Internet Archiveopen access

Vitalogy; or, Encyclopedia of health and home

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

IRVINE

GIFT OF Allen Peterson

E H, RUDDOCK, M. D,, PH, D,

AUTHOR'S STATEMENT.

In the preparation of this book over ten years of labor and great expense have been devoted to the collection, both in this and foreign countries, of Food and Harmless Home Remedies for all diseases, which will neithe> injure health nor destroy life.

VITALOGY

OR

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEALTH AND HOME

ADAPTED FOR HOME AND FAMILY USE

BEACON LIGHTS FOR OLD AND YOUNG, SHOWING HOW TO SECURE

HEALTH, LONG LIFE, SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS, FROM

THE ABLEST AUTHORITIES IN THIS COUNTRY

EUROPE AND JAPAN.

.& GEO! JP. JVOOD, M. D.

E. H. RUDDOCK^ M. D.

Authors of "A Text Book of Modern Medicine and Surgery;" "Consumption

and Diseases of the Lungs;" "Essentials of Diet;" "The Vade

Mecum;" "The Ladies' Manual;" "The Pocket

Manual;" " The Stepping Stone;" "Diseases

of Infants and Children ;" etc.

SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.

1906. VIXALOGY ASSOCIATION,

CHICAGO. NEW YORK.

Kc

Copyrighted, 1904

BY I. N. REED.

M. A. DONOHUE &. COMPANY

PRINTERS AND BINDERS 4O7-429 DEARBORN STREET CH ICAGO

PREFACE.

THIS work, it is believed, stands in no need of any elaborate prefa- tory introduction, nor is it sought to bespeak for it from its readers any more favorable consideration than its merits entitle it to demand. It is confidently placed in the hands of an intelligent and discriminating public, in full assurance that it will prove an instrument of constant usefulness and a possession of inestimable and never-failing value.

It will be found to contain extensive and useful information of unusual practical value, on subjects that are of vital and paramount importance to every individual, including the physical well-being, com- fort and happiness of man from infancy to age.

In this age of education and progress, the Science of Health is no longer the exclusive possession of a profession, but is made an open book for those who have the wisdom to learn that which more nearly than anything else concerns their lease of life, the extent to which it is to run, and their capacity for its best enjoyment.

These pages embody the wisdom and experience, and best results of years of practical observation, of prominent and enlightened phy- sicians, upon the simplest and most effectual methods of promoting health, overcoming disease, and prolonging life.

The knowledge here imparted, and explicit and effectual instruc- tions given for its application to the preservation and restoration of health, in all stages and conditions of life, are worth more to a family or individual than all the strong drugs in existence, leaving out of con- sideration the fact that it will enable its readers to dispense in a great measure with the costly services and the nauseous drugs of the apothe cary.

Particular attention is directed to the " Food and Home Reme- dies," in the departments on diseases, which have of late years been so extensively employed in Europe and Japan, and which have

PREFACE

never before been givei. in any American publication. There are also given the various new ~emedies of like character of our own country, which have recently come into use, and which have demonstrated their success in the cure of physical ailments. These remedies will be found as easy of access as they are inexpensive and safe, reliable and effectual ; and they are free from the dangers attending the use of poi- sonous or deleterious drugs, which while removing one disease too frequently pave the way for some more dangerous malady, or under- mine the constitution.

The merits of this book are not obscured by any effort to mystify its contents with high sounding phrases, or euphonious but incompre- hensible technicalities. Everything will be found in plain, pointed and easily apprehended language, and condensed so as to convey its lessons in the most direct and least ambiguous terms. It makes no demand for professional learning or hard study. The rationale of treatment in all cases is given in such simple and thorough manner that the commonest apprehension will be able to utilize the remedies intelligently and successfully, and the average reader can avail himself of its aid as readily and as effectually as the most accomplished scholar.

There are embodied in this book, departments adapted to the views and requirements of the adherents of the different schools of Medicine; while the owners of Live-stock, or those interested in Hor- ticulture, will find much that is new and of practical value and utility, that will be certain to challenge their approval and greatly conduce to their advantage and profit.

DIVISION FIRST,

NEW DISCOVERIES.

WONDERS OF LIQUID AIR.

The most important discovery of tiie last years of the nineteenth century was the discovery of the process of liquefying the atmosphere we breathe, and that at a merely nominal cost. That the air could be liquefied was known many generations ago, but the cost of securing even a few drops was more than $1,000. As early as 1857 Prof. Siemens, in Germany, first made a machine which it was thought might make liquid air, but it was not a success. Prof. Linde, of Germany, made the first successful machine in 1895. About the same time Prof. Hainpson, in England, and Prof. Tripler, in America, were working on similar machines, and without knowledge of Prof. Linde's apparatus, perfected apparatus of their own which have since been improved until now it is said that liquid air can be produced in a large plant at a cost of 1 cent per gallon, and possibly at less.

Liquid air is produced by compressing air until 800 parts have been reduced to one part — 800 cubic feet squeezed down to 1 cubic foot. In addition to compressing it has to be cooled. This is done by al- lowing a small portion of highly compressed air to suddenly expand in a tube that surrounds the tube in which the compressed air is confined. By repeating this process the air is made so cold that it finally liquefies at a temperature of 312 degrees below zero, Fahren- heit. In so compressing and cooling the air it was found necessary to first filter it, to take out all impurities and to dry it thoroughly, because any water left in it, and we all know that air contains considerable moisture, would freeze and the particles of ice would interfere with the process. So that liquid air is perfectly dry (although it looks just like water) and much purer than the air usually is. In his public ex- periments Prof. Tripler often spills some liquid air (accidently, of course) upon some lady's rich fine gown and he greatly enjoys the look of consternation and the little scream — " Oh! you've ruined my dress." Mr. Tripler usually steps nearer as if to see, and says, " Where?" and then throws on some more. But, of course, no spots and no dampness can be seen, for the air is dry and evaporates the instant it is thrown.

Although so very cold it may be stirred with the finger safely. This is explained in the same way as a drop of water on a red-hot stove. Instead of instantly evaporating it will roll or dance around for a while. This is because owing to the difference in temperature a portion of the drop of water fcrms a vapor which prevents actual contact. The great difference in the temperature of the finger and

6 LIQUID AIR.

liquid air causes a film of vapor to form which momentarily prevents actual contact and hence injury. It is but a moment, however, and woe to him who leaves it in too long. On the same principle one may touch with a moist finger a very hot flatiron, but woe if he touches too long.

