Women in Medicine
A Bibliography of the Literature on Women Physicians
SANDRA L. CHAFF RUTH HAIMBACH CAROL FENICHEL NINA B. WOODS1DE
Women in Medicine
A Bibliography of the Literature on Women Physicians
compiled and edited by
SANDRA L. CHAFF RUTH HAIMBACH CAROL FENICHEL NINA B. WOODSIDE
The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N J. & London
1977
This project was supported in part by NIH Grant LM 02332 from the National Library of Medicine.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Women in medicine. Includes indexes.
1. Women physicians--Bibliography. I. Chaff, Sandra L.
Z7963.M43W65[R692] 016.61069'52 77-24914
ISBN 0-8108-1056-5
Copyright 3 1977 by The Medical College of Pennsylvania Manufactured in the United States of America
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
vii
EXPLANATORY NOTES
x
HISTORY OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE
I
In addition to biographies of pre-19th century personal- ities, the literature cited here gives historical context to the status, education, and practice patterns of healers and physicians. (Histories of specific institutions are located under MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIETIES, AND THEIR JOURNALS)
BIOGRAPHIES
Specific physicians of the 19th and 20th centuries are the subjects of this section. Comprehensive life histories are included, as well as articles which list educational and career data, and material which consists of biographical segments about travel and other experiences. (Material focusing only on one aspect of a physician's life, i.e., missionary activity or war work, can be found in the classification which relates to that activity. ) Fictionalized accounts of the lives of historical figures are also in- cluded in this section
Included are statistical articles on medical education, general discussions about how women should acquire that education, and material relating in a general manner to medical students, faculty, administration, and educational trends. Undergraduate and premedical education articles are cited as well. (Discussions about women's motiva- tions for entering medicine can be found under PSYCHO- SOCIAL FACTORS. General histories of medical educa- tion are located in HISTORY OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE)
GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION 442 Material concentrates on internships, residencies, fel- lowships, retraining programs, and continuing education programs
RECRUITMENT
385
MEDICAL EDUCATION
393
iii
MEDICAL ACTIVITY 460 Statistical and narrative material covers practice patterns, specialties, teaching, and administration. (Material dis- cussing societal attitudes or cultural patterns which ulti- mately affect medical activity is cited in PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS)
SPECIALTIES 543 Articles discuss specific specialties—careers in, difficul- ties encountered, dangers, rewards, and opportunities, as well as historical aspects of women's involvement in spe-
MISSIONARY ACTIVITY 581 Along with material on missionary organizations, this section contains material which focuses on the missionary work of individual physicians
WARTIME ACTIVITY 610 Covered are the activities of specific organizations during times of war, which directly relate to war. Material on specific women emphasizes work in war situations or in the military service
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS 648 Literature cited in this section examines social and cultural attitudes affecting women in medicine: the suitability of women for medical study and practice, motivations for entering medicine, the need for women's influence in health care, the problems faced by women physicians, and the attitudes thev hold. (Attitudinal material on medical stu- dents will be found in MEDICAL EDUCATION. Reports of the debates over women physicians by specific medical institutions or societies are listed under MEDICAL INSTI- TUTIONS, SOCIETIES, AND THEIR JOURNALS. Material discussing psychosocial factors from a historical perspec- tive are located in HISTORY OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE)
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIETIES, AND THEIR JOURNALS 761 Included: general discussions and statistical data pri- marily relevant to specific medical schools: the experi- ence of women in medical societies or organizations; and the history and policies of medical journals. (For infor- mation about medical education not focusing on specific schools, see MEDICAL EDUCATION)
GENERAL 894 The literature cited here mentions multiple aspects of women in medicine, and gives overviews of the situation for women physicians
FICTION 952 References appear for literature which deals with non-his- torical figures
iv
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography brings together and provides reference to the published literature about women physicians. Such a resource comes not only at a time of increasing interest in women's lives, but also in a period when many basic assumptions about the health care delivery system are being questioned. With the recent rapid rise in the numbers of women in medical school in countries such as the United States, it has become obvious that women will play an increasing role in health care. This work provides citations to lit- erature which documents this increasing involvement of women in medicine, and examines the causes and future course of this trend. It includes, also, material about the lives of specific women physi- cians and groups of women physicians and helps provide insight into how the careers of most women physicians have differed from those of their male colleagues. The history of women physicians and healers, as well as institutions and issues related to this history, are also represented in the literature cited. We sincerely hope the bibliography will be used by persons representing a wide range of interests and information needs: by researchers, guidance counsel- ors, and people and agencies in general who wish to know woman's heritage.
Our goal was to provide a comprehensive coverage of the lit- erature about women physicians in all parts of the world. We have examined over 95 per cent of the more than 4000 items cited herein, and have indicated those items which we were unable to secure for examination. Of the total number of entries, approximately nine per cent are from non-English -language literature. For these items, English title translations and English annotations are provided. The bibliography represents literature from the 18th century through De- cember 1975 (our earliest cited piece is a 16-page German work by F. Boerner entitled, in translation, Should Women Practice Medi- cine?, published in Leipzig in 1750). Within this time span, the lives of women physicians and healers from the beginnings of re- corded history are discussed. Only published material has been cited: included are books, medical and non-medical journal articles, alumnae and alumni magazine articles, and doctoral theses. Bio- graphical dictionaries and newspaper articles have not been included: nor have sections on women physicians from history of medicine textbooks, or letters -to-the -editor which appeared in medical jour- nals, unless new or unusual information was presented. As in most bibliographic projects with finite resources and a time constraint, it proved impossible to locate everything, especially in relation to
vii
the non-English-language material. We are confident that this re- source does provide a comprehensive view of what has been written about women physicians, that very few United States publications have been missed, and that the international literature has received a substantial representation.
This bibliography was developed at the Medical College of Pennsylvania as a special project of the Florence A. Moore Library of Medicine in cooperation with the Center for Women in Medicine. In order to collect the material, the unique Women in Medicine Col- lection of the College's library was tapped, and provided a solid foundation from which to proceed. In addition, letters soliciting in- formation were sent to women's organizations, medical schools, medical societies, state and other geographically-oriented historical archives, and individuals throughout the world. Subject bibliogra- phies provided yet another resource used in collecting material. The annotations were written to assist in deciding whether or not a particular item is one which the user would wish to secure and peruse further. They were written to convey the flavor as well as the content of the items. We have attempted to avoid the use of evaluative words in description and where such words and phrases do occur, they reflect the tone and phrasing of the original material. A few items were felt to have titles sufficient to indicate the content of the material and were not annotated at all.
Most of the publications cited in this bibliography have been collected and are housed in the Florence A. Moore Library of Medi- cine at the Medical College of Pennsylvania. As the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (1850-1866) and Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (1867-1969), this institution has been the leader in the education of women physicians for over 125 years. The College's collection, as well as other U.S. collections which have substantial holdings relating to women physicians, are described in the Collec- tions Appendix.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A bibliography of this magnitude would not have been possible without the cooperation and assistance of many women. Our appre- ciation to Janet Cooper who worked on the project in its beginning phases: Ruth Bornholdt who labored with us during the last half of the effort; and Nancy Harper, the medical student who devoted a goodly portion of her spare time for several months. We should also like to acknowledge the translators who provided annotations for the non-English-language material: The Medical Documentation Service at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and Ursula Lieber, who annotated most of the German material. And finally, our special gratitude goes to the women who make up the staff of the Florence A. Moore Library of Medicine where this bibliography
viii
was produced—especially Margaret Jerrido, who worked dauntlessly for many months to see that the manuscript was produced in read- able form for the publisher; Lillian Cannon, whose conscientious ef- fort in the final stages was invaluable; and Claire Schultz, the li- brary director, who gave continual support to the project. Truly, without these women our task would have been impossible.
ix
EXPLANATORY NOTES
In dealing with a bibliography of this size, one question which compilers must face is how best to arrange the material and index it to provide simple yet maximum access. Our approach has been to provide four modes of access to the material: 1) each citation appears alphabetically under a broad classification heading (and more specific geographical designation) which best reflects the primary con- cern of the material: each item is listed under only one classifica- tion; 2) index terms have been assigned to each, citation which reflect important concerns of that item: 3) when women physicians are men- tioned in any substantial way in the material, these women are in- dexed as well, and appear in the Personal Name Index: and 4) each item is indexed by author. These access modes may be used sepa- rately or in conjunction with one another. The simplest searching may require only one approach; more complex research needs may demand a more active use of the four modes. There is, in short, a constant interaction among the classifications, the Subject Index, and the Personal Name Index, of which the researcher must be aware to use this bibliography effectively. Following are examples designed to illustrate how one might approach the bibliography.
EXAMPLE 1: If a user is interested in securing material relating to missionary activity among women physicians, the approach would be as follows:
A. Scan the citations and annotations in the classification section which pertains to one's interest. In this case, the classifica- tion MISSIONARY ACTIVITY would be scanned. The user should notice the names which appear frequently in the annotations un- der this classification, such as Clara Swain and Anna Dengel.
B. Turn to the Subject Index and check under the index term which is most nearly synonymous with the classification term (i. e. , Missionaries and Missionary Activity). These terms will con- tain citation numbers to all references which deal in some way with missionary activity of women physicians but which do not appear under the MISSIONARY ACTIVITY classification for one reason or another: for example, an article which treats the entire life of a particular woman whose career included a brief period of missionary activity will be cited under the BIOGRA- PHIES classification but indexed under Missionary Activity.
C. Finally, check the Personal Name Index for citations to the
names of women which have been noted as appearing frequently in the annotations under the classification MISSIONARY ACTIVITY (e. g. , Clara Swain and Anna Dengel).
EXAMPLE 2: If a user is interested in researching Marie Zakrzew- ska, an early and prominent woman physician in America, the ap- proach would be as follows:
A. Check for Zakrzewska's name in the Author Index. This will lead to citations of articles written by Zakrzewska which deal with the subject of women physicians. Scan the annotations for these articles, noting the names of people and places that occur frequently.
B. Check the Personal Name Index for Zakrzewska's name. Scan the citations and annotations thus found, noting again the names of people and places that occur frequently in the annotations. The user will observe, for example, that Zakrzewska's name appears frequently in association with the name of Emily Black- well and the New England Hospital for Women and Children.
C. Turn to the Subject Index and proceed to the citations listed un- der the term New England Hospital for Women and Children. Here the user will find not only more material on Zakrzewska, but also leads to additional subject terms to check.
D. Turn to the Personal Name Index for citations listed under Emily Blackwell's name.
f
id
HISTORY OF WOMEN IN MEDICINE
In addition to biographies of pre-19th century per- sonalities, the literature cited here gives historical context to the status, education, and practice patterns of healers and physicians. (Histories of specific in- stitutions are located under MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS, SOCIETIES, AND THEIR JOURNALS. )
AFRICA
1. Kuhnke, Laverne. "The 'Doctoress' on a Donkey: Women
Health Officers in Nineteenth Century Egypt. " Clio Medica,
9:3 (September 1974) 193-205.
Most other studies refer to the 19th-century Egyptian school described in this paper as a midwifery school because it em- phasized obstetrics. However, this author distinguishes be- tween untrained folk midwives--dayas--and hakimas--a term for "doctoresses. " The School for Hakimas required six years of training and at least rudimentary theoretical science--a pro- digious amount of instruction for women in the Middle East at that time. Detailed are the development of a women's auxil- iary health corps in Egypt, recruitment, the professional ac- tivities of the Egyptian "doctoress," and the sociological factors which contributed to the decline in numbers of medical women in the early 20th century.
2. Stephens, Nannie A. "Woman in Gynecology and Obstetrics. "
American Journal of Surgery and Gynecology, 12 (January
1899) 144-145.
Dr. Stephens presents a history of women in gynecology and obstetrics which concentrates on women of ancient Egypt. She concludes her article with examples of her own experiences as a specialist in the field.
ASIA
3. Jhirad, J. "Pioneer Work by and for Medical Women. " Jour-
nal of the Association of Medical Women in India, 39:5^
(May 1951) 29-34.
This article opens with the mention of the first medical women in the U.S. and Great Britain. In 1869 Clara Swain of Amer- ica became India's first woman physician. The accomplish- ments of several other women, many of them medical mission- aries, are also cited, along with those of women's medical schools and associations. In conclusion, the author urges med- ical women to rise to India's pressing problem of preventive medicine, and to prepare themselves for teaching posts and for research.
4. Wong, K. Chimin and Wu, Lien-Teh. History of Chinese Medi-
cine: Being a Chronicle of Medical Happenings in China from Ancient Times to the Present Period. Tientsin Press, Ltd. , Tientsin, China, 1932, xviii, 706 pp. figs., illus. , photos., ports. Scattered information on women healers and physicians is found throughout this history, which traces the Chinese medical
2
Australia & New Zealand
3
evolution from an indigenous and mysterious art form in 2697 B. C. to the widespread assimilation of "Western" medicine in the 1930s. The authors note that Ch'un YU-yen, an obstetrician of the Han dynasty, is the first woman doctor mentioned in Chinese medical history. Not until the 19th century, however, do women begin to emerge in the profession. This book brief- ly profiles several distinguished women, including HU King-eng, Ida Kahn, Mary Stone (Shih Mei-yu), and Yamei Kin (Y. May King). Foreign women physicians, many of them missionaries, are also mentioned. Medical education of women, and hos- pitals staffed and founded by women are described as well. Appendixes include chronological tables of events, geographical, name, and subject indexes, and an extensive bibliography.
AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
5. Morgan, Elma Sandford. A Short History of Medical Women
in Australia. Burroughs Wellcome and Company (Austra- lia), Ltd. , Australia, 1970. This history was produced for the Australian Federation of Medical Women on the occasion of the 12th Congress of the Medical Women's International Association, Melbourne, Aus- tralia. [Item not examined by editors. ]
6. 'Women in Medicine." Medical Journal of Australia, 1:2 (9
January 1971) 54-56: (Comments. ) A discussion of the opening of medical schools and hospital posts to women includes profiles of Australia's first women physicians. While contrasting early opposition to medical wo- men with the present situations in Australia, the author points out that women still face medical school quota systems, un- equal pay, and inflexible employment conditions that force wo- men with multiple responsibilities to become part of the pro- fession's "wastage" statistics.
7. Younger Ross, Isabella. "The Advent of Women into Medicine. "
Medical Journal of Australia, (30 May 1953) 777-779. (Presentation, Australasian Medical Congress, 22-29 Au- gust 1952. )
On June 2, 1865, Dr. Wilhelmina Ferguson, a graduate of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, became the first woman to apply for medical registration in Victoria. The opinion of the medical community regarding a woman's registra- tion ran so negative that Dr. Ferguson never approached the Medical Board again. It was not until 20 years later that an- other woman (Dr. Laura Morgan, a graduate of New York Med- ical Woman's College) applied for registration. Her application also was unsuccessful and she returned to America. The first woman to practice in Victoria was Dr. Constance Stone, an Australian-born, American and Canadian-educated physician. Sydney was the first university to admit women to medical studies, but the University of Melbourne was the first school
4
History
to actually grant medical degrees to women. The story of the seven women who opened the doors of the University of Mel- bourne and the problems they faced follows.
CANADA
8. Abbott, Maude E. History of Medicine in the Province of Que-
bec. McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 1931, 97 pp.
facsim. , figs. , photos. , ports. This regional history covers Quebec medicine from the mid- 16th century to the 1920s. Although written by a woman phy- sician, there is little mention of the role of women doctors, with the exception of an account of the admission of women to the Bishop's College Medical School in 1890. Ten women were graduated from that institution from 1893 to 1905, when it merged with the McGill Faculty of Medicine. This book, however, details the known facts of Dr. James Miranda Stuart Barry, the British army officer who, upon an autopsy in 1865, was found to have been a woman. Dr. Barry, a graduate of Edinburgh, entered military service in 1813 and was made a staff surgeon in military hospitals of Canada. Dr. Barry was later made inspector general of all British hospitals. Her true sex was apparently successfully concealed throughout her entire career. Sources for this data are documented in the bibliography, and a picture of Dr. Barry has been included in the text.
9. Bean, E. S. "Pioneer Women in Medicine. " Nova Scotia
Medical Bulletin, 21 (April 1942) 113-123. [Article not examined by editors.]
10. Beaton-Mamak, Mary. "Women Doctors: Ruffles in the Pro-
fession." Dimensions in Health Service, 52:1 (January
1975) 38. port: (Profiles. ) An overview of the history of Canadian women in medicine, this article mentions the accomplishments of several distin- guished women physicians.
11. Godfrey, C. M. "The Origins of Medical Education of Women
in Ontario. " Medical History (London), 17:1 (January
1973) 89-94. tables. This article traces the development of medical education for women in Ontario, Canada. The first women medical students were recruited for a special course at the Royal Medical Col- lege in Kingston in 1880. Protests of male students in 1882- 1883 forced the organization of a separate school for women in Kingston in 1883. In 1895 this institution merged with the Ontario Medical College for Women in Toronto. In 1905 the Ontario Medical College for Women became part of the Uni- versity of Toronto. Concurrent with the growth of this school was the Women's College Hospital, established in 1910. Tables showing the percentage of women matriculates to graduate from
Europe. Eastern
S
both the Kingston and Toronto institutions during the 1880s are included.
12. Hacker. Carlotta. The Indomitable Lady Doctors. Clarke.
Irwin & Company Limited. Toronto. Canada. 1974. 259 pp.
photos. . ports. . table. The publication of this volume marks the golden jubilee of the Federation of Medical Women of Canada. As a memorial to women who pioneered in Canadian medicine, whole chapters are devoted to biographical sketches of such physicians as James Barry. Emily Stowe. Augusta Stowe-Gullen. Jennie Trout, the first graduates of the Queen's University medical course for women (Elizabeth Beatty. Elizabeth Smith -Shortt. and Alice McGillivray). Maria Anguin. Charlotte Ross, vari- ous medical missionaries. Elizabeth Scott Matheson. Helen MacMurchy. and Maude Abbott. Brief notes on other women physicians follow most chapters. Included is a section of notes, four statistical appendices, a selected bibliography, and an index. There are photographs of many of the physicians discussed.
EUROPE. EASTERN
13. Belicza. B[iserka|. ["The First Croatian Women Physicians"|. Lijegnigki Vjesnik. 92:10 (1970) 1187-1197. (Cro) This article traces the general history of women of Slavic ori- gin who practiced medicine in Croatia from the 13th century to the first decade of the 20th century when the first women phy- sicians graduated from medical schools abroad. Draga Slava is the first woman physician whose name is recorded as being conferred with the right to practice medicine (in 1330) "be- cause of successful cures and the good result she had achieved in treating podagric and eye diseases. " After women were al- lowed to attend the School of Medicine at Zurich. Ljocif-Milo- sevic of Sabac. Serbia, was. in 1879. the first woman physician of the Slavic south who graduated at Zurich. Dr. Milica Svig- lin-Cavov was the first Croatian woman to become a qualified physician by graduating from Zurich in 1893. In 1898 a Health Service Organization Act of Croatia prohibited women physicians from practicing medicine there. Dr. Karola Milo- bar was the first woman physician to practice in Zagreb by obtaining a special work permit. Becoming an expert in gastro- enterology, she started a practice "for diseases of the diges- tive system and women's diseases." Another pioneer. Augusta Bufek. obtained her degree in 1903 and specialized in derma- tology. Ema Pavlekovic also earned her medical degree in 1903 but did not practice medicine in Croatia until 1920, hav- ing practiced abroad until then. Milana Gavranfic -Novak, Van- da Betlheim, and Emilia Lazic also received their medical de- grees in Switzerland. According to the available data. Zlata Havlicek was the first Croatian woman to graduate from the School of Medicine in Vienna (in 1911). [The journal includes an English translation of this article, pp. 68-78. J
6
History
14. Chojna. J. W. ["Participation of the First Women- Physicians
in Warsaw Medical Society and the Attitude of the Society Towards the Problem of Women in Health Care"]. Archi- wuni Historii Medycyny (Warszawa). 36 (1973) 177-185. (Russian and English Abstracts. ) (Pol) [Article not examined by editors.]
15. Huppert. M. P. "Women Doctors in the Middle Ages. " His-
tory of Medicine. 5:3 (Autumn 1973) 25-26. While women in Italy during the Middle Ages were legally en- titled to medical school education, women's social position made it difficult for them to utilize the privilege. Therefore, most women doctors obtained "licences to practice," which were granted after a demonstration of medical knowledge. This article mentions many women doctors, from the first re- corded to have practiced in Southern Italy (Federica Vitali of the School of Salerno), to Alessandra Giliani of Bologna. The era came to an end with the expansion of universities in the middle of the 15th century: women were barred from obtaining the now-essential academic qualifications, and could no longer acquire the non-academic practicing licences.
16. Kempler. K. ["Fight for the Admission of Women to Univer-
sities in Hungary at the End of the 19th Century"]. Orvosi Hetilap. 115:30 (28 July 1974) 1775-1777. (Hun) In the 19th century. Hungarian medical schools were closed to women and they were particularly denied the right to dispense drugs. A Union for the Rights of Women was led particularly by Countess Anna Bolza. Nevertheless, it was not until 1895 that she and several of her associates were granted the Di- ploma in Medicine by a decree of the legislature. The Nation- al Congress of Dispensers had been strongly opposed to the admission of women in their August 1874 meeting, but several prominent medical men enthusiastically supported the admission of women. The minister of culture decreed in 1888 that wo- men could practice medicine if associated with male physicians. At that time there were 14 women in Budapest who had medical diplomas from the University of Paris and one who had re- ceived her diploma from Zurich in 1879. The latter. Vilma Hugonnay, was the first woman admitted to practice in Buda- pest. The decrees in question are quoted in full. The govern- ment decree was fully effective in June 1895. but the full equality of women physicians did not come until 1913. Matild Schorr. Ida Szendeffy. and Lea Koenigsberger received their diplomas in 1897: aU previously had been midwives. By 1913. of a class of 113 graduates admitted to practice, 10 were wo- men. One of these, Ilonka Szoradi. practiced for 25 years.
17. Lazarewitch, Radmilla. "Women Physicians in Serbia. " Wo-
man's Medical Journal. 29[19]:12 December 1919) 256. Draga Ljotchitch-Miloshevitch became the first woman physician in Serbia after graduating from the University of Zurich in 1878. Despite early opposition to medical women, there is
Europe, Western
7
now no difference in their privileges and those of male physi- cians.
EUROPE. WESTERN
18. Alvarez Ricart. Maria Del Carmen. ["Women in 19th Century
Spanish Medicine: the First Women to Obtain Medical De- grees"]. Asclepio. 21 (1969) 43-48. (Spa) . The entrance of women into the medical sciences and medicine in Spain in the 19th century precipitated a deluge of polemic in contemporary journals by the women's male colleagues, who questioned not their qualifications and training so much as the appropriateness of women's desire to enter the world of aca- demic life and the medical societies. The first of these wo- men was Dolores Aleu. who passed the examinations of the anatomy and dissection groups in 1875 with high honors and was awarded the Premio Extraordinario by these organizations. Shortly thereafter, she was enrolled by the therapeutics group and was appointed an assistant in the department of Sr. Carbo at Barcelona. An article published by Aleu in 1878 on rheu- matism and reprinted under the title of "Feminine First Steps" set off a series of articles in several of the journals, appar- ently because she had disagreed with some opinions of a male colleague. The first woman to be invested with the doctorate was another Barcelonan. Martina Castells. The male reaction was apparently summed up in one comment: "Our sincere con- gratulations--but don't let it happen again!" Castells died ear- ly in the year 1884, less than a year and a half after receiving her degree. In 1886. Dolores Lleonart y Casanovas became a Li- cenciate in Medicine from the University of Barcelona at the age of 19. and in the same year Luisa Dominga became a Li- cenciate of the University of Valladolid. In 1889 the Faculty of Medicine of Valencia awarded the Licenciate in Medicine and Surgery to Maria Concepcion Aleixandre y Ballestar. Two years later her application for membership in the Spanish gynecological society was rejected after heated discussion by the (male) members.
19. Baudouin. Marcel. ["Female Doctors in France during the
13th and 14th Century"]. Gazette Medicale de Paris, 22
(1 June 1901) 169-172. (Frel The author briefly discusses several women of the period who were honored for their medical skills: Saint Jutta. practicing about 1252; Mistress Hersend. who accompanied St. Louis on the Seventh Crusade in the mid-13th century as a physician, perhaps to Louis' queen Marguerite: Isabel (Elizabeth) queen of Portugal, later beatified by Urban VH: and Sarah, wife of Abraham, a Jewess known to have been practicing and teaching in 1326. He presents a list of eight women who were practi- cing medicine illegally, i.e. without proper studies or diplomas, at the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century. A part of the article is devoted to consideration of two lists found
History
by earlier researchers of women accused of, or excommuni- cated for, practicing medicine illegally in the first half of the 14th century, with a discussion of sources of confusion in names: in addition to differences in spelling, this includes such questions as whether several listings of the name Clarisse may refer to individuals or simply to members of the religious order of Clarisses (names for St. Claire of Assisi). The au- thor selects five from these lists for brief discussion: Clarice of Rouen, wife of Pierre, excommunicated in 1311 or 1312; Jehanne (Jeanne) Converse of Salins, brought to court with her husband by the Medical Faculty of Paris and excommunicated in 1322: Laurence, wife of Jehan de Gaillon, 1327; Jehanne Clarisse. 1331: and Jacobe Felicie, fined and excommuni- cated in 1322.
20. Baudouin, Marcel. ["Female Physicians of Ancient Greece
(Biographical Notes). (First Century B.C. --First Century A. D. )"]. Gazette Medicale de Paris. 12th Series. 1:7 (16 February 1901) 49-51. musl [Fre) Among women healers mentioned in ancient writings are Ar- temisia n. queen of Carie (a midwife, according to Pliny), Anyte of Epidaurus. Lais of Athens. Olympias of Thebes. Salpe, Sotira. and Agnodice of Athens. Most are mentioned by Pliny; all were probably midwives, if they existed at all.
21. Baudouin. Marcel. ["Female Physicians of Ancient Greece
(First Century B. C. --First Century A.D. ). (Biographical Notes)"]. Gazette Medicale de Paris. 12th Series, 1:8 (23 February 1901) 57-59. fFrel The author has found evidence, in a collection of Greek in- scriptions from tombstones, that the Greeks had women doctors whom they called Elatreiua or latriue. One inscription men- tions Empiria. wife of Vettianus. as a woman doctor. Two other names have recently been discovered- -Basila (or Basilla) of Corycos and Thecla of Seleucia. both buried in Christian cemeteries. Nothing else is known about them.
22. Baudouin, Marcel. ["Women Surgeons in the School of Saler-
no"]. Archives Provinciates de Chirurgie. 9 (1900) 202-
205. port: fFrel Brief biographies are presented of three distinguished women from the famous school of Salerno, who could be considered to be surgeon specialists. The first, Trotula (Trota, Trocta, Trottola), lived and practiced in the 11th century. There has been considerable controversy over exactly who she was and whether she actually wrote the major work attributed to her (De Passionibus Mulierum). but current opinion is that Trotula is more than a legend. Her works have survived only as fragments quoted by later authors. The second, Mercuriade. is known for four works in surgical pathology, all of which have been lost. The third. Francoise. wife of Mathieu de Ro- mana, passed an examination before a committee of physicians and surgeons and was granted "doctoral permission in surgery" in 1321 by the Duke of Calabria.
Europe. Western
9
23. Bayon, H. P. "Trotula and the Ladies of Salerno: A Contri-
bution to the Knowledge of the Transition between Ancient and Mediaeval Physick. " Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 33 (10 January 1940) 471-475. photo. The author traces the perpetuation of the belief that Trotula of Salerno was a legend, from Churles Sin£j6r in 1924 throuffh Thorndike (1929) and Powicke and Emden (1936). In 1930 and 1938, however. Kate Hurd Mead challenged these opinions. The author finds investigation into the truth of Trotula 's existence too "invidious" a task to undertake, but does try to present an "unambiguous conception of the importance and significance of De Passionibus against the background of medical knowledge and practice of the 12th to 13th centuries in Southern Italy, and its consequent influence across time and land in relation to medicine. "
24. Beckh. H. ["Centenary of Women in Medicine'*]. Bayer
Aerztebl. , 26 (January 1971) 42-46. [Article not examined by editors. ]
25. Caldwell. Ruth. "Women in Medicine: Chapter I. The First
Women in Medicine. " Medical Woman's Journal. 37:2
(February 1930) 40-42. Women have acted as physicians as long as there has been a history of medicine. Women were the first nurses and prac- titioners of the healing art. Ancient Greek epics, mythology, and history mention a variety of women healers: Hygea. god- dess of health: the daughter of Augea: the Egyptian Polydamna: Cleopatra's sister. Arsenoe; Pythagoras' wife. Theano: Anti- ochus; Victoria: and Leoparda. Greek history also records the life of Agnodice. a woman who disguised herself as a man in order to study under the great male physicians of her day. She wished to care for women whose modesty would not allow them to be helped by male physicians during childbirth and other "private diseases. " When it became known that Agnodice was a woman, she was condemned to death. The noble wo- men she had helped, which included most of the women of the city, surrounded her house and "before the judges . . . told them they would no longer account them for husbands and friends, but for cruel enemies that condemned her to death who restored to them their health, protesting they would all die with her if she were put to death. " As a result, the magis- trates annulled the law forbidding gentlewomen the right to study medicine.
26. Caldwell. Ruth. "Women in Medicine: Chapter II. Medieval
Women Physicians." Medical Woman's Journal, 37:3
(March 1930) 72-75. During the early Christian period (the fourth and fifth centuries) many female converts became physicians. Indeed, before 500 A.D. there were four women saints who were physicians: Saint Zenais, Saint Philomela. Saint Theodosia. and Saint Ni- cerata. Fabiola founded the first hospital of Rome. During
10
History
the Middle Ages, nunneries and monasteries became centers for healing the sick and the wounded in battle. "The healing art" became part of the curriculum in convent schools. Fre- quently, women characters in Medieval epics were prepared to give first aid. Saint Hildegarde wrote medical treatises and nearly all of the methods of diagnosis now used are to be found or at least hinted at in her work. At Salerno, Trotula headed a department of medicine on women's diseases which was en- tirely under the supervision of women professors. North of the Alps women were active in medicine, but in 1292 the Facul- ty of Paris passed an edict "which forbade the practice of medicine to all who were not members of that body, to which 0 only unmarried men were admitted. " In England, women were able to practice medicine, but not for long "because the male competitors became jealous. "
27. Caldwell. Ruth. "Women in Medicine: Chapter m. Women
in Medicine --'Modern History. "' Medical Woman's Jour- nal. 37:4 (April 1930) 96-98. After the "Dark Ages." as more men were educated, the place that women had held in medicine was usurped "by the jealous males "--especiaUy in northern Europe. The women of Italy and southern Europe were able to retain their positions in medi- cine longer, not only as midwives but also as highly regarded medical experts in other fields such as anatomy, dissection, and the physical education of children. At one time, women exclusively were midwives and as such were as highly regarded as magistrates, physicians, and surgeons, "but they lost their respectable position because they were denied the opportunities of needful study and careful instruction. " Queen Victoria also contributed to the decline of women as midwives when she em- ployed "men-midwives" during her confinement. At that time women midwives believed the use of chloroform was wrong and would not use it. In Russia, because of the customs of the Graeco-Russian Church, midwives still flourished and medical men were rarely consulted. The mortality rate was far lower in Russia than in England.
28. Chereau. A. ["Proceeding Instituted, in 1322, by the Faculty
of Medicine. Against a Woman IUegally Practicing Medi- cine"]. L'Union M6dicale. 31:93 (7 August 1866) 241-248. (Fre)
A list of taxpayers in Paris in the year 1292 includes (in addi- tion to 151 barbers, male and female) 29 "mires" or male doc- tors and eight "meiresses" or female doctors. The author of this paper found a list of 24 individuals practicing medicine il- legally in Paris in 1322; the city at that time had an estimated population of 275.000. The list includes two women. The Faculty of Medicine of Paris took action against these illegal practitioners: earlier it had obtained a sentence of excommuni- cation against a Clarice of Rouen and successfully brought suit against Jehanne Converse and her husband, and the Faculty was awaiting a promised papal bull threatening excommunication of
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anyone practicing medicine without proper certification in Paris or its suburbs. This article quotes the complaints against one Jacobea Felicie in August 1322 and the testimony of eight wit- nesses who had been treated by her. In spite of their reports of apparent cures. Jacobea Felicie was fined and excommuni- cated.
29. Coues. William Pearce. "Women Physicians in Medieval
Times." Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 172:3 (21 January 1915) 119. (Letters to the Editor. ) Dr. Coues offers a prose translation of "Erec and Enide" by Chretien de Troyes. a French poet of the 12th century. The poem describes women's skill in healing a wounded soldier.
30. Coury, C. and Pecker. A. ["Notes on the Teaching of Ob-
stetrics in France in the Eighteenth Century--Angelique du Coudray at Grenoble"). In: [20th International Congress of the History of Medicine. Berlin. Germany. 22-27 Au- gust 1966. | Edited by Heinz Goerke and Heinz Miiller- Dietz. George Olms. Hildesheim. Germany. 1968. pp. 671-678. (Fre) It was only in the 18th century that men began to carry out increasingly the duties of an accoucheur: prior to that they had been called in only when serious difficulties occurred dur- ing delivery. Most women in labor were attended by poorly educated older women. In 1780 a royal edict set up a refresh- er course in practical obstetrics at the veterinary school at Alfort under the direction of Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray (also spelled Ducoudrai or Du Coudrai). She had been born in Paris, practiced there and in Auvergne as a mid- wife, and had invented a "machine" for demonstrating obstetric maneuvers. In 1767 she was given a yearly salary by Louis XV to teach in all the provinces. Jealous surgeons were strongly opposed to her teaching.
31. Creutz. Rudolf. ("Women of Salerno in the Service of Aescu-
lapius from the 11th to the 15th Century"]. Die Frau,
(1932) 110-115. (Ger) The "high period" of the medical school at Salerno was re- markable, among other things, for the appearance of a number of women medical students. Unfortunately, it is hard to sepa- rate legend and history, although there is no doubt that the women existed and contributed to the care of women and chil- dren. Most of their published works are known only as names in the works of later authors, and there is controversy over whether they actually wrote the books attributed to them. The author describes what little is known about six of these women who practiced in the 11th through 15th centuries: Trotula, Abella. Mercuriadis. Rebecca Guarna. Francesca de Roma, and Constantia Calenda. In addition, he mentions the unnamed and unnumbered women healers who practiced a kind of folk medicine among the general population, and cites a number of remedies popular in that period for the care of the skin and hair.
32. Damour. Felix. [Louise Bourgeois: Her Life. Her Work].
Jouve & Boyer. Paris. France. 1900. 110 pp. illus.
(M. D. thesis. No. 603. ) (Fre) This thesis was presented to the faculty of medicine of the University of Paris. After an introductory survey of midwifery of the 16th century, the author summarizes the life of Louise Bourgeois, taken from portions of her writings including her books. Louise Bourgeois was born in 1563 in the Faubourg St. -Germain, and married Martin Boursier. a surgeon in the royal army. During the civil war, she and her three children had to flee Paris, and during their period of exile, she studied midwifery with her husband. After their return to Paris, she took the examinations for accreditation as a midwife and soon became as popular with court society as she had previously been with the common people. She presided at the births of the six royal infants, starting with Louis XIH in 1601. Her writings consist of three books of instruction and observations on diseases of pregnancy and abnormal deliveries, a collection of "secrets," and a defense against doctors. Hie first to de- scribe the treatment of chlorosis with iron, to advocate induced delivery in cases of severe hemorrhage, and to enumerate the different fetal presentations, Louise Bourgeois was the first woman to write in France on the obstetric arts.
33. Darcanne-Mouroux. "History of French Medical Women. "
Medical Woman's Journal. 29:10 (October 1922) 238-240. This brief summary of French women who opened the medical profession to women begins with the request of Madeline Bres for the right to matriculate at the Medical Faculty of Paris (1866). In 1881 Mile. Edwards was instrumental in obtaining permission for women to compete for the "externat." and later, the "internat. " In 1889 Mile. Wilbouchewitch became the sec- ond woman to receive "interne titulaire. " Because of the suc- cess of these women, 34 women were received as interns from 1887 to 1922. and there are now 357 French women matricu- lated at the Faculty of Paris. There are 160 women doctors practicing in Paris, and many women have distinguished them- selves during the war. Several contemporary physicians are mentioned.
34. Fichna. Margarete. ["Pioneers for Women in Medical Studies
in Austria"]. Zeitschrift d. Bauvereines der d Akademi- kerinnen Osterreichs. 12:2 (1959) 13 passim. (Ger) This article concentrates on the pioneers for women's medical studies and practice in Austria. Dr. Rosa Kerschbaumer was the first woman to obtain licensure in Austria. Dr. Anna Bayer practiced as the first public health physician in Bosnia. After studying in Switzerland. Gabriele Possaner von Ehrenthal obtained the doctorate in Austria after a long, drawn-out fight ended by an imperial decree that allowed all women who had studied abroad to obtain an M. D. degree in Austria. And final- ly, the first woman to study in Austria and to obtain her M. D. from an Austrian university was Margarete Hoenigsberg-Hil-
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ferding. All these women fought against severe prejudice in the scientific community and in the public.
35. Fischer. J. ["Women in the Service of Aesculapius"]. Wiener
Medizinische Presse. 42 (1900) 1913-1917. (Ger) In the controversy over women's admission to medical studies, the author reviews the book by H. Schelenz. Women in Escu- lapius' Realm, an essay on the history of women in medicine. It contains a brief overview of women practicing or promoting medicine in antiquity and the Middle Ages, of midwifery, and of the influence of rich noblewomen, who furthered science and pharmacology for humanitarian reasons. Schelenz is accused of prejudiced reporting, especially on female pharmacists, whom he accuses of having a passion for poison and of misus- ing their knowledge to satisfy their vices. The author praises the historic research of Schelenz 's book but cannot agree with his conclusion that "women are born to be a man's companion. "
36. Flatow. F. ["Outstanding Women in Medicine during the
Past"]. Die Medizinische Welt, 52 (24 December 1932)
1879-1884" ports. (GerT In this article the author concentrates on the writings of wo- men in medicine during the 17th and 18th centuries. He gives a short biography and then underlines the publications of these midwives and physicians. The longest passage is devoted to Dorothea Christiana [Erxleben] Leporin--in particular, to the controversy between her and three male physicians accusing her of quackery. The author stresses the important contribu- tions women made to obstetrics before the field was taken over by their male colleagues.
37. Friedenwald, H. "Jewish Doctoresses in the Middle Ages. "
Medical Pickwick. 6 (1920) 283. [Article not examined by editors. ]
38. Goodell. William. A Sketch of the Life and Writings of Louyse
Bourgeois. Midwife to Marie De' Medici, the Queen of Henry IV. of France^ The Annual Address of the Retiring President Before the Philadelphia County Medical Society- Published by the Society. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. 1876. 52 pp. port.
39. Gordon. Charles Alexander. "Medical Women. " Medical
Press and Circular. 117 (10 August 1898) 131-133. [Article not examined by editors.]
40. Gordon. J. Elise. "Some Women Practitioners of Past Cen-
turies. " Practitioner. 208 (April 1972) 561-567. facsim. There were women doctors called medicae in ancient Rome, as well as highly regarded and respected women healers who functioned as doctors during medieval times and into the 17th century.
