos Sw.; Hymenophyllum polyanthos Sw.; H. blume- anum Spreng.; H. integrum vy. d. Bosch; H. fujisanense Na- kai—HosoBa-KOKE-SHINOBU, + HosoBA-HIME-KOKE-SHINOBU. Fronds 10-25 cm. long; rhizomes filiform to capillary, hairy, more especially while young; stipes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly winged, with a tuft of dark brown straight hairs at base; blades broadly lanceolate to ovate, 5-17 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, 2- or 3-pinnatiparted, the rachis narrowly winged; pin- nae usually many; pinnules short, entire or few-parted; ulti- mate segments narrow, usually elongate, about 0.7-1 mm. wide, obtuse; indusia broadly ovate to suborbicular, about 1 mm. long, the valves entire, obtuse to rounded at apex.—— Honshu (Iwashiro and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; more common southward.——Ryukyus, Formosa, widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics.
7. Mecodium paniculiflorum (Presl) Copel. Hymeno- phyllum paniculiflorum Pres\——HIME-KOKE-SHINOBU, Fujt- KOKE-SHINOBU. Closely allied to the preceding; rhizomes capillary, branched, thinly brown-hairy at the tip; fronds 2-5 cm. long, nearly glabrous; stipes capillary, 1-2 cm. long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide, ob- tuse, the rachis winged; pinnae ovate to ovate-deltoid, 2- to 9-parted, obliquely spreading, the segments emarginate, about 1 mm. wide; indusia orbicular, the valves entire, about 1 mm. wide-——Mountains; Honshu (centr. and Kanto Distr.); rare. —sw. China, Malay Peninsula, and Malaysia.
K6yA-KOKE-SHINOBU ZOKU
Epiphytic or terrestrial, with slender creeping scantily hairy rhizomes; fronds small, thin, pinnately compound, the ulti- mate segments toothed; false veinlets absent; indusia 2-valved nearly or to the base; receptacle not or only slightly exserted ——
About 25 species, of wide distribution, except in cold regions.
1A. Fronds 3-pinnatiparted, ovate to broadly lanceolate, sparingly brownish hairy on veins and costas on underside and on stipes; ultimate
segments about 1.2—1.7 mm. wide. ..........00eeeeeeeees
i PEGE aah crated ta Ui chah Muaed Mes ial Rita dahey eebatone pei wecetsteners 1. H. barbatum
1B. Fronds 2-pinnatiparted, lanceolate, nearly glabrous; ultimate segments 2-3 mm. wide. ............--..+-++-- 2. H. simonsianum
HyMENOPHYLLACEAE 35
1. Hymenophyllum barbatum (vy. d. Bosch) Bak. H. japonicum Mig.; Leptocionium barbatum vy. d. Bosch— Koya-KoKE-sHINosu. Costas beneath, stipes, and rhizomes with red-brown crisped rather coarse hairs especially while young; rhizomes filiform, loosely branched, long-creeping; fronds 3-pinnatiparted, 6-12 cm. long, ovate to broadly lanceo- late; stipes scarcely thicker than the rhizomes, 2-5 cm. long, wingless or with a very narrow deciduous wing on each side; blades broadly to narrowly ovate, the sterile obtuse, the fertile usually more or less elongate, 3-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide; pinnae ovate, once or sometimes twice pinnatiparted; ultimate segments 1.2-1.7 mm. wide, rounded to obtuse at apex, spin- ulose; sori usually in upper portion of blade; indusia about 1.2 mm. wide, broadly ovate, the valves distinctly toothed on up-
3. VANDENBOSCHIA Copel.
per margin——Honshu (Ugo Prov. and southw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.— Korea (Quelpaert Isl.) and China.
2. Hymenophyllum simonsianum Hook. Surmon- KOKE-SHINOBU. Plant slender, nearly glabrous; rhizomes filiform, creeping; stipes remote, slender, 1.5-4 cm. long; fronds 2-pinnatiparted; blades broadly lanceolate to linear-ob- long, 4-10 cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide, often narrowed at tip, the rachis winged; pinnae flabellate to rhombic-cuneate, shal- lowly parted, the lobes elliptic, obtuse, spinulose-toothed; ulti- mate segments 2-3 mm. wide; sori in upper part of blade; indusia oblong, the valves prominently toothed on margin.— Reported to occur in Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare——Formosa to India.
HaruoracoKE Zoku
Usually epiphytic, sometimes terrestrial with hairy elongate rhizomes; fronds pinnately compound, thin; ultimate segments 1-veined, without false veinlets; indusia cylindric to cup-shaped, with an entire mouth, the receptacle slender, elongate—More than 25 species, mostly tropical, but also in N. America, southernmost S. America, S. Africa, and Europe.
1A. Blades lanceolate to narrowly so, subsessile or very short-stiped, simply pinnate. ........... 2.0 e cece e eee eee seen 1. V. auriculata 1B. Blades ovate to broadly lanceolate, long-stiped, bipinnatiparted. 2A. Stipes distinctly winged at top; fronds 10-20 cm. long, the ultimate segments 0.5—-0.7 mm. wide. ..............-- 2. V. radicans 2B. Stipes scarcely winged; fronds 1.5—4 cm. long, the ultimate segments 0.8-1 mm. wide. ..............00+s000-s- 3. V. titibuensis 1. Vandenboschia auriculata (Bl.) Copel. Tricho- wide, obtuse; indusia 1.2-1.5 mm. long, exserted, tubular, nar- manes auriculatum B\—TsuRu-HORAGOKE. Rhizomes rowed at base, the mouth somewhat dilated and truncate-——
long-creeping, wiry, 1.5-2 mm. across, while young with dark brown, lustrous, jointed, straight hairs 1.5-2 mm. long; fronds rather remote; blades lanceolate to narrowly so, 15-35 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, very short-stiped or subsessile, simply pinnate, the rachis with dark brown spreading hairs while young, often bisulcate by virtue of the very narrow upturned wings; pinnae many, rhombic-ovate, 15-30 mm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, obtuse, broadly cuneate at base, auriculate on an- terior side at base, the pinnules parallel, entire, irregularly toothed at the truncate apex; veinlets ascending to suberect; indusia exserted, about 1.7 mm. long, tubular, narrowed at
base, truncate at apex.——Tree trunks; Honshu (Izu Isls. and Kii Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, and Malaysia.
2. Vandenboschia radicans (Sw.) Copel. var. orientalis (C. Chr.) H. It6. Trichomanes orientale C. Chr.; T. japon- icum Fr. & Sav., non Thunb.; T. amabile Nakai ——Hat-nora- coke. Plant nearly glabrous; rhizomes slender, 0.5-1 mm. across, with dark brown lustrous jointed hairs, remotely leaved; fronds 10-20 cm. long; stipes 4-7 cm. long, winged; blades more or less 3-angled, narrowly ovate to broadly lanceo- late, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the rachis narrowly winged; pinnae bipinnatiparted; pinnules linear, usually 0.5-0.7 mm.
4, GONOCORMUS vy. d. Bosch
Honshu (Awa, Izu Isls. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.——Ryukyus and Formosa.
Var. nipponica (Nakai) H. Ito. Trichomanes nipponicum Nakai——HIme-Hal-HORAGOKE. Rhizomes 0.2-0.5 mm. across; fronds 5-10 cm. long; blades 3-8 cm. long-——Hok- kaido, Honshu, Kyushu.—Korea (Quelpaert Isl).
Var. naseana (Christ) H. It6. Trichomanes naseanum H. Chr.—Ryuxkyu-Kocane, O-HAI-HORAGOKE. Rhizomes 1-1.5 mm. across; fronds 20-40 cm. long; blades 15-30 cm. long; indusia tubular, not distinctly constricted or dilated above, 1.5-2 mm. long——Honshu (Izu and Kii Proy.), Kyu- shu.—Ryukyus and Formosa. The typical variety is pan-
tropic. 3. Vandenboschia titibuensis H. Ito. CrtcHreu-Hora- cokE. Rhizomes long-creeping, 0.2-0.3 mm. across, with
dark brown hairs, remotely leaved; fronds 1.5-4 cm. long; stipes 2-10 mm. long, scarcely winged; blades bi- or partially subtripinnatiparted, oblong-ovate, the rachis winged; pinnules rather close or somewhat imbricate, linear, entire, subacute, 0.8-1 mm. wide; indusia short, tubular-campanulate, entire, dilated above, slightly recurved on margin, 2-winged nearly to the top, about 2 mm. long——Honshu (Kanto to Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
Ucurwacoke Zoku
Usually epiphytic, with freely branched filiform or capillary rhizomes sometimes proliferous; fronds very small, palmately lobed to parted, glabrous, with flabellate venation; false veinlets absent; indusia immersed, elongate with an entire dilated mouth; re-
ceptacle extruded.
1. Gonocormus minutus (Bl.) v. d. Bosch. Tricho- manes minutum Bl.; T. parvulum sensu auct. Japon., non Poir. ——UcHIwacokE. Plant very small; rhizomes capillary, branched and intricate, dark brown villous; fronds inter-
Seven species or perhaps more, Africa to Japan, Queensland to Hawaii.
rupted; stipes 1-2 cm. long, about as thick as the rhizomes, pale green, nearly glabrous on the upper half, densely dark brown hairy at base; blades flabellate, 5-12 mm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, cordate to truncate, rarely broadly cuneate at base,
36 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE; PTERIDACEAE
margin.—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu——Korea, Manchuria, Formosa, China to Malaysia.
subglabrous, palmately and irregularly parted to lobed, the segments linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide, entire, very obtuse; indusia few, tubular, dilated at apex, entire, obscurely papillose on
5. CREPIDOMANES Presl
Ao-HORAGOKE ZOKU
Usually epiphytic; rhizomes filiform; fronds small, usually pinnately compound, rarely digitately divided by reduction, glabrous, the ultimate segments entire, with intramarginal or irregular false veinlets (striae); indusia obconical to trumpet-
shaped, winged, with an extruded receptacle from a bilobulate mouth——About 12 species, Madagascar to Japan and Polynesia. VA. Ultimate segments: of frondvobttse:yts,-fyye:assis cisicteteiel sel = = oyere okie ale eieley sisi sre ietelsvele stone eelerseersrac ial oaks Saieies Gere 1. C. latealatum 1B. Ultimate segments of frond very acute to subacuminate. ...........-..0eeeeeeecee eee eee eeesseseees 2. C. makinot
I. Crepidomanes latealatum (v. d. Bosch) Copel. Trichomanes latealatum vy. d. Bosch; T. bipunctatum sensu auct. Japon., non Poir.—Ao-HoRAGOKE. Rhizomes fili- form, 0.2-0.3 mm. across, loosely branched, densely blackish hairy; fronds 3-10 cm. long; stipes 7-25 mm. long, winged, with blackish hairs at base; blades narrowly ovate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, nearly glabrous on both sides, the rachis winged; pinnae sometimes subbipinnately parted, the ultimate segments 0.7-1 mm. wide, entire, obtuse; indusia obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, winged on lower half of both margins, bilobed to the middle, the lobes semirounded-deltoid, very ob- tuse, entire——Honshu (Uzen and Rikuzen Prov. southw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare——Ryukyus, Formosa to Ma- laysia.
6. SELENODESMIUM Copel.
2. Crepidomanes makinoi (C. Chr.) Copel. _ Tricho- manes makinoi C. Chr.; T. acutum sensu auct. Japon., non Poir.—KokeE-HoracoKE. Rhizomes capillary, branched, densely dark brown short-hairy; fronds 2-4 cm. long; stipes 3-15 mm. long, winged at the top; blades broadly ovate to broadly lanceolate, 15-25 mm. long, prominently cuneate at base, bipinnately or sometimes pinnately parted, the rachis winged; pinnae obliquely ascending, 2- to 5-parted, the seg- ments linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. wide, acute to subacumi- nate, entire; indusia few, winged only at base, obovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, 2-lobed to the middle, the lobes deltoid, acutish to obtuse, entire or undulate——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
ONI-HORAGOKE ZoKU
Terrestrial, with stout short-creeping to erect rhizomes; stipes elongate with short deciduous bristlelike hairs; blades pinnately compound; pinnules pinnatifid, the cell walls typically thick and coarsely pitted; indusia cylindric, with an entire mouth, the receptacle extruded——About 19 species, in the Tropics and New Zealand.
1. Selenodesmium obscurum (BI.) Copel. Tricho- manes obscurum Bl.; T. cupressoides sensu auct. Japon., non Sw.; T. rigidum sensu auct. Japon., non Sw.—Ont-Hora- coke. Rhizomes short-creeping or ascending, 2-3 mm. across, rather densely leafy, with blackish lustrous straight hairs about 2 mm. long; fronds tufted, erect, 15-30 cm. long; stipes wiry, terete, not winged, with blackish hairs especially toward the base, dark brown, 1-1.2 mm. across; blades dark green, narrowly ovate, 7-17 cm. long, 3.5-7 cm. wide, 3-pin-
Fam. 12. PTERIDACEAE
I-No-moto-so Ka
natiparted, the rachis wingless, with short scurfy hairs and scattered multicellular jointed hairs; pinnae rather numerous, broadly lanceolate, narrowed at tip; pinnules oblong, pinnately parted, the ultimate segments linear, 0.2-0.4 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, suberect; indusia narrowly tubular, about 2 mm. long, shallowly bilobed at apex, the lobes deltoid-rounded, ciliolata—Kyushu (Yakushima); rare——Ryukyus, For- mosa to India and Malaysia.
Pteris Family
Usually terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, ascending, or sometimes nearly erect; fronds usually pinnate, not jointed with the rhizome; sori typically marginal and indusiate or exindusiate, the reflexed margin of the pinnules often enclosing the sori, or the sori rarely along the veins and exindusiate; sporangia sometimes covering the entire undersurface of the pinnules, opening by a transverse slit through a definite stomium; annulus longitudinal and interrupted in most genera-——A cosmopolitan family, with about 63 genera and about 1,500 species.
1A. Indusia present. 2A. Indusium opening exteriorly. 3A. Ultimate pinnules not dimidiate. 4A. Ultimate pinnules not cuneiform.
Sy Mi Sotisk Tgp ERs Anos Se Sade coo tm ee am odin On ao MoD cio HEU CoCo be oO OOO POOR OHUO Rae TE Oee a oe 1. Dennstaedtia
SBN Sonipintranvarcinal’y (51, jse,cyeroverets sacyotencieceaste creo on eictarers (AA ISTE ST reo eisai Ls Rie eo eee eee 2. Microlepia
A BeUitimatespimnnulestusnallyscuneate/atibascaene ree reer ete ee eer eer reeee rere eee eee reece 5. Sphenomeris 3B: 9 Ultimateipinnulesydimidiates; yrasiv.)+<feleste eredactare eckeinl terete eile lars che ee ie eines ORI Ceca oy eee AE ae 4. Lindsaea
2B. Indusium consisting of the reflexed margin of the segment. 6A. Rhizomes hairy, not scaly. 7 Aun sorienoticontinuousyalonsathesmarcinegnener ae reeeor aerreecetce cece ener eee eee 6. Hypolepis ABYESorivcontinuousyalongathelwmnar gum ern ses.yiveysavevesesepeloicbcsateh oly otek eevee ae arate Lette ere etl vere ee Oe ro aero 7. Pteridium
PTERIDACEAE 37
6B. Rhizomes scaly, sometimes also hairy. 8A. Sori protected by but not borne on the indusium. 9A. Veinlets joined in the sori. 10A. Ultimate pinnules 3-20 mm. wide; marginal indusia not in contact with the adjacent side by the strongly reflexed margins.
1A. Rhizomes long-creeping, solenostelic;' fronds remote. .....2.2000ceescseccrscccaccsscsccccscsccs 8. Histiopteris HIBS eeRbizomesishortydictyostelicsiromds: tufted; << <tele cleo lele else == ate) era lo= evel=/ol= o/e)e\© eloreis faie)=/a\m = efayetatersleleteiaisveraiets 9. Pteris 10B. Ultimate pinnules 1-1.5 mm. wide; marginal indusia strongly reflexed, the adjacent indusia often in contact along the MNdrUa pencatnysespecial ly wy NenuyOUn ee ales /slolarechela/sie) tile) folnt sresetetelatatsierotaicteloletete ereleleta) dicielstelaieietateretse 14. Onychium 9B. Veinlets free.
IDA PBrondsoften\dimorphic? alpine: 1s ots,<%.216 emicis's ss sis'sisls chovelalala, cteyatsiat totale elcl aioe siallai ole shale celeste wi'eol 13. Cryptogramma
12B. Fronds all alike; hills and lowlands. ISA. sBronds farinose beneath;, rachis mearly/smooth:, © </j-ieve' clei vic siniciclelsintelelel=\taletsiete slclsielelelsleln adele ain 12. Aleuritopteris 13B. Fronds not farinose beneath; rachis with 2 raised prominently scaly ridges on upper side. ........... 11. Chetlanthes BE Sovluborne onthe wedexedumarciny ofsthe, pinmilessmapteteiereterateenetelstay-feieist elas telielolelayels ataleyats}tayel=telas\elnlatele(aletels rele 16. Adiantum
1B. Indusia absent. 14A. Sorus rounded, not elongate.
15A. Blades membranous, glabrous, often with bulbils in axils of the pinnae or proliferous at the tip. ........... 3. Monachosorum
15B. Blades herbaceous, pilose, without bulbils, not proliferous at the tip. ........ 2.2. sees eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 6. Hypolepis 14B. Sorus elongate along the vein, superficial.
leAcmeRronds!5—/acmeplongsithe bladesshairys preys phertscictstoler-\> of sbeterel che oie taveieteicke =/afoloiete) shots. cYela clots eis <leiclsiele, + 15. Pleurosoriopsis
16B. Fronds 70-130 cm. long, the blades glabrous or thinly hairy. .......... 0 cee eee eee eee e eee e eee eeee 10. Coniogramme
1. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh.
Kosa-NO-IsHI-KAGUMA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, hairy, solenostelic; fronds large, pinnately compound, hairy or naked, the pinnules oblique; veins free; sori marginal, usually in the sinuses at the ends of the veinlets; indusia fused with a minute tooth of the frond to form an entire or slightly bivalved sometimes deflexed cup; sporangia slender-stalked——About 70 species, of wide distribution, mainly in the Tropics.
1A. Fronds deciduous, somewhat dimorphic, broadly lanceolate, bipinnatiparted or bipinnate; lowest pinnae not or only slightly larger than the others, less than 10 cm. long.
PD Ame RODS) SADT OU Say etsy teas (01s cvPeve «sorceress teneseate cele taser coset telekeue foie wks ov svaveee iotah <pavasay See Cero ate aleve ad AVERT Se a cert taraies 1. D. wilfordit ab. Taina ilnaeean iets Soe Pore poms dou ocouee DOnaaE ar OOD Ton oc c Gide oO atE Sn OSmO HEE nn ob SHE HG EO Ratan ice 2. D. hirsuta 1B. Fronds evergreen, all alike, narrowly deltoid, 3- or 4-pinnate; lowest pinnae largest, 10-30 cm. long. ................. 3. D. scabra
1. Dennstaedtia wilfordii (Moore) Koidz. Microlepia nearly pinnate, slightly unequal at base; ultimate pinnules ob-
wilfordii Moore; Davallia wilfordii (Moore) Bak.; Coptidi- pteris wilfordii (Moore) Nakai & Momose; Davallia nipponica Migq.; M. nipponica (Miq.) C. Chr—O-ren-sHipa. _ Rhi- zomes slender, creeping, sometimes stolonlike, 1-1.5 mm. across, with brownish multicellular jointed hairs while young; fronds slightly dimorphic, glabrous, the sterile ones usually smaller than the fertile; stipes 3-20 cm. long, pale green in upper part, purple-brown or dark brown and lustrous toward base, grooved on upper side; blades membranous, broadly lanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate to acute; fertile pinnae deltoid-ovate, acute or obtuse in the sterile pinnae, short-petiolulate; ultimate pinnules usually cuneate at base, broadly lanceolate to ovate in the fertile ones, ovate to broadly ovate in the sterile, obtusely toothed; sori marginal; indusia cup-shaped, membranous, glabrous, entire, about 1 mm. long and as wide——June-Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu——Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, and China.
2. Dennstaedtia hirsuta (Sw.) Mett. Davallia hirsuta Sw.; Humata hirsuta (Sw.) Desv.; Microlepia hirsuta (Sw.) Diels, non Presl; Trichomanes japonicum Poir., non Thunb.; Davallia pilosella Hook.; M. pilosella (Hook.) Moore; Fujit- filix pilosella (Hook.) Nakai & Momose——Inu-suipa. Plants soft-pubescent throughout; rhizomes 1-2 mm. across, short- creeping; stolons elongate, remotely leaved; fronds 7-35 cm. long; stipes 3-15 cm. long, stramineous, grooved on the upper side; fertile blades herbaceous, 15-30 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, acuminate; pinnae broadly deltoid-lanceolate to narrowly del- toid-ovate, obtuse to subacute, nearly sessile, pinnatiparted to
long-ovate, 3-10 mm. long, obtuse, acute- to mucronate- toothed; sori marginal; indusia cup-shaped, pale brown, prom- inently hispid on the underside, green above, about 0.7 mm. across.—May-Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Korea, Manchuria, and China.
3. Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall.) Moore. Dicksonia sca- bra Wall. ex Hook.; Dicksonia deltoidea Hook.; Dennstaedtia deltoidea (Hook.) Moore——Kosa-no-IsH-KacuMa. _ Ever- green; rhizomes long-creeping, 2-3 mm. across, hairy at least while young; fronds more or less scabrous; stipes reddish brown to dark brown-purple, prominently scabrous at base, 15-40 cm. long, somewhat shiny, grooved on upper side; blades narrowly deltoid, 20-45 cm. long, 15-35 cm. wide, acuminate, green above, slightly paler beneath, 3- or 4-pinnate, the rachis brownish, sparsely hispid on both sides; pinnae deltoid-lanceo- late to broadly lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, acuminate, short-petiolate; ultimate pinnules oblong-ovate, 7— 15 mm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, obtuse, oblique at base, sessile, pinnately lobed to toothed, thinly hispid on nerves of both sides; sori marginal; indusia cup-shaped, about 0.7 mm. across, the lower side membranous, glabrous, entire, the upper margin more or less incurved——Mar.-Oct. Honshu (Kanté Distr. and Echigo Proy. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Formosa, China to Malaysia and India.
Var. glabrescens (Ching) Tagawa. D. glabrescens Ching ——USUGE-KOBA-NO-ISHL-KAGUMA. Nearly glabrous——Dis- tributed with the species.
38 PTERIDACEAE
2. MICROLEPIA Presl
Fumorto-sHipa Zoku
Terrestrial, usually hairy, with creeping solenostelic rhizomes; fronds moderate to large, pinnate to decompound, the ulti- mate pinnules obliquely incised; veins free; sori intramarginal, terminating the veinlets; indusia half cup-shaped, glabrous to hispid, the receptacle short; spores tetrahedral More than 45 species, chiefly in the Tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
1A. Indusia prominently setose, often ciliate.
2A. Blades pinnate; rachis uniformly pubescent on both sides. ............ 22sec eee cece eee cece eee e eee eeaeeees 1. M. marginata 2B. Blades bipinnate; rachis glabrous on upper side except upper part. ..........0ee cee eeee cece esters eeeee 2. M. pseudostrigosa 1B. Indusia glabrous or with 1 or 2 long hispid hairs near base. SAY Blades bipinnate;\pinnae = jem wider Sassi exes es seiese etnies oat eels a eee ae Cee ee eee ee 3. M. strigosa 3B. Blades tripinnate; pinnae 5-10 cm. wide. 4A. Pinnae lanceolate, the lower about 5 cm. wide; pinnules obtuse to acute. ................00ee cece cree ceees 4. M. substrigosa 4B. Pinnae ovate-deltoid, the lower 5-10 cm. wide; pinnules long-acuminate. .............-...00eececeeeees 5. M. yakusimensis
1. Microlepia marginata (Houtt.) C. Chr. Polypodium marginatum Houtt.; P. marginale Thunb., non L.; Dicksonia marginalis (Thunb.) Sw.; Davallia marginalis (Thunb.) Baker; M. marginalis (Thunb.) Bedd—Fumoro-sHipa. Fronds evergreen, pilose; rhizomes creeping, 4-7 mm. across, thinly hairy; stipes 30-50 cm. long, more or less scabrous, dull purple-brown; blades broadly lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, 15- 30 cm. wide, gradually acuminate, pinnate, the rachis uni- formly pubescent on both sides, dull purpie-brown; pinnae chartaceous-herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. wide, pin- natilobed, acuminate, the pinnae of smaller fronds obtuse, sub- sessile, obliquely truncate to broadly cuneate, auriculate or with a larger lobe on anterior side at base, spreading setose- hirsute beneath on costas and veinlets, strigose on costas above; ultimate pinnules ovate-deltoid to ovate-oblong, toothed; sori 1~7 on a lobe, submarginal; indusia depressed-orbicular, whit- ish, prominently setose, often ciliate, about 1.5 mm. wide—— Honshu (Hitachi and Etchu Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India.