The most delicate rose dipped in liquid air will not change its color. But it is frozen so hard that its petals are brittle like gliiss and if dropped will break in innumerable fragments. The same with a head of lettuce and other vegetables. An egg becomes so hard that the yolk is like dust or the pollen of flowers. Butter becomes so brittle that it may be pounded into a fine powder in a mortar. Ice be- comes milky and easily crumbles.

Uses of Liquid Air. It is not likely that liquid air can ever be used for power or for practical refrigeration; first, because its ex- pansive power is not great enough — it can't do more than to regain its original state, i. e,, 1 foot to expand to 800 — while water in the form of steam expands from 1 to 1,700. Second, because of its extreme cold, freezing everything with which it comes in contact. We can hardly realize what — 312° means. One of its greatest uses, how- ever, is in surgery, and it is now used in all the great hospitals of the world.

For Operations. Patients who cannot take anaesthetics can have the parts to be cut off, or cut out (like. e. g,, cancers), sprayed with liquid air, which freezes them solid, when the surgeon can make a perfectly painless operation, and also perfectly bloodless. When the cutting has to be deep and where it formerly was impossible because the flow of arterial blood could not be controlled, it is now easily done by means of liquid air.

Consumption Cured. It is known that air consists of about 78 or 79 per cent, of nitrogen, and 20 or 21 per cent, of oxygen, with some carbonic acid gas and watery vapor. When liquid air evapor- ates, the nitrogen, being much more volatile, passes off first, so that after liquid air has been exposed for a time, the liquid remaining is very rich in oxygen. This rich liquid can be preserved much longer than the original, and can be used to enrich the air taken into the lungs of a consumptive patient. In fact, in the earlier stages of the disease, this is said to be an unfailing remedy and will, in a compar- atively short period, effect a perfect cure.

Yellow Fever. Low temperature is the only thing known that will kill or render ineffective the germ of yellow fever. If a patient can be kept wrapped in ice, he usually recovers. But it is now claimed that if he is wrapped in blankets through which a can ot liquid air is made to evaporate slowly, speedy recovery is almost abso- lutely certain, while the suffering and distress is immediately relieved.

Dyspepsia Cured. A Russian physician, experimenting with liquid air, placed a dog in a small room where the temperature was

LIQUID AIR.

This cut shows some of the marvels of the new dis- covery, LIQUID AIR. tt looks like water, but is as dry as dust. It is so intensely cold that it will cause ice to form in a blazing fire, and yet if a steel pen is held over it, and lighted with a match, the pen will burn like tinder. A tin dipper held in it for a few minutes becomes so brittle that it will break like thin glass. Cancers sprayed with it can be cut out without the least pain. A human body can be cremated with it completely in fifteen min- utes. The following chapter explains how it is made, its various uses, etc.

LIQUID AIB. 9

gradually reduced to 100 ° below zero. After ten hours the dog was taken out alive, but ravenously hungry. Then the doctor, who suffered horribly from dyspepsia, tried it on himself. After ten hours' confine- ment in the still, dry, cold of evaporating liquid air, he found himself wonderfully stimulated. Continuing the experiments, the results were truly marvelous. Both man and dog grew fat and developed not only splendid appetites, but were able to digest their meals without the slightest discomfort.

Other Uses. Liquid air may also be used successfully in deep sea diving; or for aerial navigation; submarine navigation; as a freez- ing mixture around shafts or tunnels or when digging through quick- sand; or in blasting; for making vacuum bulbs like the incandescent electric lamp, and for scientific experiments and investigation. It may possibly become extremely useful as an aid in burning poor, cheap fuels. But to these and kindred objects its use is limited, and to invest money in liquid-air-making companies would be a dangerous experiment, if one expected any financial returns.

WONDERS OF LIQUID AIR.

The experiments made with liquid air are so marvelous that it is not to be wondered at, that those who have not witnessed the experi- ments refuse to believe them. Possibly the most striking experiment is this: A quantity of liquid air is poured into an ordinary tea kettle and the kettle is set over a hot fire of coals. The liquid air boils and shoots in streams from the spout of the kettle, three or four feet high. If, then, a glass of water is poured into the kettle the water will be frozen in a few moments and the pieces of ice appear boiling about in the liquid. If, however, the kettle is lifted off the burning coals its under surface is found to be covered with frozen carbonic acid from the fire and moisture from the room. Within an inch or so of the burning coals ice had formed on the bottom (outside) of the kettle. It is so marvelous that one can scarce believe his eyesight. Yet it is true, as can be testified by many who have seen it.

Another pretty experiment is shown in Fig. 7, where a rubber ball is shown floating in a tumbler of liquid air. The vapor from the liquid air flows over the edge of the glass not rising like steam, but is easily mistaken for steam. The chill which the hand receives, how- ever, if exposed to it, quickly convinces one to the contrary. When the rubber ball has been in long enough to get as cold as the liquid and is then taken out, it will be found as brittle as glass, and if thrown against the wall, will shatter like a thin glass tumbler.

Fig. 3 shows an ordinary tin pan or dipper, which had been im- mersed for a short time in liquid air. When struck against a table or any hard surface it is shattered like glass, as may be seen. Copper, on the contrary, is not affected by it. Fig. 6 shows a sponge saturated with liquid air, after most of the nitrogen has evaporated. When

10 HOME MADE ICE.

touched with a lighted match on the end of a long rod the sponge ex- plodes with violence and is torn to shreds.

Iron and steel become brittle as glass. Gold, silver, copper and aluminum are not affected. Lead becomes stiff and elastic like steel. Mercury becomes solid, like iron. Ivory, cooled in liquid air, and then held in a strong light, is seen to glow with a bright phosphores- cence.

The anomaly of burning a steel pen in this very cold liquid is shown in Fig. 2. This shows a tumbler with liquid air about one-half evaporated and hence, rich in oxygen. If, now, an ordinary steel pen or a watch spring is held in the liquid and touched with a lighted match, the steel burns with the brilliancy of an electric arc. In the early experiments at preserving liquid air, a glass bulb was used, around which a large bulb had been blown (See Fig. 8) and the air exhausted from the space between. The liquid lies quietly in such a bulb without boiling. In an ordinary bulb (Fig. 9) it boils con- stantly while the outside of the bulb is quickly covered with ice — the frozen moisture from the air. An entire volume could be written on the marvels of this fluid, which sooner or later is destined to hold a prominent place in the economy of human existence.

Value Of Liquid Air Gases. Prof. Raoul Pictet, the Swise> scientist, claimed that with a comparatively simple apparatus he could dissociate or separate the constituent gases of liquid air so that with B 500 horse-power steam engine at a total cost of $74 per day he could make and separate enough liquid air to obtain daily 3,550,000 cubic feet of oxygen, 5,300,000 cubic feet of nitrogen and 3,000 pounds of carbonic acid, and that the present total value of all these gases was over $1,500.