14
History
41. Grangfie. F. M. ["The Woman Physician: Reflections on a
Study Written Over 50 Years"]. Vie Med. . 4 (1923) 1417- 1420. (Fre) [Article not examined by editors. ]
42. Guardia, J. M. ["Spanish Philosophers: Oliva Sabuco"].
Revue Philosophique. (1886) 42-60; 272-292. (Fre) Oliva Sabuco des Nantes Barrera — the exact name is uncertain — published in 1587 a book entitled A New Philosophy of the Nature of Man. Not Known or Achieved by the Ancient Philoso- phers. Which Will Improve Human Life and Health. .. . and dedicated to Phillip n of Spain. The author, although not a physician, pointed out the causes of error which have misled both ancient and "modern" physicians. This paper presents the little that is known about her and the times in which she wrote, the circumstances in which the book was republished in 1728 and. at some length, the theories of medicine con- tained in it. The "passions" are considered the cause of all disease and death. Fear, anger, despair, love (unrequited or deprived), shame, anxiety, compassion, etc. . all greatly in- fluence the secretions of the brain which in turn control the health of the body. Advice is given by this "doctor without diploma" on proper diet and habits, including the effects of taste, color, odor, heat, and cold. The sources of all ac- tions, sentiments, movements, all vital phenomena, resides in the head, through which they are influenced by external events.
43. Hamilton. George L. "Trotula. " Modern Philology. 4 (Octo-
ber 1906) 377-380. Hamilton offers a heavily documented explanation of why the name of Trotula should appear as the author of one of the books in the Vade Mecum of Jankin in the Wife of Bath's Pro- logue: "Trotula was the first and most distinguished of the fe- male representatives of the medical school of Salerno." and as such her name was very well known.
44. Hedvall. Gunnel. ["On Our First Women Doctors"]. Nordisk
Medicinskhistorisk Arsbok. (1974) 167-172. facsim. . pho- to^ (Swe)
At a lecture at the Medical Assembly in December 1973. the speaker reviewed the gradual development of the idea of med- ical careers for women, starting in the early 1800s with the need for parish doctors for women and infants, through the lengthy deliberations of the Medical Council, the medical aca- demic establishment and the Riksdag (the legislature), to the admission of women to the medical schools in the early 1870s and the first woman to receive an M. D. degree from a Swedish school (Karolina Widerstrom in 1888). By 1900 there were 14 women doctors of a total of 1300 physicians: in 1910 there were 31, and in 1970, 31 per cent of the doctors in Sweden were women. Most of the early women doctors were also ac- tive in social reform movements, women's rights, universal
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education, and the early radical political movements. Wider- strom. especially, was a leader in the demand for equality for women physicians.
45. Heise. Agnete. "The First Women Doctors of Denmark. "
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 4:
2 (February 1949) 70-72. port. Nielsine Mathilde Nielsen was the first woman physician of Denmark, receiving her degree from the University of Copen- hagen in 1885 after a struggle to have the University open its door to women, which it ultimately did in 1875. The work of Drs. Eli Moeller and Alvilda Harbou Hoff is also mentioned.
46. Hovorka. Ostar. ["Female Physician in Ancient Rome"].
Klinish-Therapeutische Wochenschriften. 21:1 (1914) 6-8.
In this article the author attempts to illustrate the important role female medical doctors played in ancient Rome. He bases his study on epitaphs from Roman monuments and tombstones from which he quotes liberally. He concludes that contrary to popular belief the "medicae" were trained and practicing phy- sicians who worked mainly, though by no means exclusively, for female patients. They practiced obstetrics, but their role was not restricted to that of a midwife. They were well read and enjoyed considerable esteem in the community, as indi- cated by their financial success and the grateful epitaphs on their tombstones.
47. Hurd-Mead, Kate Campbell. "Concerning Certain Medical Wo-
men of the Late Middle Ages." Medical Life. 42:3 (March
1935) 110-128. port. "Women doctors of the late Middle Ages were very much like the women of today, pacifists, sympathetic with the sick, gentle, and unobtrusive wherever they were obliged to compete with men. grateful for small favors, and asking in those days only for the opportunity to study and to be let alone in their work. . . . [The] attitude of masculine bravado and feminine subservience lasted until the middle of the nineteenth century when women
took the matter into their own hands " Dr. Hurd-Mead
provides information on several outstanding personalities, the hospitals they built, and the contributions they made during the medieval period.
48. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. "Trotula. " Isis, 25 (1930) 349-
367.
Dr. Hurd-Mead reviews the evidence of manuscripts and printed books of several centuries to prove that "Trotula was a woman doctor of Salerno of the eleventh century who wrote a famous gynecology which was used for hundreds of years as a text book and work of reference by students and doctors. "
49. Hurd-Mead, Kate Campbell. "Trotula's Gynecology and Ob-
stetrics. " Women in Medicine. 72 (April 1941) 20-21.
16
History
The then current president of the American Women's Medical Association. Elizabeth Mason-Hohl. translated Trotula's Pas- sionibus Mulierum Curandorum from the Aldine Press edition published in Venice in 1547: Aldine was the second firm to publish it by machinery. The Diseases of Women remained in print for many centuries wherever there were students of medicine. It is interesting to find that purified preparations of the drugs in use in old Salerno are still prepared and ad- vertised by pharmacists today. [This selection by Dr. Hurd- Mead is included as part of an obituary to Mary McKibben- Harper. This obituary, entitled "Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead: 1876-1941." appears in the BIOGRAPHIES section of this bibliography. ]
50. ['It's Coming!"]. El Sielo Medico. 17:856 (5 June 1870) 463.
(Spa)
This is a very brief notice of Elizabeth Garrett -Anderson's graduation from the Medical Faculty of Paris.
51. Jantsch. Marlene. ["The Development of Medicine as a Pro-
fession for Women: On the 100th Birthday of Dr. Gabri- ele Possanner-von Ehrenthal"]. Mitteilungs-blatt d. Arztek- anammer f. Wien. 12:6 (1960) (GerT In commemoration of the 100th birthday of Dr. Gabriele Possan- er-von Ehrenthal, the nineteenth century Austrian physician, this article surveys the history of women in medicine in her country. Dr. Possaner-von Ehrenthal's pioneer work as the first woman to obtain a medical doctorate in Austria is under- lined. Although she had previously obtained her M. D. in Switzerland, Austrian authorities forced her to retake her ex- ams in Austria in order to practice medicine. The article also mentions a number of other Austrian women physicians who did important pioneer work in the universities and in various medi- cal specialties.
52. Jougla. G. ["Medical Women in History"]. Monaco-m6d. , 5:
76 (1901) 7. (Fre) [Article not examined by editors. ]
53. Kitchin. Kathleen F. "The Study of Anatomy by Women. "
Medical Women's Federation News-Letter. (March 1927)
The achievements of specific women healers and scholars are mentioned in this article, which discusses five groups of fe- male anatomical students: surgeons, mid wives, philosophers, dilettanti ("ladies of fashion who flocked to public dissections as to-day they might go to the theatre"), and professional anatomists.
54. Kull-Schaffner, R. ["Barbara von Roll. A Great Doctor in
Her Time"]. Zeitschrift Krankenpfl. 64 (October 1971) 356-357. photo (Ger) On the 400th anniversary of her death in 1571, it seems fit-
Europe. Western
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ting to remember this woman of the 16th century. She was born in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland in 1502. into a family which is still important in industry and trade. As a girl she studied Latin texts in philosophy and medicine and be- came interested in botany, especially medicinal plants. At age 17 she married Hieronymus von Luternau. After she became a wealthy widow at 47. Barbara devoted herself to medicine and the use of plant materials in medications. In her time she was considered a learned and scientific physician and was consulted often by the doctors in the town hospital. To the poor she gave not only medicine but the food and drink they needed to return to health. She was well aware of the inter- relation of body and mind and pioneered the humane treatment of mental illness. She corresponded with a number of learned men in Switzerland and in foreign countries. Barbara von Roll died in 1571, mourned by the whole city.
55. Lesky, Erna. ["The First Generation of Austrian Women Phy-
sicians"]. Osterreichische Arztezeitung. 5 (10 March
1975) (unpaged!: (Ger) Women were admitted to the professions in Austria relatively late, compared to the U.S. , because they could not obtain the type of secondary education necessary for admission to the university until nearly 1900. The first woman doctor to set- tle in Austria was Gabriele Possaner. who obtained her med- ical education in Switzerland and was finally given an M.D. in Vienna in 1897. Because of the cost in time and money, the first women doctors were daughters of upper middle class or noble families. Several of them served in military hospitals and as hospital directors during World War L Some special- ized in such fields as dentistry, pediatrics, or gynecology, but most chose general practice (83 per cent of 387 women prac- ticing in 1926). By the third decade of the 20th century wo- men were occupying high-level positions and had organized their own medical society. In the thirties they began to be researchers, and Anna Dengel had founded the Medical Mission Sisters for work in foreign countries.
56. Lipinska. Melanie. ["Women Physicians of Rome"]. Le Pro-
gres Medical. 9 (3rd series) (29 April 1899) 276-279.
In the early years of Rome, there were no practitioners with special titles or functions as doctors: and. as in most primitive societies, medicine was closely tied to religion. During the first century A. D. . Greek medical practitioners were permitted to settle in Rome; women were probably among them. In later years there was a distinction between obstetrices (midwives) and medicae (practitioners of all forms of medicine). The third book of Octavius Horatianus (4th century) is dedicated to a Victoria who was learned in diseases of women. Numerous funerary inscriptions have been found in various parts of the Roman world honoring medicae . both slave and free women. Several Christian women are mentioned by early authors as versed in medicine, but very little is known about them.
18
History
57. Lipinska. Melanie and Mackenzie. (Lady) Muir. "Women Doc-
tors: A Historic Retrospect." Contemporary Review.
108 (October 1915 ) 504-510. This article also appeared in Littell's Living Age, 287 (13 No- vember 1915) 419-424. [Article not examined by editors.]
58. Mason-Hohl. Elizabeth. "Trotula: Eleventh Century Gynecolo-
gist. " Medical Woman's Journal. 47:12 (December 1940) 349-356. facsims. (Inaugural Address. Annual Meeting. American Medical Women's Association, New York. June 10, 1940.)
This article includes informative data on Trotula. her writings and her times, taken from the author's experiences in research- ing this 11th century physician. Concluding the article are portions taken from the author's translation (into English) of Trotula 's treatise. Passionibus Muliebrium Curandarum Aegritu. Reproductions of early texts are included.
59. MUnster. Ladislao. [Italian Female Doctors from the 13th to
the 15th Century] . Editrice Sigurta Farmacentici. Milan.
Italy. 1952. 11 pp. (Lo Smeraldo. No. 6. ) (Ita) From the middle of the 12th century to the end of the 13th century. Italy had a surprisingly high number of female phy- sicians. Most were wives, widows, or daughters of physicians. The practice of medicine, made possible after passing an ex- amination before a commission, did not require academic studies. When (towards the end of the 13th century) public school training and university studies became prerequisites for practicing medicine in Italy, the number of women doctors de- clined rapidly, as the social barriers to women in universities remained. The author mentions female physicians in different areas of Italy, underlining that there were no legal barriers to their professional endeavor. They were particularly nu- merous in Tuscany. Little biographical data is given. The article contains a bibliography.
60. MUnster. L[adislao]. "Women Doctors in Medieval Italy."
Ciba Foundation Symposium. 10 (1962) 136-140. In addition to providing biographies of several notable Italian women healers, the author sets forth reasons for the prom- inence of women doctors in medieval times and the disappear- ance of women practitioners in the Renaissance period.
61. "'Old Dame Trot.' Magistra Medicinae. " New York State
Journal of Medicine. 38:5 (1 March 1938) 397-398.
(Across the Desk. ) A few facts about Trotula of Salerno are extracted primarily from K. C. Hurd-Mead's History of Women in Medicine.
62. Papara. Dora. "Medical Women in Greece. " Journal of the
American Medical Women's Association. 7:7 (July 1952) 265-267.
The author is associate director of a mental hospital in the
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Greek Ministry of Health. She has been studying in the United States on international fellowships. This article reviews a variety of women who practiced medicine in Greece and traces them in their contexts up to the article's present. Women were healers in Greece until the Golden Age ended with wars and invasions and the Turkish occupation, which left behind a tradition against women. This state, woman as man's chattel, continued until after the liberation of northern Greece in 1896 when Dr. Panagrotatu [sic), the first woman doctor from Greek territory proper, studied in the Greek University. Ac- knowledgment is made to Dr. Pournaropoulos. assistant pro- fessor of the history of medicine in the University of Athens, for the information used in this article.
63. Petren. Gustaf. ["From the Discussion on Increasing Women's
Civil Rights in the 1860s and Their Admission to Medical Careers and the University in the Early 1870s"]. Medicin- ska FBreningens Tidskrift. 25:2 (1947) 41-46. port" (Swe) The author reviews the discussions in the Riksdag (the legisla- ture) on the demands of the women's rights movement and the demands for equal educational opportunities beginning about 1860 until about 1873. and quotes some of the royal decrees on the subject. It was in 1870 that the medical -philosophical examination was opened to women, and in 1873 the king ordered that they should be admitted to the licenciate examination which would allow them to practice. The first woman doctor educated in Sweden, Karolina Widerstr8m . took the medical-philosophical examination at Uppsala and was admitted to the Karolinska In- stitute in 1880. She completed her medical education there and was licensed in 1888. In 1885. Nielsine Nielsen became the first woman doctor in Denmark.
64. "A Pioneer of Modern Medical Women and Her Predecessors
of the Middle Ages. " Lancet. 1 (18 January 1908) 173- 174.
In this article, the Lancet editors take issue with another journal's claim that Nadezhda Prokoffievna Susslova-Golubeva was the first woman doctor in all Europe. Although "Madame Susslova-Golubeva" was Russia's first female physician, the first famous European woman physician was Trotula of Salerno. And. although no women have been granted medical degrees in England in the past century. Henry vm granted medical li- censes "to certain women to attend the sick poor who could not afford to pay the fees of regular practitioners yet did not wish to depend entirely on charity. "
65. Pirami. Edmea. ["The Woman Physician Throughout the Cen-
turies"]. Bull. Sci. Med. (Bologna). 138:2 (April-June
1966) 205-2iy (Ita) The author traces the history of women in medicine from the herb experts of ancient Greece to the present, with principle emphasis on Italy. During the early Christian times and the Middle Ages, women continued to treat the sick and wounded
20
History
in Italy. The medical school at Salerno trained several not- able women, such as Trotula and Costanza Calenda. Others were taught by and carried on the practices of husbands and families, often after passing examinations at the medical schools. France did not allow women to study medicine until the end of the 19th century, but several countries accepted them earlier: examples given are Catharina Schrader, who first described placenta previa in 1700 in Holland, and Doro- thea Leporin [Erxleben]. who graduated in Germany in 1754. These women often did research along with their practices and published and defended their results. By the early 20th century most Western countries accepted women doctors, al- though there were still obstacles placed in their paths. Today, especially since World War n. women practice on a par with men and occupy positions once reserved solely for men.
66. Potter. Ada. "The History of Dutch Medical Women." Med-
ical Woman's Journal. 30:1 (January 1923) 5-6. (Presen- tation. Convention. Medical Women's International Associa1 tion. Geneva, Switzerland. 6 September 1922.) Dr. Potter's speech opens with brief biographies of Alletta Jacobs (Holland's first woman physician) and Catharina Van Tuschenbroek (Holland's second woman physician and the first woman medical student at the University of Utrecht). Dr. Pot- ter's description of the present status of Dutch medical women includes statistics on the enrollment of women in medical schools. Because of strong cooperation between men and wo- men physicians. Dutch women have no need for separate medi- cal societies. In view of women's equality Dr. Porter tells her audience that she cannot agree with the conference's wish to form a National Medical Woman's Board in Holland.
67. Raulin. Louis. ("Notes on Prehistoric Medicine: Midwives
and Medical Women in Ancient Rome"]. Gazette Hebdoma- daire des Sciences Medicates. 41:36 (5 September 1920)
425-426. (Fre)
In ancient Egypt and Greece there were myths of goddesses act- ing as midwives or as protectors of women in labor. The Greek cults survived, with changes of names, in Italy, but hu- man midwives also began to appear--some of them highly skilled. Many of these women also cared for infants and chil- dren, and some became competent general practitioners. We know of these women generally only through inscriptions on tombstones or (in the case of a few) through mentions by an- cient authors. Although they were probably poorly educated, at least some of them were called physicians during the period of the Republic. The women practitioners disappeared after the fall of the empire and did not reappear until the tenth cen- tury when Italy became a center for medical education.
68. Salzi. Francesco. [Medical Women], Tipografia Romana.
Rome. Italy, 1877. 31 pp. (Ra) Dedicated to Her ExceUency Princess Elena Borghese. this
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booklet contains brief biographical notes on 50 women said to be versed in the healing arts, from pre-Christian Greeks and Romans to Florence Nightingale. Many of the women included are probably mythical and very few of them were doctors in the modern sense: the very sketchy notes contain dates for only about 15 of the subjects.
69. Schelenz. Hermann. [Women in the Realm of Esculapius. a
Si ucly for a History of Women in Medicine and Pharmacy; With Consideration of the Future of the Modern Woman Doc- tor and Pharmacist |. Ernst Guenther. Leipzig. Germany, 1900. iv. 74 pp. (Ger) The book contains material found by the author during research for a large work on the history of pharmacy. Much of it is devoted to women healers in ancient times and of the Germanic tribes. The Middle Ages, especially at the Salerno School, saw the first educated women physicians, although many of them were as famous for their secret remedies as for their knowledge of medical science. The last 20 pages are given over to the development of freedom for women in pharmacy and medicine in the 19th century and to related philosophical discussion. The work does contain a name index, but no table of contents or bibliography.
70. Segre. Marcello. ["Jewish Female Doctors in the Middle
Ages"]. Pagina di Storia della Medicina, 14:5 (1970) 98- 106. (ItaJ
Despite rulings by the church that Jewish doctors should not be allowed to treat Christian patients. Jews dominated the med- ical profession in the 12th to 15th centuries and occupied high positions in the papal courts. During this period, women had free access to the universities in several countries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the doctorate became less important as many cities set up their own examinations for approving the qualifications of physicians trained in private schools, encour- aging women in particular to study near their homes. After 1400 the doctoral degree again became necessary for medical practice, and the number of women entering practice decreased. The author lists and briefly discusses a number of women doc- tors, mostly Jews, in Italy and in the German states. In Salerno: Rebecca Guarna. Costantia Calenda. Federica Vitale. Francesca Romana. Venturela Cisinato. Maria Incarnata. Abel- la. and of special note. Trotula (Dame Trot, in English writ- ings, who was probably a highly skilled midwife early in the 11th century). Many of the Jewish women doctors were wives, widows, or daughters of weU-known physicians, like the Sicilian Virdimura. wife of Pasquale. physician of Catania. In the late 15th century, rumors of ritual murders led to denunciation, trial, and execution of a number of Jews at Trento. including the physician Brunetta. accused of providing the instruments used. In France, a Jewish woman named Sarah practiced in Paris at the end of the 12th century, and Sara de Saint Gilles. widow of Abraham, practiced in Marseilles in the early 1300s.
22
History
Many Jewish women practiced in the German states, often as eye doctors.
71. "Some Pioneer Scandinavian Women Doctors. " World Medical
Journal. 11:1 (January 1964) 34. The first woman to become a doctor in Denmark (1885). Niel- sine Nielsen had to go abroad to study gynecology because of male physicians' resistance in her own country. In Sweden, the first woman physician (1888). Karolina Widerstrom. also spe- cialized in gynecology, and later, obstetrics. Both women practiced successfully.
72. Steudel. j[ohannes]. "Medical Women of the Occident." Jour-
nal of the American Medical Women's Association. 1771 (January 1562) 52-55. (Lecture. University of Kiel. 1958.) This article, the first of a two-part article which first appeared in Zentralblatt fiir Gyngkologie. 81:8 (February 21. 1959) 284- 295, was translated by Catharine Macfarlane. In it. the au- thor reviews incidents in the European struggle of women to enter medical schools. Switzerland first permitted women to study medicine at the University of Zurich in 1864. Bern and Geneva in 1872. and Basel in 1890. Only 50 years prior to this article were they permitted to study in Austria and Ger- many. Prior to the turn of the century, women could occa- sionally be permitted to attend a lecture or clinical course, but if they chose to do so. they were exposed to curiosity and rudeness. In England, the London School of Medicine for Wo- men, founded in 1874. played an important role '.n the admis- sion of women students to medical facilities. Elizabeth Black- well was the first American woman physician: Marie Heim Vogtlin was the first Swiss woman physician (she passed the State examination in 1872 with distinction). Madeleine Bres was, in 1875. the first French woman to receive the title of Doctor of Medicine. Franziska Tiburtius and Emilie Lehmus were, for fifteen years, the only women physicians in Berlin. Midwifery, as a forerunner of medical practice for women, is traced with emphasis on the work of Louise Bourgeois in the late 16th and early 17th century in Paris (Bourgeois, in 1601. became midwife to the Queen Marie de Medici), and Justine Siegemund who practiced midwifery in 17th century Germany. Siegemund was the first in Germany to teach the correct treat- ment of head and face presentations.
73. Steudel. j[ohannesj. "Medical Women of the Occident." Jour-
nal of the American Medical Women's Association. 1772
(February 1962) 139-142. The conclusion of a two-part article which first appeared in Zentralblatt fiir Gyngkologie. 81:8 (February 21, 1959) 284- 295. is here translated by Catharine Macfarlane. The enroll- ment of women in medical colleges since the beginning of the century has substantially increased, but prior to the second half of the nineteenth century the difficulties for women in medicine were nearly insurmountable. The first woman to be
Europe. Western
23
granted a degree and thus admitted to the practice of medicine was Dorothea Christiane Erxleben of Quedlinburg in the 18th century. At about the same time in Italy, several women achieved academic degrees: Maria delle Donne in 1799 re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Medicine and permission to practice medicine. Anna Morandi-Manzolini in 1756 was ap- pointed Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bologna. Trotula of Salerno is also discussed in the context of her 12th century life, along with Hildegarde von Bingen. the healer and mystic whose medical and scientific writings as well as the record of her political influence have survived the ages. "From the activities of women of past centuries in the healing art." writes the author, "this conclusion may be drawn: Med- ical thinking and medical treatment must not be the exclusive privilege of men. "
74. Strassmann. P. ["Louise Bourgeois as Midwife (1601-1610)
to Queen Marie de Medici. Wife of Henry IV of France"].
Allgemeine Deutsche Hebammen-Zeitung. 19:13 (19 June
1904) 203-207: 226-229. p^rt (Ger) Louise Bourgeois --also called Boursier--born in 1564. came to the palace in 1601. at the age of 37, as midwife to the French queen. In those times physicians attended deliveries only occasionally. Although many midwives were poorly edu- cated, some, like Mme. Bourgeois, had studied from texts by such authorities as Ambroise Pare, and even wrote books themselves. Part 1 describes how Bourgeois became a mid- wife, how she secured the position as royal midwife, the de- livery of the dauphin, the deliveries of the other two sons and three daughters of the royal couple, and her retirement with a life pension. Part 2 reviews her books as a source of in- formation about Bourgeois herself and about the status of mid- wifery at that time. The books contain advice on diet for new mothers and various remedies for mother and baby, as well as more clinical subjects such as the management of abnormal presentations.
75. Stuard. Susan Mosher. "Dame Trot. " Signs: Journal of Wo-
men in Culture and Society. 1:2 (Winter 1975) 537-542. This article reviews and comments on the centuries-old debate among historians about Trotula of Salerno. "Could eleventh- century Salerno accommodate a woman as a professor and phy- sician? [and] If [Trotula] did exist, could she have composed the manuscripts ascribed to her by tradition?" Among the medical historians mentioned are Elizabeth Mason-Hohl and Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead. both of whom defended Trotula 's existence.
76. Walsh. James Joseph. Medieval Medicine. A. & C. Black,
Ltd. . London. England. 1920. xii. 221 pp. illus. . photos. Walsh devotes one chapter (pages 154-168) in this book to the situation of medical women during the Middle Ages. According to Walsh, women were encouraged to study medicine in the
24
History
Italian universities in the 12th century. Records of the history of Salerno show that women physicians staffed the entire de- partment of female diseases. Outstanding among these women was Trotula. to whom many books are attributed. Another significant medical woman of the 12th century was the Benedic- tine Abbess Hildegarde who wrote two texts on medicine. Thirteenth century records at Bologna show women as students and faculty members in that medical school. One of these, Alessandra Giliani. was a prosector in anatomy at Mondino. Although it was believed that women physicians practiced in France in the Middle Ages, no records of distinguished contri- butions among them exists. It was hypothesized that the Heloise-Abelard incident at the University of Paris led to the exclusion of women from higher education. As Paris served as the model for Oxford and Cambridge, this might account for the absence of women in the histories of these English uni- versities. The situation in Italy was apparently unique. By the 16th century, the role of women in medicine had diminished.
77. Winckel. Franz von. ["The Woman as Physician: A Lecture
in the Gynecological Clinic on 5 March 1898"]. In: Franz von Winckel: Eighteen Lectures from His Estate. Edited by Max Stumpf. J. F. Bergmann. Wiesbaden. Germany. 1914. 126-141. (Ger) This lecture, given by the famous gynecologist to his students and colleagues in Munich, briefly reviews some mentions of women healers by the ancient Greek and Roman writers. Most of the text is devoted to the writings of the 17th-century mid- wives Marguerite de la Marche (nfie Tertre) in France and Justina Siegmundin in Germany. The speaker apparently in- tended to continue the historical review but never did so, ac- cording to the editor.
78. "Women Doctors in the Viking Age. " British Medical Journal.
(20 January 1917) 95. Information about women healers of the Viking Age (eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries) can be gleaned from Norse sagas. A discussion of this subject was held at a meeting of the Vik- ing Society for Northern Research. [This article also appears in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 176 (24 May 1917) 746-747")
GERMANY
79. Becker. W. ["The First Female Doctor in the Middle Ages"].
Die Medizinische Welt. 9 (4 March 1939) 307-308. (Ger) This article is a brief biography of Dorothea Christiane Erxle- ben. In response to a similar claim made for Dorothea von Schloezer of Goettingen University, the author stresses Erxle- ben's outstanding position as the first woman ever to obtain a doctorate from a German university.
Germany
25
80. Beiswenger. Immanuel. [A Contribution to the History of Ob- stetrics: Justine Siegimundin and Her Achievements!. Munich. Germany. 1899. (M. D. thesis. ) fGer) This medical thesis deals with the achievements of Justine Siegemundin. a 17th-century German midwife. Her outstanding contribution was a book on difficult deliveries in which she de- scribes various techniques for repositioning and delivering the infant. The thesis contains a short biography and then analyzes the various techniques and maneuvers outlined in Justine Siege- mundin 's book on obstetrics.
81. Berger Ma [Thesis
rer. E. [The Development of Women's Medical Education]. Marburg. Germany. 1947. (Ph.D. Thesis.) (Gerl sis not examined by editors. 1
82. Billig. Anton Hermann. [Dorothea Christiana Erxleben: the
First German Woman Physician. J MUnchen University.
Munchen. Germany, 1966, 72 pp. (Ph.D. Thesis.) (Ger) In his Ph. D. thesis on the first German woman physician, the author analyzes and describes the development of women's edu- cation from Luther's to Gottsched's times, emphasizing the writers and philosophers who favored better possibilities for female education. He then gives a biography of Dorothea Erxleben. which concentrates on the events surrounding her doctorate examination. The main section is devoted to her publications, especially her first book (which deals with the reasons why women do not study), and her thesis presented during her doctorate examination. The author emphasizes Dr. Erxleben 's influence as a pioneer of women's education and liberation.
83. Blumenthal. Annemarie. [Discussions on Women in Higher
Education in Berlin], University of Berlin, Berlin, Ger- many. 1965. (Medical Thesis. ) This medical thesis discusses the controversial issue of wo- men in medicine during the second half of the 19th century in Germany. After an introduction to the history of women in medicine, the author describes the evolution of women's ad- mission to medical studies and quotes contemporaries on the issue. The thesis contains a bibliography.
84. Brohl. Use. [The Struggle for Women in Medicine in the 19th
Century]. University of Berlin. Berlin. Germany. 1943. (Medical Dissertation. ) (Ger) [Article not examined by editors.]
85. Buchheim. Liselotte. ["When the First Woman Doctors Gradu-
ated in Leipzig"]. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Per Karl- Marx-Universitat Leipzig. 6:3 (1956-1957) 365-381. tables. (Ger)
In this study of the history of women medical students at Leip- zig University, two periods are reviewed: the time before wo- men were admitted to medical studies and participated as au-
26
History
ditors and the period after 1906 when they became regular stu- dents and could obtain their medical degrees. Permission for women to attend lectures was dependent on the arbitrary deci- sion of the individual teacher and the University. The require- ments were strict, especially for Russians and other foreigners, but also for German women. The number of German women attending these lectures was small and fairly constant between 1900 and 1906. After 1906 women could register for courses, but only in 1911 were regular female students more numerous than auditors. One of the problems was the insufficient train- ing of women, who had to fulfill the same requirements for admission as men without having free access to all high schools. Female auditors could obtain a Ph.D. after 1902. but until 1906 few utilized this option, and between 1906 and 1914. 40 women obtained their doctor's degree in Leipzig. They were on the average older than their male counterparts, and most had ob- tained their high school training in private courses and schools. Their theses included independent research work. Eight of them married, all practiced. Though increasing numbers of women study medicine, only nine have become university pro- fessors since 1900.
86. Burger. Elisabeth. (Development of Medical Education for Wo-
87. Creutz. Rudolf. ["Marie-Louise Lachapelle and Marie-Anne
Victorine Boivin. M. D. . h. c. , two Representatives of Ob- stetrics at the Turn of the 19th Century. "] Die Medizin- ische Welt. 15 (10 April 1937) 520-524. port (Ger) After a short introduction on the influence of women on ob- stetrical practice, the author gives biographies of Marie Louise Lachapelle and Marie Anne Victorine Boivin. He underlines their respective merits and publications. He also describes their roles as teachers and practicing midwives in the 18th cen- tury. Boivin obtained an honorary doctorate at the University of Marburg in Germany in 1827. On this occasion she dedi- cated a book to the university: the book contains a widely praised chapter on internal pelvimetry, showing her interest in research and science.
88. ["Curiosa from Old Medical Writings. 16. The Study of Medi-
cine by Women'-]. Hippokrates. 33 (15 September 1962) 728. (Ger) [Article not examined by editors. ]
89. Engbring. Gertrude M. "Saint Hildegard. Twelfth Century Phy-
sician. " Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 8:6 (June 1940) 770-784. (Presentation. Medical History Club. Loy- ola University Medical School. February 1940. )
90. Field. G. W. "The First Woman Doctor of Medicine in Ger-
Germany
27
many. "' Woman's Medical Journal, 10:11 (November 1900)
468-473. (Biographical. ) Dorothea Christian Erxleben in 1754 had conferred upon her (at the age of 39) the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Friedrichs Academia in Halle.
91. Fisher-DeFoy, Werner. ["The Story of the Graduation of Doro-
thea Christiana Erxleben. the First German Female Phy- sician"). Archiv Fuer. Geschichte der Medizin, 4:6 (1911) 440-461. (Ge7]
In this article on the first woman to obtain a medical doctorate at a German university, the author contends that Dorothea Erxleben did not apply for the examination of her own free will, but was forced into it. In fact, three Quedlinburg phy- sicians had accused her of unlawful medical practice and Doro- thea Erxleben was therefore ordered to take the medical doc- torate examination for which she had obtained the royal consent 13 years previously (in 1741). The exchange of letters between the three physicians, the governor, and Dorothea Erxleben is reproduced in its entirety. The article also contains the let- ters concerning her graduation in Halle in 1754. It concludes with a quote from her obituarv deploring her death in 1762 at the age of 47 years.
92. Frank. Julia Bess. "The Surgeon and the Surgeon's Wife: En-
graving by Martin Engelbrecht (1684-1756). Augsburg. " Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences,
30:2 (April 1975) 164-165. facsims.
In two illustrations from the early 18th century portraying a male surgeon and his wife, the male surgeon is the one who holds the instruments of tonsure and surgery, while the woman carries the barber's tools. While women, with few exceptions, did not attend German universities at this time, not many of the men practitioners did either. "Many women of the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries actively assisted fathers, hus- bands, or brothers in the practice of medicine or surgery, and after such an apprenticeship, soon became independent prac- titioners. Even though she ranks beneath her husband, this surgeon's wife represents a link in the chain of women in medi- cine that stretches, thin at times, but never broken, into the furthest reaches of antiquity. *'
93. Heischkel. Edith. ["Dorothea Christine Erxleben. a Pioneer
for Women's Admission to University Studies in the 18th Century"]. Die Aerztin, 11 (1940) 329+ . (Ger)
94. Horwitz. L. ["Frederic the Great and the First Female Gen-
eral Practitioner in Prussia"]. Muenchner Medizinische
Wochenschrift, 79 (1932) 1367. Jfler) This article contains a brief historical survey of the events leading to the granting of a medical doctor title to Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (nee Leporin). the 17th-century German physician. The article underlines the intervention of Frederic
28
the Great, who had to grant a special dispensation for this first woman physician to be admitted to the doctorate examina- tion.
95. Kaiser. [Professor]. ["When the First Woman Graduated as
a Doctor"]. Daheim (1914) 25. (Ger) This short article describes the examination to obtain a med- ical doctorate taken by Dorothea Christiane Leporin [Erxleben] in June 1754. Dr. Leporin was the first German woman phy- sician.
96. Knabe. Lotte. ["The First Graduation of a Woman in Germany
as a Doctor of Medicine at the University of Halle. 1754"].
In: [450 Years of the Martin Luther University at Halle -
Wittenberg. Vol 2\'. Halle University. Halle. Germany,
1952. 109-124. port. (Ger) If it is hard to believe in 1952 that only about 50 years ago there was serious protest against women in the professions and major obstacles were still placed in the way of their obtaining general or technical education, it is even harder to realize that the first German woman to obtain an M. D. and start practice did so nearly 200 years ago. She was able to do so only through the intervention of the king of Prussia, who permitted her to take the necessary examinations. Dorothea Leporin was born in 1715 in Quedlinberg. the daughter of a physician. A frail, often sickly child, she became interested in books at an early age: her father later educated her and her brother to- gether in Latin, basic sciences, and medicine. The brother entered the University of Halle in 1740 but fled with his father when called up for military duty. Dorothea petitioned the king to allow her brother to return and to permit them both to study at Halle. A royal rescript granting her request was issued in April 1741. Instead of entering the university, however. Doro- thea married and continued to study medicine while raising her family. A complaint filed in 1753 by three local doctors against her and "other Feldschers, bathers, barbers and mid- wives" for soliciting patients and illegaUy practicing medicine inspired her to again seek official approval. In June 1754 she presented and defended a thesis, and received a doctor of medi- cine degree. Dorothea Leporin Erxleben. by her actions, an- swered many of the questions which would be raised 150 years later about whether women were capable of learning the sci- ence of medicine and physically able to carry on a practice, and whether they could cope simultaneously with home and ca- reer.
97. Koenig-Warthausen. G. von. ["On the Medical Studies of Wo-
men 70 Years Ago ('Good Old Days')"]- Medizinische Welt (Stuttgart), 3 (19 January 1963) 171-173. (Ger) [Article not examined by editors. ]
99
98.
Kraetke-Rumpf. Emmy. [The Physician of Quedlinburg: A Biography of Germany's First Female Medical Doctor).
Germany
20
Hase and Koehler, Leipzig. Germany. 1939. 252 pp. plates. (Ger)
This book is a dramatized biography of Dorothea [Christiana Erxleben] Leporin. the first German woman to obtain a med- ical degree. It concentrates on her social environment and on her family background. The problems of her pioneer posi- tion are dealt with mainly as expressed in the prejudice of her male colleagues and stressed in scenes from her medical doctorate examination in Halle in 1754. The book is written as a novel. It contains no index and no bibliography. It in- cludes 11 illustrations showing Quedlinburg and personages that were important in her life and career.
99. Nauck, E. th. [Women Studying at the University of Frei-
burg in Breisgau), University of Freiburg in Breisgau. Freiburg. Germany. 1953. 80 pp. tables. (Contributions to the History of Freiburg Research and University. No. 3. ) (Ger)
This book on the history of the education of women in Frei- burg consists of five chapters: the early history of the move- ment for education of women; negotiations concerning the in- troduction of women's education in Freiburg (1873-1900); the early years of women at Freiburg (1899-1911); numbers of fe- male students and their courses of study: and the contributions of women students to the intellectual and social life of the uni- versity. As late as 1884 the medical faculty rejected a 100.000-mark endowment for scholarships for needy women students in medicine, pharmacy, and chemistry, but by 1895 women were auditing courses and in 1900 they were officially permitted to matriculate. Five women who had been audit- ing were listed as having started their studies in the previous year, making Freiburg the first German university to admit women. Appendix IX gives the numbers of women matricu- lated in each of the faculties each year from 1900 to 1952; until 1909 medical students made up more than half of the total, and they continued to be the biggest group (except for 1927-30) until 1945. when the opportunities for medical stu- dents decreased markedly. Appendix XI gives the number of doctoral degrees awarded to women by the various faculties in the years 1895 to 1952; the M. D. degrees total 1039. com- pared to 380 for the combined philosophy /natural philosophy faculties. Eighteen appendices, a bibliography, and person/ place and subject indexes are included.
100. Quentin. E. ["Hildegard von Bingen: a Modern Woman Phy-
sician--800 Years Ago"]. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 109:47 (24 November 1967) 2509-2510. iGeT)
"Hildegard von Bingen was born around 1098 and died in 1179 as Abbess of Ruppertsberg Abbey, near Bingen. founded by herself. Her works provide a lively impression of her com- prehensive knowledge and her unique personality. Her spir- itual and medical assistance was requested by many men,
3 0
History
even by princes. For the physician the two chapters of her work 'Causae et Curae' and 'Physika' might be particularly interesting. " [Article English summary. ]
101. Rail. Jutta. ["The Female Doctor in German Medical His-
tory"]. Deutsche Aerzteblatt-Aerztliche Mitteilung. 64:
42 (21 October 1967) 1-12. fGer) As stated in this lecture, given to the German Women Physi- cian's Association on an unspecified date, the first German woman physician was probably Hildegard. Abbess of the Ben- edictines at Bingen. She was interested in natural science as well as medicine and published a number of theological and medical works, said to have been dictated in German and later translated into Latin. In the 15th century there were said to be 15 women doctors in Frankfurt, mostly surgeons and eye doctors. During the 17th and 18th centuries there were a number of well-known and respected midwives. The first German woman to receive the doctor's degree was Doro- thea Erxleben. who defended her thesis in 1754 at Giessen. Regina von Siebold and her daughter Charlotte Heidenreich received degrees at Giessen in 1819 and 1817 respectively. In the 1870s Franziska Tiburtius and Emilie Lehmus were the first women physicians to settle in Berlin, where they established a clinic for women. They were followed by Agnes Bluhm in 1884 and an increasing number of others. After 1900, women were accepted at most of the German universities, although they still had many difficulties to overcome. At the time this article was written, about 20 per cent of the doc- tors in West Germany were women.