2. Microlepia pseudostrigosa Makino. M. marginata var. bipinnata Makino——Fumoto-KacuMA, KujJaKU-FUMOTO- sHipA. Closely allied to the preceding, evergreen, but stouter; blades bipinnate, the rachis usually glabrous and smooth on upper side except near the top; pinnules sessile, oblique, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, toothed, often lobulate——Honshu (Awa and Sagami Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
3. Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Presl. Trichomanes strigosum Thunb.; Dicksonia strigosa (Thunb.) Thunb.; Da- vallia strigosa (Thunb.) Kunze; Dennstaedtia strigosa (Thunb.) J. Smith; Dicksonia japonica Sw.; M. japonica (Sw.) Pres]|——Isui-Kacuma. Resembling the preceding in habit; rhizomes short-creeping, firm, 3-5 mm. across, while young with brownish multicellular jointed hairs; fronds evergreen, 50-150 cm. long, rather coarse, strigose; stipes 30-60 cm. long, dull purple on the lower side, stramineous on the upper side, densely brownish hairy at base, sparsely so above, the callose base of the hairs persistent; blades chartaceous-herbaceous, dark green, paler beneath, broadly lanceolate, 40-100 cm. long,
15-40 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, scarcely narrowed at base, bipinnate, the rachis glabrous and grooved on the stramineous smooth upperside, densely brownish pilose on the dull purplish underside; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. wide, long- acuminate, thinly hispid on veins especially beneath; pinnules oblong-ovate, 10-20 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, acute to obtuse, unequally cuneate at base, sessile, toothed, sometimes lobulate; sori nearly marginal, in the sinus; indusia membranous, semi- rounded, hyaline, entire, glabrous or sometimes with 1 or 2 hispid hairs near base, about 0.7 mm. wide——Honshu (Izu Isls. Awa Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Korea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, Malaysia, and Polynesia.
4. Microlepia substrigosa Tagawa. Ususa-tsHi-Ka- GUMA. Closely allied to the preceding but the rhizomes with dark brown hairs; fronds thinner, the lower pinnae broader, lanceolate, about 5 cm. wide; pinnules narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate-deltoid, 2-3 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, oblique, short-petiolulate, pinnate to pinnati- parted; ultimate pinnules oblong, toothed; sori nearly mar- ginal, suborbicular; indusia hyaline, glabrous or with few se- tose hairs near base, undulate to entire——Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. Formosa.
5. Microlepia yakusimensis Tagawa. M. obtusiloba sensu auct. Japon., non Hayata; M. majuscula sensu auct. Japon., non Moore——YakuUsHIMA-KAGUMA. Rhizomes creeping, about 5 mm. across, chestnut-brown, hairy; stipes 30-50 cm. long, scattered short-pubescent, glabrescent, fuscous- brown; blades thinly herbaceous, 30-50 cm. long, 25-30 cm. wide, subtripinnate, the rachis subglabrous, grooved above, fuscous-brown, densely short-pubescent beneath; pinnae ovate- deltoid, acuminate, petiolulate, the lower pinnae 15-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, pinnules pinnatiparted, long-acuminate in the lower, acute to obtuse in the upper ones, hirsute be- neath on costas and veins, short-pubescent above on the costas; ultimate pinnules oblong, obtuse, oblique, crenately toothed, sometimes lobulate; sori small; indusia pale, with a few hispid hairs on back— Kyushu; rare.
3. MONACHOSORUM Kunze = Fujrsuia Zoxu
Terrestrial, with ascending short rhizomes covered at the tip by a mucous excretion; fronds thinly brown-scurfy while young; stipes tufted; blades simply or 2- to 4-pinnate, often with bulbils in axils of pinnae or proliferous at the tip; ultimate pinnules toothed or lobed, membranous, blackish when dried, glabrous except for sparse glandular short hairs on the axis, the lobes with a single veinlet ending short of the tip; sori terminal or nearly so on the veinlets, intramarginal, rounded; indusia absent, the receptacle scarcely raised; sporangia mixed with glandular hairs——About 5 species, Malaysia to Japan.
PTERIDACEAE 39
1A. Blades simply pinnate, not broadened at base; pinnae obtuse, oblique at base. ....... 1. eee eee eee eee eee 1. M. maximowiczii 1B. Blades 2- to 4-pinnate, broadest at base; pinnae acute to acuminate, equilateral. 2A. Blades 10-25 cm. wide, 2- or 3-pinnatiparted to 2- or 3-pinnate, the rachis often extended and gemmate at the tip; bulbils absent
Anche axis atl base ob Paes ola aislstsiels ele) siale' sl eleysie oie)
Svayalulara uss ayeroiale ay a1 are (oh cvataisuiaft aVocalelunteseleraset teverersiecetare 2. M. flagellare
2B. Blades larger, 25-40 cm. wide, acuminate, 3-pinnate, not gemmate at the tip; bulbils present in axils at base of median and upper
MES coasrauacepadoboobopopahupendaccuudduapucan
1. Monachosorum maximowiczii (Bak.) Hayata. Poly- podium maximowiczti Bak.; Ptilopteris maximowiczii (Bak.) Hance; Polystichum maximowiczit (Bak.) Diels; Phegopteris maximowiczti (Bak.) H. Chr.; Monachosorella maximowiczii (Bak.) Hayata——Fujisuwwa. Fronds slender, evergreen, sparsely brownish scurfy beneath while young; rhizomes short, ascending, covered with the persistent bases of old stipes; stipes brown, lustrous, 6-20 cm. long, about 2 mm. across; blades herbaceous-membranous, linear-lanceolate, 20-50 cm. long, 2-4(-5) cm. wide, simply pinnate, contracted at base, gradually long-attenuate and gemmate at the tip on the naked extension of the rachis; pinnae many, horizontally spreading, broadly lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, obtuse, obliquely cuneate and auriculate at base, obtusely toothed, ses- sile, the lower pinnae smaller and deflexed, the upper ones gradually reduced; veins pinnate, short, oblique, veinlets sim- ple; sori intramarginal, solitary on the teeth, sometimes slightly incurved on margin; indusia absent——Shaded rocky places in woods in mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare——Formosa and China.
2. Monachosorum flagellare (H. Chr.) Hayata. Poly- stichum flagellare H. Chr.; Monachosorella flagellaris (H. Chr.) Hayata; Monachosorum nipponicum Makino; Monacho- sorella nipponica (Makino) Hayata; Monachosorella flagellaris var. nipponica (Makino) Tagawa——O-ruji1suwa, KisHu- sHipa. _ Fronds evergreen, thinly brown scurfy beneath; rhi- zomes short, ascending, densely clothed with the basal remains of old stipes; stipes 10-30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. across, strami-
4, LINDSAEA Dryand.
afte \eiare eiscereissale cleleristacs e eietcine veLsiet rarercter eval otetetepeteeet eras 3. M. arakit
neous, brownish at base; blades narrowly 3-angled, 20-60 cm. long, 10-25 cm. wide, 2- or 3-pinnatiparted to nearly 2- or 3-pinnate, narrowed at tip, broadest at base, the rachis often extended and gemmate at the tip; pinnae many, membranous, linear to lanceolate, 7-17 cm. long in the lower ones, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed at tip, sessile or subsessile, green on both sides, bulbils present in axils at base of median and upper pinnae; ultimate pinnules oblong, obtuse, toothed, oblique; veinlets few on each side of the ultimate pinnules, not prominent; sori intramarginal, solitary on the teeth; indusia absent——Rocky places in damp woods in mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
3. Monachosorum arakii Tagawa. Hrme-muKaco-sHIpA. Brown-scurfy throughout except for the upper side of frond; rhizomes short, covered with the persistent remains of old stipes; stipes 55-60 cm. long, about 5 mm. across at base, stra- mineous to rusty-brown toward base; blades thinly herbaceous, narrowly triangular-ovate, 50-70 cm. long, 25-40 cm. wide, tripinnate, the rachis grooved on upper side, bulbils present in axils of median and upper pinnae; pinnae broadly lanceolate, to 30 cm. long and 10 cm. wide in the lower ones, long-acumi- nate, spreading, short-petiolate; pinnules lanceolate, to 7 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, acute to acuminate, sessile; ultimate pinnules and segments oblong to ovate, to 1 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, obtuse, obliquely cuneate at base, crenate-incised to pinnatifid; sori submarginal, naked——Honshu (Tanba, Kii, and Suwo Prov.); very rare.
Honet-sHipa Zoku
Terrestrial or epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, elongate or short, with narrow small scalelike hairs; fronds stipitate, pinnate or pinnately compound, rarely simple; pinnules usually thin, usually dimidiate, rarely equilateral, glabrous; veins free or sometimes loosely anastomosing; sori on the upper and outer margins, intramarginal or apparently marginal, terminal, solitary or more often united into transverse coenosori; indusia rounded, more often transversely elongate by the union of adjacent ones———About
200 species, of wide distribution in the Tropics.
1A. Stipes sulcate in upper part, not 4-angled; blades simply pinnate; rhizomes slender and long-creeping, remotely leaved. 2A. Stipes 3-15 cm, long, usually red-brown at base; blades 7-25 cm. long; median pinnae truncate on the anterior side at base; sori usually interrupted by sinuses of lobes; rhizomes 1.5-2 mm. across, the scales about 2 mm. long. ............-+++ 1. L. cultrata 2B. Stipes 1-8 cm. long, dark purple-brown at base; blades 3-10 cm. long; median pinnae broadly cuneate on anterior side at base; sori usually uninterrupted, nearly straight, sometimes interrupted by a shallow sinus between the teeth; rhizomes 1-1.5 mm. across,
the'scalesiabout Imm: longr= <5/)2 ee cecte eis oeieie © cleiels tieve
0 OD.CIOC ODIO O.DdOCDO.U ODOR CELE HLO.6 COPTIC RI OEES 2. L. japonica
1B. Stipes 4-angled, not sulcate; blades simply pinnate or bipinnate; rhizomes short-creeping, closely leaved. 3A. Blades pinnate or bipinnate, the ultimate divisions oblique, elliptic or ovate, rounded to broadly cuneate at base.
3. L. orbiculata var. chienti
3B. Blades pinnate, the pinnae flabellate, nearly equilateral, truncate at base. ...... 2... c cece cece eee cence eeeceeusees 4. L. simulans
1. Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. Adiantum cultratum Willd—Honct-sua. Fronds slender, evergreen, gla- brous; rhizomes slender, creeping, 1.5-2 mm. across, with linear-lanceolate, dark brown, lustrous, entire scales about 2 mm. long; stipes 3-15 cm. long, green and sulcate on the up- per portion, reddish brown in lower half, glabrous or with few scales toward the base; blades linear-lanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, gradually acute to subacuminate, pinnate, green; rachis usually pale green; pinnae thinly herbaceous,
ovate, 8-18 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, subacute to obtuse, nearly truncate on anterior margin at base, minutely im- pressed-punctate beneath, short-petiolulate, the posterior mar- gin nearly straight and only slightly incurved toward the apex, entire, the anterior margin toothed or few-lobulate, gently curved to nearly straight; sori on the anterior margin of the pinnae, interrupted, usually with an obscure mucro on both sides; indusia undulate to erose———Wet shaded rocks along streams in mountains; Honshu (Izu Isls., Ise and Kii
40
Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. in tropical Asia.
2. Lindsaea japonica (Bak.) Bak. ex Diels. L. cultrata var. japonica Bak——SatcoKU-HONGU-SHIDA. Fronds ever- green, small; rhizomes creeping, 1-1.5 mm. across, with sparse, dark brown, linear-lanceolate scales about 1 mm. long; stipes 1-8 cm. long, dark purple-brown, few-scaled at base, not or scarcely lustrous, sulcate on upper side; blades lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, acute, glabrous, pinnate, the rachis pale green, sulcate on upper side, rounded on back; pinnae 7-12 pairs, the lower ones spreading, the upper ones ascend- ing, broadly subovate or broadly subelliptic, 6-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rounded to obtuse, broadly cuneate or rarely subtruncate at base on anterior side, nearly truncate (crenate- toothed in the sterile pinnae) on anterior margin, the posterior margin entire, straight in lower half, incurved on upper half; sori on the anterior margin of pinnae, straight, usually contin- uous; indusia nearly entire, reaching the edge of the pinnae. — Wet shaded rocks along streams in mountains; Honshu (Hachijé Isl. and Kii Prov.), Kyushu; rare——Ryukyus, For- mosa, Korea (Quelpaert Isl.).
8. Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. var. chienii (Ching) Ohwi. L. chienii Ching; L. tenera var. chienii (Ching) C. Chr. & Tard.-Bl.; L. orbiculata sensu auct. Japon., non Mett.; L. commixta Tagawa——EDAUCHI-HONGU-SHIDA. Fronds glabrous, evergreen; rhizomes short, creeping or as- cending, firm, densely leafy, while young with red-brown lus-
Formosa and widespread
5. SPHENOMERIS Maxon
PTERIDACEAE
trous linear-lanceolate scales about 1.5 mm. long; stipes 2-20 cm. long, dark purple-brown, lustrous, 4-angled, smooth, sparsely scaly at the base; blades broadly lanceolate, simply pinnate, 8-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, or bipinnate and nar- rowly triangular, 5-12 cm. wide, gradually acuminate in larger fronds, the rachis 4-angled, lustrous, pale green or often purple-brown beneath on lower half; pinnules chartaceous- herbaceous, elliptic, squarrose or ovate, 8-20(—25) mm. long, 4-10(-13) mm. wide, oblique, rounded to very obtuse, broadly cuneate at base, short-petiolulate, entire and nearly at right angles to the axis on the lower margin, acutely toothed and/or lobulate toward the tip, palmately veined; sori usually inter- rupted, short; indusia narrow, marginal. Honshu (Izu Pen. and Izu Isls. through Tokaido to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare———Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and Inde- china. Polymorphic.
Var. deltoidea Wu. __L. chienii var. deltoidea (Wu) Ta- gawa——EDAUCHI-HONGU-SHIDA-MODOKI. Terminal pinna elongate-rhombic, lobulate, large——-Honshu (Kii Prov.), Kyushu.—Ryukyus, Formosa, and China.
4, \Lindsaea simulans Ching. L. orbiculata var. orbicu- lata sensu Ohwi——Ucuiwa-Honct-sHiwa. _ Blades simply pinnate, gradually narrowed at the tip to a single obtuse small segment; pinnae scarcely lobulate, paler beneath, the lower pinnae flabellate, nearly equilateral, truncate at base; sori con- tinuous——Shikoku (Tosa Prov.), Kyushu (Yakushima); rere-——China. Closely allied to the preceding.
Hora-sHinosu Zoku
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, with dark brown narrow hairlike scales; fronds erect, glabrous, pinnately compound; pinnules usually cuneate at base; sori submarginal, terminating the veinlets, solitary or in pairs, sometimes in threes, usually united; vein- lets free; indusia fixed by the base and sides——About 20 species, in the Tropics.
1. Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon. Trichomanes chinense ..; Davallia chinensis (.) Smith; Stenoloma chi- nense (L.) Bedd.; Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Smith; Lindsaea chinensis (L.) Mett.; D. tenuifolia var. chinensis (L.) Moore; Adiantum chusanum L.; Sphenomeris chusana (L.) Copel.; Stenoloma chusanum (L.) Ching; O. chinensis var. tenutfolia Matsum., excl. syn.; O. chusana var. tenutfolia Masam., excl. syn.; D. tenuifolia sensu auct. Japon., non Sw.; Stenoloma gracile Tagawa——Hora-sHinosu. _ Fronds ever- green, glabrous, often somewhat brownish red; rhizomes short- creeping, densely leafy; fronds 10-80 cm. long, tufted; stipes 4-30 cm. long, pale brown, smooth, scaly at base; blades smooth, ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-50 cm. long, 3-20 cm. wide, acute to acuminate, slightly or not contracted at base, 3- or 4-pinnate, the rachis sulcate on upper side; pinnae nar- rowly ovate to broadly lanceolate, more or less 3-angled, usu-
6. HYPOLEPIS Bernh.
ally narrowed at tip, petiolulate; ultimate segments coriaceous to thick-herbaceous, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide at the trun- cate and few-toothed broad tip, cuneate at base; veins not prominent, once or twice forked; sori marginal, 1 to 3 on the ultimate pinnules; indusia cup-shaped, depressed, often par-
tially united ——Sunny exposed rocks and roadsides in low mountains and hills; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shi- koku, Kyushu; common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to
India, Polynesia, and Madagascar.
Var. littorale (Tagawa) Ohwi. Stenoloma biflorum (Kaulf.) Ching; Davallia biflora Kaulf.; Sphenomeris biflora (Kaulf.) Tagawa; S. littorale Tagawa; S. chusanum var. Iit- torale (Tagawa) H. Its——Hama-Hora-sHinozu. Rhizomes with longer and broader scales; blades thickly coriaceous, ovate to broadly so. Along the sea; Honshu (Shimosa Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus to the Philippines.
Twa-HIME-WARABI ZOKU
Terrestrial; fronds moderately large; rhizomes creeping, solenostelic, usually with reddish hairs; fronds herbaceous, compound or decompound, hairy or glabrous; veins free; sori usually nearly marginal, protected by a reflexed tooth, rarely inframarginal
and naked.
1. Hypolepis punctata (Thunb.) Mett. Polypodium punctatum Thunb.; Phegopteris punctata (Thunb.) Mett.; Nephrodium punctatum (Thunb.) Diels; Dryopteris punctata (Thunb.) C. Chr., non O. Kuntze——Iwa-Hime-warasl. Fronds deciduous, large, more or less pilose; rhizomes long- creeping, remotely leaved, with red-brown jointed callose flex-
Pantropic, with about 45 species, north to Japan, south to New Zealand and South Africa.
uous short hairs; stipes 10-60 cm. long, sulcate on upper side, yellow-brown, dull, 2.5-4 mm. across, scabrous; blades deltoid- ovate to oblong, 20-120 cm. long, 16-60 cm. wide, acuminate, 3- or 4-pinnate, the pilose indument jointed, callose at the base; pinnae broadly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, short- petiolate, spreading, the lower 2 or 3 pairs larger, 13-35 cm.
PTERIDACEAE Aj
long, 5-15 cm. wide; pinnules thinly herbaceous to mem- branous, oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, obtuse, sessile, pinnately lobed to parted, often toothed, green above, paler beneath, the lobes spreading, ovate, obtuse to rounded; veinlets reaching the tip of the teeth; sori intramarginal, naked, rounded, 1-1.5 mm. across, yellow-brown, often covered by the slightly recurved tooth of the pinnules——Hills and low mountains; Honshu (Ugo and Rikuzen Prov. southw.), Shi-
7. PTERIDIUM Scop.
koku, Kyushu. mosa, and China.
Hypolepis bamleriana Rosenst. Surma-1wa-HIME-WARABI. A larger plant, 1.5-2 m. high with stout stipes often 1.2 cm. in diameter; lowest pinna much larger and broader than the others——Recorded from Kyushu (Yakushima)——New Guinea and Bonin Isls.
Pantropic, also in Korea, Ryukyus, For-
Warasi Zoku
Terrestrial; rhizomes long-creeping, solenostelic, with jointed hairs; fronds pinnately compound, coriaceous to thick- herbaceous, more or less hairy; veins free except for a marginal strand; sori continuous along the margin, on a connecting vein; indusium double; the outer one false, formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules, the inner one distinct or obsolete. —A single cosmopolitan species with several geographically distinct variants.
1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. Jatiusculum (Desv.) Underw. Pieris lanuginosa Spreng.; Pteris sprengelii Steud.; Pteris latiuscula Desv.; Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Hieron.; Pteridium aquilinum var. japonicum Nakai; P. aqui- linum sensu auct. Japon., non Kuhn——Warasi. Fronds coarse, deciduous; rhizomes long-creeping, terete, 4-5 mm. across, remotely leafy, usually with pale brown jointed hairs at the tip; stipes 20-80 cm. long, rather stout, pale green, glabrous above, with soft hairs at the dark brownish base; blades broadly ovate-triangular, 20-100 cm. long, 17-70 cm. wide, short-acuminate, green above, slightly paler beneath, usually ternate-pinnate, the rachis sulcate and pubescent on upper side especially in the axils at base of pinnae, pale green; pinnae of
8. HISTIOPTERIS J. Smith
the lowest pair manifestly larger than the others, reaching 2/3 of the entire length of the blade, spreading, 2- to 4-pinnati- parted, triangular-ovate, acuminate; pinnules subcoriaceous to thick-chartaceous, horizontally spreading, straight, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 3-6 mm. wide in the fertile, 5-8 mm. wide in the sterile ones, obtuse, usually glabrous above, thinly white- pilose at least along the costas beneath, slightly recurved on margins; sori marginal, continuous; indusia scarious, glabrous or nearly so, narrow.——Aug.—Oct. Sunny slopes in hills and mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; very com- mon.—Ryukyus, China, Korea, Sakhalin, s. Kuriles, Kam- chatka to Europe, and e. N. America.
YUNOMINE-SHIDA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes long-creeping, solenostelic, with narrow dark brown hairlike scales; fronds usually large, glabrous; pinnae chartaceous to coriaceous, opposite, usually sessile, often glaucous, with stipulelike basal pinnules; veins anastomosing without included vyeinlets; sori continuous along a marginal connecting vein, covered by a scarious reflexed false indusium,
freely paraphysate—Pantropic, with about 7 species.
1. Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Smith. Preris incisa Thunb.; P. aurita Bl.——Yunomine-suwa. Fronds large, glabrous, evergreen; rhizomes creeping, remotely leaved, 4-7 mm. across, with dark brown lustrous jointed crisped hairs; stipes shorter than the blades, lustrous, dark purple-brown at least on the lower half, 5-15 mm. across; blades large, to 1 m. long, triangular-ovate, obtuse to short-acute, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, bipinnate or bipinnatiparted, the rachis terete, brownish or stramineous; pinnae opposite, 5-10
9. PTERIS L.
pairs, nearly horizontally spreading, broadly lanceolate to ob- long-ovate, acute with an obtuse tip, sessile, pinnatiparted to pinnate, in large fronds the lowest pair of pinnules much reduced and stipulelike; ultimate pinnules opposite, narrowly ovate to elliptic, 5-20 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded, horizon- tally spreading, entire or sinuately lobed; veins anastomosing slender; sori marginal, elongate, covered by the reflexed mar- ginal false indusium—Honshu (Izu and Kii Prov.), Kyu- shu; rare—Pantropic.
L-no-moto-so Zoku
Terrestrial; rhizomes short, dictyostelic, scaly or sometimes hairy; fronds herbaceous to coriaceous or chartaceous, tufted, pinnate to decompound, glabrous or rarely hairy; veins free except in the sori, or anastomosing without included veinlets; sori continuous along the margin except at the apex and in the sinuses of the pinnules, covered by the scarious reflexed margin of the segments, with paraphyses among the sporangia——About 280 species, nearly all tropical, some in New Zealand, Tasmania, S. Africa, Japan, Europe, and the United States.
1A. Ultimate divisions of blades linear, unlobed; rachis and costas without spines on upper side.