HOME MADE ICE.

Ice Made With Chemicals. Ice can always be purchased cheaper than it can be produced in a small way, but sometimes it is desirable to secure extreme cold or to make ice when it is inconvenient, or when there is no time to go to the places where ice may be pur- chased. In such cases ice can be made in a suitable vessel by the use of nine parts of sodium phosphate and four parts of dilute nitric acid, or by equal parts of ammonium nitrate and water. A stronger mixture is the following:

Phosphate of soda 9 parts

Nitrate of ammonia 6 "

Dilute nitric acid 4 "

By means of this solution it is possible to reduce the temperature from 50 ° Fahrenheit to 21 ° Fahrenheit.

To freeze water by either of these mixtures, one only needs a small dish, the narrower the better (it should not be over two inches wide) to hold the water to be frozen and a larger dish fitting more or less

HOW TO MAKE ICE IN FIFTEEN MINUTES.

This can be done in the kitchen at but little above the ordinary cost of ice.

A few pounds of ice at the critical time will often save life.

Dr. Winthrop truly said that many hundred patients, especially children, die every summer for want of a little ice at the proper time See page 764,

The kind of apples that are healthful and may be eaten (raw or cooked) with perfect safety. Page 14.

The kind of apples that are very unwholesome and should always go into the garbage heap.

PULP IN APPLES.— Some apples contain pulp which is very injurious. Many cases of sickness and disorder, seldom suspected, originate from it Swallow only the juice of such apples. Note this fact, as it will be of great value to you. Read page 14.

12

THE APPLE. 13

closely around the smaller dish to hold the freezing mixture. The principle is the same as in any ice cream freezer. It is best to use for freezing, water that has been boiled and allowed to settle. The water and the vessels should first be made as cool as possible in the coldest water available — in the well or wherever convenient.

It will require from two to four times as much (by weight) of the chemical as of the ice desired. A pound of ice will require from two to four pounds of the mixture, but the chemical may be used over and over again, by simply evaporating the water. If a large piece of ice is wanted or the ice is to be frozen sooner than otherwise, provision must be made for lifting the small can containing the water to be frozen out of the surrounding mixture and immediately placing it in a fresh mixture. It may be necessary to repeat this a third or even a fourth time, to hasten the freezing, The outer vessel should be in- sulated by wrapping it about with blankets or comforters, or by numerous thicknesses of paper.

Water at 32 ° Fahrenheit will freeze, but not at once. No mat- ter what the outside temperature, the temperature of water will re- spond proportionately until a temperature of 32 ° Fahrenheit is reached. Then a thermometer in the water will show no further de- cline, neither will the formation of ice begin, until the latent heat has been absorbed. This factor, of course, must also be taken into con- sideration when making ice by means of chemical salts. The latent heat of ice amounts to 142.5 thermal units, a thermal unit being the amount of heat necessary to raise a pound of water, one degree, Fahrenheit.

THE APPLE.

THE JAPANESE FOUNTAIN OP ETERNAL YOUTH AND BEAUTY.

The apple, the food of the gods, the mainstay of life in Eden, the most luscious, the most precious, most health-giving food on earth. No wonder poets in all ages have sung its praises It is the most uni- versal fruit, being found throughout the temperate zone of all countries of the globe.

The secret of its power lies in the malic acid and the picric acid it contains. The malic acid, which no chemist has been able to reproduce, has a marvelous power of awakening to healthful activity all those secretions of the body that tend to cleanse the entire system, hence ita great value in many diseases, and in preventing diseases.

Obtaining Beauty of Face by Means of the Apple. — It is recorded that Cleopatra, of Egypt, the most renowned beauty of aacient

14 APPLES — HOW TO SELECT.

times, asked at the temple of the Gods what she should do to obtain beauty of face. The high priest declared it to be the will of the gods that she should breakfast exclusively on raw ripe apples. This she did and became more beautiful every day so long as she continued the prac- tice. The old priest did declare the wisdom of the gods, for we now know that the apple, persistently and wisely used, if taken at the beginning, will cure constipation and other afflictions, aud their cure will result in beauty of face.

Apples, How to Eat. Apples, one of the most common and most healthful of all fruits, often become almost a poison to many people merely because they neither know how to select suitable fruit nor how to eat it when selected. Dr. Sawyer, of Baltimore, Maryland, who has spent much time in the study of the effects of the apple upon the human organism, says that he has found hundreds of people who told him they would not dare eat a raw apple; it would make them sick. But after he showed them that by chewing all the virtue out of the pulp and then discarding it, they could enjoy eating apples as well as anyone, they had no further trouble.

Apples, HOW to Select. Apples for eating should first of all be fully ripe, without being over-ripe, and be ripened on the tree. The practice of picking apples green and keeping them till they slowly ripen (rot) is a most iniquitious one. After an apple begins to decay, even though but a small piece of " rot " shows, it is no more fit to eat raWj for the ptomaine poison of the rot has been absorbed partly by balance of the apple. Again, many apples are very full of woody fibre or pulp. All these when eaten raw should be simply chewed and the pulp rejected. In selecting apples for eating, therefore, it is best to select those which have the least pulp and the most juice. They should be fully ripe and full grown. All other apples should be sent to the cider mill or baked or stewed or otherwise thrown on the garbage heap.

Grapes. Grapes, when ripe and wholesome, are plump and firmly attached to the little stems. They are unwholesome if at the point of attachment to the stems they have become loose and, particu- larly, if there is a slight discoloration apparent on the grape at this point, or if it has become at all soft. In either one of these cases it should be rejected as unfit for use.

Grapes are among the most wholesome and most nutritious of fruits. In the archives of the British War Department is the report of Col. McWade, whose corps in India was at one time obliged to sub- sist for two weeks on grapes alone. It developed that the soldiers stood this diet very well, but after a couple of days all the officers were sick with diarrhoea and indigestion. An official inquiry proved that the officers discarded the skins and seeds of the grapes, while the soldiers ate the whole grape. An order was thereupon promulgated that the officers should eat the grapes entire — skins and all — when they soon recovered, and continued well until food could be provided.

THE WHOLESOME GRAPE.

How to tell the wholesome grape at a glance is told on page 14.

The British Governs vnt Reports tell how a regiment of soldiers in India lived for weeks on grapes alone. The soldiers swallowed the grapes, skins and all and kept well, while the officers, who discarded the skins and seeds, grew sick. When the officers were ordered to eat the entire grape, all kept well.