102. Reimerdes. Ernst Edgar. ["Dorothea Christiane Erxleben,
the First German Female Physician. (1715-1915)"]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 45 (4 November 1915) 1343-1344. (History of Medicine. ) (Ger) This brief biography of Dorothea (Leporin) Erxleben is pub- lished in honor of the 200th anniversary of her birth on No- vember 13. 1715. In her early years she became so inter- ested in science and medicine that her father, a physician, had her educated with her brother in the theoretical and practical bases of medicine, as well as in languages and in household arts. In spite of poor health, she made great pro- gress in her studies and in 1741 was granted royal permis- sion to take the examinations of the medical faculty at Halle. She did not take advantage of this permission until 1754. when, after 12 years of marriage and four children, she presented and defended a thesis and received a doctoral de- gree in medicine at Halle. She returned to her native town of Quedlinburg, where she died in June 1762. after eight years of successful practice.
103. Runge. Hans. ["Contemporary Reports on Germany's First
Woman Physician. Dorothea Christ. Leporin of Quedlin- burg"]. Miinchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 87:51
Germany
31
(20 December 1940) 1435. (Ger) The author gives biographical data on Dorothea Christ. Erx- leben. nee Leporin. which he found in the Hannoverischen Beytragen zum Ntitzen und Vergniigen. no. 41. May 21. 1762, in an article titled 'Information on Some Learned Members of the Fair Sex. " The information on Leporin was taken from a biographical sketch attached to her doctoral disserta- tion, entitled in Latin, "Medica exponens quod nimis cito ac jucunde curare saepius fiat causa minus rutae curationis. " Leporin was born in 1715. the daughter of a well-known phy- sician, who taught her Latin and other foreign languages in her early youth: from him she learned the love of medicine that sustained her during her struggle for education. She married in 1742. Friends, husband, and relatives considered her desire to study medicine unsuitable or even indecent, and in 1749 she wrote a justification which was published anony- mously in several German magazines and literary journals under the title "Rational Thoughts on Education of the Fair Sex. " Leporin finally received her doctoral degree in June 1754, when she was a 40-year-old housewife and mother of several children. Emperor Frederick the Great informed her that he would "raise no objection" if she were to join the faculty at the University at Halle. However, she returned to her home town of Quedlinburg in the Hartz Mountains where she carried on a large and successful practice.
104. Singer. Charles. "The Scientific Views and Visions of Saint
Hildegard (1098-1180). " In: Studies in the History and Method of Science, edited by Charles Singer. Oxford University Press, London. England, 1917. 1-55. figs. , plates.
This analysis of the life and thought of Hildegard of Bingen details her visionary scientific and philosophic thought, her ideas on the structure of the material universe, and her de- scription of anatomy and physiology according to a macro- cosmic scheme (she insisted on a relationship among the qualities of the soul, the constitution of the external cosmos, and the structure of the body). The monk Theodoric credits her with miraculous powers of healing in the treatment of the sick, and she has been called a pioneer of the hospital system. However, there is no real evidence that her treat- ment went beyond exorcism and prayer, regardless of her un- disputed acquaintance with the science of her day.
105. Strecker. Gabriele. "Medical Women in Germany. " Journal
of the American Medical Women's Association. 2:11 (No- vember 1947) 506-508. Dorothea Erxleben, having obtained a special license from Frederic H to study medicine, received her degree in 1784 from a Prussian university and became the first woman phy- sician in Germany. While it was not until 1908 that the Ger- man Reich allowed women to attend classes at its universi- ties, in 1876 two German medical women returned from
32
History
Zurich with medical degrees and founded the Clinic of Women Doctors in Berlin in the midst of great intolerance. The first German Association of Medical Women was founded in 1923. Issues it identified as important were women's sports from the point of view of a woman doctor, and social wel- fare for women under arrest. It dissolved itself in May 1933 when Hitler came to power. In 1945 a similar group was founded and licensed by the military government in 1947. Is- sues this group identified as important were the maintenance of economic interests of medical women, representation on medical boards, and an adequate number of women on com- mittees in charge of the distribution of jobs in the medical field. The Nazis issued restrictions against women working when the husband should be the one earning the living for the family. Barbara von Renthe. vice-president of the Board of Medical Affairs for the Soviet Zone, reported that the Russian occupied zone had 35 to 40 per cent women doctors. Direct- ly after the war. there was an abundance of doctors (especial- ly when the army doctors returned), and it was felt in the Western sector that "we cannot take the responsibility of per- mitting a married woman to practice when there are innumer- able men who cannot make a living as resident doctors or as free practitioners. "
106. Strieker. W. ["The Treatment of Syphilis in the Male by a
Woman Physician"]. Janus. 11 (1847) 196. (Ger) An advertisement appeared in a Frankfurt newspaper in 1746. In it. Maria Franziska Charlotte Geringin announces her treatment of a variety of physical diseases, including blind- ness (even if it was congenital). She also claims a secret venereal disease cure which is less disagreeable for the pa- tient than the current treatments. Patients can send their maids or servants, should they be embarrassed to come themselves.
107. Van Der Velden, Friedrich. [The History of Female Medical
Practitioners) . Tuebingen. Germany, 1892. (Thesis. ) TGirl
[Thesis not examined by editors.]
108. Zaunick. Rudolph. ["Dorothea Erxleben, nee Leporin (1715-
1762): Germany's First Woman Physician: On the 200th Anniversary of the Conferring of Her Degree in the Uni- versity of Halle"]. Zeitschrift fuer Aerztl. Fortbildung. 48:22 (1954) 780-786. facsim. . port. fGer) The official disapproval and public scorn that met Franziska Tiburtius and Emilie Lehmus when, after receiving their med- ical degrees at Zurich, they set up the first polyclinic for women in Berlin in 1878. makes all the more remarkable the achievement of Dorothea (Leporin) Erxleben. Born on 13 November 1715, she was tutored along with her older brother by their doctor father. He introduced both of them to the theory and practice of medicine, including bedside teaching.
Great Britain
33
In about 1740 the father and two brothers fled to evade mili- tary service; Dorothea managed to obtain from the royal court forgiveness for them and permission for the older broth- er and herself to study at the university. She did not attend, however, but in 1742 married Johann Christian Erxleben, dea- con of St. Nicholas in Quedlinburg. a widower with four chil- dren. The same year she published a book on education for women, with a foreword by her father, which was later re- printed anonymously. Over the next 12 years she studied, wrote, bore four children, and helped the sick poor to the extent that three local doctors accused her in 1753 of illegal practice of medicine. In her reply. Erxleben demanded that she be allowed to take the doctoral examination or be ex- amined by her accusers. A royal decree forced the univer- sity to permit her to take the examinations, which she passed with great ease. With faculty and Court approval, the doc- toral diploma was awarded to her on 12 June 1754. She re- turned to Quedlinburg. where she died in June 1762 of a hemorrhage, probably tubercular.
GREAT BRITAIN
109. Bell. E. Moberly. Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the
Woman Doctor. Constable & Co. Ltd. . London, England.
1953. 200 pp. illus. . ports. This book chronicles in historical perspective the movement of English medical women for education and professional recognition. It begins with Elizabeth Blackwell and Elizabeth Garrett and moves through the Edinburgh struggle led by Sophia Jex-Blake. the founding of the London School of Medi- cine for Women, the work of women physicians in India, the First World War. World War n. and ends with the Good- enough Report which established coeducation in English med- ical schools. It is extensively indexed and includes pictures of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Elizabeth Blackwell. Sophia Jex-Blake. Isabel Thorne. and Mary Scharlieb.
110. Burstyn, Joan N. "Education and Sex: The Medical Case
Against Higher Education for Women in England, 1870- 1900. " Proceedings of the American Philosophical So- ciety. 117:2 (April 1973) 79-89. In this essay the author covers the ferment in Victorian England dealing with male intellectuals' objections to the high- er education of women. Many of these objections had "med- ical basis." such as the "effect" mental strain had on repro- ductive function. A portion of the article deals with objec- tions to women in the medical curriculum. Gynecologists and obstetricians, the first to be affected by competition from women physicians, were prominent in the attack. Reference is made to Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, whose life as a wife, mother, and practicing physician challenged the arguments against educating women, and whose writings refute the "med- ical" bases of the popular objections.
34
History
111. Cockram, E. Joyce. "Tribute to Sabine." Journal of the
Medical Women's Federation. 43 :3 (July 1961) 86-89. (Address. 44th Annual General Meeting, Medical Wo- men's Federation. Plymouth, Mass., 4 May, 1961.) This address is an account of Sabine Saunders, a Tudor Englishwoman born in 1520. who. like all wives of her day. also acted as "physician" to her family. The article lists many Tudor women well-known for their medical knowledge, and quotes from diaries, poems, plays, and contemporary herbals to illustrate women's role in medicine and the pre- scriptions they might make.
112. Dopson. Laurence. "Pioneer Women Doctors of Hastings. "
Sussex County Magazine. (September 1950). [Article not examined by editors, j
113. Franz. Nellie Alden. English Women Enter the Professions.
Printed by Columbia University Press for the author, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1965. 317 pp. photo. . port. The author devotes a chapter each to the entrance of English women to several professions. The chapter on medicine be- gins at the very beginning—with Aesculapius. Hippocrates, and Galen— and discusses early fragmentary information on women healers, herb-doctors, and midwives. Two 18th-cen- tury practitioners. Crazy Sally and Ellen Haythornethwaite , are mentioned. Then the author discusses those 19th-century English women whose efforts served to open the way for med- ical women: Elizabeth BlackweU ("the first English -born wo- man to receive a degree in medicine"), Elizabeth Garrett- Anderson, and Sophia Jex-Blake (who, with four other women, succeeded in gaining admission to the University of Edinburgh). There is a section on the Woman's Hospital Corps and other war work by women, and socialized medicine is briefly dis- cussed. Lastly, results of the Goodenough Report are given: the report covered abuses having to do with the higher educa- tion of women doctors and recommended coeducation for every medical school in the United Kingdom.
114. Garrett -Anderson, E. "The History of a Movement. " Fort-
nightly Review. 59 (March 1893) 404-417. The history and development of the movement (in Great Brit- ain and Ireland) to admit women to the medical profession, including the part played by Garrett -Anderson in this move- ment, are outlined. The author describes how she tried to do in England what Elizabeth Blackwell had done in America for medical women. She describes the struggles of Mary Putnam Jacobi and Sophia Jex-Blake to obtain a medical de- gree. There are now six examining bodies prepared to give women diplomas, and these schools, including their require- ments and tuition, are described. The struggle to become legaUy qualified practitioners has been won, but women now want the best possible education so that they can become first- rate doctors. There are many encouraging signs that the
Great Britain
35
position of women, after they get their medical degrees, is improving. The New Hospital in the Euston Road, run en- tirely by women, has done much to improve the image of wo- men physicians. Women are also doing impressive work at Clapham Maternity Charity. Notting Hill Dispensary, a small North London hospital, and in private practice and at official posts. Many have become medical missionaries. It is hoped that women, in recognition of their great contributions, will soon be admitted to all medical societies.
115. Jex-Blake. Sophia. "Medical Women. " Nineteenth Century.
22 (November 1887) 692-707. Dr. Jex-Blake reviews events over the last ten years (in England and abroad) relating to medical education and accep- tance of women. The difficulties are summed up by Dr. Jex- Blake as: (1) remaining jealousy and ill-will towards medical women by a portion of the medical profession itself: (2) the exclusion of women students from medical schools: and (3) financial difficulties.
116. Jex-Blake, Sophia. Medical Women: A Thesis and a His-
tory. Oliphant. Anderson. & Ferrier, Edinburgh. Scot- land": Hamilton. Adams. & Co. . London. England. 1886. 256. 100 pp.
This work is a presentation of Dr. Jex-Blake 's original two essays on women physicians (Medical Women: Two Essays. 1872). For this edition, the author rewrote the essays, hop- ing "to give as complete and comprehensive a view as brevity would aUow of the whole question of medical practice by wo- men. "
117. Jex-Blake. Sophia. Medical Women: Two Essays. William
Oliphant & Co. . Edinburgh. Scotland. Hamilton, Adams,
& Co. . London. England. 1872. 162 pp. This book's first essay. "Medicine as a Profession for Wo- men." was reprinted ("with large additions") from Woman's Work and Woman's Culture. To counter opposition to women in medicine in England. Jex-Blake summarizes medical his- tory, showing how the practice of medicine was exclusively appropriated by men only recently, while women had been practitioners since antiquity. The second essay. "Medical Education of Women," is the substance of a lecture delivered in St. George's Hall, London, on 26 April 1872. The essay is primarily a recounting of Jex-Blake 's battle in Edinburgh, during which she and four other women braved riots to win the right to matriculate and be awarded medical degrees. She recalls the founding of the London and Edinburgh medical schools for women (the Edinburgh school continued until wo- men were finally admitted to degrees at the University of Edinburgh in 1894). An appendix includes summaries of the Edinburgh legal actions, and extensive notes quote opinions, correspondence, petitions, and rebuttals from all sides of the controversy. ["Medical Education of Women" subsequently
History
appeared in a number of journals which include Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Sci- ence. 1873. London. (1874) 385-393: Medical Magazine. Lon- don. 1 (1892-1893) 1138-1149.]
118. Lloyd, Hilda. "Looking Back. » Journal of the Medical Wo-
men's Federation, 40:3 (July 1958) 180-181. Dame Hilda Lloyd, ex-president of the Royal College of Ob- stetricians and Gynaecologists and emeritus professor of ob- stetrics and gynaecology at the University of Birmingham and United Hospitals, briefly reviews the past forty years over which she had been in the medical profession, pointing out history and trends related to that profession.
119. Lutzker. Edythe. Women Gain a Place in Medicine. Mc-
Graw-Hill Book Company. New York. New York. 1969.
160 pp. illus. . photos. . ports. Written for "the young people of this generation and those to foUow," this book tells the story of five British women who sought, in the second half of the 19th century, to enter the medical profession. Sophia Jex-Blake became interested in a medical career while visiting the United States in 1866. tried and failed to gain admittance to a medical school in England, and finally attended the University of Edinburgh — but not without a fight. She led a group of five women de- termined to be admitted to the medical school, and on Octo- ber 29. 1869 her petition for admission was approved. She wrote in her diary: " 'If I can be the first woman to open a British University then surely I . . . shall have served, my heart and I--even if I die straightway.... '" Her comrades in this venture were Edith Pechey, Isabel Thorne. Matilda Chaplin, and Helen Evans. The "'gallant little band,'" as bona fide matriculated students of Edinburgh University, then faced the problem of how to gain admission to the Royal In- firmary for training in the wards. That won. the university continued to raise obstacles in the women's path, finally re- fusing to graduate them. This led to the founding of the tremendously successful London School of Medicine for Wo- men. "Not only had the women won the right to a medical education, to hospital training, and to inclusion in the Med- ical Register, but they had also brought the entire subject of education to the fore: they had involved Parliament itself in the question. " The book contains both a bibliography and an index. The text is liberally illustrated with photographs.
120. McKibben-Harper. Mary. "English Women in Medicine. "
Medical Woman's Journal. 32:9 (September 1925) 247- 25~0 photos.
In England, women physicians have been members of the British Medical Association since 1895 when the male mem- bership rescinded the vote of 1878 refusing membership to women. American women physicians would do well to be as organized as the English. English medical women were first
Great Britain
3 7
educated at the London School of Medicine for Women founded by Dr. Jex-Blake and then received their practical training at the Royal Free Hospital.
121. "Medical Women. "The History of a Movement. "' Woman's
Medical Journal. 1:3 (March 1893) 54-55. Mrs. Garrett Anderson's paper. "The History of a Movement." published in Fortnightly Review, inspired this sketchy review of English medical women's advances over the past few dec- ades.
122. Sandes. Gladys M. "Women Medical Students in Britain. "
Women in Medicine. 88 (April 1945) 8-10. photos. A history is given of the struggle of women physicians in Britain which began after the second woman physician (Eliza- beth Garrett Anderson) was admitted to the list of the Med- ical Register ( Elizabeth Blackwell being the first woman ad- mitted). The Society of Apothecaries, the only British insti- tution at the time which permitted the admission of women, was determined that no more women should be admitted. This struggle spawned the incipient Elizabeth Garrett Ander- son Hospital, the London School of Medicine for Women (1874), and the cooperation between this school and the Royal Free Hospital. Just prior to and during World War I. wo- men were beginning to be admitted to London hospitals and their medical schools. Admission of women to the London School of Medicine is discussed. Although many positions in medicine are theoretically open to both men and women, no women are ever appointed to leading posts.
123. Thorne. May. "The Romance of the Medical Education of
Women in England. " Medical Woman's Journal. 32:8 (August 1925) 207-209. (Address. Meeting. Medical Wo- men of Chicago. April 15, 1925. ) The history of women in medicine in England began when Elizabeth Blackwell. a native of England, was accepted at Geneva College in New York State in 1847. When Dr. Black- well returned to England with her medical degree, she quali- fied on the first register of duly qualified medical practition- ers. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, after having been refused admittance to medical schools, qualified herself for. and passed, the examinations in medicine of the Society of Apothe- caries in London. As a result, this Society created a rule that only certificates of instruction from qualified medical schools (none of which would accept women) would be accep- table. This "effectively blocked the way for any other wo- man to qualify in medicine. " Sophia Jex Blake led a group of five women who applied at the University of Edinburgh: after much energy and expense were expended, they were admitted to the examinations. After these women took honors, the Senate refused other women students admittance. In 1874. the Royal Free Hospital founded the London School of Medicine for Women. In 1877. the Royal Free Hospital in
38
History
London and the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland opened its professional examinations facilities to wo- men. In 1906, women held staff positions as physicians and surgeons at the Royal Free Hospital. While women have been accepted in many medical schools around England, they have not been allowed positions of responsibility as staff: therefore, women's medical schools and hospitals are needed.
124. Thorne. May. "Women in Medicine: The Early Years. "
Postgraduate Medical Journal. 27 (July 1951) 355-357. In 1869 five women, led by Sophia Jex-Blake, made applica- tion to the medical school at the University of Edinburgh, and their battle with school authorities contributed to the opening of the medical profession to women. The author's mother was one of the five women students.
125. Webb-Johnson. Alfred. "Mainly About Women. " British
Medical Journal. 2 (8 August 1942) 165-166. (Address . London School of Medicine for Women. London. England, 24 July 1942. )
Following a discussion of the "seeds sown in the 18th cen- tury" for women's entrance into the professions. Sir Webb- Johnson focuses on two pioneer medical women: Elizabeth Garrett and Sophia Jex-Blake. Garrett, who "used her fem- inine arts to get her way. " serves as an example of individual success. Jex-Blake. who attained her goal through "strife, riot, and public protests." fought for others as well as her- self. The speaker (president of the Royal College of Sur- geons) then gives a history of women and the College. He concludes with brief speculations concerning the future of medical women.
126. "Women in Medicine. " Nursing Mirror and Mid wives Journal.
140:10 (6 March 1975) 41. ports. In a speech before the Royal Society of Arts in London. Dame Albertine Winner traced the history of women in medicine from ancient Egypt to the present. The talk, summarized in this article, concentrated on the advancements made by Brit- ish women physicians.
INTERNATIONAL
127. Ackerman. Emma M. "Progress of Women in Medicine. "
Journal of Iowa State Medical Society, 23:7 (July 1933) 361-362. (Address. State Society of Iowa Medical Wo- men. Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting. Des Moines. Iowa. 10 May 1933. )
A historical summary of the gradually improving position of women in the field of medicine is presented by Dr. Acker- man, who touches briefly upon the accomplishments of ma- jor women in the struggle — from such ancient pioneers as Fabiola of Rome and Trotula of Salerno, to 19th-century
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leaders such as Elizabeth Garrett and Mary Putnam Jacobi. and on to more recent trailblazers such as Estelle Ford Warner. Rosalie Morton, and Bertha Van Hoosen.
128. Aitken. Janet. "Women in Medicine in the Ages." Journal
of the Medical Women's Federation. 46:3 (July 1964) 175- 179. (Presentation. Osier Club of London. London. Eng- land. 30 October 1963. ) Beginning with the fact that there have been both men and wo- men doctors from about 6000 B. C. , Dr. Aitken sketches an out- line of women in medicine up to the present.
129. Angwin. Maria L. "Woman in Medicine. " Woman's Medical
Journal. 6:8 (August 1897) 241-249. A brief summary of the success of two ancient female prac- titioners (Agnodice and Marie Zega) serves as the springboard for a defense of the presence of women in the field of medi- cine. Universities and medical schools now open to women are listed, and the accomplishments of more contemporary women physicians (Jex-Blake. Garrett -Anderson. Blackwell. Cushier. Prideau. et al. ) are related. Angwin hopes to put to rest "senseless twaddle about 'woman's sphere1 and trying to keep her in paths whose sole recommendation is their sanction by long ages of custom. "
130. Austin. Margaret. "History of Women in Medicine: A Sym-
posium: Early Period." Bulletin of the Medical Li - brary Association. 44:1 (January 1956) 12-15. (Presenta- tion, Midwinter meeting. Midwest Regional Group. Med- ical Library Association. Chicago. Illinois. February 1955.)
This article discusses women in medicine from the first wo- man physician who practiced in Egypt c.2730 B.C. through Sophia Jex-Blake. who was educated at the University of Edin- burgh in Scotland.
131. Bass. Elizabeth. "The March of Women in Medicine: A Col-
lection of Medical Literature. " Women in Medicine. 83
(April 1944) 16-17. This article [a reprint from The Mississippi Doctor (August 1943) 83-84] is a brief overview of the evolution ot woman's place in medicine as gleaned from the Elizabeth Bass Collec- tion of Women in Medicine at Tulane University. It is also a celebration of the day a law was passed "for the appoint- ment of female physicians and surgeons in the Medical Corps of the Army and Navy" (17 April 1943).
132. Baudouin. Marcel. [Female Physicians: Study of Interna-
tional Social Psychology. Portraits and Biographies. History. Statistics. Special and Practical Medical Teach- ings. Volume I: Female Physicians of the Past], Insti- tut International de Bibliographic, Paris. France. 1901, 263 pp. illus. (Fre)
The work consists of short biographies arranged chronolog- ically in six chapters: 1) the Greek Period, 2) the Roman Period, 3) the School of Salerne, 4) Middle Ages and Modern Times, 5) Modern Military Women Physicians, and 6) Women Writers and Practitioners (not physicians). The author at- tempts to account for all women physicians mentioned by ear- lier writers, notably P. A. Delacoux in Bibliographie des Sages-femmes celebres. anciennes, modernes, et contero- poraines (Paris. 1834). and Melanie Lipinska in Historie des Femmes-Medecines (Paris, C. Jacques et cie, 1900). The work is of particular interest due to the author's emphasis on primary documents and variant meanings in translation of words. The author cites the identifying epitaph or text as it appeared on a woman physician's monument, gravestone, statue, or written record, and discusses various translations. For example. "Maia," cited as a woman physician by sev- eral authors, is discounted here. "Maia being a term which designates a profession, rather than a feminine proper name. " Care is taken to compare the primary document with pub- lished literature to clarify and correct any distortions or errors. Many women previously identified as physicians are here described as wise women, midwives, or legend. An alphabetical name index is appended.
133. Beaugrand. A. ["Female Physicians: Part I"]. Gazette
Hebdomadaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie, 9 (2nd se- ries): 34 (23 August 1872) 545-549. fFre) This first part of a three-part historical survey of women physicians covers the classical period of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The author notes that he is concerned only with phy- sicians, not with midwives, although in some periods the lat- ter were considered the equivalent of doctors in some med- ical fields. Aside from female deities and legendary human females, the Greek practitioners were probably primarily midwives. Women had much more freedom in Rome and there were apparently a number who were called medicae and treated a range of ailments beyond those of women and in- fants. [This article was to appear in the next volume of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Sciences. |
134. Beaugrand. A. ["Female Physicians: Part H"j. Gazette
Hebdomadaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie, 9 (2nd se- ries): 35 (30 August 1872) 561-567. (Fre) Part 2 of Beaugrand 's historical review covers the time from about the beginning of the Christian Era through the 15th cen- tury. In spite of the uncertainty about the writings of the women doctors of antiquity, it is certain that the practice of medicine was open to both sexes. During the Middle Ages in the Arab countries, women "learned in medicine" were the only practitioners allowed to treat women patients, and the same situation prevailed in the Orient, although these educated women were rare in both areas. At the medical school in Salerno a number of women graduates became well
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known for their teachings and writings and for their knowledge of medicines: very little, however, is known about the lives of these women. Medically trained women were rare in oth- er countries in this period. Although royal decrees in the 14th century permitted women to practice surgery in Paris, by the 16th century medical and surgical practice by women had almost entirely disappeared.
135. Beaugrand. A. ["Female Physicians: Part in"]. Gazette
Hebdomadaire de Medecine et de Chirurgie. 9 (2nd se- riesp. 38 (20 September 1872 ) 609-621. (Fre) Part 3 of Beaugrand 's historical survey covers the period from the 16th century to the mid-19th century. It starts with Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera. author of a Spanish book, A New Philosophy of the Nature of Man. That the au- thor was a woman is about all that is known about her, and there is some doubt about that. Several women who wrote medical books in the 17th century are briefly mentioned. By the end of the 18th century, women doctors had become un- common, especially in France. The greater part of the arti- cle is a review of the arguments presented by various medi- cal men for and against the idea of aUowing women to be- come doctors of medicine. This fight is related to the general struggle for the emancipation and rights of women and. like it. is further advanced in America and England. The author quotes at length from a commentary by Montanier which concludes that a woman would have to give up every feminine characteristic to become a doctor — sensitivity, mod- esty, tenderness, etc. —as well as sacrifice marriage and maternity to the demands of a medical career. He is shocked at the idea of male and female students sharing dissections and instruction in physiology, medicine, and especially sur- gery, citing unspecified "scandals" in Edinburgh and Phila- delphia. Because of his belief in freedom, he must agree that women should have access to all facilities, but only under the same rigorous academic requirements applied to men.
136. BochaUi. R. ["Famous Medical Women of the Past and the
First Noted Women-Physicians of Our Time"]. Medi- zinische Monatsschrift (Stuttgart). 17 (June 1963) 383- (Gerl
[Article not examined by editors. ]
137. Bolton. H. Carrington. "The Early Practice of Medicine by
Women. " Popular Science Monthly. 18 (December 1880) 191-202. (Address. Commencement Exercises. Woman's Medical CoUege of the New York Infirmary, New York. 27 May 1880. )
Women healers in mythology and of ancient and medieval times are the subject of the major portion of this article. Also mentioned are women practitioners of 18th-century Europe and colonial America. The author concludes by con- trasting today's much improved educational opportunities for
42
History
medical women with the "formerly well-nigh insurmountable impediments and obstacles. "
138. Brunton. Lauder. "Some Women in Medicine. " Canadian
Medical Association Journal. 48:1 (January 1943) 60-65. (Men and Books. ) (Presentation. 3rd Annual Memorial Meeting. Osier Society of McGill University. 27 March 1942. )
After a review of the beginnings of medical education for women. Brunton traces the history of women in medicine through the lives of outstanding medical women: Louise Bour- geois, a 17th-century French midwife: Hildegarde of Bingen, a 12th-century nun who was a physician and "notable seer of visions": Trotula of Salerno: James Barry: Elizabeth Black- well: Lucy Wanzer. the first woman doctor to graduate in the state of California; Elizabeth Garrett -Anderson: Christine Mur- rell; and Maude Abbott.
139. Caldwell. Ruth. "Women in Medicine: Chapter IV. The
Pioneer Medical Women." Medical Woman's Journal.
37:5 (May 1930) 129-131. Before the American Revolution, only men practiced medi- cine; women were midwives. "During this colonial period the medical profession in the United States was not organized in any way. and the type of medicine practiced was deplor- able. " After the Revolution, medicine improved when doctors started going to Europe: but women remained excluded and midwives were suppressed. Six women in the United States pioneered in medicine in the 1840s. Harriot Hunt of Boston practiced without a diploma. Harvard refused to accept her for fear that all their male students would go to Yale. "At the same time three colored students were refused. " Mary Putnam Jacobi responded to this incident by writing, "when- ever a woman proves herself capable of an intellectual achieve- ment, this latter ceases to constitute an honour for the men who had previously prized it. Hence the urgent necessity of excluding women from all opportunity of trying. " Elizabeth Blackwell was awarded her degree in 1849 and Emily Black- well was awarded hers in 1852. Together they founded the New York Infirmary so that women physicians could have medical companionship and access to dispensary practice, and so that women medical students would have a place to train. Marie Zakrzewska. Ann Preston, and Emmeline Cleveland were also pioneer medical women at this time. In 1867. Nadejda Suslawa, a Russian, was the first woman to obtain a degree from the University of St. Petersburg and in 1870 Elizabeth Garrett of England received her degree from the Sorbonne. In 1878, Sophia Jex-Blake became the first medical woman to receive a medical degree in England.
140. Chadwick, James R. "The Study and Practice of Medicine
by Women. " International Review. (October 1879) 444- 471.
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The article presents a historical summary of women in medi- cine, from antiquity (including mythology) to the 1878 admis- sion of three women to the American Medical Association. Virtually every "pioneer." every major controversy, and every major advance in the progress towards opening the med- ical field to women is covered. Conclusions affirm that the movement to admit women to medical careers is worldwide, that many existing medical schools are opening their doors to women without calamitous results, and that the scope of the demand for the medical education for women is in direct ratio to the enlightenment of the country. The question is no longer whether to allow women to practice medicine, but whether to give women the best possible instruction in order to protect the community from imperfectly trained practition- ers.
141. Cordell. Eugene F. "Woman as a Physician. Illustrious
Examples Drawn from History. --The Advantages of the Female Medical Students of To-Day Compared with Those of Her Predecessors, with Suggestions as to Their Proper Utilization. " Maryland Medical Journal, 10 (6 October 1883) 353-356. (Introductory Lecture. Woman's Medical College of Baltimore. 1 October 1883. ) This lecture abstract surveys the progress made by women medical students since Old Testament times, when the mid- wife held a distinct office, as she did for centuries. The author mentions Agnodice. obstetrician in ancient Athens: As- pasia. a gynecologist; Fabiola. a Roman woman who had charge of a hospital; the School of Salerno, which had women professors in the Middle Ages: Louyse Bourgeois, midwife to Marie de Medicis and writer of a book on obstetrics; Marie Louise Lachapelle. first director of La Maternite in Paris: and Marie Boivin. prolific obstetrical writer in eighteenth- century France. He discusses medical colleges now open to women, and concludes by telling the students that nowadays women have "the freest privileges." and that his discussion should "not merely lead you to strive to equal those who have preceded you. but to surpass them. "
142. Cuthbert, Sister M. "Women in Medicine. " Medical Mis-
sionary. 32:1 (January-February 1958) 7-9. photos, port. Sister Cuthbert gives a historical overview of women in med- icine. When the College of Physicians in London was founded in 1811. 66 women were licensed, half of them in surgery. This situation changed, however, at the time of the Protes- tant Reformation, when the Guild of Surgeons was founded in England under Henry VHI. and deliberately excluded women from practice. Education of women sharply declined from that time on. until in the 19th century lay women broke through the barrier and began making the medical field "re- spectable" for women. The work of Dr. Agnes McLaren, a Scottish missionary who converted to Catholicism, is re- viewed in conclusion.
History
143. Drinkwater. H. "Woman's Place in Medicine: Historical
Sketch. " Liverpool M -Chir J. . 32 (1912) 19-38. [Article not examined by editors. |
144. Ehrenreich. Barbara and English, Deirdre. Witches. Mid-
wives. and Nurses: A History of Women Healers.
Feminist Press. Old Westbury. New York. 1973. 45 pp.
illus. . photos. (Glass Mountain Pamphlet No. 1. ) "To know our history is to begin to see how to take up the struggle again," state the authors, who assert that women have always been healers. In this pamphlet. Ehrenreich and English concentrate on two phases in the suppression of wo- men health workers and the male professional takeover: the persecution of witches in medieval Europe, and the rise of the male medical profession in 19th-century America. The oppression of women medical workers is shown to be a po- litical struggle--a part of the history of sex struggle, and a part of class struggle. The publication is liberally illustrated and contains an annotated bibliography.
145. Ghrist, Jennie. "President's Address. Women in Medicine. "
Woman's Medical Journal. 22:7 (July 1912) 147-149. (Original. ) (Presentation. Fifteenth Annual Meeting. State Society of Iowa Medical Women, Burlington. Iowa, 7 May 1912. )
Upon the occasion of her election to the presidency of the State Society of Iowa Medical Women. Dr. Ghrist discoursed on three periods in the development of the science of medi- cine as it relates to women: (1) the accidental discovery of a few remedies which happened to work (women healers were often thought to possess powers of witchcraft). (2) the estab- lishment of facts making medicine a science (women were then barred from educational and professional privileges), and (3) the "germ era" (Elizabeth Blackwell and other pioneers began to unbar doors once shut to women). Women physicians have contributed much, but they are advised to "do more of [their] own thinking on the unknown problems of medicine and surgery. " More women should specialize.
146. Glasgow. Maude. "Women in the Medical Profession. " Med-
ical Record. 88 (4 December 1915) 951-955. Dr. Glasgow discusses women in medicine throughout history --in Greek literature, as witches in the Middle Ages, and up through the present.
147. Glasgow. Maude. "Women Physicians. " Journal of the
American Medical Women's Association. 9:1 (January
1954) 24-25.
"Caring for the sick was woman's job. even before human history began." writes Dr. Glasgow who sketches the history of women in prominent positions relating to medicine, from Sumeria. through ancient Egypt and Greece, to Rome and up through medieval. Renaissance, and 18th-century Europe, to
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1847 and Elizabeth Blackwell's historic opening of the door "for the re-entrance of women into their old profession. "
148. Harding, Frances Keller. "Women Doctors: Past. Present
and Future. " Ohio State Medical Journal. 68 (December
1972) 1082-10857 Dr. Harding, "a member of a three-generations-of -women- doctors sequence." briefly reviews some of the historical references to women physicians: their early modern struggles to obtain recognition as a professional class: the statistics of women vs. men who are active in medicine: women physicians' geographical distribution patterns in the United States: and their changing professional opportunities.
149. Hughes. Muriel Joy. Women Healers in Medieval Life and
Literature. King's Crown Press. Morningside Heights.
New York. 1943. 180 pp. illus. Women in medieval times held much of the responsibility for the administration of medical aid. Since healing fell so obvi- ously within the sphere of women, they were naturally ac- cepted in contemporary writing. Hughes's first chapter deals with some famous women healers in literature: Morgan le Fay. Queen Isolt of Ireland. Amine. Nicolette. Amable. and Pertelote. "The Layman's Medicine" is followed by a chapter on "Lay Women Healers. " Hughes's "Academic Medicine be- gins with the schools of the 12th century, mainly Salerno in Italy and its rival school. Montpellier in France. Women practitioners and medieval midwives and nurses each receive their own discussion. The work is footnoted and an appendix lists women practitioners of the later Middle Ages by type of practice (i.e.. barbers, doctors, surgeons, empirics, mid- wives, and nurses), by their country, and by their century. A glossary of herbs, a bibliography, and an index conclude the work.
150. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. "A Contribution to the Study of
Women in Medicine. Were There Qualified Women Doc- tors Before the Nineteenth Century?" New England Jour- nal of Medicine. 199:11 (13 September 1928) 527-534. "There are many proofs that from the beginning of time wo- men were quietly and efficiently tending the sick " Dr.
Hurd-Mead recites the evidence for this claim, from monu- ments, tombstones, and writings of other physicians. Spe- cific women healers are discussed.
151. Hurd-Mead, Kate CampbeU. "History of Medicine. " Wo-
men in Medicine. 72 (April 1941) 21-22. Kate Mead's Volume H of the History of Women in Medicine, which includes the eastern hemisphere. Australia to Ireland. South Africa to China, was ready for a publisher. Dr. Mead was still working on Volume m which will include the west- ern hemisphere from the Arctic to the Antarctic, from the Hawaiian Islands to the northeastern tip of Canada. "Several
46 History
universities are including medical history in the curriculum and yet they skate glibly over the part played by women. At the recent convention of the Association of the History of Medicine, no women were on the program ... it is very dif- ficult to get photographs of medical women in their prime, or of those who have died. Men's portraits are evidently forthcoming with alacrity. Not so of these women. " [This selection by Dr. Hurd-Mead is included as part of an obituary by Mary McKibben-Harper. This obituary, entitled "Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead: 1876-1941." appears in the BIOGRA- PHIES section of this bibliography. ]
152. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. A History of Women in Medicine:
From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Nine- teenth Century. The Haddam Press. Haddam. Connecti- cut. 1938. xvi. 569 pp. illus. . photos. , ports. One of the first histories of women in medicine. Dr. Hurd- Mead *s comprehensive work begins with medical women in ancient times and progresses through the 18th century. There are ten main chapters which divide the work chronologically by century (with the exception of Chapter II which discusses Trotula and the School of Salerno). Within each of these chap- ters. Dr. Hurd-Mead covers such aspects of women in medi- cine as the cultural milieu in which they practiced, social con- ditions, legal considerations, medical concerns, and medical institutions of the period. Dr. Hurd-Mead began collecting material for this history in 1890. It was at the historical club of Johns Hopkins Hospital, in that year, that Drs. Osier, Welch, and Kelly inspired her to search for the story of wo- men's place in the development of medicine. Dr. Howard A. Kelly of Johns Hopkins University wrote the introduction for the book. Many illustrations illuminate Dr. Hurd-Mead's text, and a 42 -page index concludes the work.
153. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. "The Seven Ages of Women in
Medicine. " Bulletin of the Medical Women's National
Association. 35 (January 1932) 11-15. The author reflects on the paucity of information about great women in general and women physicians in particular. She asks. "Are we now a professional equality with the best med- ical men so that our followers will ever continue to progress? Or is there likely to occur another subsidence of women, as in the past, and again a super abundance of the obnoxious feminine inferiority complex?" The seven times in history when women "threw off their dependence" and several rose to prominence are recounted.
154. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. "A Study of the Medical Educa-
tion of Women. " Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation. 116:4 (25 January 1941) 339-347. (American Medical Association Student Section. ) In her "tightly compressed article." Dr. Hurd-Mead gives a century-by-century account of medical women, showing how
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'there has been no age in which the two sexes have not worked side by side in order to improve the health and the happiness of the people around them as well as to augment their own fortunes. " Outstanding personalities from the first century A.D. to the present are noted. Dr. Hurd-Mead also quotes statistics relevant to the medical education and prac- tice of women.
155. Landau. Richard. [History of Jewish Physicians: A Contri-
bution to the History of Medicine]. S. Karger. Berlin.
Germany. 1895. [144 pp. ?|. (Ger) In the belief that one cannot completely understand the pres- ent unless one knows what has gone before, the author traces the history of Jewish doctors and their contributions to knowl- edge from Old Testament times through the 19th century. During the Dark Ages, the Jews, along with the Arabs, kept scientific and medical knowledge alive, and were instrumental in spreading that knowledge to the awakening West at the end of that period. A few women physicians are mentioned: Re- becca, who taught at Salerno during the high period of that school's life; Sarah, who practiced medicine in Paris in the 13th century: another Sarah, who in 1419 was given permis- sion to practice in the diocese of Wuerzburg on payment of an annual tax of ten "gulden": and a Jewish woman named Zerlin who practiced in Frankfurt at about the same time. These women enjoyed a large clientele and a high reputation; Zerlin was even permitted to live outside the ghetto. Jewish women doctors were listed on the rolls of Frankfurt through- out the 15th century.