WACpe Blades arrowed ati bases stipes, prominentl ys brown-scal yewecirs srytaecre nea ee eieiieiae oerinie asians rears eit aie 1. P. vittata 2B. Blades not narrowed at base; stipes smooth or nearly so. 3A. Upper pinnae decurrent on the rachis; sterile pinnae 6-12 mm. wide. ..........220-ceeeeeecceeeeceeceseeess 2. P. multifida
3B. Upper pinnae not decurrent on the rachis. 4A. Sterile pinnae 8-25 mm. wide. 5A. Fronds nearly all alike; sterile pinnae linear-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate. .......... 3. P. cretica 5B. Fronds dimorphic; sterile pinnae lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-10 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, obtuse. .... 4. P. ryukyuensis #82) sterle\pinnde linear, 5—20lemelongsys—b maa. wader iva. ajelercicisi sie eietefetets ale}aveleiele s)s10 sieicteyelsteye otarerateinie ets a= (ole 5. P. yamatensis
42 PTERIDACEAE
1B. Ultimate divisions of blades pectinately pinnatiparted, at least the terminal. 6A. Costas and costules without spines at base of segments on upper side; veinlets reaching the awn-toothed sterile margin of the blade. 7A. Blades 40-60 cm. long, 20-25 cm. wide; stipes 4-angled, 3-4 mm. across near base; rachis rounded on back; stipes and rachis
dark purple-brown, nearly concolorous; ultimate segments 5—10 mm. wide. ..............--.+--.-+-.-- 6. P. semipinnata 7B. Blades 25-40 cm. long, 8-15 cm. wide; stipes subtrapezoid or 3-angled, 2—-2.5 mm. across near base; rachis 3-angled; stipes and rachis yellow-brown, with paler angles; ultimate segments 4-5 mm. wide. .............-..seeeeseeeeeseeeeee 7. P. dispar
6B. Costas and costules with a spine at base of segments on upper side. 8A. Veinlets reaching the margin of sterile part of blade; sterile segments entire. ................-...-+.--.00e. 8. P. quadriaurita
8B. Veinlets not reaching the margin; sterile segments toothed.
9A. Blades 20-30 cm. long, bipinnatiparted, the lowest pinnae sometimes with 1 or 2 sessile branches on posterior side near base.
10A. Pinnae gray- or brownish green; veinlets free. .....
EAC cH a aR le 2 a pet 9. P. inaequalis
10B. Pinnae vivid green; lowest veinlets of the segments anastomosing, forming elongate areoles along the costas of the pinnules.
10. P. nakasimae
9B. Blades often more than 1 m. long, with 5 bipinnatiparted, short-stalked, large pinnae; lowest veinlets of the segments anastomos- ing and forming areoles along the costas of the pinnules. ...............-.sseesee sees eee ener cee 11. P. wallichiana
1. Pieris vittata L. P. longifolia sensu auct. Asiat., non L—Moejma-sHipa. Rhizomes short, rather stout, with dense, pale brown, membranous, broadly linear scales about 3 mm. long; stipes 3-15 cm. long, pale brown or stramineous, sulcate on upper side, prominently scaly, the callose base of scales persistent; blades obovate-oblong to broadly oblanceolate, 20-50 cm. long inclusive of the elongate terminal pinna, nar- rowed at base, simply pinnate, the rachis stramineous, sulcate on upper side, rounded and more or less scaly or scabrous on underside; pinnae 12-26 pairs, spreading, simple, the lower ones 1-2 cm. long, the median 4-8 cm. long, truncate and sometimes slightly auriculate at base, sessile, glabrous and gray-green above, the costa thinly pubescent beneath, the sterile pinnae linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 7-8 mm. wide, usually obtuse, minutely toothed, the fertile pinnae elongate, 4-7 mm. wide——Honshu (Kii Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu (s. distr.) ; rare ——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China, and generally in the Tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
2. Pteris multifida Poir. P. serrulata L. f., non Forsk. —I-No-MoTo-s0. Fronds slender, glabrous; rhizomes short, with black-brown lustrous broadly linear entire scales about 2.5 mm. long; fronds tufted, the sterile ones shorter; stipes slender, pale green, 3-angled, glabrous in upper part, thinly scaly at base; blades broadly ovate in outline, the rachis winged; sterile pinnae thinly chartaceous, 2 or 3 on each side, 3- to 5-parted, the sterile divisions linear to lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, long-acuminate, sessile or decurrent on the rachis, irregularly aristulate-toothed; fertile pinnae lin- ear, entire, 10-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide——Lowlands; Hon- shu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common. —China and Indochina.
8. Pteris cretica L. P. nervosa Thunb.— Osa-no-1-No- MoTo-so. Fronds evergreen, glabrous, nearly all alike; rhi- zomes short, with dark purple-brown lustrous broadly linear scales about 3 mm. long; stipes 15-60 cm. long, pale strami- neous, sometimes somewhat brownish toward the base, ob- tusely 4-angled, sulcate on the upper side, glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. across; blades thinly coriaceous, 20-40 cm. long, simply pin- nate, with 1-5 pairs of pinnae, the rachis not winged; lower pinnae usually 2- or 3-parted to -divided; fertile lobes broadly linear, 5-12 mm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, sterile at the tip, the sterile lobes linear-lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, awn-toothed, green; veinlets reaching the cartilaginous margin of the sterile pinnae——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Widely distributed in the tropics and warm-temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere——Cy. Albolineata. P. cretica var. albolineata Hook. MatsuzAKa-sHIDA. Sterile lobes white- variegated along the costas——Cultivated.
4. Pteris ryukyuensis Tagawa. RyuKyu-I-No-MoTo-s0. Fronds dimorphic, glabrous, evergreen; rhizomes small, short, with dark purple-brown, lustrous, broadly linear scales, about 1 mm. long; stipes firm, slender, obtusely angled, lustrous, brown, paler on the angles, 0.7-1 mm. across, 3-12 cm. long in the sterile fronds, 5-25 cm. long in the fertile; blades ternate or sometimes with a pair of remote pinnae at base, the rachis not winged; sterile pinnae chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 2-7(—10) cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, obtuse, the lower ones sometimes 2-parted, the fertile pinnae linear, 4-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide——Stone walls; Kyushu (s. distr.) ; rare—Ryukyus.
Dd. Pteris yamatensis (Tagawa) Tagawa. P. angusti- pinna var. yamatensis Tagawa——HIME-L-No-MoTo-so. Some- what resembling the preceding in habit; rhizomes short, with linear-lanceolate black-brown pale margined scales 2-2.5 mm. long; fronds tufted, the sterile shorter than the fertile; stipes slender, trigonous, 0.5-1 mm. across, chestnut-brown, 2-8 cm. long in the sterile fronds, about 12 cm. long in fertile; blades ternately or pedately 3- to 5-foliolate; sterile pinnae thinly chartaceous, linear, 3-13 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the terminal pinna 10-20 cm. long, acutely toothed, gradually narrowed at both ends, subsessile, glabrous but with scattered hairlike scales along costas on both sides while young; veins simple or once forked, not reaching the margin; fertile pinnae 2-3 mm. wide, entire.—Calcareous rocks in mountains; Honshu (Mount Omine in Yamato Prov.); rare.
6. Pteris semipinnata L. O-Amaxusa-sHipa. Stipes 30-60 cm. long, 3-4 mm. across near base, lustrous, 4-angled, dark purple-brown or deep brown, smooth on upper part, scaly at base; blades 40-60 cm. long, 20-25 cm. wide, bipinnati- parted, with a large terminal pinna, the rachis deep brown, lustrous, rounded on back, smooth; lateral pinnae 5-8 pairs, 10-17 cm. long, subsessile, the long-acuminate slightly falcate tip 5-10 cm. long, unlobed and entire on anterior margin or sometimes with a small auricle at base, the terminal pinna reg- ularly pinnatiparted, the costas with a sparsely scabrous line above on each side; pinnules linear-lanceolate, about 8 cm long, 5-10 mm. wide, acuminate, incurved-toothed on sterile mar-
gins; costules sparsely scabrous on the upper side———Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare——Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and tropical Asia.
7. Pteris dispar Kunze. P. semipinnata var. dispar (Kunze) Bak—Amakusa-sHipa. Fronds evergreen; rhi- zomes short-creeping, with dark brown linear scales 3-3.5 mm. long; stipes tufted, 20-40 cm. long, yellow-brown, subtrapezoid or 3-angled, lustrous, 2-2.5 mm. across near base, smooth, ob- tuse on the dorsal angle; blades chartaceous, lanceolate to nar- rowly oblong-ovate, 25-40 cm. long, 8-15 cm. wide, bipinnati-
PTERIDACEAE 43
parted, with a large terminal pinna, the rachis yellow-brown, 3-angled, lustrous, smooth; lateral pinnae 3-7 pairs, narrowly deltoid, 5-10 cm. long, sessile or subsessile, pinnatiparted or unlobed on anterior side, the acutely toothed tip 1-3 cm. long, the terminal pinna triangular-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, regularly pinnatiparted with a linear acutely toothed tip, the costas on each side above with a sparsely scabrous ele- vated white line; pinnules linear- to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, slightly falcate———Hon- shu (s. Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu=—— Ryukyus and Formosa.
8. Pteris quadriaurita Retz. P. biaurita var. quadriau- rita (Retz.) Luerss—Hacu1j6-su1pa. Rhizomes short, with deep brown, linear, lustrous scales about 12 mm. long; stipes 30-70 cm. long, tufted, stramineous, often brownish on lower surface, usually dark brown toward the base, smooth or with scattered linear scales at base, 3-6 mm. across, 2-grooved on upper side, rounded on underside; blades broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 25-60 cm. long, 20-35 cm. wide, bipinnatiparted; lowest pinnae usually with 1 or 2 branches on posterior side near base; veinlets reaching the margin of sterile part of blade; pinnae 3-8 pairs, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 12-30 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, caudate, regularly pinnatiparted; costas and sometimes the costules on upper side with a prominent subulate spine at base of the seg- ment or of the veins; sterile pinnules narrowly oblong, 5-7 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded, entire, usually slightly falcate, 3-5 mm. wide in the fertile pinnules——Honshu (s. Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu———Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and generally in the Tropics and subtropics. Sometimes segregated as microspecies are: P. kiuschiuensis Hieron.; P. oshimensis Hieron.; P. fauriei Hieron.; P. hachijoensis Nakai; and P. natiensis Tagawa, probably all synonymous with P. quadriaurita.
9. Pteris inaequalis Bak. var. inaequalis. P. longipin- nula Wall. forma inaequalis (Bak.) Makino; P. inaequalis var. simplicior Tagawa——OBa-No-AMAKUSA-SHIDA. Rhizomes stout, short, ascending, with brown, membranous, linear scales 1-1.3 cm. long; stipes stramineous, 20-50 cm. long, 3-6 mm. across near the dark purplish brown base, sulcate on the upper side, glabrous; blades oblong-ovate, 30-70 cm. long, 15-30 cm. wide, bipinnatiparted, the rachis stramineous, smooth; pinnae 3-7 pairs, more or less falcate, with a linear elongate tip 7-15 cm. long, pinnatiparted on the posterior side, unlobed or re- motely lobed on the anterior side, opaque, the terminal pinna distinct, narrowly elongate, 15-30 cm. long, 8-15 cm. wide, regularly pinnatiparted; costas with a spine at the base of the
10. CONIOGRAMME Fée
pinnules; pinnules lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, 8-13 mm. wide, sometimes linear-lanceolate or oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 8-13 mm. wide, acute to obtuse, toothed on the sterile margins; veinlets free, indistinct, not reaching the margin——Honshu (s. Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu———China.
Var. aequata (Miq.) Tagawa. P. semipinnata var. aequata Migq.; P. longipinnula sensu auct. Japon., non Wall—Osa- No-Hacuij6-sHipa. —_ Usually larger, often 1 m. high or more; stipes stouter, to 1 cm. across at base; pinnae pinnatiparted on both sides, the lowest sometimes with a sessile branch on pos- terior side near base, the pinnules 6-10 mm. wide, usually acute——More common than the typical phase; Honshu (Ugo Prov. and Kanto Distr. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——Korea and Formosa.
10. Pteris nakasimae Tagawa. P. mceclurei var. naka- simae Tagawa——Hinoranrsuipa. Rhizomes short-creep- ing, densely scaly; stipes 35-40 cm. long, purple-brown to purplish, lustrous, very sparingly scabrous; blades thinly herba- ceous, ovate-oblong, 50-60 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide, bipinnati- parted, glabrous, the rachis purple-brown or purplish, lustrous, sparsely scabrous; pinnae 5-7 pairs, spreading, lanceolate, 15- 20 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, slightly oblique, short- cuneate at base, sessile, the lowest pinna 2-parted; costas with a soft spine on upper side at base of the pinnule; pinnules 2-4 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded, the sterile portion incurved-toothed; lowest veinlets anastomose, forming elongate areoles along the costas of the pinnules——Kyushu (Satsuma Prov.); rare.
11. Pteris wallichiana Agardh. P. wallichiana var. magna (Christ) Tagawa; P. tripartita var. magna Christ— Nacutsuipa. _ Fronds large, deciduous; stipes stout, nearly 2 cm. across, yellow- or purple-brown, lustrous, trisulcate on up- per side when dried, rounded on back, smooth, with brown membranous scales at base; blades large, 5-angled, often more than 1 m. long and nearly as wide, with pinnatifid pinnae, the rachis yellow-brown, smooth, sulcate on upper side, the terminal pinna longest, 50-90 cm. long, 25-40 cm. wide; pinnules many, herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acuminate, sessile, regularly pinnati- parted; costas with a soft spine at base of the pinnules; pin- nules spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute to obtuse, the sterile portion toothed; veinlets ending short of the mar- gin, the lowest ones anastomosing and forming areoles along the costas of the pinnules——Honshu (Awa, Izu and Mikawa Prov. to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——Ryukyus and Formosa.
IwacaNnE-so ZoKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, scaly, dictyostelic; fronds large, herbaceous, pinnate to tripinnate, with entire or finely toothed divisions, mostly glabrous; veins free, or sometimes anastomosing, without included veinlets, ending in hydathodes; sori elongate along the veins except near the margin; indusia absent——About 20 species, in Africa, Polynesia to Japan, 1 in Mexico.
MEAD PVEMUSEICES cistrcrdtctels src cieieinicte ts comnts nes lalend ealcleicietersie’s ale ernie BMV CLUS tANAStOMMOSING. :ctaicle sie ats cies reletetelc ie este iaialare tile eelelolelolplole-s
1. Coniogramme fraxinea (Don) Diels var. intermedia (Hieron.) C. Chr. C. intermedia Hieron.; C. fraxinea sensu auct. Japon., non Diels; Gymnogramme javanica sensu auct. Japon., non Bl.; C. fraxinea var. serrulata Nakai, non Hieron. ——IWAGANE-ZENMAI. Rhizomes creeping, about 5 mm. across, with membranous brown lanceolate entire acuminate
TATE ere ee eer tietticerae si aeidecte 1. C. fraxinea var. intermedia Bio CID. GIO DS ea iE OG Cer CC Ok OOO GD OO ERATE SARC 2. C. japonica
scales 3-4 mm. long; fronds 70-130 cm. long; stipes 30-60 cm. long, glabrous, thinly scaly at base, sulcate on upper part, rounded and often purplish on lower side; blades ovate, 40-70 cm. long, 25-30 cm. wide, simply pinnate; pinnae 5-8 on each side, chartaceous or thinly herbaceous, oblong- to linear-lance- olate, 12-20 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, abruptly contracted with
44 PTERIDACEAE
a linear tail at the tip, rounded to abruptly acute at base, minutely toothed, glabrous on both sides or very thinly pubes- cent along the costas and veins beneath, the lower pinnae often with 1 or 2 smaller divisions on each side near base, petiolate; veins closely parallel, once or twice forked, free, reaching the base of the marginal tooth; sori along the lower 2/3-4/5 of the dorsal part of the veins, yellow.—Woods in low moun- tains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Sakhalin, s. Kuriles, Korea, Manchuria, China to India. The typical phase occurs in India to Malaysia and Hawaii.
2. Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels. Hemionz- tis japonica Thunb.; Gymnogramme japonica (Thunb.) Desv.;
11, CHEILANTHES Sw.
Dictyogramme japonica (Thunb.) Fée; Notogramme japonica (Thunb.) Presl—IwacaneE-so. Closely allied to the pre- ceding; pinnae usually more or less gradually acuminate; veins obliquely spreading, anastomosing in lower half, not reaching the teeth of the pinnae——Woods in low mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—Ryukyus (Amami- oshima), Formosa, China, and Korea.
Var. fauriei (Hieron.) Tagawa. C. fauriei Hieron—Inv- IWAGANE-sO. The veins barely anastomosing along the costas in lower half of the pinnae——Honshu, Kyushu; rare-—— Korea.
EsBIGARA-SHIDA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes short-creeping or erect, scaly; fronds small, usually tufted, pinnate to decompound, hairy or scaly, rarely smooth; veins free; sori marginal, on the tips of the veins, often in contact but not laterally confluent; indusia formed from the more or less modified reflexed margin of the segments, often obsolete or wanting——About 180 species, in tropical and warm
temperate regions.
1. Cheilanthes chusana Hook. C. mysurensis sensu auct. pro parte, non Wall—Epicara-sHipa. Rhizomes short, ascending, densely covered with the persistent bases of old stipes and with lustrous dark brown linear scales about 3 mm. long; fronds tufted; stipes 1.5-10 cm. long, purple-brown, lustrous, terete, 2-striate on the upper side, prominently scaly; scales on stipes and rachis rather unequal, broadly linear, 1-2 mm. long, spreading, deep brown, entire; blades oblong-ovate in the smaller ones, nearly linear in the larger ones, 7—30 cm. long, 18-30 mm. wide, acute, scarcely narrowed at base, bipin- natiparted, the rachis purple-brown, with a prominently scaly
12. ALEURITOPTERIS Fée
raised line on the margins above; pinnae 7-15 on each side, herbaceous, opposite or nearly so, triangular- to oblong-ovate, 1-25 cm. long, obtuse, sessile, glabrous, spreading to ascend- ing, the costa impressed on upper side, raised and purple- brown beneath; pinnules oblong or oblong-ovate, 2-7 mm. long, obtuse to rounded, crenately few-toothed; veins and vein- lets indistinct on both sides; sori marginal, on the ends of the veinlets; indusia apparently soon confluent, rusty-brown.— Honshu (Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. Korea and China.
Hime-urayiro Zoku
Terrestrial small ferns with short, ascending, scaly rhizomes; fronds tufted; stipes purple- to black-brown, polished, naked or scaly; blades deltoid to ovate, bipinnatiparted with large bipinnatifid basal pinnae, more or less densely white- or yellow-farinose beneath; veins free; sori marginal, on the tips of the veins, covered by the reflexed margins of the segments——About 15 species, Africa to Malaysia, China, Japan, and Mexico.
1A. Blades ternately parted, shorter than the stipes, 2—8 cm. long, as wide or slightly wider; pinnae not or only slightly shorter than the
bladendecurrentionsthe rachis oniantenor sides eee Ee rte eer reenter ree eee eee eter ener etnir 1. A. argentea
1B. Blades bipinnate to 2- or 3-pinnately parted, manifestly longer than wide; lowest pinnae much shorter than the blade, sessile, not de- current.
2A. Stipes 7-20 cm. long, longer than the blades; blades triangular-ovate; scales on stipe obsoletely striate. ............ 2. A. krameri
2B. Stipes 3-15 cm. long, usually shorter than the blades; blades ovate to oblong-ovate; scales very finely striate.
1. Aleuritopteris argentea (Gmel.) Fée Pteris argentea Gmel.; Cheilanthes argentea (Gmel.) Kunze——Htme-ura- jiro. | Rhizomes short, clothed with old stipes and dark brown lustrous scales about 2 mm. long; fronds evergreen, tufted; stipes lustrous, fragile, terete, 10-25 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. across, sparsely scaly toward the base; blades 5-angled, firmly herbaceous, 2-8 cm. long, shorter than the stipes, as wide to slightly wider than long, ternately parted, glabrous and gray-green above, white- to pale yellow-farinose beneath; pin- nae slightly shorter than the blade, obtuse, decurrent on the rachis on the anterior side, pinnatiparted, the 2 lowest posterior pinnae elongate, sometimes pinnatilobed, the terminal segment decurrent on the rachis; sori marginal; false indusia (reflexed margin of the pinnae) hyaline, entire or crenate-undulate—— Dry rocks; Honshu (Rikuchu, Kantd Distr., Kii), Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea, Manchuria, Siberia, China, Formosa to Malaysia, and India.
3. A. kuhniu var. brandi
2. Aleuritopteris krameri (Fr. & Sav.) Ching. Cheilan- thes krameri Fr. & Sav—l wa-urajiro. Rhizomes short, densely covered with stubs of old stipes and dark brown lus- trous linear scales 3-4 mm. long; fronds glabrous, fragile, tufted; stipes 7-20 cm. long, longer than the blades, sparsely scaly at base; scales obsoletely striate, terete, lustrous, dark purple-brown; blades thickly herbaceous, triangular-ovate, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate, bipinnatiparted in the lower portion, pinnatiparted in the upper portion, the rachis sulcate on upper side; pinnae spreading, obtuse, sessile, gray-green and glabrous on upper side, white-farinose beneath, the lowest ones longer on the posterior side, the upper pinnae decurrent on the rachis; pinnules lobed to parted, crenate, rounded at apex; veins obso- lete; sori marginal; false indusia confluent and lobed—— Rocks; Honshu (Kanto Distr.) ; rare.
8. Aleuritopteris kuhnii (Milde) Ching var. brandtii (Fr. & Sav.) Tagawa. Chetlanthes brandti Fr. & Sav.; C.
PTERIDACEAE
kuhnii var. brandtii (Fr. & Sav.) Tagawa ——MIyaMa-uRAJIRno. Rhizomes short, covered with stubs of old stipes and dark brown lanceolate scales; fronds fragile, tufted; stipes 3-15 cm. long, terete, purple- to red-brown, lustrous, the scales at base membranous, lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, finely striate; blades usually longer than the stipes, ovate to oblong-ovate, 8-30 cm. long, 4-12 cm. wide, glabrous on upper side, more or less white-farinose beneath, 2- or 3-pinnatiparted, acuminate, acute at the tip, the rachis purplish, sulcate on upper side; pinnae
13. CRYPTOGRAMMA R.
45
sessile; pinnules oblong-ovate to oblong, obtuse to subacute, lobed to parted, the lower ones usually sessile, the upper ones and sometimes the lower pinnules decurrent on the rachis, crenate; veins very slender, usually invisible on underside; sori marginal; false indusia lobulate, scarious——Mountains; Honshu (centr. and Kant6é Distr.); rather rare-——Forma efarinosa (Makino) Tagawa. Cheilanthes brandtii var. efar- inosa Makino. Blades green beneath——The typical phase occurs in Korea, China, Manchuria, and Amur.
RisHiri-sHINoBU ZOKU
BR.
Terrestrial with solenostelic or dictyostelic rhizomes; fronds tufted or remote, small, herbaceous, glabrous, pinnately dis- sected, often dimorphic, the fertile fronds with narrower and longer pinnules than the sterile; veins free; sori submarginal, on the branches of the forked veins, covered by a mostly continuous reflexed margin (false indusium); paraphyses absent—Four
species, widely distributed in cold regions of the N. Hemisphere.
1A. Rhizomes rather short, densely leafy and thickly clothed with stubs of old stipes; fronds tufted; blades 2- to 4-pinnate, herbaceous.
1. C. crispa
1B. Rhizomes very slender, sparsely leafy, without old stipes; fronds not tufted; blades 1- or 2-pinnate, membranous. ...... 2. C. stelleri
1. Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. Osmunda crispa L.; Pteris crispa (L.) All.; Allosorus crispus (L.) Bernh— Risuiri-sHinosu. Rhizomes rather short, ascending, densely clothed with stubs of old stipes; fronds glabrous, tufted; stipes 4-20 cm. long, light brown, 1.5-2 mm. across at base, smooth, sulcate on upper side, sparsely scaly at base; scales on stipes and rhizomes membranous, broadly lanceolate to narrowly deltoid- ovate, 46 mm. long, pale brown, deciduous; blades herba- ceous, ovate to narrowly so, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acute, yellowish green, 2- to 4-pinnate; pinnae 4-7 on each side, oblong-ovate, short-petiolate; ultimate sterile pinnules ovate to oblong, 5-8 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, few-toothed or lobed to parted; veinlets not reaching the margin of the tooth; ultimate fertile pinnules lanceolate, 4-10 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, sub- obtuse, crenate; sori terminal on the veinlets; false indusium hyaline, undulate——July-Oct. Rocky alpine slopes; Hok- kaido, Honshu (n. distr.); rare——s. Kuriles, s. Sakhalin, Siberia to Europe.
14. ONYCHIUM Kaulf.
2. Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Pzéeris stel- leri Gmel.; Allosorus stelleri (Gmel.) R. Br.; Pellaea stelleri (Gmel.) Bak.; Pieris gracilis Michx— Y aTsUGA-TAKE-SHINOBU. Rhizomes creeping, very slender, about 1.5 mm. across, sparsely leafy and scaly; scales broadly lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long, fuga- cious, pale brown; fronds delicate, glabrous; stipes 3-10 cm. long, 0.5-0.7 mm. across, light brown, slightly lustrous, smooth, sparsely scaly at base; blades membranous, oblong- ovate or ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, 1- or 2-pinnate; pinnae simple or ternate, very short-petiolulate to subsessile; sterile pinnules ovate to obovate or flabellate, 4-7 mm. long, rounded to crenate-toothed on upper half, broadly cuneate and entire on lower portion; fertile lobes broadly lanceolate, 5-12
mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, crenate to subentire——July-Sept. Wet shaded rocks, alpine regions; Honshu (centr. distr.) ; very rare.—Siberia, the Himalayas, and N. America.