15

GRAPES.

This is an unwholesome grape and should nut be eaten under any circumstances. See page 14,

No wonder mankind is afflicted with 150 diseases, for their stomachs are made the dumping ground for so much chat is injurious- So long as people persist in the idiotic course of having all sorts of food on their Jtable, except the most healthful food — cooked or uncooked fruit, they may expect to be the victims of the multitude of diseases that afflict mankind

1*

POISON IN OUR FOOD. 17

Wholesome fruit must be carefully selected. To be able to dis- tinguish readily between fruit that is wholesome and healthgiving and fruit that only does injury to the system, is what is everyone's right and duty to discover. Fruit that is ripe is always good. Fruit that is unripe is usually bad. Fruit that has begun to decay is injurious and usually dangerous. It is easy enough to discover the beginnings of decay on apples, pears, peaches, etc. Decay immediately generates ptomaine poisons, and this is almost immediately communicated to the entire piece of fruit. It is no safety to cut off the rotten portion, for all the balance is affected.

POISON IN OUR FOOD.

EXTEAOTED FROM UNITED STATES PURE FOOD INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE

AND OTHER REPORTS.

An eminent French chemist wrote a book not long ago in which he made a forecast of the time when human beings would cease eating meat or vegetables, and would take all their foods in the shape of compact chemical tablets of diverse flavors. It is possible that the day may come when chemists will be able to manufacture nutritious and wholesome food out of the elements; but if we are to judge the future by the present, it is to be hoped that the era of chemical food may be postponed indefinitely. It has long been known that a very large percentage of our food is more or less adulterated with sub- stances that can be made to resemble it in appearance and flavor, and which are often harmless. If they were all inocuous, the question would be merely one of commercial honesty, competition, and price. But many of them are injurious to health, and therefore call for more vigorous measures.

As early as 1820, attention was called in England to the dangers of adulterated food through Accum's treatise, " Death in the Pot." In 1851, The Lancet declared war against dishonest manufacturers, printing every week a list of culprits, with chemical analyses of their products; and continued this for three years. Repeated legislative enactment since that time has given the English considerable protec- tion, but that it is still far from complete may be inferred from an article in The Lancet of April 22, 1900, on "Meat Extract of Vile Origin," which shows that such extracts are occasionally made of putrid liver and offal. " It might be thought impossible," it remarks, " that such filthy material could be fabricated into a toothsome paste, but so it is, the use of deodorizers and subtle flavoring materials having been placed at the disposal of offal -mongers by the advances (alas, that it must be so confessed) of chemical knowledge. ... Of course, cooking would destroy most noxious geims, but their products, the poisonous ptomaines, would remain. . . . Their presence in an extract would cause very serious symptoms of poisoning."

In this country many State legislatures have enacted laws making injurious food adulterations illegal, and Congress has set aside in

18 POISON IN ODB FOOD.

annual appropriation for use in investigating such adulterations, partly for the sake of protecting honest producers. The proceedings of the War Investigating Committee have resulted in a fiasco for the govern- ment, but they have at least done good in calling the nation's attention in a sensational way to this subject of " Death in the Pot." By a for- tunate coincidence, official reports regarding the alarming extent of food adulteration and poisoning have been recently prepared in several States, and the result is that the press all over the country is discuss- ing this matter.

In Pennsylvania the Food and Dairy Commissioner, Levi Wells, has ascertained that chemical companies have had agents traveling regularly in the State to sell to butchers chemicals for preserving meats, the favorite being apparently boracic acid, which <! is certainly deleterious to health." The packages are labeled, telling how the chemicals are to be used on meat. In Connecticut the Agricultural Experiment Station issued on May 1 its annual report on the adultera- tion of foods. It gives a summary of the extent to which frauds are practiced on consumers, thanks to Yankee ingenuity, combined with modern advances in chemistry. Of sixty-three samples of fruit jellies, two-thirds were adulterated, not only with starch and glucose, but with aniline dye and poisonous salicylic acid. Out of forty samples of marmalades and jams only three were pure. Of forty-seven samples of beer and ale, twelve contained salicylic acid, and nineteen samples of sausages and oysters were found "embalmed" by boric acid.

"The use of antiseptic as preservatives of food is becoming alarmingly great," says Prof. Mitchell, analytical chemist of the Wis- consin Dairy and Food Commission. Farmers mix them with milk and butter, and they act disastrously on the tissues of the stomach. Nearly every butcher in Illinois, he says, makes use, especially in the preparation of " Hamburger steak," of preserving chemicals, including sulphide of soda, a compound which checks fermentation, and there- fore makes it difficult to digest the meat. A government expert has testified that this chemical had been used by medical students to preserve cadavers, and by physicians to disinfect houses where there had been smallpox. At the recent sessions of the United States Pure Food Investigating Committee in Chicago, the testimony of several other experts was taken, all of whom agreed that the antiseptic chem- icals so freely used in the preservation of food and drink are deleter- ious, and in many cases poisonous. Dr. Wiley, chemist to the National Agricultural Department, declared, among other things, that no food which contains preservatives is fit to eat, and that probably the one most commonly used, because of its cheapness, is salicylic acid, which should be forbidden because it is very bad for the health, especially in the case of weak stomachs. A pamphlet published by the Department of Agriculture at Washington states that " the use of salicylic acid as a food preservative has been forbidden by several European govern- ments." Here it is used to a large extent, both by native canners and by foreigners who take advantage of our situation. The department

'ONE OF MANY LARGE FACTORIES AT NEW YORK MANUFACTURING FOOD ADULTERATIONS.

ADULTERATION OF FOOD.

(From United States Pure Food Investigating Committee's Report.)

THE GERMS OF DISEASE AND DEATH ARE IN MANY ARTICLES OF OUR FOOD.

What should be done is told on page 17.

Innumerable cases of sickness and premature deaths caused by poison germs put in our food in the shape of preservatives and adulterations.

19

GREATEST SOURCE OF CONTAGIOUS DIS EASES IN THE WORLD.

How to escape catching consumption, diph theria, scarlet fever, pneumonia and other con tagious diseases. See page 23. •

DISEASES SPREAD BY SALIVA. 21

it in fifteeu out of twenty samples of string beans, in ten out o? twelve samples of baked beans, in twenty-four out of forty-one cases of corn, and so on.