156. Latham. Vida A. "Early Women Physicians." Journal of the
American Medical Women's Association, 10:8 (August
1955) 286.
A half-page vignette introduces a scattering of names of very early women healers.
157. Lenden. E. ["On Women in Nursing and Medicine"]. Deutsche
Rundschau. 7 (1879) 126-248. (Ger) Following a brief review of the development of nursing as a separate profession, the author describes, with voluminous notes, the establishment of the still shaky foothold of women in medicine in various countries. Among the first women doctors were Elizabeth Blackwell. Miss Garrett and Sophia Jex-Blake in England. Miss Zakrzewska and Emily Blackwell in America, and Charlotte Heidenreich in Germany: their struggles for acceptance and freedom to practice are described at some length in the text and notes. Many, like the Rus- sians, had to get their educations in foreign countries. The third part of the article details the status of medical educa- tion for women at the time it was written. The desire for medical education met generally with little enthusiasm on the part of the medical and academic establishments. Women were still considered by many to be suited only to nursing
48
History
and midwifery. Before the battle could be won. elementary and premedical education for girls would have to be made equal to that offered boys. This struggle is a part of the greater movement for the emancipation of women in general.
158. Lipinska, Melanie. [History of Women Physicians from An- tiquity to Present^ Librairie (j. Jacques & C. . Paris France. 1900. 586 pp. (Fre) This world history of women in medicine is divided into six parts: primitive times, antiquity, middle ages, modern times, nineteenth century, and 1890-1900. The discussion of women in medicine is prefaced by a review of the primitive concepts of illness and medicine and the religious and social beliefs on which these concepts were based. The develop- ment of primitive medicine is traced from the appearance of the sorcerer through the witch doctor to the emergence of the doctor priest. It is stated that the involvement of women in medicine largely depended on the status of women in a given society--a view illustrated by the examination of wo- men's status in primitive cultures, including the tribes of Africa. Australia, and North America. Throughout the work Dr. Lipinska emphasizes women's social status and its ef- fects on the medical training available to women. Section 2, "Antiquity." covers Egypt. Greece, and Rome. Section 3. "The Middle Ages." charts the progress made by medical wo- men in Salerno. Germany. France. England, and Poland from the 13th to the 15th centuries, and describes the medical in- volvement of religious orders as typified by St. Hildegarde of Germany. "Modern Times." section 4, covers the period from the 16th through the 18th centuries: this section is par- ticularly interesting for its analyses of medical studies of French women and the effects of the French revolution on the status of women. Section 5. "The Nineteenth Century, " de- scribes the beginnings of the women's movement in Europe and the U.S.. women's involvement in battlefield medicine, medical education for women in the U. S. . and the founding of the Female Medical College at Philadelphia. The accept- ance of women in medical colleges in Switzerland. France, England, and Russia is also traced. The volume culminates with a review of the progress of women doctors in the last ten years of the 19th century and a description of the activi- ties of medical missionaries in the Orient. This book, writ- ten by a woman physician, includes a bibliography.
159. Lipinska. Melinie. [Women and the Progress of the Medical Sciences]. Masson & Cie. . Paris. France . 1930, viii, 235 pp. photo. . ports. (Fre) This book, divided into five sections, traces the part played by women in medical care from primitive times to the early 20th century. "The Primitive Period" discusses prehistoric medicine: "Antiquity." the classical period; "Middle Ages." the Italian schools, the German developments, and the effects of the feudal system: "Modern Times to the 19th century"
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traces the rise, decline, and early steps to reestablishment of the practice of medicine by women in European countries between about 1500 and 1800. The final section. "The 19th and 20th Centuries. " describes the struggle for admission to medical schools and for the right to practice from 1800 through World War I and the years immediately following it. This book contains very little documentation. [A 285-page Polish edition was published in Warsaw. Poland in 1932. ]
160. Loomis. Metta May. "The Contributions Which Women Have
Made to Medical Literature. " New York Medical Journal.
100 (12 September 1914) 522-5211 When women have been able to practice medicine and do re- search, they have distinguished themselves, and their ob- servations and research have had lasting value. Women do not receive credit for the work they have contributed to medi- cine. The author concludes that "Women writers should claim all to which they are justly entitled, seeing to it that the credit for their contributions is not placed on the wrong side of the account owing to their failure to sign articles for publications with their given name. "
161. Lovejoy, Esther Pohl. Women Doctors of the World. The
Macmillan Company, New York. 1957. x. 413 pp. pho- tos. . ports.
This study of women in medicine begins with ancient Greece and ends with 1949. It briefly surveys women doctors in the Middle Ages and Renaissance and the struggle to admit wo- men to medical education in the 18th and 19th centuries. Other chapters are devoted to Lydia Folger Fowler, the first American woman to receive an M. D. (from Rochester Eclec- tic Medical College. New York): the history of Woman's Med- ical College. Philadelphia: the Blackwell sisters and their founding of the New York Infirmary; medical women in Bos- ton and Chicago, from Michigan to the Pacific Coast, and in Canada; the beginnings of medical education for women in Britain (a chapter is devoted to Sophia Jex-Blake): and wo- men's activities in continental Europe, the Balkans and Near East, the Far East. Australia and New Zealand. Africa, and Latin America. There are chapters arranged historically, dealing with women doctors in World War I, World War n, and the postwar period, as well as an account of the Ameri- can Women's Hospitals. The book, based on the writings of women doctors and worldwide medical school records, con- tains hundreds of names and many photographs of both Amer- ican and foreign women physicians. There is a lengthy index.
162. Loyola. Sister M. "Women in Medicine. " Catholic World.
157 (May 1943) 156-164. Asserting that "from the very beginning Christianity took an affirmative attitude toward the study and practice of medicine by women," Sister Loyola presents examples of Christian wo- men healers and physicians. Among those mentioned: Fabiola.
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History
who. following her conversion to Christianity, practiced medi- cine in Rome and in the Holy Land: Macrina who. with her brother St. Basil, managed 347 church-connected hospitals in Constantinople: St. Bridget of Ireland (c. 525): Trotula. of 11th-century Salerno: and St. Hildegarde. "the most indepen- dent and learned" of all the medieval medical women. Fol- lowing the Middle Ages, "secularization of the universities, the gradual decay of the true Christian spirit, and the neo- paganism of the Renaissance" resulted in the exclusion of wo- men from medicine. The women who took up the struggle for medical education in the 18th and 19th centuries are profiled, and the Catholic Church's role in women's education is em- phasized.
163. McKibbin-Harper. Mary. "Editorial Comment."- Women in
Medicine. 60 (April 1938) 10. Praise and respect for Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead's monu- mental History of Women in Medicine is the emphasis of this editorial, encouraging every woman doctor to "get it into cir- culation. It has a bearing on our status. It is our profes- sional family tree I"
164. MacMurchy. Helen. "Medicus et Medica [ Part I]. " Ameri-
can Medicine. 7 (6 February 1904) 231-234. (Special Articles. )
This history of medical education for women covers the found- ing of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hos- pital, the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and its Medical College for Women, the Northwestern University Woman's Medical College (Chicago) and the Chicago Hospital for Women, the Woman's Medical College of Baltimore, the New England Female Medical College and the New England Hospital for Women and Children, the Women's Medical Col- lege of Toronto, the London School of Medicine for Women: and the admittance of women to medical studies at Johns Hop- kins University Medical Faculty, and Edinburgh University (Scotland).
165. Macy. Mary Sutton. "Medical Women, in History and in
Present Day Practice: [Part I]." New York Medical Journal. 104:5 (29 July 1916) 193-195: (Original Com- munications. )
[This article also appears in the Woman's Medical Journal. 27:4 (April 1917) 79-86.)
166. Macy. Mary Sutton. "Medical Women, in History and in
Present Day Practice: [Part n]. " New York Medical
Journal, 104:6 (5 August 1916) 257-2"5lT This article concludes with a partial list of women entitled to be called "well known in their specialties. "
167. Marks. Geoffrey and Beatty. William K. Women in White.
Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. New York. 1972.
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239 pp. illus. . ports. This work reviews the role of women in medicine from ancient healers to their status in the U.S. in the present decade. It is divided into three sections. The first is a 20-page review of early practice, including midwifery. The second section focuses on women in modern medicine and uses brief biogra- phies of outstanding physicians to illustrate the 19th-century struggle for education and training, principally in the U. S. Included here are Elizabeth Blackwell. Elizabeth Garrett An- derson, Mary Putnam Jacobi. Emily Dunning Barringer. and Alice Hamilton. There is also a reference to the mysterious Dr. James Barry, who served as inspector general of the British army (1856-65) and was found to be a woman upon "his" death. A third section discusses women in related fields — such as Florence Nightingale and Dorothea Dix. The epilogue gives brief notes on outstanding contemporary wo- men physicians in the U.S. There is a selected bibliography and name index.
168. "Medical Women in the Past. •> Clinical Excerpts. 14:7 (1940)
3-12. illus.
Spanning several continents and the past 2000 years, this article mentions the names of many prominent medical wo- men. It concentrates on the founding of women's medical col- leges in America and the opening of established medical schools to women.
169. "A Medico-Literary Causerie: The Evolution of the Medical
Woman [Part I]. " Practitioner. 52 (February 1896) 288- 292.
Noting that the "evolution of the medical woman is all but complete," this article glances back at the history of the movement. Mentioned are the "traces" of the medical woman of ancient Rome and Greece. Trotula and the School of Saler- no, women healers of the Middle Ages, and the modern pio- neers in America.
170. "A Medico- Literary Causerie: The Evolution of the Medical
Woman [Part n]: Concluded." Practitioner. 52 (April 1896) 407-412.
Beginning with the pioneering work of Elizabeth Garrett-An- derson, this article goes on to review Sophia Jex-Blake's "siege" of the University of Edinburgh and the initiation of women's medical education in Switzerland, Russia, and France. The current status of women's medical studies and practice in several countries is discussed.
171. Minor. T. C. "The Doctresses of Medicine. " Interstate
Medical Journal. 8 (March 1901) 97-108. port. Between 1899 and 1900, the Paris school had 29 French wo- men and 100 women students from other countries enrolled. 'Is this right? Is it a misfortune?" The author reviews the history of women in medicine, from Agnodice. the Athenian
52
History
woman who assumed a male disguise to practice medicine, through Henrietta Faber (who also impersonated a male in order to care for the wounded), the 19th-century widow of a French officer, to the beginning of the 20th century, when Russian and Anglo-Saxon female physicians "overrun Asia, many in the guise of missionaries.*' [This article is a trans- lation from the French. ]
172. Peo. Evalene E. "Women in the Profession: President's
Annual Address. " Woman's Medical Journal, 16:7 (July 1906) 109-110. (Presentation. State Society of Iowa Med- ical Women. Des Moines. Iowa. May 1906.)
173. Percival, Eleanor. "Women in Medicine. " Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 23 (September 1930) 436-438.
174. Potter. Marion Craig. "'Medical Women of Yesterday.'"
Woman's Medical Journal. 26:6 (June 1916) 160-162. (Address. Annual Meeting. Medical Women's National Association, Detroit. Michigan. 13 June 1916.) In this review of the first medical women in modern times. Dr. Potter highlights the names of those who pioneered the difficult way so that other women who wanted medical train- ing could obtain it. Not all these women left written work be- hind: some preferred instead to put their energies into talk- ing to women who might become doctors and into practicing medicine. Those named include: Alice Freeman Palmer, Elizabeth Blackwell. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Emily Black- well, and Sarah Read Adamson Dolley. Each of these women made significant contributions to the progress of women in medicine.
175. Power. Eileen. "Some Women Practitioners of Medicine in
the Middle Ages. " Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Medicine. 14 (21 December 1921) 20-23. Eileen Power discusses primarily Trotula of Salerno and Jacoba Felicie. the extent of their "practice," and the opin- ions of their contemporaries toward women healers. In con- clusion. Powers also mentions Joan du Lee. an English wo- man doctor mentioned in an unpublished petition to King Henry IV in the early 15th century.
176. Reddy, D. V. S. "Centenary of Eve's Entry into Medical
Schools and Colleges. " Journal of Indian Medical Asso- ciation, 17:2 (November 1947) 42-44.
The careers of Elizabeth Blackwell. Elizabeth Garett [sic]
Anderson, Clara Swain, and Mary Scharlieb are surveyed.
The early medical education of women in India is contrasted
with Indian women physicians' present status.
Reeve, Arthur B. "Famous Women Doctors and Their Pio- neer Work." McCall's Magazine. (January 1912) 28-29. 60-61. ports.
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While two generations ago there were scarcely ten women physicians in the United States, today "there must be con- siderably more than ten thousand. " This brief history of women's victory in medicine focuses on the lives of Drs. Elizabeth and Emily BlackweU. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Sophia Jex-Blake. Mary Pierson Eddy (the only woman phy- sician in Turkey), and Yamei Kin (a well-known practitioner in China).
178. Ruben, R. J. " Women in Medicine: Past, Present and Fu-
ture. ** Journal of the American Medical Women's Asso- ciation. 27:5 (May 1972) 251-259. tables. (Address. Barnard College. Columbia University. New York, 4 No- vember 1971. )
Historical data and statistics (both available elsewhere) for present and future trends are reiterated.
179. Sandelin. Ellen. ["On the Status of Female Doctors in Vari-
ous Countries"]. Hygiea. 63 (1901) 297-325. (Swe) The author reviews briefly the history of women in medicine in Greece and Rome and in the various European countries to the middle of the 19th century. She then discusses at length the developments of the second half of the 19th century in each country, with comments and notes on outstanding or pio- neering women and the institutions they were related to. For the United States, this includes Elizabeth Blackwell and the Woman's Medical College, the "Philadelphia Hospital." the Women's Hospital of Philadelphia, the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and other institutions. In England the pioneers included Elizabeth Garrett -Anderson, who with Dr. BlackweU founded the London School of Medicine for Wo- men: in Scotland. Sophia Jex-Blake. By the end of the cen- tury, a number of medical schools in Great Britain were open to women. The first women in Indian medical schools entered Madras in 1875, but much of the medical care for women came from foreign doctors and hospitals established by compassionate foreigners. Russian women were among the first to study medicine, although they had to leave their own country to do so. usually going to Switzerland. They were not permitted into the established schools at home, but in 1872 special courses were opened for them in St. Peters- burg. The Swiss and French schools attracted more foreign than native women— mostly Russians. Americans, and English. Schools were open to women in Italy. Greece. Spain. Portu- gal, but few took advantage of them. Holland and Belgium were among the first to permit women practitioners: Austria among the last. The history of the acceptance of women in Scandinavia is considered at length.
180. SchOnfeld. Walther. [Women in Occidental Medicine from An-
tiquity to the End of the 19th Century]. Enke. Stuttgart. 1947. viii. 176 pp. iUus. . ports. (Ger) This historic overview of women in medicine deals not only
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History
with the role of female physicians but also with the influence of female saints and priestesses, trained dilettantes, and mid- wives on the development of occidental medicine. The book spans from antiquity to the 19th century. After a short de- scription of the social and scientific background of every peri- od or century, the author gives a series of biographies of women. For the period after 1600. the biographies are grouped by country: a short general description of the indi- vidual countries precedes each biography (which also includes those of quacks). The book, which contains an extensive bib- liography and a series of illustrations, is indexed.
181. Schwartz. Adolf W. "Likenesses of Women Physicians on
Stamps. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 14:2 (February 1959) 142-144. facsim. Various women physicians who have appeared on different countries' postage stamps are named. A vignette is given for each. Hygeia. daughter of Aesculapius, is found on a New Zealand and Greek stamp. An Elizabeth Blackwell stamp to commemorate the centenary of her enrollment in medical school was not approved by the U.S. Post Office in 1947. Suzanna Orelli. Ph.D. and holder of an honorary de- gree of doctor of medicine from the University of Zurich. Switzerland appears on a Swiss postage stamp. Two honor- ary doctors of medicine appear on postage stamps: Queen Elina of Italy and Marie Curie of Poland. Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians graduated from the University of Leipzig in 1900 with a degree of doctor of medicine. Her likeness ap- pears on Belgium postage.
182. Scoutetten. Henri. ["The History of Women Physicians from
Antiquity to the Present"]. La France Medicale. 14:
98/99 (1867) 331-336. (Fre) More than half of this paper is devoted to women healers of ancient times, from the midwives of the biblical Hebrews through the Egyptians. Indians and Chinese, the Romans. Arabs of the Middle Ages, and midwives of medieval France. Throughout the Middle Ages the common people of France de- pended on quacks, "healers." and poorly trained midwife- nurses. In more recent times some women have achieved the rank of physician, such as Mme. Boivin who. with her professor son-in-law. wrote a textbook on uterine diseases. In the book, published in 1837. the author title appears as follows: "Mme. Boivin, doctor of medicine, decorated with the gold medal of civil merit of Prussia." In recent times, America. England, and Switzerland have accepted women as physicians and even established women's medical colleges. The author thinks that women are suited by nature for sooth- ing pain and rescuing the unfortunate, but not for medicine or surgery except perhaps for women's diseases and minor sur- gery. If a woman has enough spirit to earn a doctorate, she would not be refused in France, but this article's author states that he would not accept her; let women fill the role assigned them by nature.
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183. Selnion. Bertha. "Medical Opportunity for Women Spreads
Abroad. " Medical Woman's Journal. 54:2 (February 1947) 45-49. 56. (History of Women in Medicine.) Continuing this series on the history of women in medicine. Dr. Selmon quotes entirely from James R. Chadwick's 1879 article entitled "Study and Practice of Medicine by Women" (International Review, October 1879). Chadwick covers the situation of medical women in various other countries.
184. Steinberger. S. ["The History of Women Physicians"].
Gynaekologia (Budapest). (1902) 36-41. (Hun) [Article not examined by editors. ]
185. Stenhouse. Evangeline E. "Women: Patients and Physicians. "
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 7:9 (September 1952) 333-339. DEE (Inaugural Address . American Medical Women's Association. Chicago, Illinois 9 June 1952. )
The author organizes her presentation around women in the "very early days" and women physicians of her day. Begin- ning with ancient and medieval times, the author works her way to the present discussing women as patients and healers, as depicted in art and records.
186. Van Hoosen, Bertha. "Romance of the Medical Education of
Women in England. " Medical Woman's Journal. 32:8
(August 1925) 224-225. (Editorial. ) Women physicians in England and America should be aware of "how close the ties between [them] must always be. " Elizabeth Blackwell was British and after working for the rights of women to practice medicine in the United States, she returned to England where she became the first woman physician registered to practice. In her honor. American medical women are endowing the Elizabeth Blackwell bed in the George Washington Ward of the Royal Free Hospital in London.
187. Walker. Jane. "The Return of Women to Medicine. " Con-
temporary Review. 137 (January 1930) 46-50. (Address, London School of Medicine for Women. London. England 1 October 1929.) Reviewing the historical facts and the legends of medical wo- men of ancient and medieval times. Dr. Walker offers evi- dence to support one of her own speculations: that a woman doctor wrote the "Book of Ecclesiastes." Dr. Walker then fo- cuses upon three pioneers of the modern medical women's movement: Elizabeth Blackwell. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, and Sophia Jex -Blake. Of the three women, Dr. Walker be- lieves Jex-Blake is "in some ways the most brilliant, with a large measure of genius . . . you either disliked her in- tensely or you would be prepared to go with her to prison and to judgment. " Finally, praise is given to male champions of women's right to enter the medical profession.
History
188. Walsh, James J. "Women in the Medical World." New York
Medical Journal. 96 (28 December 1912) 1324-1321T (Ad- dress. Commencement. Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. 29 May 1912. ) Dr. Walsh points out that contrary to the increasingly popu- lar belief that this is the first time in history women have had an opportunity for the fullest education, there have been a series of epochs of flourishing feminine education in the history of humanity. Beginning with Plato. Dr. Walsh dis- cusses these epochs. General advice to the new graduates concludes the article.
189. Whitten. Kathryn M. "Women and the Practice of Medicine. "
Medical Woman's Journal. 50:11 (November 1943) 273- 276! (Address, Annual Convention, Women's Medical So- ciety of the State of New York. 1943. ) There have been women healers since earliest times. Wheth- er their work was obscured or brought into the light (as was done during times of stress), women have been working "in a very practical way" with the sick. Dr. Whitten reviews the history of women in medicine from the earliest time through the present, and concludes with a personal account of her own experiences when she first went to Fort Wayne, Indiana as a physician.
190. "Who Was First Woman Physician?" Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association. 230:12 (23-30 December 1974)
1707. (International Comments. ) The issuance of a U.S. postage stamp honoring Elizabeth Blackwell as the first woman physician in the Western Hemi- sphere created controversy within the West German press. Although it was not claimed that Dr. Blackwell was the world's first woman physician. West Germans pointed out that Dr. Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (nee Leporin) graduated in Ger- many in 1754.
191. Wollstein. Martha. "The History of Women in Medicine. "
Woman's Medical Journal. 18:4 (April 1908) 65-69. Following her review of medical women's history, which be- gins in ancient times and encompasses events in many coun- tries. Dr. Wollstein notes that modern women doctors suffer most from a lack of hospital appointments.
192. "Women Doctors: An Historic Retrospect. " Contemporary
Review. 108 (October 1915) 504-510. The European War and the increased activity of women phy- sicians make this an interesting moment to glance at the his- tory of women doctors. This article scans the accomplish- ments of women healers in ancient times to the present, de- voting much attention to Drs. Elizabeth Blackwell. Elizabeth Garrett-Anderson, and Sophia Jex-Blake. A discussion of the entrance into medicine of Indian girls mentions one Hindu doctor. Rukmabai, who faced imprisonment rather than ratify
South. Central, Latin America and Mexico
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the marriage made for her as a child. Another physician. Dr. Krishnabai. presides over an Indian hospital and is an expert surgeon. The war will undoubtedly have a beneficial effect on women in medicine, notes the author, who concludes that a woman physician comes very close to being a perfect human being.
193. "Women in Medicine. " World Medical Journal. 11:1 (January
1964) 43. (Editorial?) This article is a discussion of how to make the best use of the pool of medical womanpower. Surprise is expressed at the hostility toward pioneering 19th-century women physicians, and a lament is voiced that somewhere, particularly in the Christian world, something went wrong and women were rele- gated to more ••menial" tasks in medical care.
194. "Women Who Practiced Medicine in Ancient Times. " North
American Med. Chir. Review 5 (1861) 372. 560. [Article not examined by editors. |
SOUTH. CENTRAL. LATIN AMERICA AND MEXICO
195. Beauperthuy de Benedetti. Rosario. [Women and Medicine: Work of Incorporation as Numbered Individual to Occupy Chair Number 22. With a Critique of the Work by Car- los R. Travieso. Numbered Individual of the Venezuelan Society of the History of Medicine and of the National Academy of Medicine|. [Sociedad Venezolana de Historia de la Medicina?|. Caracas. Venezuela. 1970. 29 pp. illus. . facsims. . port. (Spa) This is an oration delivered by Dr. Beauperthuy on the occa- sion of her installation as the first woman to become a full member ["numbered individual"] of the Venezuelan Society of the History of Medicine (12 March 1970). A biographical sketch in Travieso"s critique notes that she is a correspond- ing member of the French Society of the History of Medicine and in 1966 received the Burgky Prize of the French Acad- emy of Medicine for her research and publication on her an- cestor, Louis D. Beauperthuy. discoverer of the vector of yellow fever. Beauperthuy gives a brief sketch of women in medicine from the ancient Greeks to the 18th century, fol- lowed by a biography of Elizabeth Black well, first woman to receive an M. D. degree, and some comments on early stu- dents at Zurich and Paris. The first woman medical student at the Central University in Caracas was Virginia Pereira Alvarez, who eventually graduated from Woman's Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania. The first woman to graduate in medi- cine was Lya Inberg. in 1936, although two women had re- ceived degrees in 1912 and 1929 on the basis of medical studies in Europe. In 1969, of 311 M. D.s graduating from the Central University, over 80 were women.
58
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History
196. "Women Physicians in Brazil. " Women in Medicine. 90 (Octo- ber 1945) 16.
A very brief "history" of women physicians in Brazil is given.
197. Bazanov. V. A. and Pavluchkova. A. V. ["From 'Schools
for Midwives' to 'Courses for Women Physicians' (On the Centennial of Education for Women Physicians)"]. Aku- sherstvo i Ginekologiia (Moskva). 48 (November 1972T" 74-76. (RuiT
The first midwifery school in Russia was opened in 1757. It offered courses only in German, and no clinical subjects were included in the curriculum. During its first 20 years, 35 midwives finished their training in this school in Moscow, and 168 completed training in a similar school in Petersburg. By the end of the 18th century, clinics were attached to the schools for clinical practice, but even in the mid-19th century the level of education was still low. The first women, N. P. Suslova and M. A. Bokova. were admitted to medical studies at the university in 1862. but the revolutionary movement in Russia put an end to these studies. In 1872 a special depart- ment was opened at the Medico-Surgical Academy, on a four- year experimental basis: its graduates were given the right to practice medicine in the fields of gynecology, pediatrics, and venereal diseases. In 1876 the courses were transferred to the Nicolaev Military Hospital where they were called "Wo- men's Medical Courses. " The five-year curriculum included various subjects: 959 women completed this course. The courses were closed in 1882. and it was not until 15 years later, in 1897. that the Women's Medical Institute was es- tablished.
198. Belitskaia. E. La. ["Higher Medical Education of Women in
Russia (1872-1972)"|. Askepii (Sofia). 3 (1974) 114-119. (English Abstract. ) (Rul) [Article not examined by editors, j
199.
200.
Belitskaia. E. La. ["Polyclinical Service in Prerevolutionary Petersburg and the Participation of Women Physicians. (On the Centenary of Higher Medical Education for Wo-
men in Russia)"]. (1972) 64-68.
Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie , 31:10
[Article not examined by editors. |
Dionesov. S. M. ["Pages from the History of the Education of Women Physicians in Russia in the 19th Century"]. Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie. 29 (1970) 63-68. (Rus) In anticipation of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the first Courses for the Education of Women as Midwives. the author reviews the history of their origin, existence, and abolition. The courses were associated with the Imperial
USSR
Medical-Surgical Academy of Russia. In 1870 the chief of the Academy and two other professors appealed to the Med- ical Council for the right of women to study medicine, point- ing out the advantages to be gained. Permission was given in 1872 by the Minister of Defense to open the courses for a four-year probationary period, and this decision was con- firmed in 1876. The Tsarist authorities were concerned about the political views of the women. For this reason and because of the financial problems faced by the courses, they were transferred to the Nicolaev Military Hospital. In May 1881 the resignation of Defense Minister D. A. Milutin sealed the fate of the courses, which were closed down bv the new minister on July 31. 1882. During the almost 15 vears the courses were in existence. 691 women graduated and be- came physicians.
201. Karnaukhova. E. I. ["On the Beginning of Medical Education
for Women in Russia"]. Sovetskoe Zdravookhranenie (Moskva). 21 (1962) 48-52; (Rus) [Article not examined by editors. ]
202. Nekrasova. E. [From the Past of the Courses for Women:
Part I. The Lubyanskie Courses in Moscow: Part II.
The Physicians' Courses in Petersburg). Moscow. USSR.
1886. 99 pp. fRus) Although (at the time this book was written) the courses for women had been in existence for only about 20 years, the memory of their origin was fading. Dedicated to the memory of the author's sister. V. S. Nekrasova. one of the first Rus- sian women in medicine, the book recalls the founding and early years of the two schools. After much effort and strug- gle by Russian women desiring higher education, official per- mission was given by the minister of public education to open the Lubyanskie Courses for Women. Part I describes the founding, activities, curriculum, teachers, financial problems, administration, and significance to the times, of the courses. Many women received their education in the sciences which enabled them later to get into higher educational establish- ments. Many of them became teachers, some in these same courses: others entered the medical courses and became phy- sicians. Part n describes the effort leading to the establish- ment of the medical courses for women in Petersburg and the life of the first students there. The first appeal for the right of women to study medicine was dated 1864. After many years of discussions and struggle, the doors of the Medical- Surgical Academy of Petersburg were opened to women on November 1. 1872: there they could take courses in histology, anatomy, botany, physics, and chemistry. Initially called Courses for Scientific Midwives. they later became the Wo- men's Medical Courses. The author reviews admission re- quirements, curriculum, teaching, conditions of life, and the number of graduates from 1877 to 1880 and the hardships they endured. Sixty women graduated from the courses during the
60
History
first year. Many of the students became practicing physi- cians. At the time of the writing of this book, 24 women, pioneers of medical education in Russia, were engaged in practical work as "Zemzki Vrach. "
203. Okunkova-Goldinger, Z. and Ladova. Rosalia M. . trans.
"The History of Medical Education of Women in Russia. "
Woman's Medical Journal, 12:3 (March 1902) 51-54. This is the first of two articles on the development of educa- tion for women physicians in Russia. Women's medical edu- cation began when the government's medical department for- malized instruction for midwives in 1757, including the ad- mission of midwives to university clinics. In 1872 an anony- mous gift was given to the military department for a woman's medical college in connection with the Military Medical Acad- emy. In the same year Alexander II decreed the establish- ment of a separate four-year course for learned midwives in connection with the Imperial Medico Chirurgical Academy. In 1876 a fifth year was added to the course, equalizing the training of women with that of men. However, the program was then transferred from the Academy to the Nikolaevsky Hospital and became a separate school. Funds for the opera- tion of the school were not appropriated, and attempts were made to get the city government of St. Petersburg to operate it. In 1895 the rules and regulations for the Medical Insti- tute for Women received confirmation and sanction of the emperor. In 1897 the Institute opened in St. Petersburg. Of 264 applicants, 188 were accepted: 75 of these were col- lege graduates and assistant physicians.
204. Okunkova-Goldinger, Z. and Ladova. Rosalia M. . trans.
"The History of Medical Education of Women in Russia: The Work and Status of Medical Women of Russia. " Woman's Medical Journal. 12:4 (April 1902) 79-82. This, the second of a two-part article, documents the certi- fication and work of women physicians in Russia in the 19th century. In 1878 Alexander H authorized the issuance of temporary certificates to women physicians who took state examinations until such time as a suitable form for a di- ploma could be agreed upon. These certificates were in ef- fect for 20 years until Nicholas n confirmed a Senate reso- lution authorizing women physicians to receive the same de- gree and privileges as men physicians. During the Turko- Russian War, 42 women entered military medical service. In 1897 they were commanded to the Red Cross Society. Aside from military service, women physicians carried on active practices in the provinces. Data from 1893 show there were 313 women physicians in the 409 states or coun- ties with self-government. In Turkestan there were six hos- pitals with women physicians at the head of each. Data from 1882-83 show 11 women physicians as school inspectors of primary schools. It was also reported that women physicians in the cities gave service gratis to hospitals, infirmaries.
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61
and other charitable institutions. For example, from 1878 to 1890 women physicians in St. Petersburg received no re- muneration for their services from the city government.
205. Rozova. K. A. ["The First Medical School for Women in
Russia"]. Feldsher Akush. 37 (July 1972) 35-38. (Rus) The first "practical" midwives' schools were opened in Rus- sia in the 18th century. In 1861 the first two women medical students. M. P. Suslova and M. A. Bokova, were admitted to the Petersburg Medical Surgical Academy. In the year 1872 there were 44 Russian women studying abroad: that year saw the founding of the first women's medical higher school in Russia. Its primary aim was to prepare "scientific" mid- wives. The course lasted four years and the students paid 50 rubles a year. In 1876 the courses were transferred to the Nicolaev Military Hospital, given the name of Women's Medical Courses, and extended to five years. The last class graduated in 1887. The Women's Medical Institute was opened in Petersburg at the end of the 19th century, and after 1905 Women's Medical Schools were opened in Odessa. Kiev. Moscow, and Kharkov. At present there are 668.000 physi- cians in the Soviet Union. 70 per cent of them women.
206. Shibokov. Anatotii Aleksovich. [The First Medical Women
in Russia). Medical Publishing Company. Leningrad.
USSR, 1961. 119 pp. illus. . "ports. (Rus) According to the annotation on the title page, this pamphlet was written to appeal to a wide variety of readers: it de- scribes the patriotism and self-sacrifice of prerevolutionary Russian nurses and the first women physicians, the struggle for women's medical education, and the contributions of med- ical women in the Crimean and Russo-Turkish Wars. Most of the text is devoted to the training and activities of nurses and feldschers (field paramedics who handle minor medical problems): the last chapter, on "Women's Medical Education in Russia at the End of the 19th Century." contains a section on the early development of medical schools. The Women's Medical Courses at Petersburg, started in 1872. attached to the Nikolaev Military Hospital in 1876. and closed in 1882, graduated classes ranging from five in 1876 to 88 in 1887. In 1892 there were 568 women doctors in Russia, about half of them in government service or institutional practice.
207. Stochik. A. M. and Ponetaeva. N. E. ["History of Higher
Medical Education of Women in Russia"]. Zdravookhra- nenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 16 (September 1972) 37-41. iRuiT
Medical education for women in Russia was first considered in 1861. After very many discussions and a private donation of 50,000 rubles, four-year courses were finally opened in July 1872 at the Medico-Surgical Academy to train "scientific midwives. " The courses received no state financial support. Many outstanding medical doctors taught there. In 1876 the
62
History
courses were transferred to the Nikolaev Military Hospital and the curriculum was increased to five years. In 1883 the women graduated from these courses and were given the title of physician. During the first ten years. 959 women were admitted to the courses: 434 were still studying in 1883. and 281 had completed the five-year course. The courses were closed in 1882 because of financial problems, but in 1897 the Women's Medical Institute was founded. Although many famous scientists taught there, the graduates did not enjoy the rights of graduates of other medical faculties. It was not until 1904 that they could work in all hospital departments or become professors. The first year, 188 women were en- rolled, and the number increased to 1256 in 1913-14. In 1906 a medical faculty was opened at the Higher Women's Courses in Moscow: 1060 women graduated from this faculty before the 1917 revolution. There were also medical facul- ties at the universities at Derpt. Warsaw. Kazan, and Char- kov. In 1918 aU these special establishments for women were closed because they now enjoyed equal rights with men.
208. Tikotin. M. A. "Students at the First Petersburg Women's
Medical Institute in the First Russian Revolution. " Sovet- skoe Zdravookhranenie. 4 (1975) 69-71. [Article not examined by editors.]
209. Zikeev, P. D. ["On the History of the Struggle for Higher
Medical Education for Women in Russia"]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina (Moskva). 47 (October 1969) 151-134T (Rus) Two letters to Nadezhda Vasilyevna Stasova. founder, direc- tor, and chief coordinator of the Higher Education Courses for Women in Petersburg, are presented, one from I M. Sechenov. the second from Sechenov's wife. M. A. Sechen- ova-Bokovaya. dated September 15. 1889 and October 18. 1889 respectively. Both letters show great sympathy and concern for one of the forms of social movement in the second half of the 19th century--the struggle of Russian women for their right to higher professional education-- as well as warmth and appreciation of Stasova 's work. The author also presents a short history of the foundation and work of the school, its financial and social problems, and its battle with the Russian government for existence. N. Stasova was finally removed from her position by the tsarist authorities. She tried to find comfort in working for Sunday (vocational) schools, but found it difficult to reconcile herself to her situation. N. Stasova was a woman of great energy and modesty and was truly devoted to her work, full of love and faith in the ir- resistible strength of truth. She died on September 27. 1895.
UNITED STATES
210. Barringer. Emily Dunning. "Fifty Years Ago. " Journal of
the American Medical Women's Association, 6:8 (August
United States
S3
1951) 315-316.
A reminiscence of life in the United States at the turn of the century initiates this article, which continues on to a brief remembrance of Dr. Emily Blackwell. and concludes with an elucidation of the work and spirit of Mary Putnam Jacobi.
211. Barringer. Emily Dunning. •'Nineteen Forty-One and the Wo-
man Doctor." Women in Medicine. 73 (July 1941) 8-13. With elaborate analogy to an artist painting a picture, the au- thor sketches in broad strokes the last several decades of history of women physicians in the United States, as well as the situation as it existed in 1941 for women physicians.
212. Blake. John B. "Women and Medicine in Ante-Bellum Amer-
ica. (The Fielding H. Garrison Lecture). " Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 39:2 (March-April 1965) 99- 123. (37th Annual Meeting. American Association for the History of Medicine. Bethesda and Washington. April 30, 1964.)
A well -documented discussion of Elizabeth Blackwell. women's rights, and the struggles of women in medicine, with a sub- stantial section on the emergence of various 19th-century med- ical schools and their respective attitudes toward women in medicine constitutes this article.
213. Bloch. Harry. "Women's Role in Medicine in Early Colonial
Times. " New York State Journal of Medicine. 75:5 (April 1975) 770-772. (History of Medicine. ) Following a brief and general review of the position and lack of education for women in early colonial times, this article describes women's contributions as healers, nurses, apothe- caries, herbalists, and midwives.
214. Daniel. Annie S. "Shall Women Study Medicine. " Medical
Record. 94 (16 November 1918) 850-853. (Presentation. Woman's Medical Association of New York City. October 16. 1918.)
Women studying medicine in the 19th century, their struggles and successes, are cited in this article. Dr. Daniel speaks also of the difficulties women physicians had in securing ad- mission to medical societies.
215. "Difference of Opinion. " Medical Woman's Journal. 34:9
(September 1927) 272. Quotes are extracted from an article by Rollin Lynde Hartt. later reprinted in its entirety. ["The Woman Physician: Has She Arrived after Her Long and Adventurous Struggle?" Med- ical Woman's Journal. 34:10 (October 1927) 302-307.)
216. Donegan, Jane Bauer. Midwifery in America. 1760-1860: A
Study in Medicine and Morality. Syracuse University. Syracuse. New York. 1972. vii, 304 pp. (Ph. D. thesis. ) The years 1760 to 1860 witnessed a revolution in obstetrics:
64
History
the introduction of forceps (which only men were trained to use) and the replacement of untrained female midwives by trained male obstetricians just as women were becoming too "modest" to appreciate their attentions. This dissertation shows how the problem of female modesty led to formal train- ing of women midwives in the 1850s, many of whom then out- raged men by becoming qualified physicians. Harriot Hunt, Martha Sawin, Lydia Folger Fowler, and other women phy- sicians are discussed, as is the opening of American medical colleges to women.
217. Drouillard. Louisa C. "Women in the Medical Profession. "
Transactions of the Medical Society of Tennessee: 62nd
Session. (1695) 234-245.
In this, the first paper delivered by a woman physician be- fore the Medical Society of Tennessee, the history of medical women in the United States is divided into seven periods: (1) female midwifery in the colonial period, (2) complete ex- clusion of females from the profession during the Revolution. (3) a period of general reaction. (4) formation of medical col- leges for women. (5) struggle for entrance into the reputable colleges. (6) founding of hospitals where women could receive clinical training, and (7) struggle for official recognition in the profession. A discussion of the paper by members of the medical society follows.