TacHi-sHinopu ZoKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, or short and compact, solenostelic, scaly; fronds tripinnate to decompound; pinnules small, herbaceous to subcoriaceous, narrow, glabrous; veins free except the fertile commissure connecting the tips; sori continuous along both margins, covered by the scarious reflexed marginal or submarginal false indusium; paraphyses absent ——Few species,
in the Old World.
1. Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze. Tricho- manes japonicum Thunb.; Caenopteris japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; Cryptogramma japonica (Thunb.) Prantl—Tacut- sHINoBU, Kan-sHiNosu. | Rhizomes creeping, sparsely leafy, 2.54 mm. across, with brown membranous broadly lanceolate scales 2.5-3 mm. long; fronds evergreen, glabrous; stipes slen- der, 10-50 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. across near base, pale green to straw-colored, smooth, striate on the upper side, purple-brown toward the base; blades triangular-ovate, 15-40 cm. long, 8-20 cm. wide, acuminate, deep green on upper side, paler beneath, 3- or 4-pinnate; pinnae obliquely ascending, gradually smaller
15. PLEUROSORIOPSIS Fomin
in the upper ones, alternate, the lowest ones 1/2-2/3 as long as the blade, triangular-ovate, long-acuminate, prominently petiolulate; pinnules narrowly lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, acute, entire, the sterile ones often few-toothed; veins unbranched in the sterile pinnules, pinnately branched in fertile ones; sori marginal; false indusia hyaline, paired, often overlapping while young, entire, 3-8 mm. long——Low mountains; Honshu (Kant6 Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—-s. Korea, China, Formosa, Malay- sia to India.
KaraAKusA-SHIDA ZOKU
Terrestrial rhizomatous fern; fronds remote, small; blades ovate to ovate-oblong, herbaceous, 1(-2)-pinnate, with numerous spreading brown multicellular hairs; veins free, not prominent on both sides, not reaching the margin of the pinnules; sporangia along the lower and middle portions of the veins, naked——A single species.
46 PTERIDACEAE
1. Pleurosoriopsis makinoi (Maxim.) Fomin. Gymno- gramme makinoi Maxim.; Anogramme makinoi (Maxim.) Christ——Karakusa-sHipa. __ Terrestrial, evergreen fern; rhi- zomes slender, scarcely 1 mm. across, long-creeping, densely red-brown woolly, loosely leaved, with few fugacious jointed short hairs at the tip; fronds 3-7 cm. long; stipes slightly shorter to longer than the blade, straw-colored, with red-brown somewhat woolly hairs 1-2 mm. long on lower half, with spreading pale brown jointed flexuous hairs 0.2-0.3 mm. long on upper half; blades herbaceous, ovate to ovate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, obtuse to subacute, 1(—2)-pinnate, with numerous spreading brown jointed hairs about 0.3 mm.
16. ADIANTUM L.
long on the rachis and on the segments of both sides, especially on margin; pinnae 3-5 pairs, obliquely spreading, ovate, ob- tuse, cut into a few segments, usually short-petiolulate; pin- nules oblong, 1-1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, entire or 2- or 3-lobed; veins obsolete on both sides, solitary in the lobes, not reaching the margin; sori along the veins on underside of the pinnules, margin; sori along the veins on underside of the pinnules, often confluent with the adjacent ones, rusty-brown, exindusi- ate——-Among mosses on rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——Korea, China, Manchuria, and e. Siberia.
HaKoneE-sHIpA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes long-creeping or short, scaly, solenostelic; stipes scaly only at base, lustrous; blades membranous to coriaceous, 1- to 3-pinnate, or decompound, or sometimes simple, glabrous or rarely hairy; veins free or rarely anastomosing; sori marginal, the sporangia along the veins, on underside of the reflexed margins (false indusium) of pinnules———More than
200 species, widely distributed, most abundant in S. America.
1A. Ultimate pinnules cuneate to orbicular, equilateral; sori on outer margin. 2A. Blades 2- to 4-pinnate, rarely simply pinnate, not proliferous at the tip; pinnules cuneate at base; rhizomes creeping. 3A. Ultimate pinnules not lobed, subcoriaceous; sori mostly solitary on the center of upper margin. .......... 1. A. monochlamys 3B. Ultimate pinnules mostly 3- to 5-palmately lobed, membranous; sori few on a pinnule, usually solitary on a lobe.
2. A. capillus-veneris
2B. Blades simply pinnate, often elongate and proliferous at the tip; pinnae orbicular, thinly chartaceous, usually shallowly 2- to 4-
lobulate; rhizomes short. .........0.eeceeeeereeeeees
SOAR MONO OOOO COM OAC DOM ONTO Toso 3. A. capillus-junonis
1B. Ultimate pinnules broadly falcate-lanceolate to obovate, dimidiate; sori on anterior margin. 4A. Blades simply pinnate, glabrous, often elongate and proliferous at the tip; false indusium glabrous. .......... 4. A. edgeworthti 4B. Blades with ternately to pedately divided pinnae, if simply pinnate, the pinnae and false indusium more or less setose.
5A. Blades, at least in part, sometimes setose.
6A. Rachis glabrous; pinnules membranous, thinly setose at least along the posterior margin; false indusium cordate, distant,
prominently setose on back. ................-----
atta SS tiara Frakes 5. A. diaphanum
6B. Rachis densely setulose on upper side; pinnules somewhat coriaceous, glabrous; false indusium transversely linear-oblong, con-
(nee, EIU conaadenaooodncdKbodDboaoDUDOS 5B. Blades glabrous throughout. ..............++++220-e::
1. Adiantum monochlamys Eaton. A. venustum var. monochlamys (Eaton) Luerss.; 4. veitchit Hance——Hakone- sHIDA, HaKkoNeE-so. Rhizomes short-creeping, 3-4 mm. across, with purple-brown to dark brown broadly linear scales 3-4 mm. long; fronds evergreen, glabrous; stipes 10-20 cm. long, purple-brown to dark brown, lustrous, terete; blades nar- rowly triangular-ovate, 10-25 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, smooth, 3- or 4-pinnate, the rachis lustrous, purple-brown, flexuous; pinnae 4-6 on each side, the upper ones gradually reduced; pinnules subcoriaceous, obtriangular, 5-12(-15) mm. long, 4-8(-12) mm. wide at the truncate-rounded toothed apex, cuneate in lower half, short-petiolate, slightly lustrous on up- per side, often slightly glacuous beneath; veins slender, obsolete, palmate; sori mostly solitary in the center of upper margin; false indusia reniform, 2-3 mm. long, 25-4 mm. wide, gla- brous, entire——Mountains; Honshu (Uzen and Rikuzen Proy. southw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—s. Korea, For- mosa, and China.
2. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Horarsuipa. Rhi- zomes creeping, 2-3 mm. across, with lustrous, brown, broadly linear scales 2-2.5 mm. long; fronds glabrous; stipes 2-15 cm. long, slender, dark purple-brown, lustrous, scaly at base; blades broadly lanceolate to triangular-ovate, 4-20 cm. long, 2-10 cm. wide, simply pinnate, bi- to partially tripinnate, the rachis purple-brown, lustrous, slightly flexuous, slender; pinnae usu- ally 7-9 pairs, 3-4 pairs in depauperate blades, petiolulate; pinnules membranous, flabellate to broadly cuneate, 7-15 mm. long, nearly as wide, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, green above,
stelitieusieveaeapet tata ted en tyiu Made cae nh cacti a 6. A. flabellulatum BES CRO MGR DOR io Oto ae ao boc dah kaa 7. A. pedatum
usually glaucous beneath, slenderly veined on both sides, mi- nutely toothed along the upper margin; sori few on a pinnule, usually solitary on each of the ultimate pinnules; false indusia transversely oblong or slightly reniform, glabrous, about 1.5 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide———Rocky cliffs; Honshu (Sagami Prov., Izu Isls.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare-—Widely distri- buted in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres.
3. Adiantum capillus-junonis Rupr. A. cantoniense Hance——Horar-kuyaku. Rhizomes small, short, clothed with broadly linear brown scales about 3 mm. long; fronds tufted, slender, glabrous; stipes 1-7 cm. long, dark purple- brown, lustrous, 0.3-0.5 mm. across; blades oblong-lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, simply pinnate, the rachis purple- brown, very slender, sometimes much elongate and proliferous at the tip; pinnae thinly chartaceous, orbicular, 1-2 cm. long and as wide or slightly wider than long, minutely undulate- crenate, shallowly 2- to 4-lobulate on upper margin, the peti- olules 2-3 mm. long; veins numerous, slender, parallel; sori 2- 4 on a pinnule, transversely oblong, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, usually free, rarely confluent—Kyushu (Buzen Prov.); very rare.——China and Manchuria.
4, Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. <A. caudatum var. rhizophorum Wall. ex C. B. Clarke; A. caudatum var. edge- worthit (Hook.) Bedd——Orome-Kuyaku. Rhizomes small, short, the scales about 2 mm. long, linear, lustrous, black- brown with paler margins; fronds glabrous, tufted; stipes 4-8 cm. long, slender, purple-brown, sparsely scaly, about 0.5 mm. across; blades simply pinnate, lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 15-20
PTERIDACEAE; PARKERIACEAE; DAVALLIACEAE 47
mm. wide, glabrous, the rachis often much extended beyond the upper pinnae and proliferous at the tip; pinnae 15-20 on each side, membranous, obliquely flabellate, 7-13 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide near base, obtuse, the upper ones gradually reduced, spreading, subentire to lobulate on anterior margin, entire on the posterior side, glaucescent beneath, very short- petiolulate; veins evident, slender; sori on the lobules of the pinnae; false indusia reniform, brown, about 1 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous—Kyushu (Buzen Prov.); rare-—— Manchuria, China, Formosa to Indochina, India, and Philip- pines.
5. Adiantum diaphanum Bl. 4. setulosum J. Smith— Suxrya-Kuyaku. — Rhizomes short, the scales broadly linear, membranous, about 1 mm. long; fronds slender; stipes purple- brown, slender, lustrous, 10-20 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. across, with scattered spreading scales toward base; blades simply pin- nate, bipinnate, or with 1 or 2 pairs of elongate basal pinnae, the terminal pinna lanceolate, 7-12 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, acute, the rachis slender, glabrous; pinnules membranous, 7-18 pairs, close together or overlapping, oblong-squarrose, oblique, obtuse to rounded, cuneate at base, obtusely and irregularly toothed except the lower two-thirds on posterior side, with scattered dark brown bristles on both sides and on posterior margin, the petioles about 1 mm. long; sori in deep marginal sinuses near tip; false indusia cordate, gray-brown, entire, hya- line on margin, about 1 mm. long and as wide, prominently setose on back——K yushu (Iki, Hirato, Yakushima); very rare. —Bonins, Formosa, China, Malaysia, Polynesia to Australia, and New Zealand.
6. Adiantum flabellulatum L. 4. fuscum Retz.; A. amoenum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev——OKINAWA-KUJAKU. Rhizomes rather stout, short, densely clothed with yellow- brown, membranous, linear to broadly linear lustrous scales
Fam. 13. PARKERIACEAE
Mizu-warasi Ka
4-5 mm. long; fronds firm, tufted; stipes 10-30 cm. long, black-purple to dark brown, lustrous, with 2 slender ridges on upper side, 1-2 mm. across, scaly near base; blades pedately divided, bipinnate; pinnae 3-10, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse to subacute, short-petiolulate, the rachis densely dark brown setulose on upper side; pinnules 5-18 pairs, somewhat coriaceous, elliptic, obovate to ovate, 7-15 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, oblique, rounded to obtuse, broadly cuneate at base, minutely toothed on upper margins, glabrous, obsoletely veined on both sides; sori few on each pinnule, con- tiguous; false indusia transversely linear-oblong, 1-1.2 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, contiguous, glabrous, dark brown, entire. —Kyushu (Yakushima); rare——Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, and Malaysia.
7. Adiantum pedatum L. 4A. pedatum var. kamtschati- cum Rupr. & var. aleuticum Rupr—kKvjaku-sHipa. _ Rhi- zomes short-creeping, with dark brown, lustrous, narrowly lanceolate scales 4-5 mm. long; fronds glabrous throughout, deciduous; stipes dark purple to purple-brown, lustrous, smooth, 20-50 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. across at base, bifid at apex; blades flabellate, pedately divided, bipinnate; pinnae 8- 23, short-petioluled, linear-lanceolate, 18-30 cm. long in the median, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse, the rachis purple- to red-brown, lustrous, nearly terete; pinnules many, membranous, spreading, subovate, obtuse, straight to slightly recurved and entire on posterior margin, truncate to convex and lobulate on anterior margin, somewhat glaucous beneath, very short-petiolulate, slenderly veined; sori few on the anterior margin of the pin- nules, solitary on a lobule; false indusia transversely oblong to lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, hyaline on mar- gin.—June-Oct. Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku; rather common.——China, Korea, Manchuria, e. Si- beria, Sakhalin, s. Kuriles, Kamchatka, and N. America.
Waterfern Family
Aquatic or subaquatic; rhizomes short, erect, sparsely brown-scaly; fronds pinnate, or pinnately decompound, glabrous, dimorphic, the fertile ones larger, more finely divided, with longer and narrower pinnules than the sterile, often proliferous in the axils; veins anastomosing; sporangia sessile on the veins, large, enclosed by the reflexed margins of the pinnules—One
genus, comprising a few species in the warmer regions of the world.
1. CERATOPTERIS Brongn.
Characters of the family.
1. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. <Acrostt- chum thalictroides L.; A. siliquosum L.; Pteris thalictroides (L.) Sw.; C. gaudichaudii Brongn——Mizu-warasi. Fronds tufted, usually dimorphic; sterile blades ovate to ovate-deltoid, 3-20 cm. long, 2.5-17 cm. wide, 1- to 4-pinnatiparted; pinnules lanceolate, with few coarse teeth or lobes; veins anastomosing;
Fam. 14. DAVALLIACEAE
Mizu-warasi Zoku
fertile blades ovate, 1- to 3-pinnate, erect, the stipes usually shorter than the blades, the ultimate pinnules linear-subulate, 2-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, obtuse, entire, sessile ——Aug.— Oct. Ponds and paddy fields; Honshu (Kanté Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.——s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, Malaysia, and Polynesia.
Suinosu Ka
Davallia Family
Mostly epiphytic ferns; rhizomes creeping, rarely suberect, dictyostelic, scaly; stipes mostly interrupted and jointed with the rhizomes, rarely (Nephrolepis) approximate and not jointed; fronds pinnate, simple to decompound; veins free; sori sub- marginal or dorsal, terminal or very rarely dorsal on the vein, usually indusiate. About 12 genera with about 300 species in the warmer regions of the world.
1A. Stipes jointed at base with the rhizomes; pinnae not jointed at base. 2 Avena usninitixed i bya base an dserdesnisr iis crave Bess wrsicves cia wis talete rosso tele aleietolete’e'sleve,areteyavareselateraale'siokb ss qeravevsid cae) sie are eiehete 1. Davallia ZBraelndisitiny attached only jatabasesy isc /aravs.csayaya¥euecsvssevs asesevere ey sTatasevate WeTas fete ter sie evs (ale AWSte Gla LIS lscclalo: Susi hereieiaie de he eted alee ts 2. Humata MB Stipes; nob.jointed (at, basesspinnae, jointed sat basca eisteriepesisiote «tars uleraieivie oteto ekovere starch ele ete oVoveibistofalelo os svete, cteloteteararale 3. Nephrolepis
48 DAVALLIACEAE; PLAGIOGYRIACEAE
1. DAVALLIA J. E. Smith
SHinospu Zoku
Epiphytic; rhizomes elongate, with peltate ciliate scales; stipes interrupted, jointed at the base; blades firm to rigidly coriaceous, deltoid to narrowly ovate, uniform or subdimorphic, mostly decompound and rather finely dissected, mostly glabrous, the ultimate rachises winged; veins free, sometimes terminating in the cartilaginous margin; sori terminal; indusia fixed by the base and sides, somewhat elongate——About 40 species, Atlantic Islands, S. Africa, Madagascar, abundant in s. Asia and Polynesia.
1. Davallia mariesii Moore. D. bullata sensu auct. Ja- pon., non Wall—Suinozsu. Rhizomes long-creeping,
young; pinnae ovate-oblong, subacute, short—petiolulate, the lowest ones largest, ovate-deltoid, 7-12 cm. long, dilated on
rather stout, densely scaly, 4-5 mm. across, the scales brown, membranous, linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide near base, long-acuminate, ciliate, scarious-margined; fronds deciduous, glabrous; stipes 8-13 cm. long, slender, jointed at base, smooth, light-green, sometimes reddish, with 2 lines on upper surface; blades broadly ovate-deltoid, 15-20 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, short-acuminate, 3- or 4-pinnatiparted, the rachis with pale brown peltate scales 2-3 mm. long while
2. HUMATA Cav.
posterior side; pinnules oblong to oblanceolate, 1-25 mm. wide, subobtuse, entire or 2- or 3-lobulate at the tip; veins usu- ally once, sometimes twice forked, or simple; indusia obovate, hyaline, about 1.5 mm. long, solitary on the pinnules—— Aug.—Oct. Rocks and tree trunks in mountains; Hokkaido (Oshima Prov.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu—Korea, For- mosa, and China.
Kixu-sHinopu ZOKU
Epiphytic; rhizomes long-creeping, covered with appressed peltate scales; fronds coriaceous, interrupted, jointed at base with the rhizomes, simple and lanceolate or pinnately dissected and usually deltoid, glabrous; veins free, often very broad; sori terminal on the veins, usually submarginal; indusia rounded to broadly reniform, attached at base and sometimes laterally——
About 50 species, in Malaysia and Polynesia to the Himalayas and Madagascar.
1. Humata repens (L. f.) Diels. Adiantum repens L. £.; Davallia repens (L. f.) Kuhn; D. pedata Smith; D. chrysan- themifolia Hayata—Kixu-sHinosu. Evergreen; rhizomes long-creeping, wiry, 2-2.5 mm. across inclusive of the scales; scales brown, chartaceous, slightly lustrous, gradually nar- rowed at the tip, 4-5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, with a ciliate, hyaline, membranous margin; fronds 3-20 cm. long; stipes 1-12 cm. long, firm, pale green to pale brown, sparsely scaly; blades coriaceous, deltoid-ovate to narrowly so, 2-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, obtuse to acuminate, pinnate, gla-
3. NEPHROLEPIS Schott
brous, the veins on lower side flat, translucent, the rachis flat, with scattered ovate-peltate ciliate scales while young; pinnae few, oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, sessile or adnate at base, the sterile ones crenately toothed to subentire, the fertile ones dentate, the lowest usually dilated and pinnately lobed to parted on the posterior side; veins ascending; sori inserted in the sinus of the teeth; indusia orbicular or broadly elliptic, attached at base, about 0.7 mm. wide-——On rocks; Honshu (s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu-—Ryukyus, Formosa, China, India, Mascarene Isls. to Polynesia, and Australia.
TAMA-SHIDA ZOKU
Terrestrial, usually stoloniferous ferns; rhizomes erect, short, scaly; fronds tufted, scaly, often hairy to glabrescent, simply pinnate; pinnae jointed on the rachis; veins free; sori terminal on the veins, dorsal or marginal; indusia fixed by a point or
along the base——Pantropic, with about 30 species.
1. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen. Polypodium auriculatum L.; N. cordifolia sensu auct. Asiatic., non Pres|—— Tama-sHipa. Evergreen; rhizomes short, ascending, covered with the persistent stubs of old stipes; stolons wiry, with a few globose densely scaly tubers, the scales thinly membranous, pale brown, linear-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, filiform at the tip, sparsely ciliate; fronds glabrous, tufted; stipes short, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, nearly terete, the scales prominent, rounded, long-ciliate; blades linear-lance- olate to broadly linear, 25-50 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, narrowed at both ends, simply pinnate; pinnae many, spreading, nar-
rowly oblong, 5-7 mm. wide, obtuse, appressed-toothed, sessile, rounded to subtruncate on posterior side at base, triangularly auriculate and subcordate on anterior side at base, the lower pinnae broader and shorter, oblong to elliptic, rounded at the tip; sori submarginal or nearly median between the costa and the margin; indusia obliquely reniform, attached at base, en-
tire, about 1 mm. wide-———Thin woods and roadsides in hills near the sea; Honshu (Izu, Kii, and Nagato Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu; locally common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and
generally throughout the Tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
Fam. 15. PLAGIOGYRIACEAE
Terrestrial, glabrous, scaleless; rhizomes short, erect, symmetrical, dictyostelic; stipes crowded, enlarged at base, triangular in cross section, with a double row of glandlike pneumatodes; blades herbaceous or coriaceous, pinnatifid to pinnate, glabrous, somewhat dimorphic; pinnae of the fertile blades narrow; veins forked, free except in the sorus——A single genus with more than 20 species, New Guinea to the Himalayas and e. Asia, also in Central and S. America.
Kitno-o Ka __ Plagiogyria Family
1A. Sterile and fertile pinnae short-petiolulate except for the few upper ones. .......... eee eee eee eee eee eee 1. P. euphlebia 1B. Sterile pinnae sessile, the fertile sessile or short-petiolulate.
PLAGIOGYRIACEAE; CYATHEACEAE 49
2A. Sterile pinnae contracted at base, at least the lower ones; fertile pinnae short-petioluled, at least the lower ones. 3A. Pinnae in upper third to fourth of the sterile blade decurrent on the winged rachis; terminal pinna pinnately lobulate at the base;
laterals pinnaeitalcaten ty. rete cee) veraeie dcteseleracvers/ersrare aire
SARTA CHOON OUUCOOUAD CED ASDE CONT Aaa IoC De co 2. P. adnata
3B. Pinnae only of the last few pairs toward tip decurrent on the winged rachis; terminal pinna usually unlobed; lateral pinnae
SERA Dts a rape dua ake iain) syarshateledatevete.s eisiave Gialate-a bratelaysparers «
Steen SY agi ck oy Maye foie oho se¥e y/o oholo\e toy sh) oic)s fess rahatehapetagher ach late 3. P. japonica
2B. Sterile pinnae broadly decurrent on the rachis, not contracted at base; fertile pinnae sessile or short-petiolulate. 4A. Fertile pinnae short-petiolulate, apiculate; rachis 2-angled beneath; blades usually with a few pairs of much reduced deflexed
flabellate or deltoid sterile pinnae at base. ............-
epetere delete te teketatetehale) staye\-vaiatofeiavet-) aistaveV-dei-f-) -t-tapey sete et state 4. P. stenoptera
4B. Fertile pinnae slightly decurrent on the rachis; rachis of sterile blades flat; blades without reduced pinnae at base.
1. PLAGIOGYRIA (Kunze) Mett.
Characters of the family.
1. Plagiogyria euphlebia (Kunze) Mett. Lomaria euphlebia Kunze; Stenochlaena triquetra J. Smith; P. triquetra (J. Smith) Mett——O-x1jLNo-o. Evergreen; rhizomes stout, short; fronds crowded, glabrous, simply pinnate, to 1 m. high; stipes 30-60 cm. long; sterile blades 30-60 cm. long, 20- 40 cm. wide, the rachis 2-grooved on upper side, rounded on back; pinnae chartaceous, spreading, 10-15 pairs, linear-lanceo- late, 10-20 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, acute at the tip, cuneate-rounded at base, short-petiolulate, minutely toothed toward base, more prominently so toward the tip, the terminal pinna usually distinct, sometimes few-lobed at the base, the costa slightly raised, the veins distinct on both sides, usually once-forked, horizontally spreading, closely parallel; fertile pinnae short-petiolulate, 7-29 cm. long——Honshu (Echigo and Hitachi Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu. —s. Korea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India.
2. Plagiogyria adnata (Bl.) Bedd. Lomaria adnata Bl.; P. rankanensis Hayata; P. yakushimensis K. Sato; P. adnata var. yakushimensis (K. Sato) Tagawa——Taxasaco-KIJI-No-0. Rhizomes stout, ascending to erect; fronds crowded; stipes 5— 25 cm. long in the sterile fronds, 20-50 cm. long in the fertile ones, 3-angled at the base, somewhat 4-angled in upper part; sterile blades 15-30 cm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, the rachis winged at least in the upper portion; pinnae subcoriaceous, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, acute or sometimes the tip elongate, somewhat falcate, serrulate near the tip, decurrent, the basal not decurrent, the terminal pinna pinnately lobulate at the base; veins slender, spreading, usually once-forked, slightly raised on both sides; fertile pinnae narrowly linear, 4-6 cm. long, the lower ones short-petiolulate sessile but the upper ones scarcely decurrent—Honshu (Izu Prov. and westw.), Shi- koku, Kyushu—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to Malaysia, and India.