This testimony from so many expert and unbiased sources, fully justifies the heading given to our article. The chemicals used to pre- serve our food and drink have become a serious menace to health. There are thousands of invalids whose chances of recovery and life de- pend on their getting the purest drugs and food, and there can be no doubt that some of these are killed every day by the poisons in milk, butter, and meat, put there by farmers, grocers, and butchers to save trouble or avoid the risk of goods spoiling on their hands. To per- fectly robust individuals these chemicals may be comparatively harm- less, but Americans are a nation of dyspeptics, and salicylic acid, the favorite preservative used here, has been pronounced by the Paris Academy of Medicine especially injurious to dyspeptics. Their life is made wretched by the systematic food poisoning for the profit of dis- honest dealers; salts of zinc or copper in a dish of canned peas, for example (put there to give them a pretty green color!) , may result in a sleepless night, colic, headache, loss of a day's work, and general misery; and this may go on indefinitely, rendering life a burden, without any suspicion in the victim of the real cause. Last summer a Western hotel lost hundreds of guests, who left, one after the other, because they all became ill for some mysterious reason. The water and ice were held responsible, but careful experiment showed that the illness was due to the use in the kitchen of cheap coal-tar flavoring extracts. In saving $10 by buying this stuff the proprietor of the hotel lost $10,000. These coal-tar extracts are used to a very great extent in confectionery, ice cream, soda water, etc., and to many per- sons they are poisonous. They deserve a special investigation.

DISEASES SPREAD BY SALIVA.

Among recent discoveries in medical science there are none more important or far-reaching than those which have to do with the pre- vention of contagion from ordinary diseases like la grippe, consumption, influenza, pneumonia as well as diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc.

Hermann Koniger, the renowned German physicist, in a series of experiments conducted during the early spring and summer months of the year 1900, proved conclusively that the germs of disease, even before the disease has developed so as to be recognized, are expelled in droplets of saliva in the act of speaking or of coughing or sneezing. In a room where there is no current of air, a person could thus scatter germs to a distance of more than twenty-two feet, and to a height of more than six feet. They are even found behind the per- son who speaks or coughs. Ordinarily, however, they are not thrown more than a few feet from the person. They are not scattered in ordinary expiration without effort, nor in the pronunciation of vowels It is scarcely noticeable in persons who speak in a low tone, but

22 DISEASES SPREAD BY SALIVA.

excessive in those who stammer. It is very different in different individuals.

In the experiments, M. Koniger found that within an hour all the germs had become deposited, most of them within ten minutes or so. Before that the germs, or bacilli, were found to be held suspended in minute droplets or globules of saliva too small to be seen without the aid of the microscope. The larger bacilli, such as those of turbercu- losis (consumption), are carried a smaller distance and fall to the ground sooner than the lesser bacilli, such as those of influenza or pneumonia, etc., and hence contagion from the latter is the more to be feared and guarded against. He found that the simple act of placing a handkerchief before the mouth in the case of tuberculosis was suffi- cient to prevent the emission of saliva droplets charged with bacilli, but in the case of pneumonia it was necessary to wear a mask made of fine wool gauze over the face in order to prevent the dissemination.

During a surgical operation, said M. Koniger, no one should ever speak.

It is well known that disease germs often, even in well persons, lodge in the mucus of the mouth and throat. Repeated chemical analyses, made at the laboratories of any of our leading hospitals, of saliva from the mouths of persons having a slight sore throat or a little cold, and otherwise perfectly well, showed the presence of abundant active diphtheria bacilli, and, in some who had developed but a slight cough, the germs of the dreaded pneumonia. It is now recognized that in such cases, while the persons themselves may not develop the disease at all from the presence in the mucus of their throats of these bacilli, yet they are capable of giving the contagion to others who may be at that time in a condition of susceptibility.

The health boards of nearly all large cities have found it necessary from time to time to warn the public against spitting in public places, because they had found that the mucus thrown from the throat in the act of expectoration, when dried, consisted in active and more or less dangerous colonies of disease microbes, and that numerous serious dis- eases were directly traceable to this cause. In short, it is now claimed that this is the greatest cause in the world for the spread of contagious diseases.

Expectoration should always be into a moist place or into water. In that case the bacilli cannot rise into the air to be drawn in by the breath and perhaps lodge in the passage of the nose or throat and start a " germ culture " which later develops into a disease.

M. Koniger found that frequent washing of the mouth or garg- ling greatly diminished the number of bacilli susceptible of being detached, and thus washing and gargling have a value in contagious diseases. He found that in most cases the habit of always holding a handkerchief before the mouth when coughing or sneezing greatly diminished the liability to disseminate germs or spread contagion. This is especially true of ordinary coughs and colds, of pneumonia, diphtheria and other kindred diseases. As the result of his experiment

HOW TO ESCAPE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 23

M. Koniger strongly urged the necessity of being on our guard against the influence of the minute droplets of saliva carrying bacilli which are expelled from the mouth in the act of coughing or sneezing, or in vigorous explosive speech.

A Chicago health officer maintains that we have just as good a right and duty to guard against the contagion caused by promiscuous spitting, coughing and sneezing in public places as we have to guard against contagion by prohibiting the slaughter and sale of tuberculous cattle for food.

In small-pox and some other diseases in which the danger of con- tagion is universally recognized, society has guarded against contagion by immediate and complete isolation of the patient, but in consump- tion, pneumonia, influenza, grip and various other diseases the con- tagious nature has not been fully realized and hence where we now have one case of small-pox we have many thousands of either of the other mentioned, although the time was when small-pox was more prevalent than any of the others.

HOW TO ESCAPE CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.

J. J. Richardson, M. D., in a treatise on this subject, says that when any member of a family is attacked with scarlet fever, diphtheria or any contagious disease, it may be generally prevented from extend- ing by attention to the following rules:

Have the patient placed in one of the upper rooms of the house or at least the farthest removed from the rest of the family, where the best ventilation is to be had. The apartments should be at once cleared of all curtains, carpets, woolen goods and unnecessary furni- ture. Fill a cuspidor or spittoon with chloride of lime or a strong carbolic solution (a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to one-half pint of water) . A large tub containing carbolic acid solution (four fluid- ounces to each gallon of water) should stand in the room for the re- ception of bed or body linen immediately after it has been removed from contact with the patient. The nurse should wear in the chamber a loose gown and tight-fitting cap, to be thrown off at the door, and the hands should be washed before going out, with carbolic acid water. Napkins should not be used, but in their stead pieces of rags, which can be burned. Glasses, cups, dishes, etc., must be scrupu- lously cleaned in a carbolic acid solution or in boiling water before they are carried away from the room. All discharges from the bowels and kidneys are to be received into vessels containing some disinfect- ent, such as a solution of two pounds of green vitriol to a gallon of water, or the carbolic solution, and immediately removed. A sheet, kept moistened with a strong carbolic acid solution, should be hung over the door outside, for the purpose of catching any germs of the disease which might otherwise escape.