218. Furman. Bess. "Portraits Honor Medical Women. " Journal
of the American Medical Women's Association, 12TT2
(December 1957) 443-444. portsT This article is a reprint from the October 27. 1957, issue of the New York Times. The exhibit of medical women at the Medical Museum of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology "goes back to a facsimile of the most ancient known pictorial record of a woman doctor." c. 3000 B.C. The prized item of the exhibit is a portrait of Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, by J. B. Hudson, depicting (according to the historian in charge of the exhibit) Dr. Walker's role as a Civil War spy.
219. Guion, Connie M. "Contribution of Medical Women to Soci-
ety. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Asso- ciation. 15:8 (August 1960) 764-770. (Address, Women's Medical Association of New York City [Branch Fourteen], November 4, 1959. ) The study of medicine has been a natural pursuit for women through the ages --and periodically their aspirations have turned to struggles as "men have conspired to prevent them from doing so. " After a cursory look at women in medicine be- fore Blackwell. the author turns her attention to Elizabeth Blackwell's efforts to obtain a medical education and to found the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. Florence Sabin's professional life and contributions are also followed, from her internship in medicine at Johns Hopkins through her professorship there, her eventual work at the RockefeUer
United States
65
Institute for Medical Research, and her ultimate return to and work in Denver, Colorado. The author gives credit for her detailed account of the life of Florence Sabin to Eleanor Bluemel's The Life of Florence Sabin.
220. Hartt. Rollin Lynde. "The Woman Physician: Has She Ar- rived After Her Long and Adventurous Struggle?" Med- ical Woman's Journal. 34:10 (October 1927) 302-307. "While it may be true that the number of medical women in the entire country is not equal to the number of medical men in the city of New York, the time will come when this condi- tion wiU be changed. " Evidence to support the author's be- lief that women physicians have indeed "arrived" includes his- torical facts, little-known anecdotes, and opinions of present- day educators. [The article also appears in Century Maga- zine. July 1927.)
221. Henderson -Smathers, Irma. "Medical Women of North Caro-
lina. " Medical Woman's Journal. 56:10 (October 1949) 43-44. (History of Women in Medicine. ) This article introduces a series of articles about women phy- sicians of North Carolina. Its "faith that one man is as good as another" aided the state in assuming "the lead in recognizing its women doctors. " North Carolina Medical Col- lege, which existed from 1886 to 1913. admitted women to classes in 1902 and graduated its first woman in 1912. The North Carolina Medical Society granted a woman membership in 1872. becoming one of the first four state societies to do so. Dr. Henderson-Smathers opens her series with the bi- ography of a male. Dr. John Dickson. It was in his home in AsheviUe. North Carolina that Elizabeth Blackwell began to "read medicine," preparing herself for entering medical school.
222. "An Historical Masterpiece. " Medical Woman's Journal, 46:
5 (May 1939) 148. (EditorSID Praise is given to Dr. Annie Daniel for her series of articles on the history of the New York Infirmary, the first of which appears in this month's Journal. ["'A Cautious Experiment. ' The History of the New York Infirmary for Women and Chil- dren and the Women's Medical College of the New York In- firmary: Also Its Pioneer Founders: 1853-1899. "] Dr. Daniel's research often led. as she put it. "into an attic, a cellar, and to more than one graveyard." This journal's editors caU the resulting articles "an intimate, authentic his- tory" that hopefully will inspire young women physicians with appreciation for the work of pioneer medical women.
223. Holloway. Lisabeth M. "O Pioneers!" Philadelphia Medi-
cine. 71:10 (October 1975) 407-411. The author, curator of the historical collections of the library at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, discusses the history of women's medical colleges and coeducational medical
66
History
schools in the United States as well as medical education abroad. In 1870 the U.S. census showed that 525 of 62.383 physicians and surgeons were female. The 1890 census re- veals that of 103.482 white physicians and surgeons. 4.424 were female (572 of those were born abroad); colored physi- cians (Chinese. Japanese, and Indians) numbered 1.190 males and 133 females: and Negro physicians numbered 794 male and 115 female. The author points out the interesting fact that by 1890 Howard Medical School had graduated only 19 women, and Meharry did not admit women at all. "Where did these 298 non-white women doctors come from?"
224. Hurd-Mead. Kate Campbell. Medical Women of America: A
Short History of the Pioneer Medical Women of America and of a Few of Their CoUeagues in England. Froben Press. New York. New York. 1933. 95 pp. phot". . ports.
This history of early women physicians in the U.S. and Eng- land also includes brief histories of the gradual opening of medical colleges to women, of women's hospitals, and the admission of medical women to hospital positions and .medical societies. It surveys women physicians in research and teaching, as specialists, missionaries, and writers, and in the American Women's Hospitals. A survey of the Medical Woman's National Association in 1931 showed that of 162 wo- men physicians, only three had retired because of marriage. Most were in public health, obstetrics and gynecology, or pediatrics. An appendix gives the autobiography of Elizabeth Cushier. gynecologist and friend of the Blackwells. Many portraits and an index are included.
225. Irwin. Inez Haynes. "Medicine. " In: Angels and Amazons:
A Hundred Years of American Women. Doubleday. Doran & Company. Inc. . Garden City. New York. 1933. 133- 162.
This recounting of women's post -Civil War struggles for med- ical education includes examples of persecution by male stu- dents. The founding of the Chicago Women's Medical College and the opening of other schools to women are described. One section tells of the opening of medical societies to wo- men and their admission to specialties and institutional prac- tice. A concluding section on the history of nursing in Amer- ica mentions several women physicians.
226. Irwin. Inez Haynes. "They Become Doctors. " In: Angels
and Amazons: A Hundred Years of American Women.
Doubleday, Doran & Company. Inc. . Garden City. New
York. 1933, 42-50. This chapter reviews details of the lives of American women physicians between 1840 and 1860. Mentioned are Ann Pres- ton and Hannah Longshore, graduates of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania's first class of 1852. and Sarah Adamson and Mrs. Gleason. the earliest women graduates of
United States
the Eclectic School. Rochester. Details of struggles for medical education are recounted for Emily and Elizabeth Blackwell. Harriet Hunt. Mary Putnam Jacobi. and Marie Zakrzewska.
227. Jacobi, Mary Putnam. "Woman in Medicine." In: Woman's
Work in America. Edited by Annie Nathan Meyer. Hen- ry Holt and Company. New York. New York. 1891. 139- 205.
The history of women's struggle to enter the full practice of the medical profession is summarized by Dr. Jacobi. herself one of the pioneers of this movement. She divides the history of medical women into seven periods: (1) the colonial period of exclusively female midwifery. (2) the revolutionary period of emerging interest in medical art and education, from which women were excluded. (3) a period of reaction led by Samuel Gregory. (4) the emergence of special medical schools for women. (5) the appearance on the scene of women demand- ing to be educated as full physicians- -Harriot Hunt. Emily and Elizabeth Blackwell, Marie Zakrzewska, Ann Preston, and Emmeline Cleveland, (6) the founding of hospitals where women could receive clinical training, and (7) the struggle for official recognition in the profession. The first colleges and hospitals where women could receive training are discussed. Contemporary statistics regarding women in medicine are cited. Many early women physicians from various parts of the country are treated in the light of their individual contributions.
228. Jacobson. Beverly and Jacobson. Wendy. "Only Eight Per-
cent: A Look at Women in Medicine. " Civil Rights Di- gest. 7:4 (Summer 1975) 20-27. illus. There are many deterrents to women becoming physicians in the United States. One indication of that is the fact that wo- men comprise only 8 per cent of the profession. Even as more women enter medicine, few achieve top hierarchical positions. Women were respected healers in the American colonies, but the medical schools founded after the first in 1765 were run "by university-trained, upper class white males, educated at the great medical centers of Germany. France, and Britain." and women were excluded. Later, few women could afford the expense and time it took the Blackwell sisters to become doctors and found hospitals. After Flexner's influential report on medical schools, many schools --which had admitted women—closed. The institutions with the best facilities and endowments tended to be exclu- sively male. Training for midwives was obstructed. Women have to be careful when entering medicine that they do get positions in the hierarchy and that their favorite specialties do not get designated as "female. "
229. Kaufman, Martin. "John Stainback Wilson and Female Med-
ical Education. " Journal of the History of Medicine.
68
History
28:4 (October 1973) 395-399. (Notes and Events. ) One of the few male physicians who advocated medical edu- cation of women. John Stainback Wilson wrote several argu- ments in support of his beliefs. This footnoted article re- views and analyzes Wilson's arguments and places them in historical context.
230. Keefer. Dorothy Campbell. "Women in the BUSM: a Brief
History." Boston University Medical Center Centerscope.
(July /August 1971) 4. port. (Women in Medicine. ) Created in 1848. the Boston Female Medical College was the first American medical school for women. In 1851 the insti- tution was renamed New England Female Medical College. Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), which absorbed the New England Female Medical College, graduated its first class in 1874 (two of the five graduates were women). In this brief history, the educational struggles of Elizabeth Blackwell are recaUed. It is noted that after Blackwell -s graduation in 1849 a century passed before "all medical schools admitted women on an equal basis with men. "
231. Keegan. B. "Women in Medicine. " Illinois Medical Journal
147:4 (April 1975) 382-383.
[Article not examined by editors.]
232. Love. Minnie C. "History of the Women Practitioners of
Colorado." Colorado Medical Journal, 8:4 (1902) 147-
150.
[Article not examined by editors.]
233. McKibbin-Harper. Mary. "Indian Medicine Women. " Medical
Woman's Journal. 35:10 (October 1928) 286-287. Dr. McKibbin-Harper tells of a few facts she learned about Indian medicine women from Derrick and Eunice Lehmer. In- dian lore researchers.
234. McNutt. Sarah J. "Response to the Toast "Pioneers of Yes-
terday in Medicine. ': At the Banquet of the Women's State Medical Society. May 5. 1919. " Woman's Medical Journal. 29(19]: 9 (September 1919) ldl^T. Dr. McNutt reviews the advances of six pioneer women phy- sicians. "In 1872," adds Dr. McNutt. "a new star arose and burst upon the world in a great brilliance — Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi. " The many "firsts" of Dr. Jacobi are enu- merated.
235. Marshall. Clara. "Fifty Years in Medicine. " Virginia Med-
ical Semi-Monthly. (27 January 1899) 1-18. (Reprint. ) (Presentation, National American Woman's Suffrage Asso- ciation. 16 February 1898. ) Dr. Marshall surveys the advances made by medical women since Elizabeth Blackwell 's graduation a half century ago. She touches upon the admission of women to medical schools
United States
69
and the founding of women's schools, as well as the admis- sion of women to medical societies- -particularly the Ameri- can Medical Association. A summary of the American wo- man physician's present status examines the following: the contribution of women to medical literature: women's success in competitive examinations for hospital posts, medical school admissions, and before state examining boards: the results of women's work in hospitals and private practice: and women's professional recognition.
236. Mason-Hohl. Elizabeth. "Early California and Its Medical
Women. " Women in Medicine. 78 (October 1942) 14-16. A sketchy history of California's medical heritage is traced up to the practice of Dr. Elizer Pfeifer Stone in Nevada City in 1957. From this point forward a catalogue is given of women physicians' names and the "firsts" many of them ac- complished: Dr. Charlotte Blake Brown was instrumental in founding the Pacific Dispensary for Women and Children in San Francisco: Dr. Willella Howe Waffle was the first wo- man to practice in Los Angeles County: Dr. Rose Talbot Bul- lard. in 1903-1904. served as president of the Los Angeles County Medical Association: and Dr. C. Annette Buckel. hav- ing served the army in the 1860s. worked with the Blackwells as well as with Dr. Marie Zakrzewska in Boston and went ultimately to California where, upon her death, she left a legacy to be used for child psychology.
237. Mason-Hohl, Elizabeth. "History of Women in Medicine. "
Medical Woman's Journal. 52:10 (October 1945) 33-34. This article outlines the format to be employed for future "History of Women in Medicine" articles appearing in the Journal.
238. "Medical Education of Women in Cincinnati. " Journal of the
American Medical Women's Association. 9:12 (December
1954) 401-403. QT5E Medical instruction for women in Cincinnati, Ohio became available in 1883 when the Cincinnati CoUege of Medicine first admitted women students. In 1886 women were separated from the men when a separate department was created and named the Woman's Medical CoUege of Cincinnati. In 1890 this department became a separate institution by obtaining a charter of its own. The Laura Memorial College was founded in 1885 by Alexander McDonald as a memorial to his daugh- ter. Laura McDonald Stolls. who died in childbirth. Laura Memorial College absorbed the Woman's Medical College of Ohio. Alexander McDonald hoped that this College would help to train women physicians who would acquire "knowledge and skiU to keep other women from early, and possibly prevent- able, death. "
239. Morantz. Regina. "The Lady and Her Physician. " In: Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History
70
History
of Women. Edited by Lois W. Banner and Mary Hart- man. Harper & Row Publishers. Inc. . New York. New York. 1974. 38-53. In this paper, the author criticizes the supposition — most commonly held by feminist historians — that 19th-century Amer- ican male physicians were hostile to female patients and that they expressed their animosity by employing: painful and in- effective medical practices. To explore how some Victorian women viewed their roles. Morantz further discusses the ideas of early women physicians. Quotes by Elizabeth Black- well. Ann Preston. Marie Zakrzewska. Harriot Hunt, and Mary Putnam -Jacobi show that they "were not out to vindicate their oppressed sisters as much as to refine and purify Vic- torian society." The early women physicians' attitudes mir- rored those of their male counterparts. Morantz points out. "These professional women were not modern-day feminists, charging the barricades of male privilege, but were very much Victorian women, prisoners of their own time and culture. "
240. More. V. "Dr. Elizabeth Bass Assembles Notable Collec-
tion. " Mississippi Doctor. 21 (August 1943) 83-84. This article discusses the Elizabeth Bass collection of materi- al on women in medicine. [Article not examined by editors. )
241. Mosher. Eliza M. "The History of American Medical Wo-
men. " Medical Woman's Journal. 29:10 (October 1922)
253-259. ports. Dr. Mosher 's own biographical sketch precedes her article on Elizabeth BlackweU. This article is the first in a series of histories of medical women which will be presented by the Journal. The biography of Dr. Mosher begins with her com- mencement of medical studies in 1869 at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, and follows the vicissitudes of her career to 1922. Following this sketch. Dr. Mosher 's historical article covers the activity of Drs. Elizabeth and Emily BlackweU. and Dr. Marie Zakrzewska.
242. Packard. Francis R. "Women in Medicine. " In: History of
Medicine in the United States: Volume II. Paul B. Hoe- ber Inc. . New York. New York. 1932. 1222-1227. This brief review of women's role in American medical his- tory is found in the appendix of Packard's comprehensive text- book. A biographical sketch of Drs. Elizabeth Stone [sic] BlackweU and Emily BlackweU includes discussion of the founding of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. Also described is the history of the founding of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and the important role of Dr. Clara MarshaU. The New York Medical College and Hospital for Women is shown to have been incorporated chiefly through the efforts of Clemence Sophia Lozier.
243. Pioneer-Pacesetter-Innovator: The Story of The Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania. The Newcomen Society of North
United States
America, New York, New York, 1971, 27 pp. photos. . port.
This historical survey of the first medical college for women in the United States details the growth of the school from its modest beginnings in two rented rooms in 1850. to a modern S19-million facility. Many of the heroes of its success story are women, and the booklet reviews the progress of the school during the tenure of various deans: Ann Preston, Rachel Bod- ley, Clara Marshall. Martha Tracy. Marion Fay. and Glen Leymaster.
244. Pope. Emily F. : Call, Emma L. : and Pope. C. Augusta.
The Practice of Medicine by Women in the United States- Boston. Massachusetts. 1881. 12 pp. (Presentation. American Social Science Association. Saratoga. 7 Septem- ber 1881. ) [item not examined by editors. )
245. "Post Office Honors First Woman Doctor on 125th Anniver-
sary of her Hobart M. D. Degree. " Association of Epis- copal Colleges News. 12:2 (April 1974) 3. facsim. One hundred and twenty-five years to the day after Elizabeth Blackwell received her medical degree from Geneva College (on 23 January 1849). "inside the same four walls of the Presbyterian Church in Geneva where Elizabeth received her diploma in 1849. the United States Post Office, the City of Geneva, and Hobart [formerly Geneva] and William Smith Col- leges joined in paying her tribute on the occasion of the is- sue of a special United States 18£ postage stamp in her hon- or. " At this same celebration. Dr. Frances Keller Harding was presented with the Elizabeth Blackwell Award.
246. Reeve. J. C. "The Entrance of Women into Medicine."
Western Reserve Medical Journal. 3 (1894-1895) 345-362. [Article not examined by editors. |
247. [Reid. Ada Chree]. "Women Physicians and Nurses. " Jour-
nal of the American Medical Women's Association. 4:6
(June 1949) 253. (Editorial. )
The association between women physicians and nurses is traced from Elizabeth Blackwell -s relationship with Florence Nightingale, through the Civil War. to Dr. Marie Zakrzew- ska's founding of the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
248. Selmon. Bertha L. "The Boston Story: [Part I)." Medical
Woman's Journal. 53:2 (February 1946) 47-49. (History
of Women in Medicine. ) This history of women in medicine in Boston opens with a discussion of women midwives and nurses. Social climate, e.g. . Victorian prudery, which made it difficult for women to formally enter medical courses, is touched upon. Following a mention of the founding of the New England Female Medical College is a description of Harriot Kezia Hunt's youth.
72
History
249. Selmon. Bertha L. 'The Boston Story (Continued). " Med-
ical Woman's Journal. 53:3 (March 1946) 40-42. (His- tory of Women in Medicine. ) This history of Boston medical women reproduces corres- pondence between Harriot K. Hunt and O. W. Holmes, dean of the medical faculty of Harvard University. Asking for permission to attend medical lectures at Harvard. Hunt stresses the need for qualified women physicians to attend those of her sex. She describes her intense desire for for- mal medical knowledge and writes, "Your refusal in the city of my birth, education, and life, seemed unjust to me...." Although the faculty agreed to permit Hunt, and male Negroes, to attend lectures in the faU of 1850, the [white] male stu- dents revolted against it. Their letter to the faculty deplores the thought of Hunt appearing in the medical lecture room "where her presence is calculated to destroy our respect for the modesty and delicacy of her sex. " Hunt withdrew her application. In 1853 the Medical College of Philadelphia con- ferred upon her an honorary medical degree. Following the biography of Harriot Hunt is a profile of Marie Zakrzewska and a mention of the women who staffed the newly organized New England Hospital for Women and Children.
250. Selmon. Bertha [L]. "Early Development of Medical Oppor-
tunity for Women in the United States. " Medical Wo- man's Journal. 54:1 (January 1947) 25-28 r~6H [History of Women in Medicine. ) A continuation of this series from earlier volumes of the Journal, this article reviews the women's medical colleges which were dealt with in previous installments. A discus- sion of coeducational institutions which admitted women, fol- lows. Lucinda Susannah (Capen) Hall, an 1852 graduate of the Worcester [Massachusetts] Medical Institution, is pro- filed, using excerpts from an article by Frederick C. Waite. This is followed by Chadwick's view of 19th-century medi- cine and women's place therein.
251. Selmon. Bertha L. "Early History of Women in Medicine. "
Medical Woman's Journal. 52:3 (March 1945) 38-42.
(History of Women in Medicine. ) Dr. Selmon covers briefly the professional career of Emily Blackwell and Marie Zakrzewska and presents excerpts from Rachel Baker's accounts of the New York Infirmary for Wo- men and Children.
252. Selmon. Bertha L. "History of Women in Medicine. " Med-
ical Woman's Journal. 52:1 (January 1945 ) 39-40 . 5^ This first in a series of articles on the history of medical women begins by discussing "The Sunrise of Women in Medi- cine" (1840-1870). when women, as well as medicine itself, were beginning to " 'crack the shell of tradition. ' " Dr. Sel- mon quotes from Kate Hurd -Mead's Medical Women of Amer- ica and discusses midwifery as the antecedent to women as physicians.
United States
73
253. Shryock, Richard Harrison. "Women in American Medicine. «
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 5:9 (September 1950) 371-379. (Lecture. College ol Phy- sicians. Philadelphia. April 14. 1950. ) This lecture, delivered upon the occasion of the centenary of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, analyzes trends and issues surrounding women in American medicine in the preceding 100 years. Dr. Shrvock discusses factors which originally favored women in medicine, those factors which op- posed them, major trends, and the outcome of these trends.
254. Sloop. Mary Martin. "An Outline of Work among Mountain
Whites of North Carolina. " Bulletin of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. 65:5 (March 1915) 58- W.
255. Waite. Frederick C. "Early Medical Service of Women."
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association.
3:5 (May 1948) 199-203. ports. This article gives a brief description of the medical education of women in the U. S. . particularly in the Western Reserve (that area of land that is now northeastern Ohio).
256. Waite. Frederick C. "The Medical Education of Women in
Cleveland (1850-1930). " Western Reserve University Bulletin. No. 16 (15 September 1930) 1-29. tables. A history is given of the women who attended and graduated from the medical colleges of Cleveland. Ohio which include among others: Cleveland Medical College [later Case West- ern Reserve University] and the homeopathic schools of Cleve- land. For all their pioneering efforts in accepting women, two per cent women graduated from Cleveland medical schools from 1843 to 1930 while women graduates from homeopathic schools reached 12.5 per cent.
257. Waite, Lucy. "Women in the Medical Profession. " Medical
Herald. 16 (December 1897) 449-452. [Article not examined by editors.]
258. Welsh. Lilian. "The Significance of Medicine as a Profes-
sion for Women. " Bulletin of the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Pennsylvania. 74:1 (January 1924) 3-9. (Address. Seventy-fourth Annual Session. Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. 26 September 1923. ) The history of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania is followed by a discussion of the motivation of women to study medicine, a motivation manifested in the desire "to ad- vance the well-being of women and children. " The history of medical education for women in the United States is set in the social and political context of the time. The article con- cludes with a discussion of the medical opportunities avail- able for women.
History
Wilder. Dora Lee. "Woman in the Field of Medicine. " Jour- nal of the Tennessee State Medical Association. 2 (1909-
1910) 323-325.
A woman physician today "stands on an equal plane with her brother physician. " and this happy circumstance is due to the efforts of pioneer women in medicine — women like Elizabeth Blackwell, Elizabeth Garrett, and Hannah Longshore. Be- cause of prejudice, it was necessary to form women's med- ical colleges, such as those in Pennsylvania and New York, e.g. , when a 19th-century University of Michigan professor was asked whether women were to be admitted to the medical school he answered. "No. thank God: they can only enter there in the pickling vat. " Now women physicians are found everywhere, and there are more than 10.000 practicing in the United States. The article is a brief summary of the history of women in medicine.
BIOGRAPHIES
Specific physicians of the 19th and 20th centuries are the subjects of this section. Comprehensive life histories are included, as well as articles which list educational and career data, and material which consists of biographical segments about travel and other experiences. (Material focusing only on one aspect of a physician's life, i.e., missionary activ- ity or war work, can be found in the classification which relates to that activity. ) Fictionalized ac- counts of the lives of historical figures are also in- cluded in this section.
75
AFRICA
260. Adamson. Rhoda H. B. "Elsie M. Chubb: M.D. Lond. .
B. A. South Africa. D. P. H. 28 September, 1958." Jour- nal of the Medical Women's Federation. 41:1 (January 1959) 52-53. (Obituary. ) Dr. Chubb studied at the London School of Medicine for Wo- men and. in 1920. obtained a post in Cape Province. South Africa organizing the school inspection service of "about 56. 000 scholars. "
261. Back, Marjorie. "Elizabeth Dill Russell. B. Sc. . M. R. C.S. .
L. R. C. P." Medical Women's Federation News-Letter. (March 1928) IT. (Obituary. )
262. Emanuel. Vera and Martin. Peter. "Mis" Lady Doctor. "
Saturday Evening Post. (15 June 1946) 12 passim, photos. , port.
As a wife and mother living in a Johannesburg suburb, "with servants cheap and plentiful, time hung heavy on my hands. " writes Vera Emanuel, recalling her motivation to obtain a medical degree. She set up office in Newclare. a section of Johannesburg, and became "Mis' Lady Doctor" to "the dis- eased, superstition-ridden blacks, half-whites and Orientals of what must be one of the ugliest and most primitive slums in the world. " Dr. Emanuel details many of her interesting adventures and medical cases. Although she personally en- countered only one instance of white resentment of her racial- ly-mixed practice. Dr. Emanuel writes that the question of adequate medical care for South Africa's black population "can't be answered by nervous coughs and by changing the subject. "
263. Klenerman. Pauline. "Impressions of a Recent Trip to the
United States of America. " Medical Woman's Journal.
56:12 (December 1949) 32-35. Dr. Klenerman. a pediatrician in Durban. South Africa, rem- inisces about the medical schools and hospitals she visited in the United States.
264. van Heerden. Petronella. [The 16th Hill]. Tafelberg. Cape
Town. South Africa. 1965. port. fAfr) "Petronella van Heerden was born on a farm in the Boer Re- public of the Orange Free State. After the Anglo-Boer War. Emily Hobhouse. who worked among the women in the con- centration camps, gave Petronella a copy of John Stuart Mill's book. The Subjugation of Women, which interested her and led her to seek a university education. The Consul for the Netherlands in the Free State informed her about a bursary
76
Asia
77
for Boer students to study in Holland. With this bursary and an allowance given to her by her father, she set off for Hol- land to study medicine. The book tells of her adventures and struggles in Holland, and of her return to South Africa, where she practiced medicine in the Orange Free State for many years. " [English summary provided to the editors by Dr. Isabel Robertson. Medical Women's International Association vice president for Africa.]
ASIA
265. Dall. Caroline Healey. The Life of Dr. Anandabai [sic] Joshee,
a Kinswoman of the Pundita Ramabai. Roberts Brothers, Boston. Massachusetts. 1888. 187 pp. port. Born in Poona. India in 1865. Anandibai Joshee married at the age of nine. "The first unconverted high-caste Hindu wo- man to leave her country. '* she graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1886 and became the first Hindu woman to receive an M. D. in any country. That same year, she was appointed physician-in-charge of the female wards of the Albert Edward Hospital. Kolhapur. India. Af- flicted with tuberculosis. Dr. Joshee died in 1887, at the age of 22. Letters written by Dr. Joshee form a major portion of this biography.
266. "Dr. Afable of Manila Admitted to A. C. S. " Medical Woman's
Journal. 54:5 (May 1947) 46. (News NotesT) A biography is given of Dr. Trinidad Afable. a Philippine Islands physician who was. in 1947. admitted to the American College of Surgeons.
267. "Dr. Anandibai Joshee. " Medical Missionary Record. 1:12
(April 1887) 291. This brief article quotes from a Poona. India newspaper, which announces the return home of Anandibai Joshee. fol- lowing her graduation from the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia.
268. "Dr. Honoria Acosta-Sison: A Philippines Medical Pioneer. "
World Medical Journal. 11:1 (January 1964) 36. The first native woman physician in the Philippines (1910). Honoria Acosta-Sison has also made several contributions in her specialty, obstetrics and gynecology.
269. "Dr. Rukhmabai: A Pioneer Medical Woman of India, "
World Medical Journal, 11:1 (January 1964) 35-36. port.
(International Figures . . . in 20th Century Medicine. ) Following a review of the first indigenous Indian women who received formal medical degrees and returned to India to practice. Dr. Rukhmabai's medical service to women and children which began in Bombay in 1895. is described.
270. Fahimi. Miriam. "Homa Shaibany. M. B. B. S. . First Woman
Surgeon of Iran. " Journal of the American Medical Wo- men's Association. 7:7 (July 1952) 272-273. porF J£T- bum of Women in Medicine. ) The first and. at the time of this article, the only Persian woman surgeon. Dr. Shaibany was also the first woman phy- sician to go to England for medical study (which she did on a government scholarship). She was brilliant in anatomy, morphology, embryology, and neurology and took a degree in human anatomy and morphology. After World War II. she re- turned to her homeland to meet with "great opposition" from the male gynecologists and surgeons. Ultimately she was asked by Princess Shamse to equip, organize, and administer a hospital for the Red Cross. This hospital was set up in Teheran.
271. "First Chinese Woman Physician in Hong Kong. " Journal of
the American Medical Association. 78:8 (1922) 591.
(Medical News--Foreign. ) This very brief news item identifies Dr. Hoashoo. a graduate of Edinburgh University, as the first Chinese woman to set up practice in Hong Kong.
272. "First Indian Woman Physician. " Missionary Review of the
World. 55 (July 1932) 447. [Article not examined by editors. )
273. Fischer. Golda. "Medical Women in Israel: Some Interest-
ing Personalities. " Journal of the American Medical Wo- men's Association. 7:5 (May 1952) 181-183. ports. Part II in a series of three articles presents brief biograph- ical sketches of some of the first women physicians in what is now the State of Israel. The outstanding accomplishments of each are mentioned. [Part I in this series deals with his- torical perspectives, and Part III with professional activity.]
274. Flemming. Roberta M. "Pierra Hoon Vejjabul. M. D. : First
Woman Doctor of Thailand. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 6:7 (July 1951) 279. port. (Medical Women Around the World. ) Defying tradition and convention, overcoming family disapprov- al and poverty. Dr. Pierra Hoon Vejjabul graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris in 1932. re- turning to Thailand in 1937 to become her country's first wo- man doctor. Associated with Thailand's Ministry of Public Health. "Dr. Pierra" found herself in the unique position dur- ing the war of owning two houses of prostitution in her ef- forts to control venereal disease and "educate and elevate" the prostitutes. She founded her own maternity and child wel- fare hospital, has adopted 35 children (all girls but one), and began publishing the first magazine for women and children in Thailand. The name "Vejjabul" means great woman doctor and was bestowed upon her by the premier of Thailand.
Asia
79
275. J. B. G. "Daphne Chun Wai Chan, O. B.E. . Hon. D. Soc.Sc. ,
M.B. . B.S. , (Hong Kong). F.R.C.S. (Edinburgh), F. R. C. O. G. . J. P. " University of Hong Kong Gazette, 19:6 (1 August 1972) 78^8T Dr. Chun's retirement as professor of obstetrics and gyne- cology at the University of Hong Kong prompted this biogra- phy.
276. King, Gordon. 'An Episode in the History of the University
of Hong Kong: The First Daphne W. C. Chun Lecture. " University of Hong Kong Supplement to the Gazette. 20:
6 (1 August 1973) 1-9. table.
The experiences of Hong Kong medical students during the war include mention of the women who obtained M.D. s between 1942 and 1950. Professor King, who himself escaped from war -torn Hong Kong by a route planned by Dr. Daphne Chun, credits the safety of the Hong Kong medical students to her efforts.
277. Kobayashi. Aya. [A Woman Doctor among the Outcasts].
Iwanami Publishers, Tokyo, Japan. 1962. iv. 206 pp.
figs. . illus. . tables. (Jap) Aya Kobayashi begins the book with her childhood remem- brances. especiaUy during grammar school when she learned about the special group of people in Japan called "eta," who were ostracized and treated as outcasts. The "eta" people suffered discrimination in every area of society. In July 1950. Dr. Kobayashi passed her national medical examinations and the following March went to work as a physician at Yo- shida Clinic which treated the "eta" people. Writing about her experiences with the "eta." she hopes others will be more understanding of the plight of these people.
278. "Ma Chung Ho Kei. M. B. . B.S. (Hong Kong), F.R. C.O.G. "
University of Hong Kong Gazette. 19:6 (1 August 1972)
w *
This biography of Dr. Ma was prompted by her appointment as professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Hong Kong.
279. Memant (Mile). ["Dr. Anandibai Joshee"). Revue Encyclo-
pedique. (1896) 488-489. port. (Fre) Yamuna Joshee was born in Poona in March 1865, daughter of a rich Brahmin landed proprietor. She was very preco- cious, and at the age of five demanded a tutor to study San- skrit. In March 1874 she married Gopal Vinyak. a widower 20 years older than she. and took the given name of Anandi- bai. After the death of a newborn son in 1878, she deter- mined to devote herself to the alleviation of suffering among Indian women, who were never treated by male doctors ex- cept in extreme cases. Her husband approved, but she met great opposition from others to her desire to attend medical school. She finaUy entered the Woman's Medical College of
80
Biographies
Pennsylvania in 1883. and although plagued by ill health, re- ceived her doctor of medicine degree at a large reception in her honor in 1886. She was the first high-caste Hindu wo- man to receive this degree anywhere in the world. Her health was not improved by a stay in Colorado and became worse on the long voyage home. She returned to her family home, where she died in February 1887. Her ashes were buried in America.
280. Nagatoya. Yoji. "Dr. Keiko Okami: Japan's First Female
Medical Student Who Studied Abroad. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 15:12 (December
i960) 1175-1177. photo:
Keiko Okami studied medicine at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania because, until the end of World War n. "it was practically impossible for women in Japan to receive a medical education" in their own country. Dr. Okami's "life story" is presented in abbreviated form, followed by a dis- cussion of medical women in Japan.
281. Porter. Sarah K. "A Japanese Woman Physician in Court. "
Medical Missionary Record. 9:10 (October 1894) 218. When Dr. Hishakawa began treatment of a typhoid fever pa- tient, she promptly reported the case to the health bureau, but her report received no recognition. Later, for failure to report the patient, she was taken to court. Her lawyer informed the court that because Dr. Hishakawa was a Chris- tian, she "cannot be induced to tell a falsehood. " She was acquitted.
282. "Professor Daphne Chun Wai-Chan. " University of Hong
Kong Gazette, 19:4 (9 March 1972) 53-54. Dr. Chun's many "firsts" as a physician, as a woman, and as a Chinese are included in this tribute to her.
283. "Professor Daphne Wai-Chan Chun. M. B. , B.S. (H.K.).
F. R. C.S.Ed. . F.R.C.O.G." University of Hong Kong
Gazette. 4:5 (25 June 1957) 37. Dr. Chun is the first woman professor to be appointed since the University of Hong Kong's foundation in 1911.
284. "Rosie Young Tse-Tse. M.D. (Hong Kong), F. R. CP. . J. P. "
University of Hong Kong Gazette, 21:6 (1 September 1974) 102-103.
285. Wilson. Dorothy Clarke. Take My Hands: The Remarkable
Story of Dr. Mary Verghese. McGraw-Hill Book Com- pany. Inc. . New York. New York. 1963. 216 pp. Mary Verghese graduated from the Christian Medical College at Vellore, India, where --influenced by the ideals of its founder. Dr. Ida Scudder--she became a surgeon. Shortly after graduation, an accident made Dr. Verghese a paraplegic. This biography focuses on how she overcame her physical
Australia & New Zealand
81
handicap, learning to perform delicate operations while seated in her wheelchair, and how she became a rehabilitation spe- cialist. Emphasized is the role played by her Christian faith in reconstructing her life. "Without the accident." Dr. Ver- ghese is quoted as saying. "I might have been only an ordin- ary doctor. "'
286. Yoshioka. Yayoi. [The Story of Medical Education for Wo- men in Japan) . [n. p. |. 1926. photos. , port. (Jap) Among other information, photos of the funeral and memorial services for Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka constitute a substantial por- tion of this book. Dignitaries, faculty, and staff of the hos- pital came to pay tribute and respect to Dr. Yoshioka. From the services at the hospital to the Aoyama Cemetery, where she was buried, family, relatives and friends sang her school song, burned incense in her memory, and spoke of her life and service in medicine. Dr. Yoshioka 's biography is at- tached. She was the recipient of a number of awards and honors from the Emperor of Japan. Some of the certificates are photographed. Pictured also is the scroll from which her eulogy was read at the funeral.
AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
287. "Annie Jean MacNamara. " Medical Journal of Australia. 2:
10 (5 September 1970) 472-476. (Obituary. ) This obituary consists of accounts of and tributes to the life of Dr. MacNamara from several persons who knew her.
288. Baker -McLaglan. Eleanor Southey. Stethoscope and Saddle-
bags. [New Zealand ?]. 1962. [Book not examined by editors. ]
289. Barrie. Susan. "Mary Puckey. M. D. " Medical Woman's
Journal. 56:8 (August 1949) 38-39. 4T. port. Dr. Puckey is chief executive officer and medical superin- tendent of the Rachel Forster Hospital in Sydney. Australia. The hospital, founded by Drs. Lucy Gullett and Harriet Bif- fin, caters to women and children and is staffed by women physicians.
290. Cohen. Lysbeth. Dr. Margaret Harper: Her Achievements
and Place in the History of Australia. Wentworth Books, Sydney, New South Wales. 1971. 47 pp. port. Intimate biographical detail relates Dr. Harper's family back- ground and her professional experiences. Early years of practice found Dr. Harper continuaUy beset by the debarment of, or at best "dim view" of, women as hospital residents and interns. In 1922 Dr. Harper and four other medical wo- men founded the Rachel Forster Hospital in Sydney— staffed by women for the treatment of women and children. Dr. Harper's hospital assignments over the years and her burgeon-
82
Biographies
ing interest in the health of the newborn and the education of mothers regarding child care are traced from her 1907 ap- pointment as resident to the Royal Hospital for Women in Pad- dington, through her tenure at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children at Camperdown. Her lifelong concern for "Moth- ercraft" evolved over these years and she consulted, lectured, and wrote prolifically on the subject. In 1930 Dr. Harper was the first person to describe the difference between coeli- ac disease and cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.
291. De Garis, Mary C. Clinical Notes and Deductions of a Peri-
patetic: Being Fads and Fancies of a General Practition- er! Balliere. Tindall and Cox. London. England. 1926. xvi. 176 pp. chart. In her introduction. Dr. De Garis states that her book re- sulted from "a clinical stocktaking of [her] twenty years of a wandering practice in Victoria, Queensland. New South Wales, England, and Macedonia." From a general practi- tioner's point of view and from "the woman's angle," Dr. De Garis presents her "pet obsessions" and experiences with ob- stetric subjects and various diseases. Case reports illus- trate the material. "Practical Notes and Sundry Reflections" offer suggestions to the young physician in rural practice. A final chapter describes her experience with the Scottish Women's Hospitals in Macedonia. An index is included.
292. "Dr. Harriet Clisby. " Medical Woman's Journal, 37:11
(November 1930) 320. At the time this article was written, Harriet Clisby. a na- tive of Australia who had acquired her medical training in England and who had practiced in America, had just turned 100 years old. Before she heard that it was possible for women to become doctors, she and a friend had founded Aus- tralia's first magazine. The Interpretator. and later edited another. The Southern Phonographic Magazine. Giving up her regular practice in the 1880s. Dr. Clisby went to Geneva where she founded a woman's organization, the "Union des Femmes. "
293. "Eleanor Southey Baker -McLaglan. " New Zealand Medical
Journal. 70 (October 1969) 272. (Obituary. ) Dr. McLaglan (1879-1969). who became in 1903 the sixth wo- man in New Zealand to qualify in medicine, wrote a book about her career, titled Stethoscope and Saddlebags (1962).
294. "Flying Angels of Australia. " Journal of the American Med-
ical Women's Association. 10:8 (August 1955) 286. A half -page article on Drs. Freda Gibson and Merna Muel- ler's flying emergency medical service in South Australia. Each year the two doctors average more than 100 trips treat- ing 1.250 patients and spending up to 300 hours actual flying time. At the time this article was written, these two wo- men were the only women doctors in Australia (and perhaps the world) to operate a flying doctor service together.
Australia & New Zealand
33
295. Gordon. Doris. Backblocks Baby-Doctor: an Autobiography.
Faber &• Faber Limited. London. England. 1955. 254 pp. port.