3. Plagiogyria japonica Nakai. Kiy1-no-o-snmpa. Rhi- zomes stout, short, densely clothed with the stubs of old stipes; fronds crowded, the sterile ones ascending, the fertile ones longer, erect; stipes 15-40 cm. long in sterile fronds, 30-60 cm. long in the fertile, 3-angled at base; sterile blades 20-40 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, the rachis 2-grooved on upper side,
Fam. 16. CYATHEACEAE
5. P. matsumureana
Kiyr-no-o-sHipa Zoku
rounded on lower side, not winged except near top; sterile pinnae 12-16 pairs, spreading, chartaceous-coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, subentire or crenate-toothed, sessile, the upper ones not or very slightly decurrent on the rachis; veins spreading, once forked or simple; fertile pinnae 5-10 cm. long, short-petiolulate —— Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.
4. Plagiogyria stenoptera (Hance) Diels. Blechnum stenopterum Hance; Lomaria stenoptera (Hance) Bak.; L. concinna Bak—Snima-yaMa-soTetsu. Rhizomes short, stout, erect or ascending, densely covered with the stubs of old stipes; stipes 5-15 cm. long in sterile fronds, 10-30 cm. long in the fertile, acutely trigonous, narrowly winged on the angles while young; sterile blades lanceolate, 25-45 cm. long, 5-12 cm. wide, acuminate, abruptly contracted at base, with few pairs of reduced flabellate or deltoid often deflexed pinnae, the rachis flat and scarcely raised above, prominently elevated and 2-angled beneath; pinnae of sterile blades 25-32 pairs, herba- ceous, horizontally spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute to short acuminate, widely decurrent, crenate-toothed in lower portion, incurved-toothed toward the tip, the upper pinnae smaller, forming a pinnatilobed terminal pinna with a short tail; fertile fronds erect, with few deflexed pairs of flabellate to deltoid much reduced sterile pinnae at base; fertile pinnae linear, 4-8 cm. long, apiculate, short-petiolulate——Kyushu (Yaku- shima).—Formosa, China, Indochina, and Philippines.
5. Plagiogyria matsumureana Makino. Lomaria fau- riet Christ; P. fauriei (Christ) Matsumura——Yama-soTETsu. Rhizomes stout, short, erect or ascending, densely covered with the stubs of old stipes; fronds crowded; stipes of sterile fronds 7-15 cm. long, compressed-trigonous at base; sterile blades 30-60 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, the rachis slightly raised, with flat faces on both sides; pinnae horizontally spreading, linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, the median ones 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, widely decurrent, acutely incurved-toothed in lower por- tion, irregularly and more coarsely so toward the long-acumi- nate tip; fertile pinnae linear, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse, widely de- current —Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; rare southw.—-s. Kuriles.
Heco Ka __ Treefern Family
Usually arborescent, with stout erect scaly dictyostelic trunks; fronds mostly large and pinnately decompound; sori dorsal, rounded; indusia globose, opening at the top, partial or wanting; pedicel of sporangium short, of more than three rows of cells. —Seven genera, with about 1,000 species, of wide distribution in the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres.
1A. Indusia present; axes not dark and polished; arborescent, with a distinct trunk. ...........00cecceeeuccuceucesceeces 1. Cyathea 1B. Indusia wanting; axes dark and polished; scarcely arborescent, without a distinct trunk. ..............-....-.-.. 2. Gymnosphaera
50 CYATHEACEAE; ASPIDIACEAE
1. CYATHEA J. E. Smith HeEco Zoxu
Arborescent, with erect trunks, scaly at apex; fronds large, crowded at the summit of the trunk, bipinnate or decompound, usually coriaceous, variously scaly and sometimes hairy, or nearly glabrous; veins free; sori dorsal on the veins or in the vein axils, usually with filamentose paraphyses among the sporangia; receptacle elevated, hemispheric, globose, or columnar; indusia complete and globose to partial or wanting——About 800 species, mostly in humid tropical regions.
I. Cyathea fauriei (Christ) Copel. Alsophila fauriei Christ; C. doninsimensts auct. Japon., non Copel.; C. spinulosa auct. Japon., non Wall——Hereo. Trunk simple, 3 m. high or more, 10-20 cm. across near the top, densely covered with coarse wiry aerial roots; fronds crowded at the top of trunk, widely spreading, large, 1.5-2 m. long; stipes and rachis dark brown, slightly lustrous, spiny and asperous, with pale brown scurfy hairs while young, the stipes often 4 cm. across near base; pinnae many, chartaceous-herbaceous, 40-60 cm. long, 20-25 cm. wide, abruptly caudate-acuminate, green and gla-
2. GYMNOSPHAERA B1.
brous above, paler beneath, equilateral, bipinnatiparted, the rachis densely short-pilose on upper side; pinnules many, hori- zontally spreading, linear-lanceolate, 7-10 cm. long, about 20 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, approximate, closely pinnati- parted, with deciduous ovate thin scales 1-2 mm. long along the costae and costules beneath; ultimate segments oblong, sub- acute, slightly falcate, serrulate; indusia thinly membranous, globose, hyaline, easily broken when dried—Honshu (Ha- chijo Isl.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—Ryukyus and Formosa.
Marunacui Zoku
Mostly arborescent (ours without a distinct trunk), brown-scaly in upper part; fronds mostly bipinnate, rarely simply pinnate or tripinnate, the rachis black or sometimes brown, commonly lustrous, naked, scaly or rarely hairy; pinnae and pinnules sub- coriaceous; veinlets typically simple, free; sori dorsal on the veins, variously paraphysate; indusia wanting——More than 30
species, in Madagascar to e. Asia and Fiji.
1. Gymnosphaera denticulata (Bak.) Copel. Alsophila denticulata Bak.; Alsophila acaulis Makino—Kusa-MARUHA- cHI. Stems or rhizomes about 10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. across, creeping, densely covered with lustrous yellow-brown scales about 10 mm. long; fronds about 1.5 m. long; stipes 30-50 cm. long, dark brown, lustrous, scurfy-puberulent while young, densely scaly near base, the scales linear-lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long, membranous, yellow-brown, lustrous, ciliate near base; blades narrowly ovate, gradually narrowed toward tip, 2- or
4-10 cm. wide, long-acuminate, short-petiolulate or sessile, the rachis brown, lustrous, with dense incurved setulose hairs on upper side; pinnules broadly lanceolate, acute, sessile or sub- sessile, sometimes decurrent, toothed, usually pinnately lobed to parted, minutely scurfy on the costa and costules beneath, minutely setulose-hairy on the costas above; sori between the costule and margin of the pinnules or segments, rounded, naked. Honshu (s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu, rare. —Ryukyus, Formosa, and China.
3-pinnatiparted; pinnae broadly lanceolate, 20-35 cm. long,
Fam. 17. ASPIDIACEAE
Mostly terrestrial or rarely epiphytic; rhizomes creeping to erect, dictyostelic, scaly; fronds usually pinnate or simple to de- compound, sometimes dimorphic; sori mostly dorsal, very rarely marginal or extramarginal, rounded, sometimes elongate, rarely diffuse along veins or over the surface; indusia basal and opening around the margin, mostly rounded to reniform, or elongate, or peltate, rarely absent; annulus longitudinal, interrupted by the pedicel—About 66 genera, with about 3,000 species,
O-suwa Ka — Aspidium Family
cosmopolitan.
1A. Fronds strongly dimorphic. 2A. Blades pinnate.
3A®) Sorilcovering, the/entire lower surface of pinnae: sere sess -rid ieee sissies den ictieniock ceiicciseeiaiiccioeiaciier 9. Bolbitis 3B. Sori enclosed by the revolute margin of the pinnules.
AN a AVEINSVETEES Nazar aiatacsrain te iesiveSeuerevavsrsve Siesta see weve, 6 ars taterere\ ares ot grate CONES eee RESETS RATS 1. Matteuccia
Gi S/GTG ET EG Gates Ly aan Onc Hnian rials Gas SMOLIN OTE ACNE ROpG Un Eaauecaoodnee danse debodddoeapndeobeces 2. Onoclea
2B. Blades simple; sori naked, occupying the entire undersurface of blade. .........-+-+eeeceecccecececceeeee 10. Elaphoglossum
1B. Fronds alike or nearly so; sori on veins. 5A. Veins free or nearly so. 6A. Sori elongate along the veins. 7A. Pinnae not jointed at base.
SAtwuErondsiglabrousiorisparselyssottypilosen mer eeyeeeiecieeireee een tere ence eeeeraecnreninenre 18. Athyrium SBS MpBrond sydenselysMispicl sy. evciscsrats suck soevess Seaveceene ye othe Shee ee CS Toe LORS eT Cee leie EERE 13. Lastrea 7BeyaPinnaessointedvatibase:: cysyctett evar victeie; Seteauste ete wishes treo cia aus eerel ate akeeroee Sate BS Ete ROP Gis roeee 14. Gymnocarpium 6B. Sori round. 9A. Indusia inferior below and surrounding sporangia, globose, opening above, symmetrical. ..............+++eeee 3. Woodsia 9B. Indusia superior (i.e. lateral to sporangia) or absent. 10A. Indusia reniform, attached on the sinus, or orbicular to ovate and basal. HVA plndusiavovatewtoyorpicularaibasalisrccietepeiersvslave atereveteto ex ceverstaceraleveceereieieceie ereieve ecToveie eke ister erator 17. Cystopteris 11B. Indusia reniform, attached at a sinus, rarely absent.
12A. Nodes of rachis enlarged. .............-00005
12B. Nodes of rachis not enlarged.
Shad foven ou shepanopagerepeholss Sfezeasveveievas ce eae cloversrehersaeistehekstekerioes 4. Acrophorus
ASPIDIACEAE 51
13A. Rachis with colored articulate hairs. 12. Ctenitis
13B. Rachis glabrous or the hairs unicellular. 14A. Base of stipe inflated, with numerous elongate scales; fronds with spreading hairs and sometimes with minute
capitatessland sicalcareaus LOCKS#s viaraisialcieve fexeletola[a «laiete ola} sleleiaipietslaYacars #{diajs;0jeis\elexa/s/sleretarersve 5. Hypodematinm 14B. Base of stipe not inflated. 15A. Blades and stipes with straight, spreading, translucent, hispid hairs. ..........00eeeeeeeeeecees 13. Lastrea 15B. Blades and stipes without straight hispid hairs. 16A. Blades anadromous, i.e., the lowest pinnules always on the acroscopic (anterior) side. ...... 8. Arachniodes 16B. Blades catadromous, i.e., the lowest pinnules always on the basiscopic (posterior) side. ...... 11. Dryopteris MOB temiuidustaypeltatectrayeteversis sista cerveterete cretatercvove cietareislevavave vc totaietelave atuvescvavetovaveiel si ate/alateialsicieyoieccleraievelcie.steverereeevere 6. Polystichum
5B. Veins anastomosing. 17A. Sori numerous, orbicular to linear; indusia usually present.
18A. Indusia peltate; fronds glabrous, coriaceous, simply pinnate. ...........sseceee cess eeeeeeteeeceerence 7. Cyrtomium 18B. Indusia reniform to linear, not peltate. 19A. Sori orbicular, rarely elongate; indusia not as below; fronds usually hispid. ...........seeeeeeeeeceeees 15. Cyclosorus 19B. Sori linear; indusia bursting longitudinally along the back of sorus; fronds glabrous. ............2+.00 19. Diplaziopsis 17B. Sori diffuse on veins and veinlets; indusia absent; fronds hairy; blades pinnately lobed to parted. ............. 16. Dictyocline
Kusa-soTetsu Zoku
1. MATTEUCCIA Todaro
Terrestrial; rhizomes stout, ascending to erect, dictyostelic, scaly; fronds crowded, dimorphic; blades of sterile fronds herbaceous to chartaceous-membranous, pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid, the veins free; blades of fertile fronds smaller, on a longer stipe, less divided; sori nearly terminal on the veinlets, longitudinally contiguous in a single or double row on the pinnae, enveloped by the revolute margin and by a thin scalelike indusium, the receptacle somewhat raised; paraphyses absent. —Few species, Europe, Himalayas, e. Asia, and e. N. America.
1A. Pinnae 8-20 pairs, the lower ones scarcely reduced; blades of sterile fronds ovate-elliptic to broadly deltoid-lanceolate, the pinnae plunatelylobeds tertile) pinnae: broadlyslincars NOL LOLULOSe. ernie ielslrie) vis isieleieielelsle/eleie vieieisieicle sie sini eisieieieieieielecieleieiaiele 1. M. orientalis 1B. Pinnae 30-50 pairs, the lower ones gradually reduced; blades of sterile fronds broadly oblanceolate, the pinnae pinnatiparted; fertile
pinnae narrowly linear, slightly torulose. ...........+++0++
1. Matteuccia orientalis (Hook.) Trevir. Struthiopteris orientalis Hook.; Onoclea orientalis (Hook.) Hook.; Penta- rhizidium Geel (Hook.) Hayata; Pteretis orientalis (Hook.) Ching; Pentarhizidium japonicum Hayata; M. ja- ponica (Hayata) C. Chr.; Pteretis japonica (Hayata) Ching ——INU-GANSOKU. Ries stout; fronds deciduous, crowded, the sterile longer than the fertile; stipes of sterile fronds 20-60 cm. long, prominently scaly, straw-colored, the scales membranous, pale brown, linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 7-20 mm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, lus- trous, entire; blades ovate-elliptic to broadly lanceolate-deltoid, 30-50 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide, pinnate, abruptly short-acumi- nate, the rachis scaly; pinnae 8-20 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 1.5-4(-5) cm. wide, nearly truncate at base, sessile, closely pinnatilobed, glabrous on both sides or brown paleate along the costa beneath; segments ovate, 4-7 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, obliquely spreading, toothed, the veins simple; fertile fronds 30-70 cm. long, the stipes terete, usually longer than the I-sided blade, the pinnae close, ascending, dark brown, broadly linear, 5-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, sessile. —Sept—Nov. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. Kuriles, Korea, China to the Himalayas.
2. ONOCLEA L.
slararatelelorstatatatasevevotele(eVeteteterelersletercteralsteteraretatoreis terete 2. M. struthiopteris
2. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. Osmunda struthiopteris L.; Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm.; Stru- thiopteris germanica Willd. Kusa-soTetsu. Rhizomes short, erect, covered with the basal stubs of old stipes; sterile fronds tufted; stipes 10-20 cm. long, 3-angled, pale green, scaly toward the base, the scales brown, membranous, lanceo- late, 1-1.5 cm. long, entire, often somewhat blackish striolate; blades of sterile fronds thinly herbaceous, broadly oblanceolate, 40-80 cm. long, 15-30 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate, gradually narrowed at base, vivid green; pinnae 30-50 pairs, broadly linear, 12-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, sessile, closely pinnatiparted; segments oblong to narrowly ovate, 2.5-5 mm. wide, obliquely spreading, obtuse to acute, crenulate, the low- est pair sometimes slightly deflexed and stipulelike, the veins simple; fertile fronds 30-60 cm. long, erect, the stipes shorter than the blades, broadly sulcate on the upper side; pinnae nar- rowly linear, 4-6 cm. long, slightly torulose——Mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; locally abundant——-s. Kuriles, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Korea, China, Manchuria, Si- beria to Europe.
K6ya-warasi Zoku
Terrestrial, with creeping dictyostelic rhizomes; fronds deciduous, dimorphic, the sterile pinnate with a mostly winged rachis; pinnae sinuate to lobed, thinly herbaceous, glabrous; veins freely anastomosing; fertile fronds bipinnate; pinnules sessile, in- terrupted, lobed, strongly involute and forming globular berrylike divisions; sorus solitary in each lobe, enclosed also by an
interior indusium, the receptacle prominent, paraphyses absent——A single widely distributed species.
1. Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. 0. sensibilis auct. Asiat. non L—K6ya-waraBl. Glabrous fern, scantily paleate on young stipes and rhizomes with thinly membranous, fugacious, ovate, acute scales 2-3 mm. long; rhi- zomes elongate, creeping, 4-5 mm. across, remotely leaved;
stipes 20-50 cm. long, straw-colored, brownish toward base, lustrous; sterile fronds broadly ovate-deltoid, 15-30 cm. long and nearly as wide, simply pinnate, contracted at tip to a short subacute point, the rachis prominently winged except near base, the pinnae 5-10 pairs, lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 1.5-3
52 ASPIDIACEAE
cm. wide, obliquely spreading, shallowly and obtusely lobed, crenate or subentire, minutely scabrous on margin under mag- nification, lower | or 2 pairs gradually narrowed and sessile at base, broadly decurrent on the adjacent ones, green above, glaucous beneath; fertile fronds 10-20 cm. long, the pinnae erect, 3-7 cm. long, with sessile, berrylike, globular pinnules
about 2 mm. across in 2 loose series, the pinnules with 3 or 4 thin-indusiate sori surrounded by the involute lobes of the pinnules——Sept—Oct. Wet places; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; rather common.—Korea, Manchuria, s. Ku- riles, s. Sakhalin to e. Siberia. The typical variety occurs in N. America.
3. WOODSIA R. Br.
Iwa-DENDA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes erect, dictyostelic, covered with broad thin scales; fronds herbaceous, pinnate or bipinnate, hairy and scaly, or glabrescent; veins free; sori rounded, dorsal on the blade, subterminal or dorsal on the veins; receptacle slightly raised; indusia inferior, fragile, globose, enclosing the sorus, irregularly parted at the top, or small, basal, and parted into hairlike segments; paraphyses absent——About 23 species, in cold regions and high mountains of the N. Hemisphere, also in S. America, I species in S. Africa.
1A. Stipes not jointed; indusia shallowly and irregularly lobed, not ciliate; blades thinly herbaceous, green when dried, slightly whitish to
glaucescent beneath ei)cce rs ieres+1- yee eleisieo rirlerss oases ey
1B. Stipes jointed; indusia lobed to parted, ciliate. 2A. Blades uniformly scaly or hairy.
3A. Pinnae prominently oblique, auricled on anterior side at base. 4A. Pinnae sessile, not decurrent. ................--+---+ 4B. Upper pinnae distinctly decurrent. ...................
3B. Pinnae nearly equilateral, not auricled at base.
Rn ee ee PN MNES rhe oR rere en alo oO 1. W. manchuriensts
Sannin ae rier anr ent brains Abid odolmcoia te 2. W. polystichoides SSE Toe Oa ofa DIG aon O 3. W. intermedia
5A. Rachis and pinnae hairy, but not scaly; indusia rather large, subglobose; stipe jointed at apex. ........ 4. W. macrochlaena 5B. Rachis and pinnae hairy and scaly; indusia small, salverform; stipe jointed below the apex.
6A. Stipes jointed below the middle nearly at the base. . 6B. Stipes jointed above the middle. .................
2B. Blades glabrous.
PRR cad REI SIC aa rer be Sater es SiS PEREIRA tro cine Bestia’ ofa 5. W. ilvensis REPRE ACU aa aN Ae a Ao) ARES a or gay ily 6. W. subcordata
7A. Scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, minutely toothed; indusia with 5 or 6 irregularly fimbriate lobes. ............ 7. W. hancock 7B. Scales elliptic to ovate, entire; indusia finely dissected into hairlike segments. ...........-.....-++++-.--0--- 8. W. glabella
1. Woodsia manchuriensis Hook. Physematium man- churiense (Hook.) Nakai; Protowoodsia manchuriensis (Hook.) Ching; W. insularis Hance—Fuxuro-sHiwa. _ Rhi- zomes short, erect, densely scaly; fronds tufted, green to some- what whitish or glaucescent; stipes 1-5 cm. long, lustrous, red- brown, minutely hairy to nearly glabrous, densely scaly near base, the scales pale brown, membranous, lanceolate to linear, 2-4 mm. long; blades thinly herbaceous, lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at base, slightly whitish to glaucescent beneath, bipinnatiparted, nearly gla- brous; pinnae broadly triangular-lanceolate, obtuse to subacute, broadly cuneate to nearly truncate at base, sessile; pinnules ob- long, obtuse, usually obliquely spreading, usually obtusely toothed; sori 1-6 on each pinnule, nearer the margin than the costule; indusia large, thinly membranous, glabrous, globose, shallowly and irregularly lobed—Shaded rocks in moun- tains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-—Korea, Man- churia, China, Amur, and Ussuri.
2. Woodsia polystichoides Eaton. W. polystichoides var. nudiuscula Hook. and var. veitchit Hance——Iwa-DENDA. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, densely scaly; fronds tufted; stipes 5-10 cm. long, red-brown, obliquely jointed at the tip, hairy and scaly throughout, the scales pale brown, lanceolate, acuminate; blades firmly herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate with an obtuse tip, slightly narrowed at base, simply pinnate, hairy on both sides, thinly scaly beneath; pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, often falcate, obliquely cuneate at base, sessile, with an auricle on the anterior side, entire to obtusely dentate; sori in 1 series along margin on both sides; indusia subglobose, shallowly lobed, ciliate——Exposed rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather com-
mon.—s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Amur, Ussuri, Manchuria, Ko- rea, China, and Formosa.
3. Woodsia intermedia Tagawa. W. brantii Fr. & Sav. (?)——1Inu-1wa-pbEnpa. Rhizomes short, densely scaly; fronds tufted; stipes 5-12 cm. long, straw-colored to brown, obliquely jointed at apex, hairy and scaly throughout, the basal scales pale brown, membranous, lanceolate, 4-5 mm. wide, ciliate; blades herbaceous, broadly lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, acute to subobtuse, very slightly narrowed at base; pin- nae 4-12 pairs, spreading, oblong-ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, obliquely cuneate at base, sub- auriculate at base on anterior side, undulate to shallowly lobu- late, thinly hairy on both sides, with narrow hairlike scales be- neath, the upper pinnae decurrent on the rachis; sori marginal; indusia subglobose, irregularly lobed, ciliate on the lobes——— Honshu (Bitchu Prov.) ; rare-——Korea and Manchuria.
4. Woodsia macrochlaena Mett. W. sinuata Makino; W. japonica Makino; W. frondosa Christ——KocANE-SHIDA. Rhizomes short, densely scaly; fronds tufted; stipes 3-10 cm. long, straw-colored to red-brown, obliquely jointed at apex, with hairs and scales, the basal scales red-brown, linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, scattered ciliate; blades narrowly deltoid-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate with an obtuse tip, scarcely narrowed and simply pinnate at base, pinnatiparted toward the tip, the rachis hairy; pinnae obliquely spreading, ovate or ovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, obtuse, sessile, pinnatilobed to crenately toothed, hairy, the upper ones decurrent on the winged rachis; sori near the margin, rusty-brown; indusia subglobose, irregularly lobed and ciliate ——Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—Korea, Man- churia and China.
Var. glabrata (Nakai) Nemoto.
W. sinuata vat. glabrata
ASPIDIACEAE 53
Nakai——Josut-KocaneE-sHipa. Pinnae glabrescent, horizon- tally spreading ——Honshu (centr. distr.).
5. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Acrostichum ilvense L.; W. hyperborea var. rufidula W. Koch MiyaMa-twa- DENDA, RisHIRI-DENDA. |= Rhizomes erect or ascending, densely scaly; fronds tufted; stipes red-brown, slightly lustrous, 3-10 cm. long, jointed below the middle nearly to the base, loosely hairy and thiny scaly, the basal scales membranous, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, loosely ciliate; blades herbaceous, lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, acute with an obtuse tip, bipinnate to bipinnatiparted, hairy on both sides, with narrow scales beneath; pinnae 5-15 pairs, obliquely spreading, narrowly triangular-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, sessile; pinnules oblong to elliptic, obtuse, obtusely toothed to subentire, decurrent; sori rusty-brown; indusia small, salverform, irregularly parted into 5 or 6 narrow seg- ments. Rocky places; Hokkaido. Sakhalin, Korea, Man- churia, Kamchatka, Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
6. Woodsia subcordata Turcz. W. eriosora Christ; W. kitadakensis Ohwi——KuirapaKke-penpa. _— Rhizomes short, erect; fronds tufted; stipes 3-6 cm. long, red-brown, with an oblique joint above the middle, loosely hairy and scaly, the scales pale red-brown, membranous, loosely ciliate, the lower ones ovate, the upper ones linear-lanceolate; blades lanceo- late to broadly linear, 5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute to subobtuse, gradually narrowed at base, pinnate; pinnae 15-20 pairs, spreading, herbaceous, narrowly deltoid-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, truncate to broadly cuneate at base, sessile, pinnately lobed to parted, loosely hairy on both sides, loosely scaly beneath, the median ones larger; pinnules elliptic to oblong, entire or crenately den- tate; sori submarginal; indusia salverform, with 4 or 5 finely laciniate lobes. Alpine slopes; Honshu (centr. distr.) ; rare. —K orea, Manchuria, Amur, and Ussuri.