Boiling is the surest way of disinfecting contaminated clothing, or it may be baked in an oven heated to about 240° Fahrenheit. After

24 TO AVOID OATOHINO DIPHTHERIA — HEALTH IN BREATHINO.

the disease is over, the patient should be kept isolated for ten days after all the scabs fall off in smallpox, or after desquamation (that is, "peeling" of the skin) is complete in scarlet fever. For the last week of his seclusion, daily baths, each containing one ounce of strong car- bolic acid, should be given, and every square inch of the body must be thus carefully disinfected, especially the scalp, as the disease poison is apt to linger among the dandruff at the roots of the hair.

To purify the apartment, wash the furniture, woodwork, floor and walls (scraping off the paper) with the carbolic acid solution and soap. Then shut up tightly and burn in it a pound of sulphur for every hundred cubic feet of space it contains and allow the fumes to remain in the closed room for twenty-four hours. Lastly, open doors and windows so as to ventilate freely for a week, at the end of which time disinfection may generally be considered complete.

TO AVOID CATCHING DIPHTHERIA.

No. 1. A pan of raw sliced onions placed in a room where there is diphtheria will absorb the poison and prevent the disease from spreading. The onions should be burned or buried every morning and new ones used.

No. 2. To 1 drachm of MonseFs salt, add 3 ounces of water; add 'sufficient sugar to overcome the taste of the iron. Dose: — One teaspoonful three times a day. When exposure to the contagion has been of daily occurrence, give every three hours. For a child, see table of doses for children, p. 611, Vol. II. Dr. Bennett writes that in 130 cases of exposure to this disease, not one took it who had used this remedy.

HEALTH IN BREATHING.

Deep Breathing. Many cases of lung trouble and of other afflictions are due to improper breathing, or rather to persons allowing themselves to fall into bad habits of breathing. Nature intends that a certain amount of oxygen must come from the air we breathe. In a natural, joyous life, nature will cause anyone to breathe in an abun- dance of this oxygen. But artificial habits of life, and especially de- spondency and work that requires much stooping or bending over, are apt to produce an apathy of the nerves and muscles that control breathing, and hence an insufficient supply of the health-giving oxy- gen. The remedy in such cases is easy and in everyone's hands. Moreover, it costs nothing but a slight effort, continued long enough until a correct habit is formed.

How to Breathe. The most important item in breathing is that it shall be deep and rhythmic, that is, that inspiration and expir- ation shall be of equal length. Watch a person asleep and note his breathing: it is as regular and rhythmic as the swish of the waves on the shore, as regular as the ticking of the clock. That is the natural

HOW DEEP BREATHING SAVES LIFE.

The proper method of deep breathing has restored many persons to good health. And life is frequently saved by it. See page 34

SOLAR PLEXUS, OR

"MAN'S THIRD

BRAIN."

A single blow over this organ made Fitzsim- n ions a world-renowned champion.

The great importance and value of this little-known portion of man's anatomy is told on page 27.

SOLAR PLEXUS. 27

way; when consciousness stops controlling it, the breathing becomes natural. If, then, you are seeking health and vigor, imitate the natural.

Breathing Exercise. Of marvelous value is the deep breath- ing exercise, which should be taken just as regular as the morning ablution. The best place is somewhere where one can get fresh air, preferably air that the sun has shone on. Then bending back the shoulders, throwing forward the chest and upward the chin, inhale slowly just as much air as the lungs will hold. Hold in this air while you count ten. Exhale it slowly Repeat this four or five times. Then, after a moment's rest, empty the lungs to the utmost, then draw in all the air possible, and when the lungs seem full, draw in just a little more, pack the lungs, as it were, and hold the breatt while you count twenty slowly. Then exhale. You will find this a wonderfully invigorating and health preserving exercise.

SOLAR PLEXUS.

The solar plexus, frequently mentioned in the daily press, because some years since a notorious champion prize fighter was defeated by a blow over the region of this mass of nerves, is a great ganglionic net- work of nerves and cells, situated just behind the stomach in front of ihe main artery (known as the aorta) and of the fold of the diaphram. A number of lesser nervous ganglia branch off from it, ten in all, viz.: the phrenic, coeliac, gastric, hepatic, splenic, renal, suprarenal, superior mesenteric, spermatic and inferior mesenteric or epigastric plexus. The special function of this mass or network of nerve cells is not definitely known, but it is known that any injury to it, such as a severe blow, will completely paralyze the victim, while ajiy serious disease affecting the solar plexus proves fatal.

A physician in Cincinnati, in a treatise on this subject, maintains that the solar plexus is the " third brain " of man, the complete brain consisting of three parts, the cerebrum, cerebellum and solar plexus. The latter acts as a brain whenever from any cause the other brain is incapacitated by sickness or accident, but is not subject to the control of the will. He cited the case ol an infant which lived for six months and yet when at the autopsy its skull was opened, it was found to con tain nothing but serum; it had no brain, while its solar plexus was unusually well developed. Another infant which died soon after birth, yet cried lustily, was found to be entirely devoid of brain. From these and other phenomena he developed the third brain theory and sup- ported it with many plausible reasons and pertinent facts. There may be no special value in these discoveries, so far as known at present, except that it should make us more careful to guard against blows in the region of the stomach or just above the belt.

DIVISION SECOND.

XXTH CENTURY HEALING.

SUGGESTIVE HYPNOTISM, PALMISTRY, MIND CURE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE, ETC.

BY DB. L. F. JORDAN.

MENTAL THERAPEUTICS.

The phenomena of animal magnetism, mesmerism or hypnotism were discovered by a doctor of Vienna, Austria, named Mesmer about the year 1770. He employed the natural powers given him in the healing of disease, and for many years practiced with great success at Paris, France, where he became very popular. After his death, however, ihe whole matter was abandoned, largely because a commit- tee of special scientists, who had investigated the phenomena, re- ported that there was nothing wonderful about the things done, and that they could all be produced in the patients by " suggestion." The public, who had looked upon it as a supernatural power, were disappointed and refused to entertain what was now considered a fraud, while the doctors abandoned it because the then newly dis- covered anesthetic, chloroform, took up all their attention.

It was only in recent years that the subject was again investi- gated, and the Academie Royale de Medecine, at Paris, declared that a new field was opened to physiological science. A committee of the Royal Society testified that they had seen persons who, while in the hypnotic sleep, could unerringly diagnose medical and surgical cases that baffled the best physicians, and correctly foretell the result of the disease.