One of the first two women students to earn their degrees at Otago University Medical School. Doris Gordon received train- ing as a house surgeon and practiced as a public health offi- cer and as an obstetrician. Dr. Gordon and her husband eventually bought a private practice in Stratford, New Zealand, where the Drs. Gordon introduced pure chloroform inhalation to help relieve the pain of childbirth. This auboiograph- ical account gives the flavor of both life and medical practice in New Zealand.
296. Gordon. Doris. Doctor Down Under. Faber and Faber. Lon-
don. England. 1958. 190 pp. This autobiography covers the practice of Doris Gordon in New Zealand from World War I until her retirement in the 1950s. Her experiences document the progress of medical practice in that country during that period. Although Dr. Gordon was a surgeon, obstetrics dominate the case histories given in this book. While she apparently worked among the Maoris, this experience is covered in an earlier book. Back- blocks Baby -Doctor. Dr. Gordon, with her physician husband, established the Marire Hospital in Stratford. New Zealand. There are no illustrations, indexes, or references in this personal narrative.
297. Hercus. Sir Charles and Bell. Sir Gordon. "Women of the
Otago Medical School. " In: The Otago Medical School Under the First Three Deans. E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. . Edinburgh. Scotland, 159-165. ports. Brief biographies of women who attended Otago Medical School in Dunedin, New Zealand are included in this article. There are portraits of Emily Siedeberg. the first woman student there and later an obstetrician: Margaret Cruickshank. a high- ly respected country practitioner of medicine; and Muriel Bell, lecturer in the department of physiology.
298. Horan, Margaret B. "A Goodly Heritage: An Appreciation
of the Life and Work of the Late Dr. Helen Mayo. " Medical Journal of Australia. 1:8 (20 February 1971) 419-424. photo. . ports. (Original Articles. ) (The Fifth Helen Mayo Lecture of the Mothers and Babies' Health Association of South Australia. Adelaide. Austra- lia, 2 October 1970. ) One of the founders of the Mothers and Babies' Health Asso- ciation, Helen Mayo was active throughout her professional life in maternal and child welfare. She helped establish the School for Mothers to help women complement their maternal instinct with concern for the total physical, mental, and moral welfare of their children.
299. The Lilian Helen Alexander Memorial in the University of
B4
Biographies
Melbourne. Ford Press. Carlton, Australia, [n. d. ). 11 pp.
Events leading up to the admission of women medical students at the University of Melbourne, and activities of several Aus- tralian women physicians are incorporated into this biography of Dr. Alexander. The University's memorial to her is a bas-relief in marble.
300. Little, Marjory. "Some Pioneer Medical Women of the Uni-
versity of Sydney. " Medical Journal of Australia. 2:11 (13 September 1958) 341-350. facsim. . photo. . ports. (Post -Graduate Oration. Post-Graduate Committee in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 14 May 1958. )
The medical school of the University of Sydney "never made any difference" between men and women students. Upon grad- uation, however, medical women faced severe difficulty in ob- taining practical experience in hospitals. The story of med- ical women in Australia began in 1865. when an American physician- -Wilhelmina Ferguson- -applied for medical board registration in Victoria (her qualifications were rejected). In 1885. Dagmar Berne entered the University of Sydney's med- ical school. Not until 1895, however, did the first women- - Isa F. Coghlan and Grace T. Robinson—graduate in medicine (Dr. Berne completed her studies in England). This article goes on to give biographies of several notable Australian wo- men physicians, and also presents histories of hospitals and other organizations they founded.
301. Manson, Cecil and Manson. Celia. Doctor Agnes Bennett.
Michael Joseph Ltd. . London. England. 1960. xv. 189 pp. photos. . port.
This biography of Dr. Bennett was compiled from her own reminiscences, diaries, letters, and news clippings. The book begins with background information on Dr. Bennett's family and her decision to study medicine at the Medical Col- lege for Women in Edinburgh, Scotland, where she experi- enced the feelings of frustration and "exasperation over the handicaps which the women students suffered at that time. " Her professional activities in Wellington. New Zealand and at St. Helen's Hospital are recounted. Dr. Bennett served in World War I, after which she returned to Wellington, where she took up the cause of antenatal care. At the age of 66 she joined a nurse-friend and began a "flying doctor" service to provide care to people in the northern territories of Aus- tralia. When World War D broke. Dr. Bennett, now 68. helped form the Women's War Service Auxiliary and then served aboard the ship Port Alma as surgeon. An epilogue by Dr. Agnes Bennett concludes the work. The book is in- dexed.
302. "Margaret Harkness McLorinan. " Medical Journal of Aus- tralia. (19 November 1932) 642^4T port: (Obituary. )
Australia & New Zealand
85
303. "Marjory Little. " Medical Journal of Australia. 2 (31 Au-
gust 1974) 338-339": fwrT (Obituary. ) Details of Dr. Little's life and career are given by Dr. Ethel Durie. Dr. Little served with the British Expeditionary Forces in France during World War L Returning to her homeland of Australia after the war. Dr. Little set up a pri- vate pathology practice in Sydney and worked with Professor Welch at the University of Sydney. In 1958 she delivered the Annual Postgraduate Oration in the Great Hall of the Univer- sity of Sydney, and was the only woman ever invited to de- liver the Oration.
304. Preston. Frances I. Lady Doctor: Vintage Model. A. H.
& A. W. Reed. Wellington. New Zealand. 1974, 159 pp. photos.
Frances Preston, M. B. , Ch. B. , was one of New Zealand's earliest women doctors, having graduated from the Otago Med- ical School. Dunedin. in 1922. Her autobiography was written "to cast . . . light on the circumstances and difficulties of medical practice for a woman in the 1920s. " Her medical service included locum, hospital, and sanatorium work in Dunedin (with Dr. Muriel BeU). New Plymouth. Rotorua. and the Hokianga. She fought not only disease, but prejudice against women in medicine, and her memoirs abound with anecdotes about the practice of rural, sometimes primitive, medicine. A threatened miscarriage once brought Dr. Pres- ton to a remote area, four hours journey from Rawene. Hokianga. A heavy rain made the return trip impossible un- til the next day so Dr. Preston found herself holed up in a tiny room off the kitchen. In the morning her host presented her with uncooked eggs and bacon saying only, "Breakfast. " It seems that "being the only able-bodied woman about. I was expected to do the cooking. " Eventually, Dr. Preston left medicine and "plunged with enthusiasm into learning to be . . . an efficient farm-wife: a career no less demanding and exhausting than the one I had abandoned. " Thus began her long-lived involvement with the Women's Division of Fed- erated Farmers Movement, a rural community service dedi- cated to improving "the lot of women living lonely lives on remote farms. " The last chapter contains brief biographical notes about more than two dozen of the earliest medical wo- men in New Zealand, including both speculation and statistics on impediments to continuing practice for women physicians. Appendix I lists these women chronologically by year of grad- uation from medical school, and Appendix D. offers names of drugs used in the Pleasant Valley Sanatorium in 1925. An index is included. The book is illustrated with personal pho- tographs.
305. Skirving. R. Scot. "Dagmar Berne: The First Woman Stu-
dent in the Medical School of the University of Sydney. " Medical Journal of Australia. (14 October 1944) 407-409. photos. , port.
86
Biographies
Georgina Dagmar Berne (1866-1900) studied medicine in Syd- ney but completed her courses in London (the author of this article does not know at which school). In 1895, she "put up her plate" in Sydney. A tuberculous condition cut short her promising medical career.
306. Stewart. Marian. "New Zealand's First Woman Doctor:
Emily H. Siedeberg McKinnon, M. D. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 4:10 (October 1949) 440. port. Emily Hancock Siedeberg McKinnon received her degree in 1896. She was a founding member of the Dunedin branch of the Society for the Protection of Women and Children in 1899. From 1905 to 1938. she was medical superintendent of St. Helen's Maternity Hospital, Dunedin. a training school for midwives and the first hospital in New Zealand to institute an antenatal clinic. Dr. McKinnon was made a Commander of the British Empire in 1949.
CANADA
307. Abbott. Maude E. S. "Autobiographical Sketch (1928). " Mc-
Gill Medical Journal. 28 (1959) 127-152. [Article not examined by editors. ]
308. "Augusta Atowe Gullen. M. D. " In: 100 Years of Medicine:
1849-1949. Modern Press Limited. Saskatoon, Sas- katchewan. 1949. 25. Augusta Stowe GuUen was the first woman to study and grad- uate in medicine in Canada, having received her degree from Victoria University in 1883. Brief notes on her life as doc- tor and suffragist are offered.
309. Beattie, Lillian M. "Maude Abbott: Canadian Pathologist. "
University of Western Ontario Medical Journal. 24:3
(May 1954) 89-98.
This anecdotal history of Maude Abbott's life begins with her early years and medical education. Dr. Abbott's work with congenital heart disease is also discussed.
310. Beregoff-Gillow. Pauline. A Doctor Dares to Tell: The In-
side Story of Medicine. Comet Press Books. New York.
New York. 1959. xv. 207 pp. Aware that the writing of her book might be construed a "severely unethical act." Dr. Beregoff-Gillow presents an expose of the "closed hospital" system and its "self-seeking practices. " ("A 'closed hospital' is one which makes its facilities available only to members of the medical staff of that hospital, and they alone may admit and treat the patients while they are in that institution. ") The author discusses her situation as a woman physician and gives a detailed view of the closed hospital, its practices, and the personal experi-
Canada
ences she has had with this system of health care. In con- clusion. Dr. Beregoff-Gillow offers her recommendations on what can be done to correct the system.
311. Bett. W. R. "Cardiac Pioneers. Maude Abbott (1869-1940)."
Chest and Heart Bulletin. 22 (1959) 37. [Article not examined by editors. ]
312. Buck. Ruth Matheson. The Doctor Rode Side-Saddle. Mc-
Clelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto. Canada. 1974,
175 pp. photos. , ports. Elizabeth Matheson 's story as a frontier doctor in the terri- tory of Saskatchewan, Canada, from 1898 to 1918 is told by her daughter (one of nine children). Dr. Matheson at- tended the Women's Medical College, in affiliation with Queen's University, but abandoned her medical studies tem- porarily when she married. Indeed, much of the book is about her husband. John Matheson. "Of all the activity that filled Elizabeth's days, it was the work that she shared with her husband [missionary to the Cree Indians] that meant most to her. " Together they worked to build up St. Barnabas Anglican Mission at Onion Lake, where Elizabeth taught the Indian children. One incident illustrates the isolation and primitive conditions which are part of the picture of pioneer life on the prairies which the book portrays: when Elizabeth was pregnant with her second child, she developed a severe mastitis. It became necessary to make an arduous three-day trip to Battleford to see a doctor. Upon arriving, she found that both the town's doctors were at a banquet at the Queen's Hotel, where there wasn't a man sober. The doctor who finally came in haggard the next morning was the police sur- geon. He muttered, "Badly swollen." pulled out a scalpel, and stabbed the "throbbingly painful breast. Blood and pus spurted the length of the small room. Elizabeth fainted. " Eventually. John Matheson "resolved to send her away to re- sume her studies," because a doctor was needed at his mis- sion. She studied at Ontario Medical College and practiced for five years without being registered, having several chil- dren during that time. Finally, she graduated from Manitoba Medical College and secured her registration. "She was cer- tain that her registration came because of John Matheson 's signature on the cheque." She established her practice and, traveling frequently to see patients, "the doctor and her beautiful pacing mare became known throughout the country." Although a postscript tells us that Elizabeth lived to be 92 in 1958. the narrative essentially ends with John Matheson 's death. Many personal photographs illustrate the text. A bibliography is included.
S13. Buck, Ruth Matheson. "The Mathesons of Saskatchewan Dio- cese. " Saskatchewan History. 4 (1960) 41-62. photos. . ports. . table.
Four Mathesons distinguished themselves in missionary en-
Author Index
987
President's Study Group on Careers for Women 3952
Preston, Ann 3107-3112, 4014
Preston, Frances I. 304 Price, Mary C. 458 Pringle, Julia 660 Prior, Mary A. 1606 Procel, Matilda Hidalgo de
see Hidalgo de Procel,
Matilda Pruett, Patricia Onderdonk
3964
Pryor, Helen B. 1608 Przerwa, Tetmajer A. 407 Puckett, Pearl 1610 Pulido, (Dr.) 2875, 2876 Pullum, Carla A. 4015 Purdy, Ann 1611 Purnell, Caroline M. 3231, 3690
Putnam, James Jackson 3691 Putnam, Ruth 1612
Qua, Julia Kimball 3672 Quain, Fannie Dunn 1613 Quentin, E. 100 Quiroga, Margarita Delgado de
Soh's see Delgado de Soli's
Quiroga, Margarita
Rabinowitsch, Lydia 4016 Racster, Olga 650 Radcliff, Sue 2785 Radford, Muriel 651 Rae, Isobel 652 Rail, Jutta 101 Ramey, Estelle 3113 Ramirez, Ldo. Bonifacio see
Moreno, Ldo. Bonifacio
Ramirez Ramsav, Mabel L. 467, 2694,
2922, 3300, 3301 Rankin, Hattie Love 2587 Rath, F. 2187, 2188 Ratterman, Helena T. 1363 Ratzan, R. Judith 2029 Ratzer, Maria A. 2241 Raulin, Louis 67 Ravell, Marion 3206 Raven, Clara 1550, 2794, 4013
Rayne, Mrs. M. L. 4017 Rea, Marion Hague 1614 Reade, Charles 4063 Reardon, Rosalie M. 2078,
2079, 2625 Redaksie, Van Die 2843 Reddy, D. V. S. 176 Redman, Helen C. 1615 Reed, Marjorie E. 1616 Rees, Florence M. 1617 Reeve, Arthur B. 177 Reeve, J. C. 246 Reeves, Hila 3114 Regnault, Paule 460 Reid, Ada Chree 247, 1618, 1619, 2797, 3152, 3359, 3360, 3369, 3519, 3694 Reimerdes, Ernst Edgar 102 Rennie, Joan 2112 Renshaw, Josephine E. 2012,
2333, 2334, 2338, 2463 Reti, Ende 408 Rew, Mabel 654 Ricart, Maria Del Carmen Al- varez see Alvarez Ricart, Maria Del Carmen Rice, Helen Maria see Gas- sett, Helen Maria Richards, Elizabeth 3302 Richardson, George S. 3115 Richelot, G. 3924 Richev, Margaret C. 3850 Riddeil, (Lord) 655 Ridler, M. E. 3303 Ridlon, John 3700 Rifkind, Arleen Brenner 3964 Ritter, Mary Bennett 1621 Robb-Smith, A. H. T. 2236 Robens, Jane F. 3116 Robertiello, Richard C. 3117 Roberts, Carol Lee 3118 Roberts, E. Louise 2406 Roberts, Sheila M. H. 2340 Robertson, D. E. 353a Robertson, Elizabeth E. 2706 Robinson, Alice 3701 Robinson, Daisy M. O. 2090. 3702
Robinson, Elizabeth 3119 Robinson, Marion O. 354 Robinson, Victor 1622, 1623 Robinson, William 3304 Rochford, Grace E. 3703
988
Author Index
Rockhill, Margaret Hackedorn 1226, 1624, 3022, 3371, 3704
Rockstro, Enid 1625 Rodgerson, Eleanor B. 2341,
3120, 3121 Rodrigues, L. V. 2398 Roeske, Nancy A. 2464 Roessler, Robert 3122 Rogers, Fred B. 1626 Rogers, (Major) E. 4064 Rohmer, Hanny 3232 Rolant -Thomas, Catherine M.
656
Rolleston, (Sir) Humphry 2929 Romaine, Adelaide 4019 Romieu, Claude 657 Romm, May E. 2465 Rooney, James F. 2031 Root, Eliza H. 1627-1631,
2466, 4020 Root, Pauline 2654 Rosdahl, Nils 2175 Rose, Blanche E. 1632 Rose, Edmund 3233 Rose, Joan K. 659, 660 Rose, K. Daniel 3124 Rose, Katherine S. 1633 Rosekrans, Sarah D. 3382 Rosen, George 1636 Rosen, R. A. Hudson 3123 Rosenfeld, Siegfried 1943,
2898-2901 Rosenlund, Mary Loretta 2342 Rosow, Irving 3124 Rosqvist, Ina 2866 Ross, Isabella Younger see
Younger Ross, Isabella Ross, Ishbel 1637 Ross, Mathew 3125 Ross, Nancy Wilson 1638 Rossi. Alice S. 3126 Roth, Nathan 702 Rothchild, Alice 3064 Rothman, Arthur I. 1881 Roubinovitch, Jacques 3214 Roughton, E. W. 2930 Roussy, Gustave 460a Roy, J. H. 1639 Rozova, K. A. 205 Ruben, R. J. 178 Rudd, Helga M. 1640, 3705 Rudnick, Sarah 3706
Rue, Rosemary 2049, 2237
Ruland, Dora 2467
Runge, Hans 103
Runge, Max 2902
Russell, Jane Anderson 3127
Russell, M. P. 661
Russell, Violet 2407
Rutherford, Frances A. 4021
Rutherford, N. J. C. 662
Ruud, Helen 1642
Ruys, A. Charlotte 461, 3372
Ryan, T. M. 2275
Ryder, Claire F. 1643, 1644,
1869, 2343. 2468, 3128,
3974
Rydygier, Ludwig Ritter v. Ruediger 2903
Sabater, Antonio see Barbosa
y Sabater, Antonio Sabin. Francene 1646 Sablik, Karl von 3234 Sachs, Bernice C. 2013 Sadock, Virginia Alcott 3129 Safford, Pearl 1647 Sahli, Nancy Ann 1648 St. John, Christopher 663 Salmond, G. C. 2140 Salzi, Francesco 68 Samilowitz. Hazel 2469 Sandelin, Ellen 179, 1909 Sanders, Shirley 1982 Sanderson, Susanne 3939 Sandes, Gladys M. 122 Sanes, Samuel 1650 Sanford, Mary B. 3707 Sargent, Eva R. 1651 Satran, Richard 462 Saul, Ezra V. 2014 Saunders, A. M. 4085 Saunders, Ida B. 2141 Savage, Anne 2238, 2931 Sawyers, Martha 373 Scagnelli, Joan 1982 Scanlan, Theresa 2080 Scarlett, Mary J. see Scar- lett-Dixon, Mary J. Scarlett-Dixon, Mary J. 3131. 3708
Schaefer, Jane 1653 Schaefer, Romanus Johannes 489
Author Index
989
Scharlieb, Mary Ann Daeomb Bird 664-666, 2015, 2116, 2533, 3925
Scharnagel, Isabel M. 3709- 3711
Schelenz, Hermann 69 Scher, Maryonda 2470 Schidler, K. 2848 Schindler-Baumann, Jida 3905 Schlachter, Jo 3712 Schmidt, Otto 1774 Schmidt-SchUtt, Margarete 490 Schnabel, Use 463 Schneider, Margaret Jane 2344 Schoch, Agnes Selin 1654 Schoenfeld, W. 2386 Schondel, A. 2176 SchOnfeld, Walther 180. 491 Schrack, Helen F. 2728, 2737 Schrattenbach, Vilma 2667 Schreiter, Anneliese 2904 Schuck, R. F. 1870 Schultze, Caroline 3940 Schurter, Maxine 2471 Schw. , W. 667 Schwalbe, Julius 2905 Schwartz, Adolf W. 181 Schwartz, Barry J. 2016 Schwartz, Jane 3132 Schwartz, Joseph M. 2949 Schwartz, Neena B. 3713 Schwendener, Hattie 1655 Schwerin, Ludwig 2906 Scoff ield, Mary 2144 Scott, Agnes C. 3851 Scoutetten, Henri 182 Scriver, Jessie Boyd 3211 Scudder, Dorothy Jealous 2626 Seabrook, Alice M. 4055 Seaman, Barbara 2472 Sebesta, Vilma 409 Sechenov, I. M. 734 Sedlacek, WUliam E. 1988, 2017
Segre, Marcello 70 Seifert, Elizabeth 4065 Selmon, Bertha L. 183, 248- 252, 1662-1689, 2534-2537, 2589, 2655, 2656, 3716- 3719
Selvini, Mara Palazzoli 464-
466, 3906 Semenoff, A. M. 2856
Sensenig, E. Carl 1690 Seppanen, Anni 3907 Severinghaus, A. E. 2071 Severinghaus, E. L. 1691 Seward, S. C. 2627 Shainess, Natalie 2473 Shamer, Bertha Tapman 1692 Shanahan, Kathleen 1693 Shane, Jessie F. 2345 Shangold, Mona M. 3135 Shapiro, Carol S. 2346 Shapiro, Edith T. 3136 Shapley, Deborah 3137 Sharp, Dorothy J. 3656 Sharp, Helen Carmeleta 2538 Shaver, Phillip 1910 Shaw, Anna Howard 1694 Shaw, Lillian E. 1739 Shea, Petrena Abbe 2347 Sheehan, Donal 2018 Sheets, Emily T. 374 Shepherd, Gwendolyn 3946 Sheppard, Amy 467 Sherbon, Florence Brown 1697,
3138, 3139, 4022 Sheriff, Hilla 1698, 3584 Shibokov, Anatotii Aleksovich
206
Shmigelsky, Irene 1699 Shore, E. 2239 Shrubshall, Nancy K. 2916 Shryock, Richard Harrison 253 Siebel, Johanna 468 Silva, Alberto 721 Silver, George A. 2348 Silver, P. H. S. 1915 Simecek, Angeline Frances 1701 Simon, WUliam E. 2474 Singer, Charles 104 Singer, Joy Daniels 1702 Sinkoff-Goldstein, Jean 3725 SkachUov, V. A. 735 Skirving, R. Scot 305 Slater, Robert J. 3728 Sloop, Mary T. Martin 254, 1705
Smart, IsabeUe Thompson 2081-
2085, 3695 Smith, Alice M. 1706 Smith, B. 1937 Smith, E. D. Chalmers 610 Smith, Frederick C. 2720 Smith, Isabel 2203
990
Author Index
Smith, Joseph T. 1707 Smith, Katharine 1708 Smith, Margaret H. D. 2496 Smith, Mary Sloan 668 Smith, Myrtle Lee 2475 Smith, Olive W. 2476 Smith, Stephen 1263, 1709 Snelgrove, Erie E. 1710 Snell, Elsie K. 1711 Snow, Laurence H. 2016 Snyder, Charles McCool 1712 Snyder, Ruth E. 2477 Sokoloff, D. A. 3215 Solis, Margarita Delgado de 3373
Solomon, Barbara Miller 1714 Solomon, Rebecca Z. 2478 Soltau, B. Eleanor 669 Soriano, Victor 1715 Sorrel -Dejerine, Y. 469 Soule, Bradley 3143, 3144 South, Lillian H. 3584 South, Virginia 2086 Southgate, M. Therese 3140 Spaeth, Joseph 2877 Spalding, Warren F. 1716 Speer, Alma Jane 2728, 2737 Spence, A. A. 2398, 2414 Spencer, Everett R. 3732 Spencer, R. B. 2805 Spencer, Steven M. 4023 Spiegelman, Mortimer 3001 Spiller, Violet 2406 Spillman, Ramsay 1717 Spiro, Howard M. 3141 Spurlock, Jeanne 3733 Stack, N. 1718 Stalnaker, John M. 1972,
2020, 2286 Standley, Kav 3143, 3144 Stanley, Gillian R. 2240 Stanton, Rosamond Wilflev 880 Starbird, Adele C. 2806 Starr, Sarah Logan Wister
3734
Stastay, Olga Frances 1719,
1720, 2349, 3307 Steinberger, S. 184 Steinbuch, D. C. see Nuy-
sink-Steinbuch, D. C. Steiner, Jan W. 1881 Steinmann, Anne 3145, 3146 Stelzner, Helene Friderike
2189, 2190 Stenhouse, Evangeline E. 185, 2352
Stephen, James A. 686 Stephens, Nannie A. 2 Stephens, Nora 3494 Stephenson, Kathryn L. 460 Stephens-Walker, Hasseltine 3735
Steppacher, Robert 3147 Steppanen, Anni 470 Stern, Madeleine B. 1721 Stetler, Pearl M. 1722 Steudel, Johannes 72, 73 Stevens, Audrey D. 1723 Stevens, Marion C. 2682 Stevenson, Sarah Hackett 2021 Stewart, Clara 670, 671, 2707,
2708, 3600 Stewart, Eleanor Wolf 2629 Stewart, Elizabeth L. 3212 Stewart, George Walter 1724 Stewart, Margaret R. 1725 Stewart, Marguerite 643 Stewart, Marian 306 Stewart, W. Brenton 355 Stibler, Barbara-Jean 2346 Stieda, Ludwig 1911 Stimson, Barbara B. 2709 Stinson, Mary H. 2125 Stochik, A. M. 207 Stokvis-Cohen Stuart, N. 1850 Stoll 2907
Stone, Berenice 1727 Storer, H. B. 3736 Storkan, Margaret Ann 1728 Storrie, V. Marie 2022 StOtzer, F. 2908 Straight, William M. 1729 Strashun, I. D. 736 Strassmann, P. 74 Strawn, Julia C. 2807 Strecker, Gabriele 105 Strieker, George 3035 Strieker, W. 106 Stritter, Frank T. 1971, 2023, 2024
Strong, R. M. 1550 Strott, George G. 2808 Stuard, Susan Mosher 75 Stuart, Madeleine 672 Stuart, N. see Stokvis-Cohen Stuart, N.
Author Index
991
Stuart, N. G. 1730 Sturge, Mary D. 3308, 3309 Sturgis, Katharine R. 1733 Sturgis, Margaret Castex 1734 Sugden, Louisa Grace 2590 Sullivan, Margaret P. 4024 Summerfield, G. P. 2932 Sutherland, Joan K. 673, 2408 Svartz, Nanna 471 Svejcar, J. 410 Svendsen, H. J. 2387 Swain, Clara A. 2631 Swanson, A. Maud 674 Swartz, Philip Allen 1739 Swayne, Walter C. 2933 Swiss Association of University
Women 1912 Sydenstricker, (Mrs. ) 2591 Sylk, Ellen 675 Szenajch, Wladyslaw 411 Szkop-Frankiel, Susana 2126
Tackabury, Patty 3494 Tait, L. 1938 Tao, S. M. 3853 Tatter sail, Joan 2409 Taylor, L. Dorothea 676 Taylor, Ruth E. 1740 Taylor, William 2509 Taylor-Jones, Louise 988,
3374, 3740, 4025 Tayson, Juyne M. 2479 Teffeau, Cleora 1741 Tenbrinck, Margaret S. 1742 Tenney, Rachel 3741 Terry, Robert J. 1743 Thelander, Hulda Evelvn 1744,
1745, 2353, 2354, 2809,
2810, 3148-3151, 3375,
3742
Thelberg, Elizabeth Burr 926,
988, 2480, 3743 Thomas, Belle 2785 Thomas, Caroline Bedell
2359
Thomas, Laurel 2847 Thomas, M. Carey 3091 Thomas, Mary A. 1871, 2089
Thomas, Mary F. 2025 Thompson, Theodis 2354a Thomson, Bertha M. 2127
Thomson, Constance M. 686 Thomson, St. Clair 512 Thorburn -Johnstone, Mabel 677
Thome, Isabel 3310 Thome, May 123, 124, 678, 3311
Tiburtius, Franziska 492 , 3908 Tichauer, Ruth W. 2415, 3947 Tikotin, M. A. 208 Timbury, G. C. 2934 Timbury, Morag C. 2241, 2934 Tissue, Florence 1748 Tkatchef, Alexandrine 3216, 3217
Todd, Malcolm C. 4027 Todd, Margaret C. 679, 3313 Toland, Gertrude M. B. 2710 Tolstoi, K. 1891 Toropoff, D. I. 2277 Touff, Roselyn 1750 Tower, Elizabeth 1751 Tracy, Martha 1872. 2354b,
3748-3754, 4028 Tracy, Rose H. 2054 Travell, Janet 1752, 3152,
3974
Trenholme, Marilyn 2377, 2378
Tripp, Wendell 1755 Truax, Rhoda 1756, 4066 True, Mabelle 1757 Tucker, B. Fain 1366 Tyson, J. R. 4029 Tvson, Judith Weigand 3964
Ulrich, Mabel S[imus] 1759 Ulyatt, Kenneth W. 2935- 2937
Ulyatt, Frances Margaret 2935- 2937
United States Congressional House Committee on Mili- tary Affairs 2814
U.S. Council of National De- fense 718
U.S. Department of Labor (The Outlook for Women in Occupations in the Medical Services. 77) see Zapoleon, Marguerite Wykoff
U. S. Department of Labor,
992
Author Index
Women's Bureau 3952, 4030
Upjohn, William 287 Uzemack, Edward A. 1959 Uzman, Betty Geren 2481
Vallinkoski, Jorma V. 3909 Van Cortlandt, Elizabeth see Hocker, Elizabeth Van Cort- landt
Vanderlip, Mrs. Frank A.
[Nareissa Cox] 3153 Vandervall, Isabella 3154 Van Der Velden, Friedrich
107
Van der Vlugt, Martha 1761 Van Erp, Ymkje M. 1762 Van Gasken, Frances C. 2816 van Heerden, Petronella 264 Van Hoosen, Bertha 186, 988, 1763-1774, 2027, 2028, 2040. 2090-2101, 2354c, 2354d, 2354e, 2354f, 2354g, 2482- 2484, 2592, 2817, 2946, 3155-3159, 3376-3378, 3758- 3770, 4031-4033 VanLeeuwen, Kato 2485 Van Liere, Edward J. 2354h Vargas, Tegualda Ponce de 3948
Vaschak, Mathilda R. 1775,
2355, 2356, 2486, 2487 Vasilievskaya, O. 722 Vaughan, E. 1776 Vautin, Joy M. 2141 Velin, Connie 1380 Vida, Trivadar 412 Vietor, Agnes C. 1778, 2488 Vilar, Lola 472 Villard, Mrs. Henry 1263 Vilmon, Gyulane 408 Vines, Charlotte S. 2635 Vladimirova, G. A. 376 Vlasenko, V. I. 2278 von Sholly, Anna I. 2489 Voorhis, Anna Harvey 3160 Vysohlid, J. 2152
Waal-Manning, Hendrika J. 2136
Wade, Phyllis 682
Wager, Mary A. E. 4034 Wagner, Marianne 2878 Wagner, Wyonia 1779 Wainer, Robert A. 2029 Waite, Frederick C. 255, 256,
1780-1784, 3772-3774 Waite, Lucy 257, 3873 Waitzkin, Evelyn D. 3775 Wakefield, Alice E. 2281,
3776
Walker, Emma E. 2358 Walker, Gertrude A. 3777,
3778, 4055 Walker, Jane H. 187, 683-
685, 2711, 3318 Walker, Stella Ford 3779 Wallace, Ellen A. 3780 Wallace, Joyce 2102 Wallin, Mathilda K. 1785 Walsh, James Joseph 76, 188,
2712
Walsh, Ngaire M. 2136 Walters, Josephine 4035 Walton, H. J. 2938 Ward, Vera Chance 1786 Warren, Elsie 2599 Warren, Fidelia 2030 Warwick, Margaret 4035a Warwick, O. H. 2144 Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia 2490
Watkins, Rachel A. 1787 Watson, Anne Mercer 686 Watson, Jeanne M. 1550 Wattie, Nora I. 2410 Wauchope, Gladvs Mary 687 Waugh, Elizabeth S. 1788-
1790, 3781, 3782 Webb, Elizabeth M. 2146 Webb-Johnson, Alfred 125 Weber, Mathilde 2909 Webster, Augusta 1791 Weinberg, Ethel 2031, 2103,
2104
Weinstein, Morton R. 2491 Weiss, Robert 4036 Weiss-Schwartz, Sandra 3983 Weitz, Lawrence J. 2949 Welch, William H. 1263 Wells, Dorothy see Atkinson,
Dorothy Wells Wells, Helen 4067 Wells, Mrs. S. E. F. 3783
Author Index
993
Welsh, Lilian 258, 1792 Wensel, Louise Oftedal 1599 Wessel, M. A. 1794 West, Charles 2939 Westling-Wikstrand, Helena 2359
Weyman, Else Krug 2492 Weyrauch, Helen B. 2354 Wharton, May Cravath 1796 Wheaton, Walter F. 1798 Wheeler, Clementene Walker 3162
Wheeler, Emily C. 1799 Whipple, Dorothy V. 3952 White, Agnes H. T. 357 White, Frances Emily 3163, 4037
White, Marguerite 2713 White, Maria 2637-2642 White, Martha S. 3164 White, Paul D. 358 White -Thomas, Cornelia 1800
Whitfield, A. G. W. 2243- 2245
Whitlock-Rose, Elise 1873 Whitman, Howard 3165 Whitmore, Clara B. 3200 Whitten, Kathryn M. 189,
2737, 4068 Whittier, Isabel 1801 Wickner, Hali 1802 WiderstrOm, Karolina 473,
474
Wigginton, R. M. 1803 Wijnen, M. Elise 2846 Wilberforce, Octavia M. 688 Wilbur, Ray Lyman 4038 Wild, Ella 1912 Wilder, Dora Lee 259 Wilks, Samuel 2940, 2941 Willard, L. 2105 Willey, Florence E. 2824 Williams, Anna W. 2494 Williams, Ethel M. N. 689,
690, 2411 Williams, Josephine J. 3166,
3167
Williams, Marjorie J. 2363, 2495
Williams, Mary Edith 1804 Williams, N. 3168 Williams, Phoebe A. 4039
Williams, Stanley 287 Wilson, Dorothv Clarke 285,
1805, 1806, 2643 Wilson, Isabel G. H. 522 Wilson, Jno. Stainback 2032 Wilson, Marjorie Price 1991,
2364, 3964 Wilson, Mary Lena 1807 Wilson, Robert 3926 Wilson-Davis, Keith 2168 Winckel, Franz von 77 Winkelvoss, E. 929 Winner, Albertine 2246, 2714 Wisenf elder, Harry 2336 Wissler, Robert W. 1808 Wistein, Rosina 3169 Withington, Alfreda 1809-
1812
Witthoff, Evelyn 1813
Wittke, Carl F. 1814
Wlodarska, H. 2153
Wojcik, Ladislas D. 2496
Wolfe, Claire V. 2497
Wolfe, Mary M. 2365
Wollstein, Martha 191
Wolman, Carol 3170
Women's Bureau see U.S. Department of Labor, Wo- men's Bureau
Women's Bureau, U.S. Depart- ment of Labor (The Outlook for Women in Occupations in the Medical Services. . . ) see Zapoleon, Marguerite Wykoff
Wong, Helena 375
Wong, K. Chimin 4
Wood, Ann Douglas 3183
Woodbridge, Helen McFarland 1833
Wood-Comstock, Belle 3184 Woodroffe, Helen 2684 Woodruff, Frieda Wagoner 3964
Woodruff, Kay H. 2503, 2504 Woodside, Nina B. 2264, 3185, 3817
Woodward, Helen Beal 1834 Woody, Regina J. 4069 Woolley, Alice Stone 1835-
1837, 2080. 3186, 3818 Woolsey, Florence see Haz-
zard, Florence Woolsey
994
Author Index
Worcester, Blandina 1838 Wright, Elizabeth S. 3821 Wright, Katharine W. 1842,
3822, 3950 Wu, Lien-Teh 4 Wulsin, John H. 1875 Wylie, A. M. McElroy 2644 Wylie, I. A. R. 1836 Wyne, Sister M. Elise 2645 Wynekoop, Alice Lois Lindsay
3823
Wynen, Elise 3857
Yakovlev, Paul I. 1843 Yamazaki, Rinko 3858, 3859 Yarrell, Zuleika 4049 Yarros, Rachelle Slobodinsky
1844, 1845, 2090, 3187,
3188
Yoshioka, Yayoi 286, 3203, 3860
Young, R. 4050 Young, Ruth 2116 Young, T. K. 2593 Young Women's Christian
Association 3825 Younger Ross, Isabella 7
Zabludovskaia, Elena Davy-
dovna 738 Zakrzewska, Marie A. 929,
1846
Zapoleon, Marguerite Wykoff 2375
Zaunick, Rudolph 108 Zehender, Wilhelm von 2910 Zelkovic, Audrey A. 2346 Zenil, Sara 2947 Zhbankoff, D. N. 1892 Zikeev, P. D. 209, 739 Zink, Pearl L. 1848 Zolliker, Margaret 4013 Zurbrugg, Jo 2441
SUBJECT INDEX
Abolitionists 1340, 1398 Abortion
Attitudes towards 2331, 2472 , 2490 , 3983
Spontaneous in physicians 2398, 2414 Academy of General Practice of San Antonio (Texas) 1848 Academy of Medicine of St. Petersburg (USSR) see St. Peters- burg Academy of Medicine (USSR) Academy of Science (Paris, France)
Lallemand prize 466 Acupuncture, Attitudes towards 3983 Adamless Eden 1085 Addams, Jane 1177, 1567, 1774
Administrative positions for women physicians 2348, 2428, 2V>1, 3079, 3177, 3185
See also Hospitals— Administration, Women in Admissions see under Medical schools Adolescent girls, Work with 771, 2448
See also Pediatrics Advertisements depicting women physicians 4026 Affectivity see Characteristics of women physicians—Sympathy:
"and Patients— Emotional involvement with Affirmative action 2009, 3185, 3964 Afghanistan
British physicians (specific) 547, 664 Africa (See also specific countries)
Employment opportunities (1920s) 2389 Foreign physicians (non missionary) 454, 1272, 1379 Missionary activity 608, 1042, 1201, 1468, 2646, 2648, 2652, 2665
Need for women to attend women 2253 African Research Foundation 1272
Age distribution of physicians 2230, 2267, 2270, 2271, 2375, 3001, 4030
See also Longevity Age of consent law (U.S.) 787 Agra, Women's Medical School of (India) 1876 Agriculture, United States Department of 1192 Ahmedabad, India see India, Ahmedabad
Air Force (Great Britain) see Armed services (Great Britain)
Air Force (U.S.) see Armed services (U.S.)
Ajmer, India see India, Ajmer
Ajmer Women's Hospital see under India, Ajmer
995
Subject Index
Alabama
Medical Association of Alabama 3405
Physicians 2475 Alaska
Physicians 1261, 1751 Albert, Professor E.