4. ACROPHORUS Presl
7. Woodsia hancockii Bak. W. tsurugisanensis Ma- kino; W. gractllima C. Chr—KENZAN-DENDA. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, scaly; fronds glabrous, the stipes tufted, slender, 1.5-3 cm. long, straw-colored, brownish at base, jointed below the middle, scaly near the base, the scales brown, membranous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, minutely toothed; blades 5-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, pin- nate to bipinnatiparted, slightly narrowed at base, the rachis greenish, smooth, glabrous; lower pinnae ovate-deltoid, sessile, the median larger, ovate-deltoid to narrowly ovate, 5-12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, subacute, obliquely cuneate to subtrun- cate at base, short-petiolulate; pinnules few, obtuse to acute, sparsely crenate to lobulate; sori 1-3 on a pinnule; indusia small, salverform, with 5 or 6 irregularly fimbriate lobes-—— Shikoku (Mount Tsurugi in Awa Prov.); rare——n. Korea, Manchuria, and China.
8. Woodsia glabella R. Br. W. yazawae Makino— TOGAKUSHI-DENDA, KARAFUTO-IWA-DENDA. Rhizomes short, erect to ascending; fronds glabrous; stipes tufted, slender, jointed slightly above the base, 1-2.5 cm. long, sparsely scaly near base, the scales pale brown, membranous, elliptic to ovate, acuminate, entire; blades thinly herbaceous, narrowly lanceo- late, 3-7 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, acute to acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, smooth; pinnae sessile, spreading, ovate-orbicular in the lower ones, ovate-triangular to rhombic- ovate in median and upper ones, 3-6 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, broadly cuneate to nearly truncate at base, sessile, pinnatiparted, rarely simply dentate; pinnules elliptic to obovate, obtuse, with few obtuse teeth; sori small, 1-3 on a segment, yellow-brown; indusia small, salverform, finely dis- sected into hairlike segments—Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. mountains); rare-——Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Korea, China, Manchuria, Siberia to northern N. America.
TAIWAN-HIME-WARABI ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes short-ascending or erect, dictyostelic, with broad dark brown scales; fronds clustered; stipes elongate, scabrous; blades deltoid-ovate, 4-pinnate, the nodes of rachis enlarged; ultimate pinnules small, herbaceous; veins free, with jointed hairs or linear scales on upper surface; sori dorsal on the pinnules, terminal or dorsal on the veins, the receptacle rounded, slightly raised; indusia reniform, entire, erose, or short-fimbriate, attached at the sinus on the basal side of the sorus;
paraphyses absent——Few species, in Malaysia, India, e. Asia to Polynesia.
1. Acrophorus stipellatus Moore. 4. nodosus sensu auct. Japon., non Pres|—Tarwan-HIME-warRABI. Rhizomes short-creeping; fronds large, 1-2 m. long; stipes straw-colored, stout, lustrous, sparsely scaly in upper part, densely so in lower part, the scales brown, ovate to lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, tardily deciduous and leaving a small scar on the stipe; blades thinly herbaceous, large, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, 4-pin- nate, the rachis and its divisions smooth, often somewhat chest-
sessile, spreading, acuminate, the lowest pinnae large, the pos- terior side broader than the anterior; ultimate pinnules nar- rowly ovate, 6-10 mm. long, obtuse, pinnately parted to lobed, with fleshy red-brown hairs on costas and costules, glabrous beneath; lobes and pinnules obtuse, entire, l-veined, cuneate and decurrent at base; sori subterminal on the veins, dorsal, rounded; indusia small, suborbicular, erose, 0.2-0.3 mm. long. — Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare-——Formosa, China to India.
nut-brown, brown-pilose on nodes above; pinnae and pinnules
KinM6-waraBi Zoku
5. HYPODEMATIUM Kunze
Rhizomes short-creeping, densely clothed with large membranous scales; fronds with spreading hairs and sometimes with minute capitate glands; stipes inflated and with many elongate scales at base; blades deltoid-ovate, 3- or 4-pinnatiparted, white- setose; veins free; sori dorsal on the veins, the receptacle prominent; indusia vaulted, setose, reniform, usually asymmetrical, sometimes athyrioid or obsolete——Few species, Africa to Malaysia and e. Asia. Often on calcareous rocks.
1A. Stipes glabrous at base, the scales 2.5-4 cm. long; fronds without glandular hairs; ultimate pinnules not overlapping; veins scarcely MMPLESSeA) OM UPPOLYSILEy ata eycin oiats) = svevarereheswarerorere wher ciore ‘sia Seats To eee ee ee et oes eee ee eee eee. 1. H. fauriet 1B. Stipes pilose at the base, the scales 1-1.5 cm. long; fronds with short glandular hairs; ultimate pinnules usually more or less over- lapping s! veins! strongly impressedcom Upperisides ame elect eia cate cine cele eres aeieiincis sieinicieinion ce comets 2. H. glandulosopilosum
54 ASPIDIACEAE
1. Hypodematium fauriei (Kodama) Tagawa. Dryop- teris fauriei Kodama; D. crenata sensu auct. Japon., non O. Kuntze; H. crenatum sensu auct. Japon., non Kuhn—Kin- MO-waRABI. Rhizomes stout, short-creeping, the scales ascend- ing, membranous, linear- to broadly lanceolate, 2.5—4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, lustrous, entire; fronds decidu- ous; stipes 7-30 cm. long, straw-colored, thickened and densely scaly but not hairy at base, with very spare spreading eglandu- lar hairs toward the top; blades herbaceous, ovate-deltoid, 10- 40 cm. long, 8-30 cm. wide, usually acuminate and subobtuse at the tip, 3- or 4-pinnate, vivid green, thinly pilose; pinnae to 30 cm. long, about 15 cm. wide, petiolate, the lowest largest, dilated on posterior side at base; ultimate pinnules oblong- ovate, 6-20 mm. long, obtuse, crenate or lobed to parted; veins scarcely impressed on upper side; sori 1-10 on each pinnule; indusia cordate, sometimes oblique, about 1 mm. wide, setulose
6. POLYSTICHUM Roth
on back——Aug.-Oct. Calcareous rocks; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and Shinano Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
2. Hypodematium glandulosopilosum (Tagawa) Ohwi. H. fauriei forma glandulosopilosum Tagawa——Kez- KINMO-waraBI. Closely related to the preceding; rhizomes densely clothed with brown membranous linear-lanceolate long-acuminate scales 1-1.5 cm. long; stipes straw-colored, angled, slender, 10-15 cm. long, pilose and prominently scaly toward base; blades gray-green, 7-20 cm. long, 6-13 cm. wide, acute to obtuse, with white, spreading eglandular and short- glandular hairs on rachis and underside of blades; pinnae nar- rowly ovate, the lower ones prominently petiolulate, usually obtuse; ultimate pinnules obtuse, numerous, slightly imbricate. July-Oct. Honshu (Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku— Korea.
InopE Zoku
Mostly terrestrial; rhizomes usually short, ascending to erect, usually with lacerate scales; stipes densely clustered, scaly; blades anadromous, not dilated at base, pinnately compound; pinnules mostly mucronate- to spine-toothed; scales usually filiform, stellate-peltate at base; veins mostly free; sori dorsal, sometimes apparently subterminal on the veins, orbicular; indusia peltate or
rarely absent With more than 180 species, cosmopolitan.
1A. Blades pinnate; pinnae strongly oblique, the lowest pair again pinnate in No. 4.
2A. Fronds firmly coriaceous; sori dorsal on veins.
3A. Blades widest at base, often gemmate and producing a plantlet at tip of the much-prolonged rachis; pinnae 3-10 cm. long, subentire or undulate-toothed, with ovate to lanceolate ciliate scales beneath. .........-..---eeeeeeeeeees 1. P. lepidocaulon 3B. Blades narrowed at base, widest near the middle, not gemmate; pinnae 1.2—3 cm. long, often spine-toothed, with linear to linear-
lanceolate entire scales beneath. .............000e00+ 2B. Fronds thinly coriaceous to herbaceous; sori terminal on veins.
LAS cone sstecle dar ciatey ste ovaustohe ySvovaysl dyeseustsnebotsnsveversteteteraretete 2. P. lonchitis
4A. Fronds suberect, 20-80 cm. long, not gemmate at tip; scales on rachis broadly lanceolate to ovate, erose-dentate; indusia about 1
mm. across, fugacious or soon shriveling.
5A. Blades uniformly once-pinnate, much longer than the stipes; pinnae thinly coriaceous, narrowly oblong, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse
to abruptly acute, mucronate- to spine-toothed. ......
Shadanatevapesexedovesele tetaxe sevovaratecoiare Gera toner shee acters ota cvetele 3. P. deltodon
5B. Blades bipinnate only at the base, as long as to slightly longer than the stipes; pinnae herbaceous, lanceolate, 2.5—5 cm. long,
acuminate, coarsely awn-toothed or lobulate. ........
svg a AUeverePer nial va eteteiileteveteh dese: oietefakels) eraictinsioy sustspakere 4. P. tripteron
4B. Fronds spreading, 5-23 cm. long, often gemmate at the tip of the much prolonged rachis; scales on rachis linear to filiform, entire; pinnae 1—1.5 cm. long, obtuse; indusia about 2 mm. across, persistent, inflated. .................+---- 5. P. craspedosorum
1B. Blades pinnate to bipinnate; pinnae equilateral or nearly so. 6A. Blades not more than 2.5 cm. wide, usually simply pinnate.
7A. Fronds scarcely tufted; blades 3-7 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide. ...........-.-- ee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 6. P. inaense
7B. Fronds tufted; blades 8-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. ...
6B. Blades more than 3 cm. wide. 8A. Blades firmly coriaceous, lustrous above.
BO foie AoCUniaGracad dorcocncomeconoodod tanec G 7. P. lachenense
9A. Scales on rachis black-brown, chartaceous, lanceolate to broadly linear; blades as long as to slightly longer than the stipes,
Not narrowed at base.
10A. Scales on rachis and upper half of stipes lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. wide, prominently ciliate; indusia impressed in the center.
8. P. rigens
10B. Scales on rachis and upper half of stipes linear-lanceolate to nearly filiform, less than 1 mm. wide, sparsely short-ciliate;
indusia flat.
11A. Scales on rachis and upper half of stipes linear-lanceolate; fronds coarse; pinnules 8-15 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide.
9. P. mayebarae
11B. Scales on rachis and upper half of stipes linear to nearly filiform; fronds slender; pinnules 7-15 mm. long, 3—7 mm. wide.
10. P. tsussimense
9B. Scales on rachis brown, membranous, linear-filiform, often contorted; blades much longer than the stipes, slightly narrowed at
base swetetsreverichetelstererereretelsiercterereicrsisceveretsisyeraletsteletsretats
8B. Blades herbaceous to herbaceous-coriaceous. 12A. Fronds all alike, not gemmate; pinnules spine-toothed.
ndaobed 5 GGie slole sis siaie(cletsis/eie(sisis cie\s.s/sie/sidjers'siereive) (LiL yen MEOLOU GLUT.
13A. Pinnules mostly not decurrent on the rachis, except those in very depauperate fronds, usually with finely appressed teeth.
14A. Blades not or only slightly narrowed at base.
15A. Some of the scales on lower part of stipes black or with a black center. 16A. ‘Teeth of pinnules ending in a spreading spine. ....... cc eee sees erect eee eect eects eesanaees 12. P. dotanum
16B. Teeth of pinnules ending in an appressed spine.
17A. Scales on lower portion of rachis ovate-oblong. ...........seeeeeec ccc ceeececcecseseners 13. P. kurokawae 17B. Scales on lower portion of rachis lanceolate to linear-lanceolate.
ASPIDIACEAE 55
18A. Sori submarginal; blades dull. .........
aro Polt voters (LENS s Ce lsetatete eins oklaaeharee eee ot 14. P. pseudomakinot
18B. Sori median between the costule and the margin; blades lustrous above. ...........-+-seee 15. P. makinot
15B. Scales neither black nor with a blackened center.
19A. Scales on rachis broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate. 20A. Blades large, 40-100 cm. long, 15-30 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate; scales on rachis scarious on margin.
16. P. retrorsopaleaceum
20B. Blades smaller, 25—40 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate; scales on rachis scarcely scarious on
HOETE TI Ao GOA OR SOOUID PEs O DO HOCO DO BHO DHURCUET OOO RASS OE Unt Op eT NORE OaEPpab erat o 17. P. igaense 19B. Scales on rachis narrower, linear-lanceolate to filiform. ZA Sormedian between thei costulerand| the} margins <1. «els «ieletelsict« sleleieicleeeie nie oabaele «ation 18. P. polyblepharum
21B. Sori nearer the margin than the costule. ....
odaehasel =ysvaiete: «ici sel ererel alate svepevetete jal teed revelers 14. P. pseudomakinos
Be bladesinarrawed)atybasesy scales) pales bro wey esses -ici<ieneaedesiers) sth ct eiovaie te leioieieve cele) Futeieheteteisteriae fers sine 19. P. braunit 13B. Pinnules decurrent on the narrowly winged rachis, with coarse, spreading awn-tipped teeth. ........ 20. P. microchlamys 12B. Fronds dimorphic, gemmate in upper axils; pinnules with depressed, not spinose teeth. ......... 21. P. eximium var. minus
1. Polystichum lepidocaulon (Hook.) J. Smith. As. pidium lepidocaulon Hook.; Dryopteris lepidocaulon (Hook.) O. Kuntze; Cyrtomidictyum lepidocaulon (Hook.) Ching; Nephrodium faberi Bak—Onrizurvu-suipa. Rhizomes short, ascending; fronds gray-green, dull; stipes few, 10-40 cm. long; scales dull brown, thinly chartaceous, scarious on margin, the larger ones tardily deciduous, acuminate, spread- ing, elliptic to narrowly deltoid-ovate, subentire, the median scales on stipes and rachis appressed, broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, ciliate, the smaller ones membranous, densely cili- ate, orbicular, 1-2 mm. long, appressed, rarely prolonged and taillike at the tip; blades narrowly ovate, 15-40 cm. long, 6-15 (-18) cm. wide, widest at base, often rooting and proliferous at the tip of the prolonged rachis, simply pinnate; pinnae 10- 20 on each side, spreading, lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, acuminate, subentire to undulate-toothed, sessile, glabrate above, with ovate to lanceolate ciliate scales beneath, auricled on anterior side at base with a deltoid acute lobe or rarely a free segment; veinlets rarely somewhat anastomosing; sori in 2 series on the pinnae, nearer the costa than the margin, or in 3 or 4 somewhat irregular series; indusia small, orbicular, fu- gacious——Thickets on hillsides; Honshu (s. Kanto Distr. and Tokaido), Shikoku, Kyushu; locally common.—-s. Korea, China, and Formosa.
2. Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Polypodium lon- chitis L.; Asptdium lonchitis (L.) Sw.; Polystichum lonchitis var. japonicum Nakai & H. Ito——Hmuraci-sHiwa, Kumor-Ka- GUMA. Rhizomes stout, erect, 2-4 cm. across; fronds tufted; stipes 4-6 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, erect, lustrous, dark brown and densely scaly especially at base, chestnut-brown above, the scales membranous, lanceolate to ovate, 1-1.3 cm. long, erose-ciliolate; blades linear-oblanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate, gradually narrowed at base, simply pinnate; pinnae 30-50 pairs, firmly coriaceous, spreading, often spine-toothed, firmly spine-tipped, glabrous on upper side, with linear-lanceolate to linear, hyaline, entire scales beneath, ses- sile, auriculate-truncate on anterior side, cuneate on posterior side at base, the lower pinnae deltoid, 5-10 mm. long, the median oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 12-27 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; sori in 2 series on the pinnae, between the costule and margin; indusia concealed among the sporangia. (Description based upon European specimens.) Alpine slopes; Honshu (Mount Kitadake in Kai Proy.); very rare —— Sakhalin, n. Kuriles, Kamchatka, Himalayas to Europe, and N. America.
3. Polystichum deltodon (Bak.) Diels. Aspidium del- todon Bak.; A. auriculatum var. submarginale Bak.; P. delto- don var. submarginale (Bak.) C. Chr.; A. tosaense Makino; P. tosaense (Makino) Makino——Tacut-penpa. Rhizomes
stout, erect to subascending, densely clothed with the basal stubs of old stipes; fronds tufted; stipes 5-12 cm. long, straw- colored, sparsely scaly, the scales membranous, pale brown, lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, often attenuate with a long taillike tip, denticulate-ciliate; blades linear-lanceolate, 15-40 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate to elongate-acuminate, simply pin- nate, the rachis straw-colored, thinly scaly; pinnae 15-30 pairs, firmly chartaceous, spreading, narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, glabrous above, thinly scaly beneath, sessile, obtuse to abruptly acute, mucro- nate- to spine-toothed, awnlike at the tip, the anterior side nearly straight, truncate at base and auricled, narrowly cuneate on posterior side at base; sori on apical and anterior side of pinnae, much nearer the margin than the costa; indusia thin, orbicular, about 1 mm. across, erose——Calcareous rocks; Honshu (Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——China and Formosa (var.).
Polystichum formosanum Rosenst. P. obtusoauriculatum Hayata——SuIMa-NokocirI-sHIpA, TAIWAN-NOKOGIRE-SHIDA. Differs from the preceding in the loosely disposed acute pin- nae.—Reported to occur in Kyushu (Yakushima)——For- mosa and Ryukyus.
4, Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) Presl. Aspidium tripteron Kunze; Dryopteris triptera (Kunze) O. Kuntze; Pulopteris triptera (Kuntze) Hayata——Jomonyjtsuiva. Rhi- zomes erect to ascending, clothed with the basal stubs of old stipes; fronds tufted; stipes erect, 10-40 cm. long, pale green, brownish at base, loosely scaly, the scales membranous, brown, entire, long-filiform at the tip, the larger ones broadly lanceo- late to oblong, 7-15 mm. long, evanescent on upper part of stipe, persistent at base, smaller ones ovate, 3-5 mm. long; blades simply pinnate in upper part, lanceolate, 20-45 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, acuminate, the rachis pale green, sparsely scaly, bipinnate in the lowest pinnae; pinnae 20-35 on each side, herbaceous, lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, often falcate toward the acuminate tip or straight, strongly oblique on anterior side at base, ascending-toothed, ending in a soft slender awnlike tip, sometimes lobulate, glabrous above, with scattered thin scales beneath; pinnules 8-15 pairs, smaller than the pinnae; sori in 2(-4) series on the pinnules, between the costule and the margin or slightly nearer the costule; in- dusia membranous, orbicular, erose. ‘Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—-s. Kuriles, Korea, China to e. Siberia.
5. Polystichum craspedosorum (Maxim.) Diels. As- pidium craspedosorum Maxim.; A. craspedosorum var. japoni- cum Maxim. and var. mandschuricum Maxim.; Ptilopteris craspedosora (Maxim.) Hayata Tsuru-DENDA. Rhizomes short; stipes few, spreading, short, 0.5-5 cm. long, densely
56 ASPIDIACEAE
scaly, the scales firmly membranous, spreading, rusty-brown, linear-lanceolate to linear, 25-4 mm. long, long-acuminate, with woollike hairs on margin toward base; blades lanceo- late, 5-18 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, slightly narrowed at base, the rachis often much-prolonged, proliferous and rooting at the tip; pinnae 15-35 pairs, firmly herbaceous, spreading, dark green and glabrate above, paler and with hairlike scales beneath, sessile, narrowly oblong to narrowly ovate-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, obtuse, with ascending, short, awn-tipped teeth, the anterior side oblique, broadly cuneate at base, auri- cled; sori in 1 series on anterior side near margin of the pinnae; indusia large, brown, orbicular, about 2 mm. across, depressed, incurved on margin, entire, persistent, inflated. Shaded rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea, China, Manchuria, to e. Siberia.
6. Polystichum inaense (Tagawa) Tagawa. Dryopteris inaensis Tagawa——InapENpA. Rhizomes short; stipes spreading, slender, 1-4 cm. long, pale green, the scales brown, narrowly lanceolate to linear, about 2 mm. long, entire; blades thinly herbaceous, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, acute, slightly narrowed at base, simply pin- nate, the rachis slender, green, with brown linear scales; pinnae 12-17 pairs, spreading, ovate, acute with a mucro at the tip, broadly cuneate at base, with scattered short linear scales on both sides, coarsely mucronate-toothed, the lower ones usually pinnately parted to lobed; sori 1 to few on a pinna, between the costa and the margin; indusia membranous, orbicular- reniform, about 1 mm. across, deeply erose-dentate——Rocks in high mountains; Honshu (s. Shinano Prov. and w. Mu- sashi Prov.); very rare.
7. Polystichum lachenense (Hook.) Bedd. Aspidium lachenense Hook.; Dryopteris lachenensis (Hook.) O. Kuntze ‘TAKANE-SHIDA. Rhizomes rather stout; fronds tufted; stipes erect, short, 3-10 cm. long, sparsely scaly in upper part, densely so near base; scales on upper part of stipe and rachis membranous, brown, spreading, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, entire, ciliate at the more or less dilated base, deciduous; scales on the lower part of stipe ovate, deep brown, those on the underside of pinnae linear, about 1 mm. long; blades linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acute, slightly narrowed at base; pinnae 15-25 pairs, herbaceous, spreading, green and glabrate on upper side, thinly scaly be- neath, ovate, obtuse to acute, sessile, with rather coarse awn- tipped teeth, sometimes lobed; costas and veins not prominent; sori to 12, in 2 series on the pinnules, between the costa and the margin or slightly nearer the costa; indusia about 1 mm. across, erose, slightly impressed———Rocky slopes in alpine regions; Honshu (centr. mountains); very rare——China to the Himalayas.
8. Polystichum rigens Tagawa. ONtLinope. Stipes 20-40 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide at base, straw-colored in up- per part, darker at base, rather densely scaly, the scales brown, the lower ones often blackish, 5-12 mm. long, long-acumi- nate, ciliate-toothed, the basal ones narrowly ovate, to 15 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide; blades firmly coriaceous, narrowly ovate-oblong, 30-45 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, acuminate, bi- pinnate, the scales of the rachis gradually long-acuminate, slightly falcate, lanceolate, ciliate, 4-6 mm. long; pinnae lanceo- late, 15-25 mm. wide, the lower ones very short-petiolulate; pinnules obliquely ovate, 10-12 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, acute with a firm spine at the tip, spine-toothed to subentire, glabrous on upper side, with scattered filiform-tipped scales beneath,
decurrent on the narrowly winged rachis; sori in 2 series on the pinnules, between the costule and the margin; indusia caducous, membranous, about 1.5 mm. across, impressed in the center—Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.).
9. Polystichum mayebarae Tagawa. P. tsussimense var. mayebarae (Tagawa) Kurata——O-K1vozuMIsHpA. Closely allied to the preceding; rhizomes stout, short, densely clothed with the basal stubs of old stipes; stipes straw-colored, rather densely scaly, the scales black-brown, lustrous, spread- ing, linear-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, sparsely long-attenuate, spinose-ciliate on lower margin, the basal scales dark brown, narrowly oblong, abruptly acuminate; blades ovate-lanceolate, 30-40 cm. long, 10-18 cm. wide, bipinnate, the rachis promi- nently scaly, the scales chartaceous, spreading, black-brown, linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, thinly spinulose on lower half; pinnae lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. wide; pinnules rhombic- ovate, 8-15 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acute with a short spine at the tip, spinulose-toothed on upper margin; sori 2-10, in 2 series on the pinnules, between the costule and the margin or slightly nearer the costule; indusia about 1.5 mm. across-—— Honshu (Kanto through Tokaido to Kinki and Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.