In 1842, at the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, the account was read of a patient who had suffered for five years with a disease of the left knee, so that the slightest motion of the joint caused extreme pain. He was mesmerized or hypnotized by Mr. W. Topham and operated upon by W. Squire Ward, surgeon, who performed an amputation of the thigh. During the operation, which lasted twenty minutes, the patient looked on calmly, showing abso- lutely no evidence of pain, although perfectly conscious. He recov- ered perfectly and no bad symptoms whatever, followed.

In 1898, Willie McCabe, 4 years old, of 532 East 76th street, New York, having received a bicycle, spent an entire day in struggling to ride it, meeting with numerous falls. At night he went to bed feverish, and next morning had violent convulsions. After medi-

88

MENTAL THERAPEUTICS. 29

cal examination he was taken in an ambulance to Bellevue Hos- pital. The doctor gave the suffering lad morphine, but the drug had no effect. Dr. Carey, the chief of the medical staff, decided to try hypnotism.

"Willie! Willie!" he shouted, "now watch my fingers." The doctor kept him looking at the fingers, held close to the boy's face, for five minutes. Then the doctor lowered his fingers and said: " Now? Willie, all your pain is gone and you will be able in a moment to ride your bicycle."

The effect of the suggestion was marvelous. The tense muscles began to relax, the boy straightened out while a smile broke over his face that had before been drawn as if with torture.

" Now, Willie," said the doctor, " it is time to go to sleep." In a few moments the boy was sound asleep. In ten minutes he had been cured of convulsions, which, by any other means, would have kept him ill and in pain for weeks. Scores of similar and some much more re- markable cases could be given.

One of the most marvelous evidences of the control over the body, and especially the muscular system, is shown in the experiments on rigidity, i. e., making the body rigid. Prof, de Laurence states that

by simply making passes along the arms and limbs of Miss , a

slender and tall young lady of small physical power, while she was standing erect, by merely suggesting to her that she was now perfectly rigid, like a stone image, caused her to become so stiff that when, at the professor's request, she was placed with her head on one chair and her feet upon another, three young ladies, whose combined weight was over 400 pounds, stood upright upon her prostrate form without so much as bending it in the least. When conscious, it would have been utterly impossible for her to have supported the weight of even one person. This same experiment has been many times per- formed with different people, and with equal success. Of course, this rigid state cannot be produced in every person, simply because there is a limit to the hypnotiser's power over others, but it has been done often enough to prove beyond doubt that the power exists. It goes to prove also that through hypnotic suggestion, the organs of the body can be made to do things otherwise impossible. In other words, the ill -adjusted and the sickly can thus both be healed.

Hypnotism. The term hypnotism, from a greek word signifying sleep, was first introduced by Dr. Braid of Manchester, England, who discovered that by placing a bright object before the eyes of a person and causing him to gaze intently upon it for some time, he could be thrown into an apparent sleep during which he would act out what- ever suggestion was made to him by the doctor's mind.

The truly wonderful antics of persons while in this hypnotic state, and the marvelous powers often shown by them, have been so many times exhibited, both publicly and privately, that they are more or less familiar to everybody, and no intelligent scientific student in the .world to-day will deny +he extraordinary human powers demon-

30 MENTAL THERAPEUTICS.

strated by these hypnotic experiments. Prof. Carpenter for many years gave public exhibitions in many cities and towns, where he would hypnotize well known local residents and then make them be- lieve, for instance, that it was very cold. Their shivering and coat- buttoning was ludicrous enough. But when he suggested to the sub- ject that he go warm himself at yonder stove, at the same time point- ing out some young lady friend, perchance the subject's best girl, and to watch him warm his hands and turn to warm his back exactly as if she were a " hot stove " on a very cold day, always convulsed the audi ence with laughter. Another favorite suggestion, often made to some slender and delicate young fellow, was that some buxom lady in the audience was an infant needing to be taken up and soothed. The re- sult can better be imagined than described. The marvelous feature about the case was the ease with which the weak young man could handle a weight that would have staggered him had he been conscious. Another popular trick was to make some extremely modest and retir- ing young man imagine himself to be a great orator addressing a throng. His confidence, his gestures and his good language would have been absolutely impossible if he had not been in the hypnotic trance.

How to Hypnotize. The first essential is the concentration of mind, a power natural to some, but which can be acquired by per- sistent practice by almost everyone. The hypnotizer must have a dominant thought of mastery over his subject and concentrate his whole mind on that thought. Then by holding some bright object, or even simply his fingers directly before and a little above the subject's eyes, repeatedly bidding him to gaze intently at the object presented, until he sees the pupil dilate and a glassy appearance come into the eye, he can then say, " Now, sir, shui your eyes. You can't open them any more," and the subject is hypnotized and will act upon most sug- gestions made.

The Nancy Method. H. Bernheim, M. D., professor at the great medical school at Nancy, France, and a firm believer in hyp- notism, gives the following as his method of hpynotizing. I first dis abuse the patient's mind of any idea of magnetism and explain that there is nothing hurtful or strange about it. When I have thus ban- ished fear from his mind, I say, " Look at me and think of nothing but sleep. Your eyelids begin to feel heavy. Your eyes are tired. They begin to wink. They are getting moist. You cannot see dis- tinctly. They are closed." Some patients close their eyes and are asleep immediately. With others I have to repeat, lay more stress on what I say and even make gestures. I hold two fingers before the patient's eyes and ask him to look at them or pass both hands before his eyes, or persuade him to fasten his eyes upon mine, at the same time endeavoring to concentrate his attention upon the idea of sleep. Then I repeat as before and say finally in a commanding tone " sleep!" Some are rebellious. I command them to be calm. I speak COD- tinuously. I speak only of drowsiness, of sleepiness. " That is

SUGGESTIVE HYPNOTISM.

The science applied to the cure of disease. See page 28.

Methods of hypnotizing. See page 30.

How such wonderful feats as the above can be performed is ex- plained on page 30.

MENTAL THERAPEUTICS. 33

sufficient" I say finally, to gain a result. I may have to repeat the words given above though this is usually effective.

It is not true that the person hypnotized becomes the slave or is completely in the power of the hypnotizer. The oft repeated state- ment that the subject loses all power of control so that if he be ordered to commit a crime he must do so, is not well substantiated. The moral nature of the subject has never yet been successfully con- trolled by hypnosis. The stories told on this subject are not well authenticated. The hypnotized subject, however, usually continues amenable to suggestion until with a clap of the hands he is ordered to awaken, when he does so as if from sleep. He may be put to sleep, with instruction to awaken at some hour in the future. He will im- mediately pass into a sound slumber, but will awaken and be normal at the hour specified.