Comments on his essay on women in medical study 2869, 2891 Alcoholism control, Physicians' work in 586, 3765 Algeria
French physicians 440, 455 All -India Women's Reserve Medical Unit see India Women's Re- serve Medical Unit Allahabad, India see India, Allahabad
Allergy and immunology (See also Pediatric allergy, Women in) American College of Allergy, Board of Regents 1216 Women in (specific) 761, 1216, 1847
Alpha Epsilon Iota Fraternity 2106, 3495, 3561
Ambulance service 785, 1077, 1535, 2095
American Academy of Obstetrics and Gynecology 811
American Academy of Pediatrics 806
American Association of Anatomists 795
American Association of Obstetricians, Gynaecologists and Abdom- inal Surgeons 2323 American Association of University Women 417 American College of Allergy 1216
American College of Surgeons 756, 1532, 2100, 3391, 3406, 3760,
3770, 3779 American Diabetes Association 1532 American Heart Association 1008
American Indian medical students, statistics see Medical students- Minority statistics
American Indian physicians and healers 233, 693, 824, 1131, 1288, 1592
American Medical Association
Attitudes towards women phvsicians 1764, 2729 Delegates 1497, 3516, 3664, 3665, 3710, 4032 Meetings 3384, 3407, 3639, 3727 Officers 1439, 3767
Question of admitting women 235, 3489, 3490, 3499, 3525 Role of women physicians 2483, 3385, 3425 American Medical Women's Association (See also branches in spe- cific cities; and American Women's Hospitals Service. For resolutions see under specific topics) Activities (pre-1930) 3401, 3685, 3748, 3766 Activities (post-1930s) 2722, 3105, 3395, 3551, 3686 Awards 1345, 1366, 1549, 1587 Branches 3423
Campaign for women physicians in the armed services 1108, 2781, 2819
Committee for the relief of distressed women physicians 3514, 3628
Committees on medical opportunities 1857, 2028, 2354d, 3022, 3158
88
Biographies
deavors in the Anglican diocese of Saskatchewan beginning in 1877. Elizabeth Beckett, who had interrupted her medical studies to marry John Matheson, agreed to resume her studies because it became evident that a doctor was needed at her husband's mission. In 1898 she graduated from the Women's Medical College in Toronto and began her practice at Onion Lake. After John's death she was appointed assistant med- ical inspector in the Winnipeg public schools.
314. "Charlotte Whitehead Ross. M. D. " In: 100 Years of Medi-
cine: 1849-1949. Modern Press Limited. Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan. 1949. 32. photo. Dr. Ross was the first woman physician to practice in Mon- treal (after graduating from the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia in 1875). but the bulk of her career was spent in Whitemouth. Manitoba, where she treated many accident cases in the lumber camps. Other biographical details are presented in this brief article.
315. Chase. Lillian A. "Dr. B. Chone Oliver. " Medical Woman's
Journal, 54:9 (September 1947) 51. (News Notes. ) This obituary gives a brief recounting of Dr. Oliver's pro- fessional activities. Dr. Oliver, a 1900 graduate of the Uni- versity of Toronto, was active in medical missions work in India.
316. "Correspondence." Medical Woman's Journal. 32:9 (Septem-
ber 1925) 260-xi. [A woman physician) describes being stationed in Bonnie Bay, Newfoundland during the time when nurses and physicians used snowshoes to see their cases, lived in wood -heated log cabins, and were in need of more trained medical assistance. One of the difficulties of her job that she identifies is the fact that all the government nurses are English. "I wish we could convince the Governor that Newfoundland nurses would be bet- ter. But the Governor is always English. "
317. Currie. Muriel G. "Some Canadian Women in Medicine. "
Nova Scotia Medical Bulletin. 34:7 (July 1955) 268-271. Brief sketches of the careers ot 14 Canadian women physi- cians, all born in the late 1800s. are provided. Dr. Mar- garet Ellen Douglas practiced in Winnipeg, served overseas during the war. and took a leading part in women's organiza- tions. Dr. Maria T. Anguin was the first woman to prac- tice in Halifax. Dr. Annie Isabel Hamilton also practiced in Halifax, then went to China. Dr. Blaycock was the first wo- man to obtain a degree in surgery in Quebec. Dr. Mary Mackay was one of the first women graduates in medicine from the University of Toronto. Dr. Jane Heartz Bell even- tuaUy took over Dr. Anguin's practice. Dr. Maude Elizabeth Seymour Abbott distinguished herself in cardiology. Dr. Clara May Olding practiced in Saint John. Chester, and Hali- fax. Dr. May Lelia Randall practiced pediatrics in Sydney.
Subject Index
997
Committees on war service opportunities 2761 2785 2787
2788, 2820, 3762 Cooperation with American Medical Association 3385 3425 Criticism of 3071, 3503 Doll collection 3564
History 3315, 3358, 3393, 3415, 3426, 3556, 3652, 3743 Journal 3591, 3694, 3761 Library fund 3638, 3781
Medical College of Pennsylvania liaison 3611, 3822
Meetings (pre-1920s) 2780, 3695, 3755
Meetings (1920s-1940s) 3394, 3417, 3699, 3729, 4018
Membership programs 3610
Necessity for 3412, 3643, 3763
Preceptorship programs 1980, 1981
Presidents 1149, 3654, 3782
Purpose 1865, 3416, 3436, 3518, 3545, 3592, 3606, 3614,
3627, 3740, 3784 Scholarship and memorial funds 3408, 3626, 3654, 3655, 3704,
3750
American Memorial Hospital see under France, Reims
American Mother of the Year ~TT05
American Pediatric Society 1250
American Posture League, Founders 781
American Psychiatric Association 2464, 3733
American Public Health Association 795, 939, 1230, 1400
American Red Cross work see Red Cross work
American Social Hygiene Association 1066
American Society for the Control of Cancer 1513
American Society of Clinical Pathologists 1747
American Telephone and Telegraph Company physicians 1524
American Trauma Society 882
American University of Beirut, School of Public Health see Beirut, American University of, School of Public HealtTTfLebanon)
American Women's Hospitals Service (See also under specific coun- tries)
Activities (pre-1920) 1485, 2723, 2788, 2790, 3440, 3585, 3593
Activities (1920s) 1106, 3396-3398, 3401, 3441, 3546, 3586
3588, 3590, 3595, 3597, 3598, 3682 Activities (World War II) 2700, 3600 Affiliation with Red Cross 2795
Benefits to physicians who serve 3583 Fund raising 2786, 3399
History 161, 988, 1475, 1742, 1785, 3358, 3400, 3519, 3583
3589, 3690
Reserve corps 3404, 3601, 3712
Rural and mountain medical service 3584 Amritsar Medical School (India) 1876 Anatomy
American Association of Anatomists 795 History of women in 53, 3891 Specific women in 795, 992 Anesthesiology
Subject Index
Hazards for women in 2398, 2414
Women in 335, 508, 1381, 2404, 2417, 2756 Anglican Mission Dispensary see under New Guinea, Dewade Angola
American missionaries 2506 Ani, India see India, Ani
Anita Newcomb McGee Award recipients (Daughters of the American
Revolution) 769 Ann Arbor, Michigan see Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Private Hospital for the Mentally Disturbed see under
Michigan, Ann Arbor Anthony, Susan B. 1094, 1694
Physician to 698 Anxiety in medical students see Medical students- -Anxiety Apgar score 1064
Apothecaries' Hall (London, England) 1932 Appalachia (U.S.)
Physicians 828, 1705 Apprenticeships for medical students see Preceptorship programs Arabic physicians 152
See also under specific countries Archbishop Attipetty Jubilee Memorial Hospital see under India,
Thuruthipuram Architects compared with physicians 3144 Argentina
Physicians (specific) 703, 706, 721
Physicians (status) 3364, 3946 Arizona
Physicians 1723 Arkansas
Physicians 3972 Arkansas, University of, Medical School ( Fayetteville) 744, 756, 2729, 3972
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Medical Museum of (U.S.) 218
Armed services (Canada)
Commissions for women 2669
Physicians (specific) 2670 Armed services (Great Britain)
American physicians (specific) 699, 2701, 2709
Commissions for women 2690 , 2693 , 2703 , 2704 , 2708 , 3284
History of physicians in 2714, 2717
Inspector-general of army hospitals 650, 652, 661, 667
Physicians (status) 2686, 2692, 2695, 2702, 2706, 2707, 2720, 2815
Armed services (USSR)
Physicians 204, 2671-2673, 3217 Armed services (U.S.) (See also Hospitals—Military)
Association of military surgeons 1539
Commissions for women 768, 981, 2728, 2732, 2739, 2773, 2797, 2809, 2818 American Legion activities 2721
American Medical Association activities 2729, 2730, 2781,
Subject Index
999
2798, 2825
First physicians commissioned 1129, 2748 History of struggle 2757, 2794, 2838 Women's organizations activities 1108, 2781, 2782, 2800 2819
Contract surgeons defined 2770
Exemption and financial aid for medical students 1948 2026
2801, 2815 History of physicians in 2717, 2794 Legislation 2724, 2746, 2765, 2766, 2770, 2778, 2813
Celler Bill (U.S. Bill H.R. 824) 2731, 2734, 2735, 2792,
2814
Sparkman-Johnson Bill (U.S. Bill H.R. 1857) 2721, 2733 2738, 2757, 2777, 2792, 2814 Physicians (specific) 2741, 2742, 4013
Army 900, 909, 911, 1128, 1378, 1573, 1656, 1657, 1824
2745, 2758, 2799, 2826 Navy 1142, 1317, 1337, 1659-1661, 2749 Physicians (status) 2722, 2727, 2736, 2737, 2751, 2762, 2763,
2793, 2810, 2834, 2839 Recruitment 2725, 2775, 2789, 2820, 2827, 2841 Requirements for serving 2808, 2837 Uniforms 2812
Volunteer medical service corps 2750, 2753, 2754, 2802
Women's auxiliary services 2776 Armed services (Yugoslavia)
Physicians 388 Armenia (See also Iran: and Turkey: and USSR)
American physicians 1004, 1106
American Women's Hospitals 3596
Native physicians 406 Armour, South Dakota see South Dakota, Armour Army (Great Britain) see Armed services (Great Britain) Army (USSR) see Armed services (USSR) Army (U.S.) see Armed services (U.S.) Army (Yugoslavia) see Armed services (Yugoslavia) Army Nurse Corps (U.S.) 869, 1539, 2747
Art depicting women physicians 92, 185, 218, 353a, 453, 1136
1530, 1819, 3672, 3871, 3960, 4040
See also Portraits of women physicians Arthur S. Gillow Foundation for Scientific Research and Preventive
Medicine (Columbia) 704, 705 Asbury Hospital see under Minnesota, Minneapolis Asheville, North Carolina see North Carolina, Asheville Assertiveness training for physicians 3185 Association of Internes and Medical Students 1947 Association of Medical Women in India see India Association of
Medical Women Association of Military Surgeons 1539
Association of Southern Medical Women see Southern Medical
Women's Association (U.S.) Association of Women in Public Health 3569. 3570, 3660 Athens, University of, Medical School (Greece) 448
1000
Subject Index
Atlanta, Georgia see Georgia, Atlanta Atomic radiation training programs 2429
Attitudes of women medical students see Medical students— Atti- tudes of
Attitudes of women physicians 1668, 2935, 2937, 3145, 3146, 3947
See also under specific topics Attitudes towards women physicians Catholic church 162
Compared with attitudes towards other minority physicians 3166 Family 2473, 3055, 3974 Hospital administration 2854 Male physicians 220, 2032, 3007
Medical community 212, 1867, 1978, 2018, 2166, 2180, 2905, 3158
Patients and general public 1867, 2007, 2465, 3008, 3035,
3097, 3166, 3913 Press 2817, 2858, 2875, 3175 Prison council (Sweden) 2166
Self-image 2962, 3082, 3083, 3130, 3155, 3183, 3184
Sociocultural determinants of 3008, 3010
Stereotypes 3010, 3060, 3113 Auckland, School of Medicine (New Zealand) 1879 Augusta, Georgia see Georgia, Augusta Australia
Hospitals run by women 2257
Physicians (specific) 638, 694
Physicians (status) 300, 1505, 1768, 3364, 3838, 3885 Austria
Medical education 51, 72, 1893, 1901, 1905, 1913, 3885
Physicians (specific) 34, 51, 55, 416, 427, 2385, 2667, 3936
Physicians (status) 2173, 2312, 2869, 3364, 3891
Practice patterns 55, 2158, 2177 Austria, Graz
First woman physician 416 Austria, Hernels
Institute for Officers' Daughters 475 Austria, Vienna
Physicians 430, 431, 438
Post-graduate medical education 2045
Vienna Medical Women's Association 427 Austrian Institute for Urban Research Survey 2158 Automobile drivers, Comparisons with women physicians 2419 Aviation pathology training programs see under Pathology Aylsbury, England see England, Aylesbury
B. J. Medical School (Ahmedabad, India) 1876 B. J. Medical School (Poona, India) 1876 Babies' Hospital see under New York City Bacteriology, Women in 9~§8, 1217, 1445 Baghdad, Iraq see Iraq, Baghdad Bahia, University of (Brazil) 721 Bakwin, Harry 1510
Subject Index
1001
Baltimore, Maryland see Maryland, Baltimore Baltimore University Medical School (Maryland) 1674 Baltimore, Woman's Medical College of 141, 164, 1692, 3634, 3954
Bangladesh (See also Pakistan)
American missionaries 2513 Bangladesh, Mymensingh
St. Michael's Hospital 2511, 2512 Banting Medal recipients (American Diabetes Association) 1532 Bapalta, India see India, Bapalta Bareilly, India see India, Bareilly Barnard College "(New York City) 3162 Baroda, India see India, Baroda Barry, Kitty 219 Baruch, Bernard 3811
Bass Collection on Women in Medicine (Tulane University) 240, 1482
Battle Creek, Michigan see Michigan, Battle Creek
Baylor College of MedicinTlHouston, Texas) 1117, 1140, 1874,
3004, 3122, 3182 Beirut, American University of, School of Public Health (Lebanon)
821
Belgian Congo see Congo Belgium
Physicians 417, 423, 450, 2155 Bellevue Hospital see under New York City Benares, India see India, Benares Berekum, Ghana see Ghana, Berekum Berlin, Germany see Germany, Berlin Berlin Medical Society see under Germany, Berlin Bermondsey Medical Mission see under England, London Bethany Dispensary see under Philippine Islands, Manila Bethel Mission (Kiukiang) see under China, Kiukiang Bethel Mission (Shanghai) see under China, Shanghai Bible (Ecclesiastes) see Ecclesiastes, Book of Billings, Frank 2100 Bingen, Germany see Germany, Bingen Binghamton, New York see New York, Binghamton Biochemistry, Women in 1433 Bird watching 1589
(For other non medical activities see Non medical activities)
Birmingham, England see England, Birmingham Birmingham General Hospital see under England, Birmingham Birmingham, University of, MedlcarSchbol (England) 2243-2245 Birth control
Attitudes towards 2122, 2490, 3325, 3699, 3983 Contraceptive bill (Lord Damson's) 3286 Physicians' work in 445, 461, 744, 1066, 1647, 2399 Planned Parenthood Federation of America 877 Bishop's College Medical School (Quebec Province) 8 Black American medical students, Statistics see Medical students -Minority statistics
1002
Subject Index
Black American physicians Attitudes of 1777 Attitudes towards 3023
Employment and practice problems 855, 859, 2375, 3154 Internship opportunities 2093 Recruitment 2971, 3929 Role conflict 1140
Specific women 699, 756, 855, 856, 1173, 1180, 1201, 1239, 1526, 1639
Firsts 750, 866, 899, 1015, 1033, 1052, 1272, 1532, 1559
Statistics 223, 2256, 2354a Black Americans
Missionary activity among 2648 Blackwell, Alice Stone 1637 Blackwell, Antoinette Brown 1094, 1188 Blackwell, Elizabeth
Comments on her "Pioneer Work" 1302 Blackwell, Elizabeth, Award see Elizabeth Blackwell Award Blackwell, Elizabeth, centennial- see Elizabeth Blackwell centen- nial
Blackwell, Hannah 1483
Blackwell, Samuel 777, 1483
Board Certification statistics (1970s) 2300, 2309
Bolivia
Physicians 708, 713, 3364, 3947 Bologna, University of, Medical School (Italy) 457, 3227 Bombay, India see India, Bombay Bombay, University of, Medical School (India) 605 Bookstores run by physicians 1633
(For other non medical activities see Non medical activities) Booth, Mary L. 3444
Bosnia, Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Boston Female Medical CoUege see New England Female Medical
CoUege (Boston, Massachusetts) Boston, Massachusetts see Massachusetts, Boston Boston State Hospital see under Massachusetts, Boston Boston University Medical School (Massachusetts) 230, 3055, 3064,
3420, 3772
See also New England Female Medical College (Boston, Massachusetts)
Bowne Memorial Hospital see under New York, Poughkeepsie Bowne, Richard H. 3456
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia see Czechoslovakia, Bratislava Brazil
Medical education 721
Physicians 196, 718, 721, 3364, 3943 Brazilian CoUege of Surgeons 196 Breast feeding, Attitudes towards 2441 Breshkovsky, Catherine 1721
Breslau University Medical School (Germany) 3224 Bridgeton Hospital see under New Jersey, Bridgeton Bridgeton, New Jersey see New Jersey, Bridgeton
Subject Index
1003
Brighton, England see England, Brighton Bristol, England see England, Bristol
Bristol, University of, Medical School (England) 1917, 2933 British Columbia
British Columbia Medical Association 356 British Medical Association
Cooperation with the Medical Women's Federation 1929
General Medical Council 539, 1922, 3924
Resolutions concerning women physicians 3916
Women as members 496, 617, 2927, 3262, 3263, 3290 British Medical Register see Medical Register (Great Britain) British Medical Women's Federation see Medical Women's Fed- eration (Great Britain) British Paediatric Association 1051 Brooklyn, New York see New York, Brooklyn Bryn Mawr College (Pennsylvania) 1825, 3964 Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review
First article by a woman physician published in the U.S. 1650 Buffalo, New York see New York, Buffalo Bulgaria
Physicians 405 Burma
American physicians 914
Missionaries 1104, 1504, 2517-2519 Burma, Moulmein
Ellen Mitchell Memorial Hospital 2519 Bush Church Aid Society's Flying Medical Service (Australia) 294 Bussing, Attitudes towards see School bussing, Attitudes towards Busts of women physicians see Art depicting women physicians Butler, Charles 932
Butler Memorial Hospital see India, Baroda--Mrs. William Butler
Memorial Hospital Byron, Lady Noel 844
Calcutta Medical School (India) 1876 California
California Academy of Medicine 1611
Milk commission 1501
Physicians (specific) 236, 863, 1074, 1343, 1425, 1432, 1463, 1621, 1665, 1704
Problems for black women physicians 855
State and county medical societies 236, 993, 3439 California Academy of Medicine see under California California, Catalina Island
Physicians 1458 California, Compton
Women's and Children's Hospital 1832 California, Long Beach
American Medical Women's Association (Branch 38) 811, 3547 California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles County Hospital 1370, 2078
Urban poor clinics 856
1004
Subject Index
California, Madera
Public health officers 801 California, Nevada City
Physicians 236 California, Palo Alto Physicians 806 California, Pasadena
Lutheran Hospital 855 California, San Diego
Guadalupe Clinic 881 Physicians 1127 California, San Francisco
Children's Hospital of San Francisco 978, 3742 Langley Porter Neuropsychiatry Institute 2491 Pacific Dispensary for Women and Children 236 Physicians (specific) 892, 953, 1610 Presbyterian Medical Center retraining program 2051 San Francisco County Medical Society 863, 1463 Women Physicians' Club of San Francisco 1022, 1745, 3149 California, Stanford
Stanford University Hospital 1611, 1802 California, University of, Medical School (Berkeley) 2977 California, University of. Medical School (Davis) 774 California, University of, Medical School (Los Angeles) 1281 California, University of, Medical School (San Francisco) 2976 California, VaUejo Physicians 945
Camille Mermod Award recipient (American Medical Women's Asso-
CampbeU, Margaret A.
Comments on her "Why Would A Girl Want To Go Into Medi-
Campbell Medical School (Calcutta, India) 1876 Canada
Colombian physicians 704 Interns and residents (statistics) 2054, 2087 Medical education 1858, 1960 Native physicians (status) 2256, 2258, 3364 Canada and United States
Comparative statistics on physicians 3950 Canada Department of National Health, Division of Child Welfare see Child Welfare Division, Department of National Health (Canada) Canada, Federation of Medical Women of 3207, 3209, 3210
Retraining program 2044 Canadian Medical Association 337, 2145 Cancer clinics see Cancer control—Clinics
Cancer control (See also specific clinics under their hospital names) American Society for the Control of Cancer 1513, 3571 Cancer research committee of the Medical Women's Federation 3915
Clement Cleveland Cancer Award 896 Clinics 881, 921, 2313
ciation) 1587
cine" 3137, 3141
Subject Index
1005
National Cancer Institute of Canada 356 Women in (specific)
Great Britain 541, 620, 621, 647
Sweden 474
U.S. 741, 823, 1015, 1272, 1314, 1438, 1444, 1618, 1750, 2283, 2298 Cancer research see Cancer control
Cape Province, South Africa see South Africa, Cape Province Capital Hospital see under China, Peking Capitalism, Attitudes towards 454 Cardiology
American Heart Association 1008
Philadelphia Heart Association (Pennsylvania) 4009
Women in (specific) 309 , 311, 331, 342 , 348, 1008, 1653 Career counseling see Vocational guidance Carl Gustav Cams Medical Academy (Dresden) 2908 Carnegie Commission on Higher Education 2287 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Flexner report on medical education in the U.S. 1976 Carroll L. Birch Award (American Medical Women's Association) 1366
Case Western Reserve University Medical School (Cleveland, Ohio) Alumnae (specific) 255, 256, 1585, 1783, 1814, 3809 Alumnae (survey) 2297, 3076, 3527 Workshop on women in medicine 3094 Castile, New York see New York, Castile Catalina Island, California see California, Catalina Island Catholic Maternity Institute see under New Mexico, Santa Fe Catholic Medical Missionary Society see Society of Catholic Med- ical Missionaries Catholic physicians 162, 1873, 2661, 2665 Celler bill see under Armed services (U.S.) — Legislation Cellular research, Women in 1576
Center for Women in Medicine (U.S.) 3563, 3817, 3966, 3967 Central Medical College of Syracuse (New York) 212 Central University of Venezuela 195
Certification statistics see Board certification statistics Ceylon see Sri Lanka
Chambers (Helen) Research Laboratories 3295
Characteristics of women medical students see Medical students — Characteristics
Characteristics of women physicians
Compared with those of automobile drivers 2419 Compared with those of men 2878, 2901, 2921, 3018 Compared with those of women athletes and lawyers 3083 Relation to practice patterns 2297, 3073 Stereotype 1955
Characteristics of women physicians (specific) 1856, 2390, 2411, 2987, 3046, 3078, 3141, 3947
See also specific characteristics, e.g., Longevity; and Determinants of medical careers (specific)
Aggression 1978
Anxiety 2359
Subject Index
Avoidance of responsibility 2854 Dominance 1978 Endurance 1978, 3973 Humanism 2947, 3911, 3970 Independence 3612, 3613, 4039 Insecurity 3613 Intuition 4022
Maternalism 1978, 2382, 2912 Modesty 3894, 4034 Motor ability 2419
Sexlessness 2870, 2874, 2879, 2923, 2945, 3053, 3621
Sympathy 2996, 3184 Charing Cross Hospital Medical School (England) 1921 Charlatan physicians see Quack physicians Chelmsford League see Lady Chelmsford League (India) Chengtu, China see China, Chengtu
Chicago Council of Medical Women see under niinois, Chicago Chicago, Illinois see Illinois, Chicago Chicago Medical School (niinois) 3386
Chichester Hospital for Women and Children see England, Brighton — Lady Chichester Hospital for Women and Children
Child care centers (See also Domestic help; and Children of women physicians)
Attitudes towards 2130, 2356, 3983, 4013 Day nursery for children of working women (USSR) 727 Child psychiatry see Psychiatry, Child
Child Welfare Division, Department of National Health (Canada) 322
Childbirth see Obstetrics and gynecology Children
Education of 418, 464
Labor of 3699
Legislation affecting 424
Marriage of 3854 Children, Handicapped, Work with see Handicapped children, Work with
Children of women physicians (See also Marriage: and Child care centers)
Alternative care needs 1571, 2932 Career advice to daughters 2963, 3174 Congenital abnormality 2398, 2414
Effects on medical activity 2197, 2216, 2217, 2237, 2440, 2847, 2911, 2916, 2937, 3015, 3121
Statistics 2133, 2286, 2354, 2354h, 2890 Children, Retarded, Work with see Retarded children, Work with Children's Bureau (U.S.) 1822, 3666
Children's Free Kindergarten see under Michigan, Jackson City Children's Hospital of San Francisco see under California, San Francisco
Children's Hospital (Sunderland) see under England, Sunderland Children's Hospital Luetic Clinic (Washington, D.C.) see under
Washington, D.C. Children's Mercy Hospital see under Missouri, Kansas City
Canada
89
Dr. Helen MacMurchy was the first woman physician admitted to the staff of the Toronto General Hospital (in 1901). Dr. Victoria Sara Ernst practiced in Bridgewater for 30 years. Dr. Florence Maude O'Connell and Dr. Minna May Austen both spent one term in China. Dr. Jemima MacKenzie prac- ticed and directed an orphanage in India.
318. Currie. Muriel G. "Some Canadian Women in Medicine:
Part n. " Nova Scotia Medical Bulletin. 34:8 (August 1955) 298-299.
Second in a series of sketches of Canadian women physicians, this article includes, among others. Mary Mackenzie, Ada Wallace (first woman coroner in Manitoba). Elinor F. Black (first Canadian woman appointed professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Manitoba), and Thelma S. Miner (first woman medical health officer in Saskatchewan).
319. Daley. Dorothy E. -Memorial to Marion Hilliard (1902-1958). »
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association.
14:1 (January 1959) 62. port. Having authored A Woman Doctor Looks at Love and Life, which was a compilation of a series of articles she had writ- ten for a Canadian magazine on women's problems, Marion Hilliard was associated with the Women's College Hospital in Toronto, and was. for the last ten years of her life, chief of the obstetrics and gynecology department.
320. "Dr. Abbott Joins the Editorial Staff. " Medical Woman's
Journal. 44:4 (April 1937) 107. (Editorial. ) A thumbnail sketch is given of Dr. Maude E. S. Abbott of Montreal. Canada.
321. "Dr. Abbott's Place in Medicine." Medical Woman's Journal.
48:7 (July 1941) 200-202. 217. The author discusses Maude Abbott's professional interests and her personality.
322. "Dr. Helen MacMurchy: Former Chief of the Child Welfare
Division of Canada." Medical Woman's Journal. 41:6
(June 1934) 165-166. port. Helen MacMurchy, who received her M. D. from the Univer- sity of Toronto in 1901, served from 1920 to 1934 as chief of the Division of Child Welfare in Canada's Department of National Health. A resume is given of her education, ap- pointments, and published books and pamphlets.
323. "Dr. M. Ellen Douglas. " Medical Woman's Journal. 45:9
(September 1938) 281. Presented is an abbreviated biography of Margaret Ellen Douglas (whose portrait appears on the front cover of this issue of the Journal). Dr. Douglas is a 1905 graduate of the Ontario Medical College for Women.
Subject Index
1007
Chile
Physicians (specific) 709, 721
Physicians (status) 1945, 3943, 3948 Chile Women Physicians' Society 3948 China
American physicians' observations 1172, 1369, 1372, 1764, 1769-1771, 1773
Foreign physicians 4, 503, 1124, 1194, 1237, 1596, 3200
History of women in medicine 3853
Medical education 2541, 3192, 3831, 3853
Missionaries (specific) 835, 950, 1030, 1040, 1298, 1306, 1410, 1641, 2527, 2531, 2534-2536, 2649, 2656
Missionary activity 4, 2539, 2646, 2648, 2652
Native physicians (specific) 4, 368, 699
Native physicians (status) 3831, 3845, 3853
Need for women physicians 359, 3850, 3853 China, Canton
American missionaries 2585, 2586
Hackett Medical Center 2532 China, Chengtu
Canadian missionaries 2580 China, Chungmou
Friends Hospital 1180 China, Foochow
Mintsing Hospital 2575
Missionaries 2583
Woolston Memorial Hospital 1194 China, Kiukiang
Bethel Mission 371
Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Memorial Hospital 374 China, Manchuria
British physicians 637 China Medical Association 2587, 3853 China, Mintsing
Nathan Sites Memorial Good Shepherd Hospital 1194 China, Nanchang
Women's and Children's Hospital 4 China, Nanking
Friends Hospital 370
Physicians 359, 1744 China, Peking
Capital Hospital (formerly Peking Union Medical College Hos- pital) 369 China, Shanghai
Bethel Mission 4
Fearn Sanitarium 969, 1124
Margaret Williamson Hospital 1306, 1654, 2653, 3196, 3200 China, Soochow
American missionaries 1212 Women's Hospital 969
See also Soochow Woman's Medical School China, Su-Tsierr-Ku
Subject Index
Missionaries 1207 China, Tzechow
Hospital 2579 China, Wei Hien
Missionaries 2540 China, Wuchang
Church Mission Hospital 1519 China, Wuhu
American missionaries 1242 Chirala Mission Hospital see under India, Chirala Chiropractic education see Education, Chiropractic Chorus girls, Physicians as 1200 Christ Hospital see under Ohio, Cincinnati Christian Medical College see Vellore Medical School (India) The Christian Register, Editor 1721 Christianity effects on physicians 162, 370 Chungmou, China see China, Chungmou Church Mission Hospital see under China, Wuchang Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery see Cincinnati, Uni- versity of, Medical School (Ohio) Cincinnati, Ohio see Ohio, Cincinnati Cincinnati, University of, Medical School (Ohio) 238 Cincinnati, Woman's Medical College of see Laura Memorial Wo- man's Medical College (Ohio) Cinema see Theater and films, Portrayal of women physicians City Hospital (Minneapolis) see under Minnesota, Minneapolis City Hospital of New Orleans see under Louisiana, New Orleans City University of New York see New York, City University of,
Medical School (New York) Civil War (U.S.)
Congressional Medal of Honor recipients 1084
Physicians (specific) 247, 788, 1009, 1084, 1196, 1578, 1712,
2755, 2794, 3451 Sanitary Aid Commission 1637, 2755 Clapham Maternity Hospital see under England, London Clapp, Cornelia Mary 692
Clara Swain Hospital see under India, Bareilly Clement Cleveland Cancer Award 896 Clergy, Physicians as 1694
Cleveland Academy of Medicine see under Ohio, Cleveland Cleveland Homeopathic College 1498, 3716
Cleveland Medical College see Case Western Reserve University
Medical School "(Cleveland, Ohio) Cleveland, Ohio see Ohio, Cleveland
Clinic of Notre -Dame des Malades see under Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia
Clinics see under specific topics
Coeducation in medicine see Medical schools --Coeducational ques- tion
College Equal Suffrage League see under Woman suffrage College of Medical Evangelists see Loma Linda University (Cali- fornia)
College of Midwifery of the City of New York 2033
Subject Index
College of Physicians and Surgeons (Ontario) see under Ontario College of Physicians of Philadelphia see under Pennsylvania, PhUadelphia
Collingswood, New Jersey see New Jersey, Collingswood Colombia
Physicians 704, 705 Colorado
History of women in medicine 232
Physicians 838, 850, 1377, 1576
Public health department 901 Colorado, Denver
Physicians 700 , 850, 1101, 1471 Colorado, Fraser
Physicians 1738
Columbia College (Washington, D. C. ) see George Washington Uni- versity Medical School (Washington, D. C. ) Columbia County Health Department see under New York State Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center see under New York City Columbia University CoUege of Physicians and Surgeons (New York City) 2071, 3505
Columbian College (Washington, D.C.) see George Washington Uni- versity Medical School (Washington, D.C.)
Columbus, Ohio see Ohio, Columbus
Communes, Attitudes towards 3983
Communism, Effects on physicians 363, 2587
Compton, California see California, Compton
Concord, New Hampshire see New Hampshire, Concord
Conference on Meeting Medical Manpower Needs--The Fuller Utiliza- tion of the Woman Physician 3056, 3952, 4030
Congo
Missionaries 514, 1351 Congress of Women's Clubs of Western Pennsylvania see under
Pennsylvania Congressional Medal of Honor recipients 1084 Connecticut
Physicians 2317 Connecticut , M iddletown
Middlesex Hospital 3675 Connecticut, Stamford
Stamford Hospital, SteUa Quinby Root Memorial Nursery 3493 Consciousness raising 908, 2311, 3713 Conscription, Attitudes towards 3983
Consultants, Medical, Women as see Medical consultants, Women as
Continuing education 2058 Contraception see Birth control
Contraceptive biU (Lord Damson's) see under Birth control Contract surgeons see Armed services (U. S. (--Contract surgeons defined
Cook County Hospital see under Illinois, Chicago Cooper Medical College see Stanford University Medical School (California)
Copenhagen, Denmark see Denmark, Copenhagen
Subject Index
Copenhagen, University of (Denmark) 45
Coping mechanisms of women physicians and medical students 1955, 2852, 2969, 3055, 3066, 3127, 3164, 3170
Cornell University Medical School (New York) 880, 921, 1021, 1077, 1134, 1535, 3804
Coroners see Forensic medicine, Women in
Cosmetic surgery, Women in see Plastic surgery, Women in
Council Bluffs, Iowa see Iowa, Council Bluffs
Counseling see Vocational guidance
Countess of DuTferin's Association see Dufferin Association
County medical societies see specific societies under their states
Court testimony see Criminal law— Physicians as expert witnesses and jurors
Cowper-Tempel bill (Scotland) 3919
Crimean War, Physicians in 206
Criminal law (See also Forensic medicine)
Court appointed women physicians for women 2361 Physicians as expert witnesses and jurors 2291, 2395
Criminology, Physicians' work in 1506
Crittenden Home (Iowa) see Iowa, Sioux City—Florence Critten- den Home
Crittenton General Hospital see under Minnesota, Rochester Croatia see Yugoslavia
Crossnore, North Carolina see North Carolina, Crossnore Cuba
Physicians 711, 717 Curriculum see under Medical schools Cushing, Harvey 1155
Cystic fibrosis differentiated from coeliac disease 290 Czechoslovakia
Physicians (specific) 390, 403, 410, 1548, 1701
Physicians (status) 2152, 2852, 2854 Czechoslovakia, Bratislava
Municipal Hospital and Polyclinic 2853
Physicians 384a
Dacca Medical School (Bengal, India) 1876 Dalhousie University, Medical School (Nova Scotia) 2148 Damson's bill see Birth control — Contraceptive bUl (Lord Dam- son's)
Darmstadt, Germany see Germany, Darmstadt
Daughters of the American Revolution 769, 1307, 1539
Day care centers see Child care centers
DeKalb, niinois see Illinois, DeKalb
Delancey, Margaret Munro 1755
Delhi, India see India, Delhi
Del Lowther and Downs
Comments on their survey 2352 Delphi survey 1991 Denmark
Physicians (specific) 45, 71, 415, 417, 441
Physicians (status) 2167, 2175, 2176, 2258, 3364, 3896, 3902
Subject Index
Denmark, Copenhagen
Eli Moeller's Clinic 45 Dentistry, Physicians in 1441, 1448 Denstists compared with physicians 3069 Denver, Colorado see Colorado, Denver
Department of Labor, Children's Bureau (U. S. ) see Children's Bureau (U.S.)
Dermatology
Careers in 2449
French Society of Dermatology and Syphilology 1437, 1824 Women in (specific) 13, 446,' 656, 1538 Deseret Hospital see under Utah, Salt Lake City Des Moines, Iowa see Iowa, Des Moines Determinants of medical careers
Surveys 2452, 2976, 3055, 3069, 3073, 3083, 3084, 3132 Determinants of medical careers (specific) 253, 861, 1121, 1714, 1889, 2032, 3144, 3148, 3995 See also Characteristics of women physicians Adult encouragement 1239, 2007, 2934, 4039 Concern about health care 258, 1889 Financial need 2869, 2891 Independence it offers 1764, 2930, 4039 Need for women to attend women India 2120, 2844, 3337 U.S. 2997, 3029, 3031, 3034, 3183 Western Europe 2864, 2873, 2898, 2906, 2909, 2930 Religious sentiment 1340, 1533, 2603 Scientific curiosity 1889, 4039 Deterrents to medical careers
Suggestions for resolving 3056, 3059, 3103 Surveys 3069, 3132 Deterrents to medical careers (specific) 228, 1858, 2995, 3113, 3139, 3144, 3995 See also Role conflict BiologicaTlriakeup 1901, 2883, 2892, 2902, 3168 Class antagonism 144 Conditioning 2900, 3243 Domestic duties 2852, 2854 Feminine nature 253, 2877, 3013, 3954 Inadequate income of physicians 2196, 2219 Inferior intellect 2876, 2877, 2901, 2910, 2929, 3013, 3096. 3179
Inferior physiology 110, 2877, 2880, 2883, 2903, 3048, 3179 Inferior preparatory education 3454
Influence of anti-feminist attitudes to psychoanalysis 2297
Loss of innocence 2858, 3890
Male attitudes 2957, 3165, 3168, 3990
Medical school conditions 2027 , 2960 , 3182 , 3217 , 3998 , 4003
Over-crowded medical profession 2896, 2897, 2924
Poverty 3416 , 3454, 4003
Racial prejudice 1559
Satan 370
Social inertia 253
1012
Subject Index
Societal pressure 2966, 3167. 3177 Traditional roles 3088, 3118, 3126, 3164, 3847
U.S. 3040, 3061, 3087
Western Europe 59, 2867, 2903, 3890 Victorian prudery 248
Vocational guidance 1863, 1875, 1952, 2006, 2949, 3088, 3090, 4003, 4015
Detroit, Michigan see Michigan, Detroit Dewade, New Guinea see New Guinea, Dewade Dhar, India see India, Dhar Diabetes control
American Diabetes Association 1532
Women in 817, 1444, 1447 Dickens Society see under Illinois, Chicago Dietetics, Women in see Nutrition, Women in Diphtheria, Work in iW, 834, 1312, 1616 Disarmament Conference (1932) 710 Disaster medicine see Emergency medicine
Discoveries and descriptions (medical) by physicians 290, 462 533 552, 1075, 1250, 1576
See also Inventions and innovations by physicians
Distinguished Daughters of Pennsylvania Award (Pennsylvania Fed- eration of Women's Clubs) 1572, 3432
District of Columbia see Washington, D. C.