10. Polystichum tsussimense (Hook.) J. Smith. Aspid- ium. tsussimense Hook.; Polystichum monotis Christ——Hime- KANA-WARABI. Rhizomes rather stout, short, covered with the basal stubs of old stipes; fronds tufted; stipes pale green to straw-colored, brownish at base, rather sparsely scaly in upper part, densely so at base; scales on stipes and rachis black-brown, linear to nearly filiform, 3-5 mm. long, the basal scales oblong- lanceolate, 1-1.2 cm. long, abruptly contracted at the tip, acuminate; blades broadly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 25-40 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, acuminate, the rachis prominently scaly; pinnules oblique, ovate to oblong-ovate, 7-15 mm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, acute and spine-tipped, sessile, gray-green and glabrous above, with scattered hairlike scales beneath, spine- toothed; sori in 2 series on the pinnules, inserted in a shallow pit; indusia deciduous, flat, about 1 mm. across. Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—kKorea, China, and Formosa.
11. Polystichum neolobatum Nakai. P. lobatum var. chinense Christ——Ina-tnopE. _ Stipes 5-30 cm. long, rather stout, straw-colored, brown at base, densely scaly, the scales spreading, membranous, brown, lustrous, ciliate, the larger ones broadly ovate, 1-2.2 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, the smaller ones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-10 mm. long, 0.5-2 mm. wide; blades broadly lanceolate, 20-80 cm. long, gradually acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, bi- pinnate or the smaller ones bipinnatiparted, the scales on rachis dense, linear-filiform, 2.5-4 mm. long, contorted, mixed with broader scales in lower portion; pinnae 15-40 pairs, firmly coriaceous, spreading, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, subsessile, sparsely scaly on upper side, more densely so beneath, the scales pale brown, hairlike, 1-2 mm. long; pinnules obliquely ovate, 7-15 mm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, acute with a pungent spine at the tip, with few spine-tipped teeth on margin, lustrous on both sides; veinlets slender, slightly impressed beneath; sori in 2 series on the pinnules of upper portion of blade; indusia flat, brownish, entire, about 1.2 mm. across. Honshu (s. Shi- nano and Sagami Prov.); very rare-———China, Formosa, and India.
12. Polystichum doianum Tagawa. SakURAJIMA-INODE. Stipes 25-30 cm. long, straw-colored, with 3 kinds of scales,
ASPIDIACEAE 57
the largest rather sparse, chestnut-brown, spreading, narrowly ovate, 10-12 mm. long, abruptly acuminate, lustrous, sparsely ciliolate, subentire, often very narrowly hyaline-margined, scales of intermediate size very sparse, linear-lanceolate, 12-15 mm. long, long-filiform at the tip, the smallest ones very nu- merous and dense, membranous, hairlike, pale rufous-brown, 2-4 mm. long, ciliate at base, deflexed to spreading; blades thick-herbaceous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 40-45 cm. long, 12- 15 cm. wide, acuminate; scales on rachis dense, hairlike, mixed with larger, linear-lanceolate darker ones on lower half; pinnae sessile, 15-17 mm. wide; pinnules spreading, oblong-ovate, 5— 10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute with a short spine at the tip, auricled at base on anterior side, with hairlike scales be- neath, spine-toothed; sori in 2 series on the pinnules, erose- fimbriate, 0.2-0.5 mm. across——Kyushu (Sakurajima in Satsuma Prov.) ; rare.
13. Polystichum kurokawae Tagawa. AKAME-INODE. Stipes 25-30 cm. long, rather stout, with 3 kinds of scales, the lower and basal broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 1.5-2 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, acuminate, ciliate, the upper ones mem- branous, narrowly ovate, 8-15 mm. long, abruptly acuminate, ciliate, the smallest scales uniformly distributed over the stipe, broadly lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, long-acuminate, ciliate; blades broadly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 40-80 cm. long, 20- 25 cm. wide, slightly narrowed at base, the scales on rachis spreading, lustrous, pale red-brown to dull brown, the larger ones narrowly ovate, 5-8 mm. long, ciliate, the smaller ones linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long; pinnae 18-28 mm. wide; pinnules firmly herbaceous, oblique, oblong-ovate to ovate, auricled on anterior side, obtuse to subacute, spine- tipped, spine-toothed on margin, filiform-scaly beneath, sparsely so above; sori nearly median, in 2 series on the pin- nules; indusia flat, about 0.7 mm. across——Honshu (Kanto Distr. through Tékaidé to Kinki Distr.).
14. Polystichum pseudomakinoi Tagawa. Satkoxu- tNopE. Fronds tufted; stipes 20-40 cm. long, pale straw- colored, densely scaly; scales membranous, the largest pale brown or pale red-brown, lustrous, lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long, 15-3 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, long-ciliate, the smallest ones filiform, 2-5 mm. long, entire at the tip, broadened and long-ciliate at base, the lower and basal scales deep chestnut- brown in the center, pale brown on margin, oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, sparsely ciliate to subentire; blades oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 30-50 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, the scales on rachis dense, spreading to slightly deflexed, lanceolate to broadly linear, 2-3 mm. long, long-attenuate, long-ciliate; pin- nules firmly herbaceous, oblique, oblong- to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, spine-toothed, with hairlike scales scattered on upper side, prominent on under side; sori submar- ginal; indusia flat, 0.7-1 mm. across, with a small dark center. —wWoods in mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. through Tokaidé to Kinki and Chigoku Distr.), Shikoku-——China.
Var. ambiguum Tagawa. INopE-Mopoki. Scales concolor- ous, those on the rachis densely fimbriate-dentate——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.
15. Polystichum makinoi (Tagawa) Tagawa. P. acu- leatum var. nigropaleaceum Makino, non Christ; P. aculeatum var. makinoi Tagawa——Kata-tnovE. _ Fronds tufted; stipes 20-40 cm. long, straw-colored, with 3 kinds of scales, the lower and basal rather firm and lustrous, chestnut-brown, with a pale brown membranous margin, lanceolate to broadly so, 7-12
mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, sparsely ciliate to subentire, the upper ones membranous, brown, concolorous, ciliate, the small- est ones dense over the whole stipe, brown, spreading to de- flexed, 2-7 mm. long; blades 30-60 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, the scales on rachis dense, spreading to deflexed, lanceolate to filiform, ciliate in lower half or at base; pinnae acute to acumi- nate; pinnules coriaceous-herbaceous, obliquely ovate, obtuse to subacute, 7-15 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, short spine-tipped, appressed spine-toothed, with fibrouslike scales beneath; sori in 2 series on the pinnules; indusia about 0.7 mm. across. Honshu (Kanté Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.
16. Polystichum retrorsopaleaceum (Kodama) Ta- gawa. P. aculeatum var. retrorsopaleaceum Kodama——Sa- KAGE-INODE. Rhizomes stout, short; fronds tufted; stipes 20- 40 cm. long, densely scaly, the scales membranous, pale brown, lustrous, ciliate, the largest spreading, ovate, 8-20 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, abruptly contracted and short+tailed at tip, more dense toward the base, the median scales numerous, ap- pressed to spreading, orbicular-ovate to ovate, 2-6 mm. long, rounded to obtuse, short-tailed at the tip, the smallest ones orbicular to ovate, 1-2 mm. long, appressed, without or with a filiform apical tail much longer than the lower broadened portion of scale; blades 40-100 cm. long, 15-30 cm. wide, ab- ruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, the scales on ra- chis beneath orbicular-ovate to ovate, 2-4 mm. long, retrorsely appressed, scarious on margin, with hairlike spreading to deflexed scales 2-3 mm. long especially on upper side; pinnules herbaceous, oblique, ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, short spine- tipped, with an obtuse to subacute auricle on anterior side, the teeth ascending to appressed, spine-tipped, the scales hairlike, very sparse and tardily deciduous on upper side, rather promi- nent on under side; sori in 2 series on the pinnules of upper half of blade; indusia impressed—Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku.
Var. ovatopaleaceum (Kodama) Tagawa. P. aculeatum var. ovatopaleaceum Kodama——TsuyYAaNasHI-INoDE. Small- est scales on the stipe usually lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, spread- ing to deflexed, gradually narrowed to a rather short tail at tip, scales on the under side of rachis antrorsely spreading to ascending; pinnae more densely scaly, appressed-toothed—— Woods; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.
Var. coraiense (Christ) Tagawa. P. aculeatum var. corai- ense Christ——IwasHiro-InopE. _ Differs from the preceding variety in the narrower and gradually acuminate scales on the underside of rachis. Honshu; rare-——Korea.
17. Polystichum igaense Tagawa. CHABO-INODE. Rhizomes short, erect; stipes crowded, 5-15 cm. long, very densely scaly, the scales on upper part firmly membranous, brown, concolorous, spreading, broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, 4-8 mm. long, gradually filiform at tip, contorted, short- ciliate, unequal, the lower scales ovate to narrowly so, 6-10 mm. long, short-acuminate; blades lanceolate, 25-40 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, bipinnate, the rachis densely scaly; pinnae approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, often abruptly so, sessile; pinnules firmly herbaceous, obliquely ovate or rhombic-ovate, 5-10 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, short spine-tipped, sessile, spine- toothed, with a short depressed-deltoid auricle on anterior side, deep green and nearly glabrous on upper side, paler and with hairlike scales beneath; sori submarginal, on upper 2/3 of the blade; indusia orbicular, about 0.7 mm. across, entire. Honshu (Kanto to Kinki Distr.); rare.
58 ASPIDIACEAE
18. Polystichum polyblepharum (Roem.) Presl. As- pidium polyblepharum Roem. ex Kunze; Aspidium aculeatum var. japonicum Fr. & Sav.; P. aculeatum var. japonicum (Fr. & Sav.) Christ; P. japonicum (Fr. & Sav.) Diels——Inope. Rhizomes ascending to erect, densely clothed with basal stubs of old stipes; fronds tufted; stipes 20-30 cm. long, stout, straw- colored, densely scaly, the scales membranous, brown, con- colorous, lustrous, dentate-ciliate, the largest narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 10-25 mm. long, gradually acuminate, spreading to deflexed, the basal ones broader, rather abruptly contracted at the tip, the smallest ones linear-lanceolate, 7-15 mm. long, ciliate in lower half, gradually attenuate forming a contorted filiform tip; blades narrowly oblong-ovate, 30-80 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, short-acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, deep green and slightly lustrous on upper side, the scales on rachis dense, deflexed, narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear, filiform at the tip; pinnae 15-25 mm. wide; pinnules firmly herbaceous, oblique, oblong-ovate, 8-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, spine-tipped, appressed spine- toothed, glabrate on upper side, with fibrouslike scales be- neath; sori median between the costule and the margin—— Woods; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—-s. Korea.
Var. fibrillosopaleaceum (Kodama) Tagawa. P. aculea- tum var. fibrillosopaleaceum Kodama; P. fibrillosopaleaceum (Kodama) Tagawa——Asuxa-tnopz. Larger scales on stipes linear-lanceolate, entire to sparsely spinulose-ciliolate, gradually narrowed at tip, usually contorted, the scales on rachis linear to filiform. Honshu, Shikoku.
19. Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée. <Aspidium braunu Spenner; Dryopteris brauni (Spenner) Underw. Hoso-tnovE. Rhizomes short, erect, fronds tufted; stipes 5— 25 cm. long, densely scaly, the scales membranous, pale brown, lustrous, spreading, the larger ones ovate to lanceolate, 8-15 mm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, abruptly to gradually acuminate, subentire, the smaller ones broadly linear to filiform, 2-4 mm. long, sparsely ciliate; blades broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 25-60 cm. long, 7-22 cm. wide, narrowed at base, the scales on rachis spreading to reflexed, lanceolate to linear, often ciliate at base; pinnae lanceolate, acute to short-acuminate, the lower ones shorter, often slightly deflexed, acute to obtuse; pinnules thickly herbaceous, approximate, obliquely deltoid- ovate to elliptic, 6-15 mm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, with hairlike scales on upper side, with hairlike dilated scales on under side, coarsely spine-toothed; sori in 2 series on pinnules on upper half of blade, nearer the costule than the margin; indusia flat, 0.3-0.5 mm. wide—Hokkaido, Honshu (n. and centr.
7. CYRTOMIUM Presl
distr.) ——Korea, Manchuria, China, Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kam- chatka and Siberia to Europe, and N. America.
20. Polystichum microchlamys (Christ) Kodama. As- pidium microchlamys Christ; P. braunii var. kamischaticum C. Chr. & Hult——Karakusa-tnopE. _ Fronds large, often 1 m. long or more; stipes stout, straw-colored, 20-30 cm. long, densely scaly; scales membranous, spreading, pale- to red- brown, lustrous, entire, the largest narrowly ovate, 18-25 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, the intermediate ones lanceolate, 10-20 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, gradually acumi- nate, the smallest ones linear to filiform, 3-8 mm. long, slightly dilated at base, contorted; blades 50-100 cm. long, 12-25 cm. wide, scarcely distinctly narrowed at base, the scales on rachis pale brown, filiform to broadly linear, 3-6 mm. long, sometimes mixed with lanceolate scales on lower portion; pin- nae 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; pinnules narrowly ovate, acute, short awn-tipped, somewhat decurrent on the narrowly winged axis, coarsely awn-toothed, with pale brown hairlike scales on both sides; sori usually in 2 series on pinnules on upper half of blade, slightly nearer the costule than the margin; indusia
small, membranous, about 0.7 mm. across, erose-——Conifer- ous woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (n. and centr. distr.) ——Kamchatka.
21. Polystichum eximium (Mett.) C. Chr. var. minus
Tagawa. P. gemmiferum Tagawa——KomocHi-InovE. Rhi- zomes densely clothed with basal stubs of old stipes; stipes 22— 25 cm. long, straw-colored, densely scaly, the larger scales ovate-oblong, lustrous, dark chestnut-brown, ovate-oblong, 8— 10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acuminate, irregularly ciliate- fimbriate on a brown scarious margin, the smaller ones linear- subulate or filiform, ferrugineous, ciliate; blades dimorphic, lanceolate, acuminate, bipinnate in the lower portion, slightly narrowed at base, the sterile ones longer and wider, often 40 cm. long or more, about 25 cm. wide, the fertile about 15 cm. wide, gemmate in upper axils, the scales on rachis ferrugine- ous, filiform, ciliate, contorted; pinnae subsessile, the sterile ones broadly lanceolate, to 13 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide, acumi- nate, the fertile narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-1.8 cm. wide, acute; sterile pinnules herbaceous-coriaceous, ovate-oblong, to 2 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, obtuse, oblique, glabrous on upper side, with scattered filiform ciliate scales on lower side, depressed- toothed; fertile pinnules smaller, entire to crenate; sori in 2 series on the pinnules; indusia entire, about 1 mm. across ——— Kyushu (Yakushima); rare——The typical phase occurs in Formosa, China to India.
Polystichum kiusiuense Tagawa, KyUsHU-1NopE, may be- long here. Reported from Kyushu (s. distr.).
YasBu-soTETsU ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes short, ascending to erect, densely scaly; fronds simply pinnate with a terminal pinna or pinnatifid at tip, the pinnae mostly acuminate, usually falcate, commonly auriculate on the anterior side, entire to toothed, the veins anastomosing to form areoles, or nearly free; sori dorsal, or sometimes terminal on the veins; indusia peltate, persistent or cadu-
cous.
About 20 species, Hawaii, e. Asia to S. Africa, Central and S. America.
1A. Terminal pinna distinct, entire to 3-cleft; areoles in several rows, with 1-3 free veinlets in each areole.
2A. Pinnae coriaceous, entire near APEX. ....... eee esse ee eee ee
2B. Pinnae chartaceous, toothed near apex.
Eee ie /acleave aye desi senses te kenste we race id accuahs valfecateepeh nonstate belts 1. C. falcatum
3A. Pinnae 12-26 pairs, the terminal smaller than the lateral; stipes densely scaly throughout. ...................- 2. C. fortunet 3B. Pinnae usually 2-8, rarely to 10 pairs, the terminal larger than to as large as the lateral; stipes densely scaly on lower half. 4A. Pinnae finely and regularly spine-toothed, with an acute auricle on anterior side, or sometimes on both sides; indusium laciniate-
fimbriate,. wcitesecc cers Geelek Pa tare ore on aateert a etane
PA rds Ta et AH EAM ereRAiG bead orb ec cic 3. C. caryotideum
ASPIDIACEAE 59
4B. Pinnae subentire or irregularly mucronate-toothed, slightly unequal, without an auricle; indusium nearly entire.
4. C. macrophyllum
1B. Terminal pinna pinnately lobed to cleft; areoles of veins in 1 to 2 rows, with a single, rarely paired, free veinlet in each areole. 5A. Pinnae broadly falcate-lanceolate, auriculate on the anterior side. ........+. sees eee eee ee eee eect e eens 5. C. vittatum
5B. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, not auricled. .........-+2+eeseeeee
1. Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) Presl. Polypodium fal- catum L. f.; Aspidium falcatum (L. f.) Sw.; Phanerophlebia falcata (L. £.) Copel.; Polystichum falcatum (L. £.) Diels; Poly- podium japonicum Houtt——Ont-yasu-soTetsu. Rhizomes stout, short; stipes tufted, 15-40 cm. long, the scales very dense on lower part, ovate to broadly lanceolate or linear, 1-1.5(-2) cm. long, abruptly acuminate, dark brown; blades firmly coriaceous, 20-60 cm. long, 10-25 cm. wide, lustrous, dark green; pinnae 3-11 pairs, ovate to narrowly oblong-ovate, 7-13 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed to a broad tail at tip, rounded to broadly cuneate at base, oblique, falcate, short- petiolulate, nearly entire near apex, sinuate-toothed at base, with rufous woolly-scales beneath while very young; sori uni- formly covering undersurface; indusia orbicular, nearly entire. —Rocks near seashores, rarely on inland hills; Hokkaido (s. distr.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—-s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, Malaysia, India to e. and S. Africa, and Hawaii.
Var. devexiscapulae (Koidz.) Tagawa. Polystichum de- vexiscapulae Koidz.; Cyrtomium devexiscapulae Koidz.; Phane- rophlebia falcata var. devexiscapulae (Koidz.) Ohwi—— Nacasa-YABU-soTETsuU. Pinnae narrower, broadly lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, nearly equilateral and cuneate at base——Hills and low mountains; Honshu (Echigo Prov. to Kanto Distr. and westw.).——Korea, China, and Indochina.
2. Cyrtomium fortunei J. Smith. Phanerophlebia for- tunet (J. Smith) Copel.; Aspidium falcatum var. fortunei (J. Smith) Makino; Polystichum falcatum var. fortunei (J. Smith) Matsum.; Polystichum fortune: (J. Smith) Nakai ——Yasv- SOTETSU. Rhizomes short, stout; stipes tufted, 15-30 cm. long, densely scaly throughout, the scales dark brown, rather firm, lustrous, lanceolate to ovate, sometimes hairlike, 7-12 mm. long, acuminate, pubescent on margin at tip; blades broadly lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide; pinnae chartaceous, 12-26 pairs, broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate- oblong, 5-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, gradually attenuate, sub- sessile, usually auriculate on anterior side, subentire to minutely toothed, with jointed short hairlike scales on both sides while young; indusia orbicular, subentire——Thickets in hills and low mountains; Hokkaido (Okushiri Isl.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—-s. Korea and China.
Var. clivicola (Makino) Tagawa. Polystichum caryotideum var. clivicola Makino; Polystichum clivicola (Makino) Makino; Cyrtomium clivicola (Makino) Tagawa——Yama-yvasu-so- Tetsu. Pinnae (5-)10-15 pairs, the lower ones largest, about 15 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, coarsely crenate, often minutely toothed; indusia erose——Woods in mountains; Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu.
Var. intermedium Tagawa. Phanerophlebia fortunei var. intermedia (Tagawa) Ohwi; C. fortunei forma intermedium (Tagawa) Ching; C. yamamotoi Tagawa MIyaKo-YABu- sotetsu. Pinnae 10-12 pairs, usually broadly lanceolate, 10- 15 cm. long, 2.5—4 cm. wide, gradually narrowed to tip; indusia slightly undulate on margin——Honshu (s. Kanté Distr. and westw.), Kyushu.
3. Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall.) Presl. Phanero- phlebia caryotidea (Wall.) Copel.; Aspidium caryotideum
eieferetteteyeleteieidiarelet satel cleletclatelatelelsteiuiatalslaletstetelstetetaye 6. C. tachiroanum
Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.; Aspidium anomophyllum Zenker; Polystichum anomophyllum (Zenker) Nakai; Aspidium falca- tum var. caryotideum (Wall.) Hook. & Bak.; Polystichum caryotideum (Wall.) Diels; Polystichum falcatum var. caryo- tideum (Wall.) Matsum.—Me-vasu-soTetsu. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending; stipes tufted, 20-40 cm. long, densely scaly near base, sparsely so above, the scales lanceolate to ob- long, 1-1.5 cm. long, dark brown, smaller in the upper ones; blades 20-50 cm. long, 15-22 cm. wide; pinnae 3-6 pairs, ob- long-ovate to ovate, 8-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, long-acumi- nate, short-petiolulate, finely and regularly spine-toothed, usu- ally with a prominent auricle on anterior side, or sometimes on both sides in the lower ones, the terminal pinna large, 3- or 2-cleft; indusia flat, laciniate-fimbriate——Calcareous areas; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—— China to India and Hawaii.
4. Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa. Phanerophlebia macrophylla (Makino) Okuyama; Aspidium falcatum var. macrophyllum Makino; Polystichum falcatum var. macrophyllum (Makino) Matsum.; Polystichum macro- phyllum (Makino) Tagawa; C. falcatum var. muticum Christ; C. caryotideum var. intermedium C. Chr.; C. muticum (Christ) C. Chr— Hrrona-yasu-soTetsu. _ Fronds tufted; stipes 20- 30 cm. long, prominently scaly in lower half, sparsely so above, the scales spreading, dark brown, lustrous, narrowly ovate to linear-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, abruptly acuminate, the up- per ones gradually narrowed; blades 20-50 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide; pinnae 2-8 pairs, thinly chartaceous, the upper ones ovate to oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, usually rounded at base, short-petiolulate, slightly unequal, subentire or irregu- larly mucronate-toothed, the lower larger, 10-20 cm. long, 4-7 (-10) cm. wide, the terminal entire or 3-cleft; indusia nearly entire——Honshu (Kant6 Distr. and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——Formosa (var.), China to the Hima- layas.
Cyrtomium tukusicola Tagawa. TsuKusHI-yaBU-soTETSU. Intermediate between Nos. 2 and 4, differs from var. interme- dium of No. 2 in the broader, fewer, 8-10(—13) not auricled pinnae, and the larger terminal pinna, and from No. 4 in the smaller pinnae and erose indusia——Honshu (s. Kanto Distr. and westw.), and Kyushu.
5. Cyrtomium vittatum Christ. Phanerophlebia vittata (Christ) Copel.; Polystichum vittatum (Christ) C. Chr.; Poly- stichum miyasimense Kodama; Polystichum anomophyllum var. miyasimense (Kodama) Nakai; Polystichum balansae Christ; Cyrtomium balansae (Christ) C. Chr—Mryajima- sHipaA. _ Fronds tufted; stipes 15-40 cm. long, rather densely scaly, the scales membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely lustrous, dull-brown, obsoletely denticulate, the basal ones linear-lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; blades lanceolate, 30-50 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, the terminal segment lanceolate- deltoid, acuminate, pinnatilobed; rachis with small ovate, den- tate scales 1-2 mm. long; pinnae 10-20 pairs, firmly charta- ceous, deltoid-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, the lower ones 12-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, falcate, obliquely broad-cuneate at base, with short awn- or callose-tipped teeth on margin except near base, auriculate on anterior side, with small ovate
60 ASPIDIACEAE
scales beneath while young; sori in 2 nearly regular series or irregularly dispersed; indusia small——Honshu (Miyajima in Aki Prov.), Kyushu; rare ——China to Indochina.
6. Cyrtomium tachiroanum (Luerss.) C. Chr. Phaner- ophlebia tachiroana (Luerss.) Copel.; Polypodium tachiroanum Luerss.; Polystichum tachiroanum (Luerss.) Tagawa; Poly- stichum integripinnum Wayata; C. integripinnum (Hayata) Copel—Hososa-yaBu-soTEtsu. Stipes tufted, 20-40 cm. long, straw-colored, scaly throughout, the scales thinly mem- branous, linear- to ovate-lanceolate, pale brown, fugacious; blades oblong-lanceolate, abruptly short-acuminate, the termi-
nal segment pinnately lobed to parted; rachis pale green, the scales sparse, lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, lobulate-dentate, pale brown; pinnae 13-17 pairs, firmly coriaceous, dull, linear-lan- ceolate, 8-13 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, subequilateral, acumi- nate, falcate or nearly straight, cuneate at base, very short petiolulate, entire or crenate toward base, glabrous above, the scales beneath ovate, appressed, less than 1 mm. long, scales of the costas lanceolate to ovate, 1-2 mm. long, ciliate near base; sori 2-seriate or in a few irregular series; indusia small, subentire, flat——Kyushu (s. distr.); rare-———Formosa, China, and Indochina.