Divorce statistics 312T-
See also Marital status
Dix, Dorothea Lynde 804
Dixon, Illinois see Illinois, Dixon
Dr. Susan Smith McKinney Junior High School see under New York, Brooklyn
Doctress used instead of "Doctor" 3032 Domestic help 3962, 3996
See also Child care centers; and Housework, Attitudes
towards
Attitudes towards 2858, 2937, 3081
House-care firms 3126
Necessity for 2952, 3178, 3889, 4077
Surveys 2136, 2355, 2356, 3152 Dominion Women's Enfranchisement Association (Canada) 356 Dover Emergency Medical Service Hospital see under England, Dover
Dover, England see England, Dover Downstate Medical Center (New York) 2952 Drama see Literature
Dress reform 419, 789, 1048, 1712, 3109, 3830 Dropouts see Medical schools— Attrition. . . Drug addiction, Physicians' work with 1444 Drug control, Attitudes towards 3983 Drug industry careers 2430
Dryden Springs, New York see New York, Dryden Springs Duchess of York Hospital for Babies see under England, Man- chester
Dufferin Association 2116, 3852, 3926
Subject Index
1013
Activities (1885-1895) 3333, 3334, 3339, 3347
Criticism of its secular objectives 3340, 3342
History and goals 3329, 3337, 3343 Duke of Richmond and Gordon Bill (England) 1931 Duke University, Medical School (Durham, North Carolina) 1978, 3635
Dunedin, New Zealand see New Zealand, Dunedin Duties of women physicians 3019, 3050, 3058, 3968
Cooperate with male physicians 3066
Disseminate health information 2349
Exercise authority 3067
Exercise moral leadership 2884, 2912, 2967, 3020, 3708, 3984
Maintain personal health 2985, 3017, 3109 Make value judgments 2299 Participate in community activities 3128 Practice religion 2913, 3340, 3342 Provide health care for women 2296, 2321 Publish medical literature 2362 Refuse to perform abortions 2331 Retain femininity 2923, 2974 Work for equal rights 2979, 3009, 3161, 3186 Work towards racial preservation and improvements 2884, 2890 Work with the lower class 2860, 3131 Dykman and Stalnaker
Comments on their study 1979, 2336, 4012
Earnings see Medical practice— Earnings East Gate Hospital see under Korea, Seoul East Germany see Germany East Pakistan see Bangladesh Ecclesiastes, Book of
Written by a woman physician 187 Ecuador
Physicians 2948, 3364, 3949 Edinburgh Hospital for Women and Children see under Scotland, Edinburgh
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary see under Scotland, Edinburgh Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women (Scotland) 679, 3934 Edinburgh, Scotland see Scotland, Edinburgh Edinburgh, University of (Scotland)
Debate over medical education of women
Action brought against senatus by women students 3268, 3314
Admission to courses 3258, 3261, 3269, 3319
Attitudes of the press 3252, 3254, 3271, 3298
History 119, 124, 3266, 3919
Personal memories 117, 624
Student demonstrations 3251 First woman medical graduate 661 Medical students
Examination marks (1870) 1932
Subject Index
Survey (1960s) 2938 Education, Childhood see Children — Education of Education, Chiropractic 3983
Education, Graduate medical see Internships and residencies; and
Continuing education; and Retraining programs Education, Medical (See also Medical schools: and Medical students)
Cost effectiveness of educating women 2114, 2306
Effects of World War n 276, 2737
Opinions and predictions 1991, 2018, 3826, 3983. 4011 Education, Paramedical 2272, 3983 Education, Undergraduate and premedical 2286 Egypt
Foreign physicians 379, 628 Medical education 1 Missionary activity 1521, 2526, 2646 Native physicians 3364 Egypt (ancient)
Healers 2, 25
Eighteenth century healers and physicians 30, 36, 79, 96, 152, 227 Electrotherapy, Physicians' work in 1110 Eleventh century healers see under Middle Ages Eli Moeller's Clinic see under Denmark, Copenhagen Elizabeth Bass Collection see Bass Collection on Women in Medi- cine (Tulane University) Elizabeth Blackwell Award 245, 887, 1710, 1775 Elizabeth Blackwell centennial 695, 1092, 1093 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital see under England, London Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Memorial Hospital see under China, Kiukiang
Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital see under Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh Ellen MitcheU Memorial Hospital see under Burma, Moulmein Elsie Inglis Memorial Hospital see under Scotland, Edinburgh Emergency Hospital see under Poland, Warsaw Emergency Medical Service (Great Britain) see under World War U
Emergency medicine
American Trauma Society 882
Women in 2429, 3332 Emigrant physicians 478, 2244
Emily Blackwell Memorial see under New York City --New York
Infirmary for Women and Children Emmaus Home for Girls see under Missouri, St. Louis Emory University Medical School (Atlanta, Georgia) 1732 Emotional involvement with patients see Characteristics of women physicians— Sympathy; and Patients— Emotional involve- ment with
Employment opportunities and services for women physicians 1857, 2330, 4028
Endell Street Military Hospital see England, London -Military
Hospital, Endell Street Endocrinology, Women in 687, 699, 706, 1448, 1620
See also Gynecologic endocrinology, Women in
England
Subject Index
1015
American physicians 1827
Native physicians 1092, 1806
Nottingham and Notts Chirurgical Society 569
Oxford Regional Hospital Board 2049
Post-graduate medical education 2045 England, Aylesbury
Female Convict Prison and Borstal Institution for Girls 627 England, Birmingham
Birmingham General Hospital 2228, 2928 England, Brighton
Lady Chichester Hospital for Women and Children 2193
New Sussex Hospital 620 England, Bristol
Walker Dunbar Hospital 3255 England, Dover
Dover Emergency Medical Service Hospital 2710 England, Essex
Goodmayes Hospital 2047 England, Gillingham
Gillingham Welfare Association for the Care of the Aged Sick 639
England, Hastings
Physicians 112 England, Hull
Physicians 616, 620 England, Lincolnshire
Retraining program survey 2205 England, London
American physicians 1514
Bermondsey Medical Mission 627
Clapham Maternity Hospital 2193
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital (formerly New Hospital for Women, and St. Mary's Dispensary) 496, 3236, 3260. 3320
London County Council 2208, 3274, 3326 London Homeopathic Hospital 559 London Hospital 2248, 3270
Marie Curie Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases 561 3223 3247, 3248, 3273, 3295, 3323
Military Hospital, Endell Street 2705
Royal CoUege of Physicians 629, 653, 3312
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons 3321
Royal College of Surgeons 125, 282, 3305
Royal Free Hospital 655, 2924, 3302, 3311
See also London School of Medicine for Women
South London Hospital for Women 2193, 3264, 3303
West London Hospital 3291, 3292 England, Macclesfield
Macclesfield Infirmary 525, 2229 England, Manchester
Duchess of York Hospital for Babies 507 , 2193
Police physicians 2412 England, Sheffield
1016
Subject Index
Women doctors' retraining scheme 2048 England, Sunderland
Children's Hospital 3265, 3301, 3304 Epidemiology, Careers in 2393 Epsom College (Great Britain) 3250 Equal rights (See also Women's rights movement)
Deferred in time of war 2751, 2768
League of Equal Rights for Women (Tel Aviv, Israel) 273
Legislation 2364, 3137, 3161, 3517, 4083
Physicians' support of 339, 420, 635, 940, 1340, 1462, 4072
Price 2874 Eskimos
Missionary activity among 2648 Esthetic surgery, Women in see Plastic surgery, Women in Etheridge, James H. 3409
Eugen Kahn Award (Baylor College of Medicine) 1117 Eugenics, Work in 816, 2884 Executions of physicians 70
Expert testimony see Criminal law— Physicians as expert wit- nesses and jurors Eye and Ear Infirmary see under Massachusetts, Boston
Factories bill, Opposition by physicians 4072
Factory health inspectors see Occupational medicine— Careers in Faculte de Medecine de Toulouse see Toulouse, Medical School of (France)
Faculty see under Medical schools
Faculty of Medicine see Paris, Ecole de Medicine (France)
Families in medicine 796
Familistere of Guise see under France
Family life, Attitudes towards 2299, 2988, 3983
Family planning see Birth control
Family practice (See also General practice)
Careers in 2415, 2492
Retraining program (Australia) 2041
Suitability of women for 1864 , 2029 , 2268 , 2499
Women in (statistics) 2377, 2378 Farmers, Physicians as 304 Fearn Sanitarium see under China, Shanghai Federal Women's Award recipient (U.S.) 1053 Federated Farmers Movement, Women's Division (New Zealand) 304
Federation of Children's Agencies see under New York City Federation of Medical Women of Canada see Canada, Federation
of Medical Women of Federation of Women's Dental Societies 1448
Female Medical College (Boston) see New England Female Medical
College (Boston, Massachusetts) Female Medical College of Pennsylvania see Medical College of
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia)
90
Biographies
324. "Dr. Maude Abbott. " Medical Woman's Journal. 47:10 (Octo-
ber 1940) 310. (Editorial. ) The death of Maude Abbott on September 2, 1940 prompted the Montreal Daily Star to voice esteem for her personal at- tributes and professional triumphs. The tribute is reprinted here in its entirety.
325. Douglass. M. Ellen. "A Pioneer Woman Doctor of Western
Canada. " Manitoba Medical Revue. 27 (1947) 255-256. [Article not examined by editors.)
326. Dubin. Nathan L "Maude Abbott: Pioneer Woman Doctor.
Founder of MCP's First Full-time Departments of Path- ology and Bacteriology. " Alumnae News [Medical College of Pennsylvania! . 26:1 (February 1975) 12-13. port A review of Maude Elizabeth Seymour Abbott's career empha- sizes her activities at the Woman's Medical College of Penn- sylvania. The author, who was a student of Dr. Abbott's at McGill University, tells of his personal admiration for her. '1 little thought I would follow in her footsteps at W. M. C. , " writes Dr. Dubin, now the College's professor of pathology.
327. "Elizabeth Smith Shortt. M. D. " In: 100 Years of Medicine:
1849-1949 Modern Press Limited. Saskatoon. Saskatch-
ewan. 1949. 17. Brief biographical notes are given on the life of Elizabeth Shortt. one of Canada's earliest pioneer women doctors. She graduated from Queen's University in 1884 and outlined at length "the indignities and difficulties to which women stu- dents of those days were subjected. " Dr. Shortt was active in public health and woman suffrage.
328. "Emily Howard Stowe . . . Pioneer. " In: 100 Years of Medi-
cine: 1849-1949. Modern Press Limited. Saskatoon.
Saskatchewan. 1949, 14. photo. Emily Howard Stowe was the first Canadian woman to practice medicine (having graduated in 1868 from the Women's New York Medical School) and was a pioneer leader in the suffrage movement. Dr. Stowe decided to study medicine after the birth of her three children. She was. however, refused ad- mittance to Toronto University because of her sex. After being told that the doors of the University were not open to her. she responded: "Then I will make it the business of my life to see that they will be open, that women may have the same opportunities as men."
329. Gilmore. Hugh R. "Dr. Maude Abbott's Scrapbook: Histor-
ical Notes of the International Association of Medical Museums." Laboratory Investigation, 6:1 (1957) 89-94. port.
In 1907, Dr. Abbott helped to found the International Associa- tion of Medical Museums: she served as first secretary and treasurer, holding the office until her death in 1940. and also
Subject Index
1017
Female Medical Education Society see under Massachusetts, Boston
Femininity conflict 2459, 3062, 3136, 3145
See also Deterrents to medical careers (specific)— Fem- inine nature
Ferdman Hospital see under Washington, D.C. Fett, lone
Comments on her article on Australian medical graduates 2143, 2264
Fiction, Physicians and healers in see Literature --Physicians and healers in
Fifteenth century healers see under Middle Ages
Figure skating 1646
(For other non medical activities see under Non med- ical activities)
Fiji, Suva
Dispensary 3201 Films see Theater and films, Portrayal of women physicians Financial planning 57, 78-80, 530 Finland
Physicians (specific) 441, 470
Physicians (status) 2167, 2863, 3364, 3907, 3909 Finland, Helsinki
Helsinki Women's Clinic 3907 First century (AD) healers 20 First century (BC) healers 20 Fischer-Stevens Report statistics 2351 Florence Crittenden Home see under Iowa, Sioux City Florida
Physicians 1530, 1546, 1729 Flying Doctor Service (Australia) 301, 3205 Foochow, China see China, Foochow Ford Motor Company, First woman physician 951 Foreign medical graduates 2327, 3924, 4030 Foreign Operation Administration (U.S.) 3550 Forensic medicine, Women in 318, 1130, 2395
See also Criminal law Fourteenth century healers see under Middle Ages France
American physicians (specific) 696 , 749, 1486, 1487 American Women's Hospitals 2804, 3231, 3402, 3554, 3599 Familistere of Guise 844 Healers 19, 32, 38, 74 Medical education 3933, 3940
Native physicians (specific) 428, 429, 437, 447, 449, 454, 455.
460, 462, 469, 2382, 2387 Native physicians (status) 2161, 2173, 2233, 3364, 3879, 3880,
3891, 3894, 38999, 3933 Practice patterns 1092, 2157, 2163, 2174 Scottish physicians 585, 657 World War I
American physicians 1041, 1232, 1478, 2681-2684, 2744,
2784, 3229 British physicians 2699
1018
Subject Index
Red Cross work 1115, 3900
World War n
Physicians' activities 2169 France, Luzancy
American Women's Hospitals 3553 France, Paris
House of the Good Neighbor 3229
La Maternite 844, 1364, 3222
Medical education 1906, 1914
Physicians 30, 452, 460a, 462 France, Reims
American Memorial Hospital 3235 France, Royaumont
Royaumont Hospital 2699
Scottish Women's Hospitals 3923 Frances E. Willard National Temperance Hospital see under Illi- nois, Chicago Fraser, Colorado see Colorado, Fraser Freiburg, University of (Germany) 99 French Neurological Society 452
French Society of Dermatology and Syphilology 1437, 1824 French Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylactics 428 Friends Hospital (Chungmou) see under China, Chungmou Friends Hospital (Nanking) see under China, Nanking Frontier Nursing Service (U."SD 811
Full-time medical practice see Practice patterns—Full time Fuller, Margaret 212 Fussell, Bartholomew 220
Gael, Mme. A.
Comments on her book 2871 Galen Hall see under New York City Garfield Memorial Hospital see under Washington, D.C. Garrett, Mary E. 3434 Garrison, William Lloyd 3736 Gassett, Helen 3526 Gastroenterology, Women in 13, 1447
General Medical Council (Great Britain) see under British Medical
Association General practice
Academy of General Practice of San Antonio (Texas) 1848 Suitability of women for 1951, 2376, 2411, 2921, 3045, 3057 Women in (status) 2213, 2394, 2408, 2479 Geneva College see Hobart College (Geneva, New York) Geneva Disarmament Conference representatives 770 Geneva, New York see New York, Geneva Geographical distribution of physicians 2177, 2184, 2189, 2256,
2267, 2333, 2334, 2338, 2375, 4030
See also Practice patterns George Washington University Medical School (Washington, D. C. )
1515, 1644, 2320, 2335, 3623 Georgetown University (Washington, D.C.) 2335
Subject Index
Georgia
Physicians 802, 803, 1269, 1597, 2317 Georgia, Atlanta
Physicians 1146 Georgia, Augusta
Lenwood Division of the Veteran's Administration Hospital 1034 Georgia, Medical College of (Augusta) 1746, 2360, 3098 Geriatrics, Work in 618, 2343 German Association of Medical Women 105 German Society of University Women 488 Germany (See also Nazism, Effects on women physicians)
Attitudes towards women medical students and physicians 1899, 1903
Comparisons with United States 3049
Medical education 72, 73, 1895, 1897, 1898, 1902, 2889, 3882,
3938, 3940 Physicians (specific) 1434, 2386, 4016
Physicians (status) 2258, 3364, 3882, 3883, 3904, 3908, 3910
Responsibilities of physicians in racial preservation and im- provement 2884 Germany, Berlin
Berlin Medical Society 3236
Clinics for women 491, 492
Physicians (specific) 2884
Practice patterns 2186 Germany, Bingen
Ruppertsberg Abbey 100 Germany, Darmstadt
Heidenreich-von Siebold Foundation (for indigent expectant moth- ers) 479, 481 Germany, Hamburg
American physicians 810, 2945 Germany, Quedlinburg
Physicians 98 Germany, Wiesbaden
Medical meeting (1898) 1899 Ghana
British physicians 533 Ghana, Berekum
Holy Family Dispensary 893 Ghandi, Mahatma
Personal physician to 4004 Giessen, University of (Germany) 479 Gillingham, England see England, Gillingham Gillingham Welfare Association for the Care of the Aged Sick see
under England, Gillingham Gillow Foundation (Colombia) see Arthur S. Gillow Foundation for Scientific Research and Preventive Medicine (Colombia) Gimbel Philadelphia Award recipients 976, 1435 Girl Scouts Organization 1384, 2315, 3190 Girton College (England) 617
Glasgow Award see Janet M. Glasgow Award (American Medical Women's Association)
Subject Index
Glasgow, University of, Medical School (Scotland) 2199, 2241, 2934 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 2386 Gold Coast see Ghana
Golden Diploma Award (Graz, University of Austria) 416 Goodenough Report (Great Britain) 109," 113, 1933
See also Medical schools — Coeducational question Goodmayes Hospital see under England, Essex Gotham Hospital see under New York City Gothenburg, Sweden see Sweden, Gothenburg GOttingen University Medical School (Germany) 3230 Goucher College 1792
Gouverneur Hospital see under New York City Grace Hospital see under Michigan, Detroit Grand Rapids, Michigan see Michigan, Grand Rapids Grant Medical College (Bombay, India) 1876 Graz, Austria see Austria, Graz
Graz, University of, Medical School (Austria) 416, 1901, 2158 Great Britain
History of women in medicine 224
Hospitals run by women 2257
Medical education 1961, 2018, 3940 Greece (See also American Women's Hospitals Service—Activities: and Scottish Women's Hospitals --Wo rid War I activities)
American Women's Hospitals 1719, 3502, 3649
Foreign physicians 677, 833, 1437, 1485, 1807
Native physicians 62, 433, 448, 451
Scottish Women's Hospitals 291, 2687 Greece (ancient)
Healers 20, 21, 25, 68, 132, 133, 152 Greeley, Horace 3452
Greene Sanitarium see under New York, Castile Gregory, Samuel 2127 2237~253, 3526, 3651, 3772 Groningen, University of (Netherlands) 445 Guadalupe Clinic see under California, San Diego Guatemala
Physicians 3364 Guidance counseling see Vocational guidance Guntur, India see India, Guntur Guntur Mission Hospital see under India, Guntur Gynecologic endocrinology, Women in 1708
See also Endocrinology, Women in Gynecology see Obstetrics and gynecology
Hackett Medical Center see under China, Canton Hackett Medical College for Women (Canton, China) 4, 3853 See also China, Canton- -Hackett Medical Center Hadassah Hospital see under Israel, Haifa Hahnemann Medical College (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 3539 Haifa, Israel see Israel, Haifa
Haiti
German physicians 490 Halle, University of (Germany) 91
Subject Index
1021
Halle -Wittenberg, University of (Germany) 1899 Hamburg, Germany see Germany, Hamburg Handicapped children, Work with 800, 822 Handicapped physicians 285, 1442, 2375
Harvard University Medical School (Cambridge, Massachusetts) Alumnae 1466 , 2972 , 3046 , 3055 , 3072 , 4004 Coeducation controversy 249, 1238 , 2476, 3386 , 3422 , 3543.
3602, 3636, 3691 Faculty 1091, 1567
Joint committee on the status of women 3520 Proposed absorption of New England Female Medical CoUege 248
Students 2969, 3055, 3089, 3487, 3542, 3645, 3775 Harvey, Elwood 220
Hastings, England see England, Hastings Havana, University oflCuba) 717 Hawaii
Physicians' impressions of 1766 Hawaii, University of, Medical School (Honolulu) 2992 Health care
Maternal and child 353a, 582
Sheppard -Towner Act 1815, 2354e, 4031
Students 2409 Health care system
Necessity for changes 3003, 4036 Health occupations, Vocational guidance see Vocational guidance Health of women physicians 895, 2278, 5398, 2414, 2533, 4017 Health Protection Clinic see under Public health Hebrew healers 150
See also Jewish physicians Heidelberg, University of, Medical School (Germany) 3220 Heidenreich-Von Siebold Foundation see under Germany, Darm- stadt
Helsingfors, University of (Finland) 727
Helsinki, Finland see Finland, Helsinki
Helsinki, University of (Finland) 3909
Helsinki Women's Clinic see under Finland, Helsinki
Hematology, Women in 761, 1138, 1699
Hering Homeopathic Medical College of Chicago (Illinois) 3741
Hermaphrodite physicians 596
Hernels, Austria see Austria, Hernels
"Hero of Labor" Award (USSR) 730
Herzegovina, Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Higher education amendments (of 1972) 1983
See also Medical schools—Admissions policies—Legisla- tion
Higher Women's Courses (Moscow, USSR) 207 Hindu physicians 265, 279 Historians see Medical historians
History of women in medicine (See also under specific institutions and organizations. See also Medical historians) Asia 3198, 3199, 3853, 3856 Cuba 717
Subject Index
Debate over identity of first woman physician 190 International 3933
Medical and graduate medical education 452, 1057 Sources 3998 USSR 736, 3216
Western Europe 441. 448, 484, 678, 3875 Hitler, Adolf
Physicians' encounters with 1434 Hobart College (Geneva, New York) 844
Elizabeth Blackwell's association with 1286, 1364, 1650, 1755
Elizabeth Blackwell Citation 245, 887, 1710 Hoffman-La Roche plant physicians see under New Jersey, Nutley Holland see Netherlands
Holy Family Dispensary see under Ghana, Berekum Holy Family Hospital (Mandar) see under India, Mandar Holy Family Hospital for Women and Children (Rawalpindi) see
under Pakistan, Rawalpindi Home of the Friendless see under Michigan, Jackson City Homeopathy, Women in 748, 1681 Hong Kong
Medical students 276
Paediatric Society 571
Physicians 271, 275, 278, 282, 284, 571, 3364 Hong Kong, University of, Medical School 276, 283, 571 Hospital of the Good Shepherd see under Illinois, Chicago Hospitals see specific hospitals under their geographic locations.
See also Internships and residencies: and Psychiatric
hospitals
Administration, Women in 2467 , 2649 , 2922 , 2942 Appointment of women physicians, Necessity for 1954 Debarment of women students 1920, 1927 Established and run by women 47, 161, 300, 3215, 3923 First woman appointed house physician to mixed -sex hospital 525, 531
Housing accommodations for women interns 2094
Military 611, 742, 1337, 1426, 2832
Missionary 2646, 3857
Nunneries as 26
Staff positions
Exclusion of black women 855, 2229 Flexibility for married physicians 2210 Goodenough Report recommendations 1933 Status of women in 224, 2160, 2174, 2255, 2711 Surveys 2054, 2088, 2154, 2172, 2212, 4042
Temperance 3765
Veteran's Administration 1034, 1725, 3619 Wartime acceptance of medical women 1939, 2711 Hospitals, Women's see specific hospitals under their geographic locations.
See also American Women's Hospitals Service; and Scottish Women's Hospitals
Eastern Europe 204, 2153
History 2193
Subject Index
1023
Medical school affiliations 2096
Missionary established 2517
Run by women 2257, 2368, 3323 House of a Thousand Babies see China, Shanghai --Margaret Wil- liamson Hospital House of the Good Neighbor see under France, Paris Household help see Domestic help Housework, Attitudes towards 3136, 3152
See also Domestic help Housing reform, Physicians active in 616
Howard University Medical School ( Washington, D. C. ) 859, 1559, 2335
Howe Kai Po (Ida Kahn's mother) 2592 Howell, Mary C.
Comments on her article on what medical schools teach about women 2037 Hull, England see England, Hull Hull House see under Illinois, Chicago Hungary
Medical education 1890
Physicians 16, 386 , 387 , 395 , 400 , 401, 408 , 409 , 412 Husbands see Marital partners Hussey, Cornelia 844
Hyderabad Medical School (Sindi, India) 1876 Hygiene see Social hygiene Hygiene movement 253
Hysterectomy techniques see under Obstetrics and gynecology
Ibadan, Nigeria see Nigeria, Ibadan Iceland
Mental Hygiene Conference 1727 Physicians 1365 Hlinois
Hospital survey 2088
Occupational Disease Commission 1177, 1567 Physicians (specific) 1196-1198 Physicians (statistics) 4020 Shawmut Mining Company 1061 Waukesha County Medical Society 905 lUinois, Chicago
Chicago Council of Medical Women 1534, 3581 Chicago Medical Society 1830 Chicago Woman's Club 2100 Chicago Woman's Shelter 1591
Cook County Hospital 805, 1347, 1424, 1471, 1764, 2099 Dickens Society 800
Frances E. Willard National Temperance Hospital 3765
Hospital of the Good Shepherd 1498
Hull House 1177, 1567
Lewis Maternity Hospital 1764
Medical Women's Club of Chicago 1642, 2088, 2779, 4083 Michael Reese Hospital 2092
1024
Subject Index
Municipal Tuberculosis Sanatorium 1229 Physicians 970, 1169, 1186, 1617, 1652 Social Hygiene Council of Chicago 1845
Women and Children's Hospital of Chicago (formerly known as Mary Thompson Hospital) 771, 1722, 3615, 3735 History 1253, 1455, 3566, 3659, 3721, 3764, 3823 niinois, DeKalb
Physicians 1334 Illinois, Dixon
Physicians 1184 Illinois, Quincy
Physicians (specific) 780 Illinois, University of, Medical School (Urbana) 2005, 2282 Immunology see Allergy and immunology Imperial Medical -Surgical Academy (USSR) 200, 207 Inactive physicians see Practice patterns — Inactive Income see Medical practice— Earnings India
American missionaries 515, 1118, 1135, 1157, 1235, 1581, 1805
American physicians 812, 1369, 1373, 1799, 2116, 3829 British physicians 502, 546, 549, 603, 666, 669, 2116, 2120,
3336, 3851 History of women in medicine 3, 2123 Hospitals run by women 2257, 2517 Medical education 1876, 1877, 2844, 3849, 3852 Missionaries (specific) 315, 435, 2527, 2531, 2534-2536, 2656 Missionary activity 2116, 2517, 2539, 2646, 2648, 2652, 2665 Native physicians (specific) 265, 267, 269, 272, 285, 2123,
3840
Native physicians (status) 2116, 2121, 2126, 2127, 2846, 3364, 3827, 3834, 3855
Opportunities for physicians 2117, 2121, 2258, 2389, 2510, 2596, 3828, 3848, 3851, 3857
Recruitment 3927
Social conditions 666, 3854 India, Ahmedabad
Missionaries 2620 India, Ajmer
Ajmer Women's Hospital 2608
British missionaries 634 India, Allahabad
Missionary activity 2612 India, Ani
Missionaries 2618 India Association of Medical Women 2595, 3330, 3344, 3346 India, Bapalta
American missionaries 2602 India, Bareilly
Clara Swain Hospital 2643 India, Baroda
Mrs. William Butler Memorial Hospital 1581 India, Benares
Subject Index
1025
Missionaries 2624 India, Bombay
Missionaries 2600 India, Chirala
Chirala Mission Hospital 3338 India, Delhi
St. Stephen's Hospital 435 India, Dhar
Missionaries 2537, 2623 India, Guntur
Guntur Mission Hospital 3338
Missionaries 2616, 2629 India, Kashmir
Missionaries 2632 India, Ludhiana
Memorial Hospital 3336 India, Madras
Royal Victoria Hospital for Caste and Gosha Women 666 India, Madura
Women's Hospital 1799 India, Mandar
Holy Family Hospital 2611 India, Medak
American missionaries 2622 India, Nasik
Pechey-Phipson Sanitarium 603 India, Neemuch
Missionaries 2606 India, Palwal
Rohmatpur Hospital 669 India, Patna
American missionaries 2645 India, Punjab (See also Pakistan)
Physicians' activity 2597, 2639
Women's and Children's Hospital 2637 India, Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry Mission Hospital 3338 India, Ramapatam
Missionaries 2601 India, Rawalpindi see Pakistan, Rawalpindi India, Sialkot
American missionaries 2640, 2642
Memorial Hospital 2636, 2638 India, Thuruthipuram
Archbishop Attipetty Jubilee Memorial Hospital 2609 India, Velio re
American missionaries 1277, 2630
Mary Taber Schell Memorial Hospital 1277, 1805, 2634 India, Wai
American physicians 3829 India Women's Reserve Medical Unit 3332 Indiana
Medical education 2025
1026 Subject Index
Medical societies 1784 Indies see Indonesia Indonesia
Foreign physicians 1443, 1850
Need for women physicians 1850
Practice patterns 2261 Indonesia, Kediri
Clinic 1443 Indonesia, Semarang
Physicians 2261 Industrial medicine see Occupational medicine Industrialization of medicine 3003
Infirmary for Women and Children see New York City--New York
Infirmary for Women and Children Innsbruck, University of, Medical School (Austria) 1901, 2158 Inspector-General of British Army Hospitals see Armed services
(Great Britain) --Inspector-general~oT army hospitals Institute for Officers' Daughters see under Austria, Hernels Institute of Pennsylvania, Strecker Award recipients 756 Insurance
National health insurance 2201, 3239, 3284, 3327, 3983 Insurance companies
Employment of women physicians 416, 2358, 2498, 2888 Insurance for women physicians 2341, 3921, 4074, 4075, 4087 Internal medicine, Work in 907, 2455 International Academy of Pathology 329, 342 International Association of Medical Museums 329, 342 International Association of Women Physicians see Medical Wo- men's International Association International Conference of Women Physicians see Young Women's
Christian Association Conference International Council of Women Congress (1904) 3874 International Medical Woman's Association for the Promotion of
Postgraduate Study 3354 Internships and residencies (See also Hospitals—Housing accommoda- tions for women interns) Association of Internes and Medical Students 1947 Exclusion of women 300, 2046, 2060, 2068. 2071, 2072, 2109- 2111, 3023, 3154, 3187 Justification for 2059, 2106, 2107 Specific physicians' experiences 1296 Exclusion of women (1930-1940s) 2953, 3986, 4023 First woman to intern with United States Army Medical Corps 742
Hospital administration attitude survey (1926) 2091, 2094, 2095 Medical Women's Federation stand (1931) 2046 Opportunities for women 2040, 2066, 2067, 2078-2080, 2084, 2096 , 2105
Black interns 2093
Catholic hospitals 2101
Jewish hospitals 2092
Temperance hospitals 3765 Part-time training programs
Canada
91
edited the Association's Bulletin from 1907 to 1938. In 1955. the organization's name changed to International Academy of Pathology. Most of the information contained in this article concerns the Association and its journal (now. Laboratory In- vestigation).
330. Gray. Jessie. "In Memoriam: Jessie McGeachy. M. D. "
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association.
21:5 (May 1966) 417.
President of the Federation of Canadian Medical Women in 1959, Jessie McGeachy was the Canadian representative on the editorial board of the Journal of the American Medical Women's Association when she died in 1966.
331. Guest. Edna. "Maude Abbott, 1869-1940: Her Contribution
to Cardiology." Journal of the American Medical Wo- men's Association. 5:2 (February 1950) 74. (Album of Women in Medicine. )
332. H. L. S. "Appreciation: Roberta Bond Nichols. " Nova
Scotia Medical Bulletin. 45:12 (December 1966) S33- Roberta Bond received her M. D. degree in 1925 from Dal- housie University. She practiced in Newfoundland and Hali- fax. Nova Scotia.
333. Hacker. Carlotta. "Jennie Trout: An Indomitable Lady Doc-
tor Whose History Was Lost for a Half-Century. " Cana- dian Medical Association Journal. 110:7 (6 April 1974) 841. 843. 857. iHui: Carlotta Hacker [who wrote The Indomitable Lady Doctors. Clarke Irwin & Co. . Toronto. Canada. 1974J describes her often-frustrated efforts to track down biographical background on Jennie Gowanlock Trout. A contemporary of Emily Stowe, Canada's first woman physician (practicing in Toronto in 1867). Dr. Trout apparently practiced in Toronto in the 1870s and was "very likely" Canada's second woman physician. Despite the "curiously silent" records. Hacker managed to glean sev- eral facts about Jennie Trout's life. An 1875 graduate of Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia, Dr. Trout was li- censed with Ontario's College of Physicians and Surgeons that same year, becoming the first woman listed on that reg- ister. Although no Canadian medical school admitted women, the Toronto School of Medicine admitted Emily Stowe and Jennie Trout to one session so they could fulfill the country's medical registration requirements. The two women were friends who together championed women's rights. Jennie Trout's association with Dr. Stowe. however, contributed to her historical obscurity. In 1883. as if in rivalry, the two established separate medical schools for women. The rivalry persisted, and the famous Stowe family avoided mentioning Dr. Trout in their family papers. Another reason for Dr. Trout's obscurity was her move --15 years before her death -to Los Angeles. California.
Subject Index
1027
Psychiatry 2053, 2062-2065, 2073
Surveys 2087, 2089 Part-time training programs (specific) 2047, 2049, 2052, 2057,
2076, 2102, 2103 Preceptorship programs 2050 Problems for women 2069, 2086, 3170, 3995 Selection of hospital 2097
Surveys 2054, 2061, 2075, 2081-2083, 2085, 2087, 2088 The Interpretator (Australia) 292
Inventions and innovations by physicians (See also Discoveries and descriptions (medical) by physicians) Chair for switchboard operators 1585 Food storage techniques 1192 Medical museum classification 348 Medical record keeping 1585 Return receipt for registered mail 868 Subway seats 1749 Surgeons' glove powder 4026 Surgical needle 1253
Iowa
Physicians (specific) 890, 1110, 1279, 1335, 1604 Physicians (status) 2350, 3963
State Society of Iowa Medical Women 954, 1406, 3488, 3557, 3604, 3746 Iowa, Council Bluffs
Physicians 827 Iowa, Des Moines
Methodist Hospital 829 Iowa, Sioux City
Florence Crittenden Home 1500 Iowa, University of (Iowa City) 784 Iran (See also Armenia)
Physicians 1484, 3364
Red Cross work in 270 Iran, Tabriz
American missionaries 2521 Iran, Teheran
Physicians 270 Iraq, Baghdad
British physicians 519 Ireland
History of women in medicine 114 Medical education 1921, 1925, 2168, 2170 Physicians (specific) 432, 435, 443, 444, 467, 2607 Practice patterns 2168, 2170 Israel
Physicians 273, 834, 2119, 2126, 3364, 3833, 3842 Israel, Haifa
Hadassah Hospital 273 Israel, Jerusalem
Museum of Pathology 273 Israel, Tel Aviv
League of Equal Rights for Women 273
1028 Subject Index
Israeli Women's Medical Association 3833
Italian Association of Women Physicians 465, 3877
Italy
Deterrents to medical careers 59 Healers 59, 60, 65, 76 Medical education 60, 73
Physicians (specific) 418, 457, 464-466, 476, 2383, 3892 Physicians (status) 2156, 2173, 2874, 3364, 3877, 3878, 3892, 3903, 3906
Italy, Rome
First hospital 26
Psychiatry clinic 418 Italy, Rome (ancient)
Healers 46, 56, 67, 68, 132, 133, 159, 162 Italy, Salerno
Healers 23
Jackson City, Michigan see Michigan, Jackson City James Walker Memorial Hospital see under North Carolina, Wil- mington
Janet M. Glasgow Award (American Medical Women's Association) 1345, 1549
Japan (See also American Women's Hospitals— Activities) American Women's Hospitals 3397 History of women in medicine 280, 3198, 3199, 3856 Medical education 286, 3195 Missionaries 2656
Physicians (specific) 277, 280, 281, 286, 696, 1772, 3844, 3860
Physicians (status) 3194, 3195, 3364, 3836, 3837, 3841, 3858, 3859 Japan, Tokyo
St. Luke's Hospital 3202
Tokyo Medical Society for Women 3837 Japanese Medical Women's Society 3194, 3202, 3841 Jefferson Medical CoUege (Philadelphia) 1274, 1305, 1917, 3622 Jerusalem, Israel see Israel, Jerusalem
Jessie Weston Fisher Laboratory see Connecticut, Middletown —
Middlesex Hospital Jewish physicians (See also Hebrew healers) 37, 70, 152, 155 Johannesburg, South Africa see South Africa, Johannesburg John Ordonaux Prize (George Washington University Medical School)
1515
Johns Hopkins University Hospital see under Maryland, Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Medical School
Admission of women 1977, 2034, 3091, 3383, 3434
Alumnae survey (1960s) 2359
Faculty 761
Students (specific) 913, 1006, 1138 Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 3591, 3694, 3761
Journal of the Association of Medical Women in India 2124
Subject Index
Journals, Medical women's see Journal of the American Medical Women's Association: Medical Woman's Journal: and Journal of the Association of Medical Women in India
Judson Health Center see under New York City
Jurors, Physicians as see Criminal law— Physicians as expert wit- nesses and jurors Juvenile court physicians 1289
Kalamazoo, Michigan see Michigan, Kalamazoo Kansas
Physicians 1225, 1418, 3932 Kansas City, Missouri see Missouri, Kansas City Karolinska Institute for Medicine and Surgery (Stockholm, Sweden)
1908, 1940, 2166 Kashmir, India see India, Kashmir
Kate Depew Strang Tumor Diagnostic and Treatment Clinic see New York City — New York Infirmary for Women and Children — Strang Cancer Clinic
Kate Hurd Mead Alumnae Award (Medical College of Pennsylvania) 1089
Kediri, Indonesia see Indonesia, Kediri
Kennedy, John F. , Physician to see White House physicians Kentucky (See also American Women's Hospitals --Activities)
American Women's Hospitals 3584
Physicians 1662, 1809-1812 King Edward Hospital Medical School (Indore, India) 1876 King Edward Medical College (Lahore, India) 1876 King George's Medical College (Lucknow, India) 1876 Kings College (London, England) 1921 Kiukiang, China see China, Kiukiang "Klumpke Palsy" "152 Kollontai, Alexandra 456 Korea
Missionaries 346, 351, 728, 1087, 1266, 1319, 2529, 2530, 2535
Physicians 3190, 3193, 3364, 3846, 3847 Korea, Seoul
East Gate Hospital 3193 Korea, Woman's Medical Institute of (Seoul) 1422, 1878 , 3847 Korea, Yong Dong
Salvation Army Hospital 1649 Korean War
Physicians 1317 Krakow, University of, Medical School (Poland) 378 Kuwait
American missionaries 878, 1693 Kwangtung Medical College for Women see Hackett Medical Col- lege for Women (Canton, China) Kwashiorkor 533
Labrador
1030
Subject Index
American physicians 1809 Ladies' Medical Missionary Society (Boston) 3540 Ladies' Physiological Institutes see under Massachusetts, Boston Lady Chelmsford League (India) 2116
Lady Chichester Hospital for Women and Children see under Eng- land, Brighton Lady Dufferin's Association see Dufferin Association Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Delhi, India) 1366,
1876, 3341, 3852 Lady Willingdon Medical School for Women (Madras, India) 1876 Lafayette General Hospital see under New York, Buffalo Lafayette, Louisiana see Louisiana, Lafayette Lallemand Prize (Academy of Science, Paris) 466 Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute see under California, San Francisco
Language
Importance in denoting physicians' sex 3032 Lasker Awards (American Public Health Association) 1230 Latin America (See also specific countries)
Missionary activity 2648 Laura Memorial Woman's Medical CoUege (Ohio) 3549, 3965
See also Cincinnati, University of. Medical School (Ohio) Laval, University of (France) 2163 Lawyers
Comparisons with physicians 3069, 3083, 3144
Specific physicians as 911, 1628, 1793, 1820 League of Equal Rights for Women (Tel Aviv) 2090 League of Nations 710, 1437, 2260, 3282 Lebanon
Missionaries 2526 Legal medicine see Forensic medicine
Legislation (See also under specific topics and specific countries). Anti-discrimination laws 1337, 2364, 2503, 3023, 3056, 3185, 3573
Leipzig, University of (Germany) 85
Leningrad Military Hospital see under USSR, Leningrad
Leningrad School of Medicine for Women see St. Petersburg School
of Medicine for Women (USSR) Leningrad, USSR see USSR, Leningrad Lewis Maternity Hospital see under Illinois, Chicago Libraries, Physicians' work in 810 Licensure (Great Britain) 2193, 2234
See also Medical Register (Great Britain) Licensure (Sweden] 63
Lincolnshire, England see England, Lincolnshire Literature (See also Theater and films, Portrayal of women physi- cians]-
Dedications in books by women physicians 692 Physicians and healers in 29 , 43, 146, 149, 1251, 3227 , 4017, 4052, 4057, 4058 Little Mothers' League see under New York City Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Plant physician 1831 Loma Linda University (California) 3816
Subject Index
1031
London, England see England, London
London Homeopathic Hospital see under England, London
London Hospital see under England, London
London Hospital Medical School (England) 687
London School of Medicine for Women (England) (