8. ARACHNIODES B1.
KaNna-WARABI ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes mostly long-creeping or sometimes short and ascending, dictyostelic, the scales entire or subentire; fronds deltoid or ovate, with a broad base, bipinnate or more profusely divided, anadromous in branching, the ultimate pinnules rhomboid, awned or spinose on the margin and apex; veins free; sori dorsal or subterminal on the veins; indusia mostly orbicular-reniform.—A bout 40 species, abundant in e. Asia, few in Malaysia, and New Zealand.
1A. Blades herbaceous to coriaceous, ovate to ovate-oblong. 2A. Blades simply pinnate to 4-pinnate, subcoriaceous; sori borne from tip to the base of pinnae. 3A. Scales of stipe black-brown, narrowly oblong to broadly lanceolate, 3-5 mm. wide, abruptly filiform at tip; blades mostly longer than the stipe; rachis very scaly; pinnules mucronate- to obtuse-toothed. ................+..+.---+ess---eee 1. A. mutica 3B. Scales of stipe lanceolate to linear, scarcely more than 2.5 mm. wide; blades as long as to shorter than the stipe; rachis sparsely scaly to nearly glabrous. 4A. Blades 2- to 4-pinnate; pinnae with posterior side mostly broader than the anterior. 5A. Rhizomes long-creeping, with few stipes remotely placed. ........ 2... 52sec eee eee eee cece 2. A. artstata 5B. Rhizomes short-creeping, with many stipes closely placed. 6A. Pinnules spine-tipped; indusia 1-1.5 mm. across. 7A. Pinnules firmly chartaceous to coriaceous, dark green when dried. 8A. Sori nearer the costule than the margin; pinnules firmly coriaceous, pungent-toothed. ON, lilacs Sapmmewe, Soccacnnocoacodapsadodonanotcoposo0DFosoDSsacoaunsUODOECoOOCNIES 3. A. pseudoaristata Ci, kdbes PpiinmEnts, 5 conudasdaceusedsacioudoadcaneducdoccsuccobocos ess cooonD ODEO DSDDOS'SCO 4. A. simplicior 8B. Sori nearer the margin than the costule; pinnules firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, the teeth not pungent. 5. A. amabilis
7B. Pinnules herbaceous to firmly so, vivid to pale green when dried. ................................ 6. A. nipponica
6B. Pinnules crenate-toothed; indusia 1.5—2.5 mm. across. .....-.2-- +--+ ee eee eee eee eee tee eee eee 7. A. cavaleriet
4B. Blades simply pinnate, sometimes bipinnate to pinnatiparted at base; pinnae not broadened on the posterior side. . 8. 4. assamica
2B. Blades 4-pinnatiparted to 4-pinnate, thinly herbaceous; sori borne mostly at base of pinnae. .................... 9. A. standishit 1B. Blades membranous, 5-angled or deltoid.
1OA. Blacks Gein, sooccscssedoocsedoteddococccnsud0occcoD IOs DOS DOO SOCOM HS OSCODBDNUOOCODOBECCED 10. A. maximowiczit
10B. Blades hairy on both sides. .............--- JOMosHOdOOOE ROS can doBn Ababa doobooonoomsonudeouddn ooo 11. A. miqueliana
1. Arachniodes mutica (Fr. & Sav.) Ohwi. Rumohra mutica (Fr. & Sav.) Ching; Aspidium muticum Fr. & Sav.; Dryopteris mutica (Fr. & Sav.) C. Chr.; Polystichopsis mutica (Fr. & Sav.) Tagawa——SHINoBU-KAGUMA. Rhizomes stout, rather short, erect to ascending; stipes tufted, 15-35 cm. long, straw-colored; scales dense, narrowly oblong to broadly lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3-5(-7) mm. wide, abruptly filiform at the tip, sparsely ciliolate, lustrous, black-brown, those on upper part and on rachis linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 3-6 mm. long, 0.2-1 mm. wide, spreading, contorted; blades ovate, 25-50 cm. long, 13-25 cm. wide, short-acuminate, tripinnate; pinnae obliquely spreading, narrowly ovate, acu- minate, the lowermost 5-10 cm. long, the posterior side broader than the anterior; pinnules narrowly ovate, 12.5 cm. long, obtuse to subacute, mucronate- to obtuse-toothed, pin- nately divided to parted, deep green and lustrous above, paler and minutely scaly beneath; sori on the upper part of blade, usually descending to the lower penultimate pair of pinnae, median; indusia orbicular-reniform, erose-———Coniferous woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (Kinki Distr. and northw.), Shikoku, Kyushu (Yakushima). Sakhalin and Ko- rea (Dagelet Isl.).
2. Arachniodes aristata (Forst.) Tindale. Rumohra aristata (Forst.) Ching; Polypodium aristatum Forst.; As- pidium exile Hance; Polystichum aristatum (Forst.) Presl; Arachniodes exilis (Hance) Ching; Polystichopsis aristata (Forst.) Holttum; Byrsopteris aristata (Forst.) Morton: Hosopa-KANA-wWaRABI. Rhizomes densely scaly, long-creep- ing; scales on rhizomes and basal portion of stipe mem- branous, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to a long filiform point, entire, yellowish brown; scales on stipes and rachis deep brown, lin- ear, 3-4 mm. long, subentire, filiform at tip; stipes few, remote, 30-60 cm. long, longer than the blade, pale green to straw- colored, rather sparsely scaly; blades ovate to broadly so, 20-40 cm. long, 12-25 cm. wide, distinctly tailed at apex, bipinnate or subtripinnate, with 1 (to few) pinnate branch on the low- est pinnae; pinnules coriaceous, oblong-ovate to narrowly ovate, 7-20 mm. long, abruptly spine-tipped, spine-toothed, glabrate, lustrous above; sori median, in 2 series on the pinnules; indusia orbicular-reniform, about 1 mm. across——-Woods; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu=—Korea, Ry- ukyus, Formosa, China, Malaysia to India, and Polynesia.
8. Arachniodes pseudoaristata (Tagawa) Ohwi. Ru-
ASPIDIACEAE 61
mohra pseudoaristata (Tagawa) H. Ito; Polystichum pseudo- aristatum Tagawa; Aspidium aristatum var. subdimorphum Christ and var. davalliaeforme Christ; Polystichopsis pseudo- aristata (Tagawa) Tagawa——Kosano-Kana-waraBl. Dif fers from the preceding in the short-creeping rhizomes and less remotely placed stipes; blades subdimorphic, tripinnate, gradually short-acuminate——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—— és. Korea, Ryukyus, and For- mosa.
4, Arachniodes simplicior (Makino) Ohwi. Rumohra simplicior (Makino) Ching; Aspidium aristatum var. sim- plicius Makino; Polystichum aristatum var. simplicius (Ma- kino) Matsum.; Polystichum simplicius (Makino) Tagawa; Polystichopsis simplicior (Makino) Tagawa——HaxarTa-sHIpA. Rhizomes short-creeping, densely scaly, knotty, covered with the basal stubs of old stipes; stipes 30-60 cm. long, straw- colored or pale green, rather densely scaly; scales on stipe and rachis tardily deciduous, broadly linear, 2-8 mm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to a filiform tip, ciliate at base, black-brown; blades broadly ovate, 25-40 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, pinnate, the lowest pinnae with elon- gate pinnate branches longer on posterior than on anterior side, the terminal pinna coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, abruptly contracted at tip, acuminate, short-petiolu- late, dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath; pinnae 2-5 pairs, gradually acuminate, short-petiolulate; pinnules oblong- ovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, oblique, obscurely auricled on anterior side, obtuse, spine-tipped and -toothed, sometimes lobulate, glabrate on both sides; sori median, in 2 rows on the pinnules; indusia orbicular-reniform, crenulate, about 1 mm. across=—— Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu-—— China.
Var. major (Tagawa) Ohwi. Rumohra simplicior var. ma- jor (Tagawa) H. Ito; Polystichum simplicius var. majus Ta- gawa; Polystichopsis simplicior var. major (Tagawa) Tagawa ——ONL-KANA-waraBI. Terminal pinna lanceolate-deltoid, broadened at base, gradually merging into the upper lateral pinnae———Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- shu.
5. Arachniodes amabilis (Bl.) Tindale. Rumohra ama- bilis (Bl.) Ching; Aspidium amabile Bl.; Polystichum amabile (Bl.) J. Smith; Dryopteris amabilis (Bl.) O. Kuntze; Poly- stichopsis amabilis (Bl.) Tagawa; Polystichum rhomboideum Schott; 4. rhomboideum Wall. ex Mett———O-KaNa-warabl. Rhizomes short-creeping; stipes approximate, 20-40 cm. long, often slightly rubescent; scales on rhizomes and at base of stipes dense, membranous, reddish brown, lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, to 2 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to a filiform tip, entire, scales on stipes and rachis filiform, deciduous, 2-5 mm. long; blades ovate to broadly so, 25-45 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, simply pinnate or more often with a pinnate branch on posterior side in the lowest (or lower 2) pairs, the pinnae 3-7 pairs, lanceolate, 12-20 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, acumi- nate, petiolulate; terminal pinnae acuminate, short-petiolulate; pinnules firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, deltoid-ovate to oblong-ovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, oblique, short- petiolulate, subacute, spine-tipped and -toothed, slightly lus- trous above, glabrate on both sides; sori submarginal, in 2 ser- ies on the pinnules, nearer the margin than the costule; indusia orbicular-reniform, 1-1.5 mm. across, ciliate, sparsely puberu- lent on back——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to Malaysia, and India.
Var. yakusimensis (H. Ité) Ohwi. Rumohra amabilis var. yakusimensis H. It6; Polystichum aristatum var. yakusimense (H. Ité) Masam.; Polystichopsis amabilis var. yakusimensis (H. It6) Tagawa ——YaxusHima-KANa-waraBlI. Fronds nar- rower, 45-60 cm. long; pinnae 7-9 pairs, the pinnules smaller, coriaceous, often lobed to parted, 7-15 mm. long; indusia not ciliate——Honshu (Kii Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu-—Ryuk- yus, Formosa, and China.
6. Arachniodes nipponica (Rosenst.) Ohwi. Rumohra nipponica (Rosenst.) Ching; Polystichum nipponicum Rosenst.; Polystichopsis nipponica (Rosenst.) Tagawa——M1- DORI-KANA-WARABI. | Rhizomes creeping, densely scaly; stipes approximate, 30-45 cm. long, straw-colored to reddish; scales membranous, dense toward base, sparse above, lanceolate, the lower 5-10 mm. long, the upper 3-5 mm. long, entire, decidu- ous, the base persistent, callose, red-brown; blades vivid green above, paler beneath, firmly herbaceous to subcoriaceous, nar- rowly ovate, 40-60 cm. long, 25-35 cm. wide, long-acuminate; scales on rachis sparse, 1-2 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, deciduous; pinnae 6-8 pairs, 15-30 cm. long, pinnate or partially bipinnate, petiolulate, long-acuminate, the lateral gradually grading into the terminal pinna; pinnules herba- ceous to firmly so, ovate, sometimes oblong, oblique, 12-30 mm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, acute, short-petiolulate, pinnately lobed or parted, mucronate-toothed, nearly glabrous above, with hairlike scales beneath while young; sori nearly median; indusia orbicular-reniform, sparsely ciliolate, about 1 mm. across——Honshu (from Izu Proy., Tokaido to Kinki and Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu.——China.
7. Arachniodes cavaleriei (Christ) Ohwi. Rumohra cavaleriei (Christ) Ching; Aspidium cavalerie: Christ; Dryop- teris cavaleriei (Christ) C. Chr.; Polystichopsis cavaleriet (Christ) Tagawa; Polystichum globisorum Hayata; Rumohra globisora (Hayata) H. It6; Dryopteris sphaerosora Tagawa ——YAKUSHIMA-KANA-waRaBI. Rhizomes short-creeping to as- cending; stipes tufted, purple-brown, 30-60 cm. long, sparsely scaly above and on rachis, densely scaly at base; scales lanceo- late to linear-lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, much elongate at tip, contorted; blades broadly ovate, 30-55 cm. long, 25-40 cm. wide, acuminate; pinnae about 5 pairs, del- toid-ovate, 20-30 cm. long, 15-20 cm. wide, acuminate, petiolu- late, bipinnate at base, pinnate in upper part; pinnules herba- ceous to coriaceous, narrowly deltoid-ovate to broadly deltoid- lanceolate, usually acuminate, crenate-toothed, petiolulate, pinnately lobed to parted, obtusely toothed; sori in 2 series along the costule; indusia orbicular-reniform, 1.5-2.5 mm. across, ciliolate Kyushu (Yakushima) ——Formosa, China, and Indochina.
8. Arachniodes assamica (Kuhn) Ohwi. Rumohra as- samica (Kuhn) Ching; Aspidium assamicum Kuhn; Poly- stichum assamicum (Kuhn) Ching ex C. Chr.; Polystichopsis assamica (Kuhn) Tagawa; Aspidium yoshinagae Makino; Polystichum yoshinagae (Makino) Makino—Oroxo-sHpa. Rhizomes short-creeping; stipes approximate, 20-50 cm. long, straw-colored, slightly lustrous, sparsely scaly; scales dense toward the base, broadly linear, 3-6 mm. long, long- attenuate, entire, purple-brown; blades narrowly oblong to broadly deltoid-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, short-acuminate, pinnate, sometimes bipinnate to bipinnati- parted; pinnae 10-13 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, the simple pinnae 6-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, cuneate at base, slightly oblique, coarsely short awn-
62 ASPIDIACEAE
toothed, the compound pinnae 15-25 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, with a narrowly winged axis, the pinnules 2.5-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acute, cuneate at base, slightly oblique and somewhat adnate to the axis, toothed, nearly glabrous on both sides; sori median, remote, in 2 series on the ultimate pinnule or in 2-4 series on the simple pinnae; indusia orbicular-reni- form, subentire, 1-1.5 mm. across. Honshu (Izu, Ise, Kii, and Suwo Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——China, Burma, and India.
9. Arachniodes standishii (Moore) Ohwi. Rumohra standishii (Moore) Ching; Lastrea standishii Moore; Poly- stichum standishii (Moore) C. Chr.; Dryopteris standishit (Moore) C. Chr.; Polystichopsis standishii (Moore) Tagawa; Aspidium laserpitifolium Mett.; D. viridescens sensu auct. Japon., non O. Kuntze——RYOMEN-sHIDA. Rhizomes short- creeping; stipes closely approximate, pale green to straw- colored, often brownish, 30-50 cm. long, densely scaly at base, sparsely so above, the lower scales pale brown, membranous, lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5(-3.5) mm. wide, gradually acuminate, filiform at tip, entire, the upper scales 3-10 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, broadly cordate; fronds vivid green, the blades thinly herbaceous, oblong-ovate, 40-60 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide, short-acuminate, 4-pinnatiparted to 4-pinnate, the rachis sparsely scaly; pinnae 12-15 pairs, approximate, ob- liquely spreading, short-petiolulate, the lowest with a broad posterior side; ultimate pinnules thinly herbaceous, oblong- ovate, 5-10 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sometimes lobed or parted, acute to obtuse, acutely toothed, vivid green above, slightly paler and with hairlike short scales beneath, very sparsely so above; sori median in 2 series on the ultimate pinnules; in- dusia orbicular-reniform, often reddish when young, entire, 1-1.5 mm. across——Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Hon- shu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common. ‘Korea.
10. Arachniodes maximowiczii (Bak.) Ohwi. Ru- mohra maximowiczit (Bak.) Ching; Nephrodium maxi- mowiczit Bak.; Dryopteris maximowiczii (Bak.) O. Kuntze; Lastrea maximowiczi (Bak.) Moore; Polystichopsis maxi- mowiczit (Bak.) Tagawa; Aspidium commutatum Fr. & Sav.; A. callopsis Fr. & Say.; N. callopsis (Fr. & Say.) Palib.; D.
9. BOLBITIS Schott
callopsis (Fr. & Sav.) C. Chr——Nantarsuipa. Rhizomes short-creeping, densely scaly; stipes 15-35 cm. long, pale green, usually chestnut-brown toward base and often on under side, lustrous; scales brown, thinly herbaceous to submembranous, ovate, (2-)4-8 mm. long, short-acuminate, entire, spreading; blades 5-angled, 15-25 cm. long and as wide, tripinnate to tripinnatiparted, glabrous, uniformly green, the rachis pale green, the scales scanty, about 2 mm. long; pinnae petiolulate, spreading, narrowly deltoid-ovate, 10-18 cm. long, short- attenuate, with a broader posterior side, the upper ones ab- ruptly smaller; ultimate pinnules oblong-ovate, 1—-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, oblique, short-petiolulate, acutely denticulate; sori sparse, few, at base of the teeth especially on anterior margin of the segments, orbicular-reniform, about 1 mm. across, en- tire, brown, incurved on margin——Woods; Hokkaido, Hon- shu (Kinki Distr. and eastw.) ——Korea.
11. Arachniodes miqueliana (Maxim.) Ohwi. Aspid- ium miquelianum Maxim.; Dryopteris miqueliana (Maxim.) C. Chr.; Leptorumohra miqueliana (Maxim.) H. Ito; Poly- stichopsis miqueliana (Moore) Tagawa——Narat-sHiwa. Rhi- zomes elongate, long-creeping, fugacious; stipes 20-50 cm. long, straw-colored to brown, lustrous, dark brown near base, rather densely scaly; scales tardily deciduous, thinly mem- branous, pale brown, spreading, the larger ones lanceolate, entire, abruptly long-acuminate, 4-10 mm. long, the smaller ones narrowly ovate, 1-2 mm. long; blades deltoid, remotely 5-angled, 3- or 4-pinnate, 20-50 cm. long, slightly narrower to nearly as broad as long, acuminate, cordate, hairy on both sides, the rachis pale green to yellow-brown, thinly pilose especially in the axils, the lowest pinnae narrowly deltoid- ovate, 15-35 cm. long, oblique, with a dilated base on posterior side, the petioles 15-3 cm. long; ultimate pinnules mem- branous, elliptic-ovate to oblong or ovate, sometimes lobed to parted, obtuse or sometimes acute to rounded, cuneate at base, oblique, sessile, vivid green above, slightly paler beneath; sori 1-4 on each lobe or segment, orbicular-reniform, reddish in the center when young, 0.8-1 mm. across——Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea and China.
HETsuKA-sHIDA ZOKU
Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, scaly; stipes sparsely scaly; fronds dimorphic, usually pinnate, rarely simple or bipinnatifid, glabrous, the segments crenate to lobed or incised, with regular areoles along the costas and costules and regular or irregular areoles beyond, free veinlets usually present within the areoles; fertile fronds long-stipitate; sori uniformly covering underside, exindusiate, with paraphyses——About 85 species, in the Tropics, abundant in the Indo-Malayan region.
1. Bolbitis subcordata (Copel.) Ching. Campium sub- cordatum Copel.; B. nakaii H1to; Leptochilus virens sensu auct. Japon., non C. Chr.; B. quoyana sensu auct. Japon., non Ching——Hetsuka-sHipa. Rhizomes short-creeping, 4-6 mm. across; fronds dimorphic; stipes 30-50 cm. long in the sterile, slightly longer and more slender in the fertile, pale straw-colored; scales appressed, purple-brown, ovate to broadly lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, most abundant toward base of stipe; sterile blades lanceolate, 40-80 cm. long, 15-30 cm. wide, pin- nate, the terminal pinna abruptly narrowed, lanceolate, pin- naticleft, caudately long-acuminate, sometimes proliferous at
10. ELAPHOGLOSSUM Schott
tip, the rachis while young with purple-brown dentate scales about 1 mm. long; lateral pinnae 8-12 pairs, thinly chartaceous, linear-oblong, 10-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, caudately long- acuminate, rounded-lobulate to crenate-toothed, the lobules usually with an awnlike mucro at base of the sinus, truncate to cuneate and very short-petiolulate at base; costa slender, often slightly rubescent; fertile pinnae 5-9 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, obtuse, very short-petiolulate, entire to undulate, entirely cov- ered with sporangia——Woods in hills and low mountains; Kyushu (s. distr.) ——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China to Indo- china.
Atsuita Zoku
Epiphytic or terrestrial; rhizomes short-creeping, scaly, dictyostelic; stipes often tufted, articulate to phyllopedous or not jointed; fronds coriaceous, simple, entire, sometimes with a cartilaginous margin, scaly or glabrate, the veins usually im-
ASPIDIACEAE 63
mersed, mostly forked, then straight and parallel, normally free; fertile fronds usually smaller and narrower than the sterile, often longer-stiped; sori entirely covering underneath surface; paraphyses absent——More than 400 species, in all warm regions, abundant in the Andes.
1A. Scales on rhizomes and fertile stipes ovate, obtuse to acute; blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, gradually acuminate at base; stipes of sterile fronds short, about half as long as the blade or shorter. 1.2... sees eee cece eee teeter eeneees 1. E. yoshinagae 1B. Scales on rhizomes and fertile stipes lanceolate, acuminate; blades oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, subacute to very obtuse, acute to abruptly acuminate at base; stipes of fertile fronds as long as to half as long as the blade. ...........-+++2+e+00 2. E. tosaense
1. Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino. Acrostichum yoshinagae Yatabe——Arsuira. Fronds somewhat dimorphic, evergreen; stipes rather stout, promi- nently scaly, slightly flattened, narrowly winged above, 2-10 cm. long in the sterile, to about 15 cm. long in the fertile; scales brown, membranous, ovate, 3-6 mm. long, obtuse to acute, sparsely ciliate; sterile blades thick-coriaceous, lanceo- late to oblanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse at tip, gradually narrowed at base, decurrent on the wing of the stipe, glabrous above, with sparse deciduous scales beneath, entire, prominently white-cartilaginous on margin, the costa broad but not prominently raised on both sides; veins in- visible; fertile blades smaller, usually 3.5-17 cm. long, 1-2.5
2. Elaphoglossum tosaense (Yatabe) Makino. Acrosti- chum tosaense Yatabe——Hirona-atsuita. Closely allied to the preceding; scales on rhizomes and stipes lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, brown, gradually attenuate, very sparsely long-ciliate; stipes 3-14 cm. long in the sterile blades or slightly longer in the fertile, sparsely scaly in upper part, rather densely so at base; sterile blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, prominently white-carti- lagineous on margin, obtuse or subacute, acute to short-acumi- nate at base, slightly decurrent on the stipe; fertile fronds usually shorter than the sterile but the stipe longer-———Rocks and trees; Honshu (Izu Isls. and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare—Ryukyus.
cm. wide——Rocks and tree trunks; Honshu (Izu Isls. and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——Ryukyus, For- mosa, China, and Indochina.
11. DRYOPTERIS Adans. O-suipa Zoxu
Terrestrial; rhizomes short or elongate, ascending to erect, sometimes creeping, scaly; scales entire or toothed; stipes elongate, usually scaly; blades bipinnatifid to decompound, catadromous, usually broad at base, naked or scaly on both sides; veins free, forked; sori mostly dorsal on veins, rounded; indusia orbicular-reniform, attached by the inner end of the sinus, very rarely absent——With about 150 species, cosmopolitan.
1A. Pinnules provided with multicellular spinelike hairs on upper side. ZAS Indusium absent; ultimate pinnules\ entire or undulate. ..5...... 2. ccc cee cee cece ctw esta c ere cenereetceerceres 1. stkhokiana DE me ING uci presen esi funates pinnmes Centatesneteys syatelalsieyeleteteisisiersteicleedece eteistetereretercialere)olnie eleva) ele elars cteferelatererete in = 2. D. henderson 1B. Pinnules without multicellular spinelike hairs on upper side. 3A. Scales on blades beneath and on rachis not saccate, nearly absent in Nos. 17 to 19. 4A. Scales on blades usually abundant, at least on rachis. 5A. Scales on stipes and rachis ovate; blades herbaceous, (bi-) tripinnate. 6A. Fronds few, ovate-oblong to deltoid, annual, deciduous; lowest pinnae largest; sori distant; indusium flat, not more than 1 mm. across. 7A. Fronds herbaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, usually longer than broad; lowest pinnae 14-7 as long as the blade;
scales on stipe abundant, a few with a chestnut-colored band down the center. ........-..eeeeeeeeee