Scoff at Hypnotism. It is still popular in many quarters to scoff at hypnotism. But no modern scientist who has investigated its wonders, scoffs, nor indeed doubts, any longer. The evidences of its power are too plentiful and too well authenticated to deny its supreme usefulness as an aid to medical skill and to allay suffering, and we are just beginning to discover its practical application in mitigating the sum total of human ills.

Healing by Mental Suggestion. Prof. Thomson J. Hudson, of Boston, author of " The Laws of Psychic Phenomena," and other books, relates the case of a man who had suffered for years with in- flammatory rheumatism and nervous attacks, his sufferings being so intense that one of his hips had been drawn out of joint, leaving one leg some two inches shorter than the other. Through friends it was decided to treat him by mental treatment administered during sleep. The treatment began May 15, 1890. Only two friends knew of the proposed experiments, and they were requested to note the time when the experiments began. Some months later one of these two met the invalid and was surprised to find him well. Asked when he began to improve, he answered, "About the middle of May." After that he has remained well and been able to attend to his business of journalism. " Were this a single instance," Prof. Hudson adds, " it might be con- sidered a mere coincidence'. But more than a hundred experiments have been, made by this process by myself and two other persons, and not a single failure has thus far been experienced."

Method Of Treatment. Prof. Hudson, by long experimenting and reasoning, arrived at the conclusion that the " best possible condi- tion for the conveyance of therapeutic suggestions from the healer to the patient is attained when both are in a state of natural sleep; and that such suggestions can be so communicated by an effort of the will on the part of the healer just before going to sleep" The theory is that the conscious mind being at rest during slumber, the natural mind, sometimes called the " subjective " mind, which controls the in voluntary actions of the bodily organs, can be, and is, influenced by

34 MENTAL THERAPEUTIOI.

suggestions from other minds. The same could be done during wake- fulness if the patient could place himself in that same passive, recept- ive attitude that he perforce takes during sleep. As it is, a large share of the cures made by our best physicians are made, not by the medi- cines, but by the power of suggestion born by the physician's con- fidence and the patient's faith. Every one has experienced the ready helpfulness of a visit from some doctor in whom he had implicit faith, when another, and possibly fully as good a doctor, failed to give relief.

Guiding Horses by Will. Every expert horseback rider knows that he can guide his horse without the bridle. The writer, when a youth, on more than one occasion won a wager that he could make his horse, when coming to a fork in the road, take either branch road without touching bridle or in any other way guiding the horse than by simple strongly willing the horse to take the desired road. Even when it required the horse to take the opposite from an accustomed road he never failed. Old horsemen on the plains know of this peculiarity without attempting to explain it, and know, too, that when lost this very power often prevents speedy return to the trail because the rider unconsciously influences the horse to turn, when if left to itself the natural instincts of the horse would lead it in the right direction.

The explanation of this power is that the unconscious mind of the horse, which directs its actions, is moved by suggestion from the directing mind of the rider, and the horse simply obeys a natural im- pulse which it has not the mental ability to resist. The secret of suc- cess in mental therapeutics lies in the passive state of mind — a state greatly aided by faith — which enables the natural or subconscious mind to receive and act upon proper suggestion.

AutO-Suggestion. The greatest possible benefits are obtainable through self -treatment on the same principle and by the same methods as are used by the hypnotist or the mental healer. If we can but conceive that our conscious and subconscious minds make us in reality two minds — two persons — the conscious or objective mind treating the subconscious or subjective mind which in turn treats, through its nervous control, the affected organs, it will not be so difficult to com- prehend. The easiest and most positive benefit of auto-suggestion is in warding off sickness or disease.

Fundamental Principle. The fundamental principle to be always kept in mind is that the unconscious mind (or mental force) has complete control of all the functions and organic acts of the body, except as it is started in new directions by the conscious mind (or mental force) . The proverb that " if a man tell a lie often enough he will come to beliave it true," is eminently true of our physical ailments. The man who thinks he will take a contagious disease, is ten times as apt to become ill as is the man who thinks that he will escape — will keep well anyhow. To simply, in the mind, deny the power of disease to obtain the mastery, is the greatest agent known to-day in warding off disease.

iENTAL THERAPEUTICS. 35

Chronic Diseases Can Be Cured. Professor Charcot, the great French scientist, once said that by persistent mental suggestion that the cure is now begun and going on, and by the cultivation of a con- fident belief in the fact, every chronic disease known can be cured. The only obstacle lies in the patient's lack of confidence and lack of a persistent mental attitude of belief and expectation. It has been proved that the better way, usually, is to express the suggestion by spoken words, repeated and persisted in. Colds, constipation, grip and other diseases have been repeatedly cured by this means alone.

Healing Shrines. Thousands upon thousands of chronic in- valids have been permanently cured at the grotto of " Our Lady of Lourdes," in Southern France, simply because of the long mental attitude of hope and expectation that preceded their appearance be- fore this famous shrine of the great Catholic church. It is really a cure by Divine help, because the Divinity is the author of the natural law which makes all such cures possible. By imitating the conditions, and never for one moment allowing one's self to lose hope, expectancy and trust, every individual sufferer can make a shrine like unto " Lourdes " of his own home. It is equally true that failures are due to loss of faith and effort, because immediate results are not apparent.

Faith and Prayer Cures. That genuine cures have been and still are being made by prayer and by a childlike and absolute faith cannot be denied, however skeptical of the efficiency of the method we may be. In view of what has been said, it is evident that the cure is due to the effect of the suggestion to the subconscious mind while in the most receptive attitude brought about by the concentration due to the continued prayer or state of faith.

Miracles Possible. The Rev. Edward Macomb Duff of the Living Church, the leading religious newspaper of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, says, in commenting on the reports of the British Society for Psychical Research, of which the Bishop of Car- lisle is a member: " According to these evidences, the human mind in a certain condition of passivity — sometimes in hypnosis and sometimes in a state superficially indistinguishable from normal wakefulness — manifests certain faculties and powers which are supersensory and supernormal,. and at the same time manifests singular limitations and weakness, in that it becomes the slave of the suggestion. The bear- ings of these facts upon Christian evidence are, it seems to me, in part self-evident, and, for the rest, apparent upon a little reflection.

" The first self-evident conclusion derivable from the facts is, I think, that the existence of a superphysical or of a supersensory, be- comes a fact resting upon scientific demonstration." This, of course, is fatal to skepticism of the materialistic kind. He also states that it makes the miracles of Christ and the apostles more probable, as it is proven that the miraculous is taking place every day.

Christian Science. The theory of the Christian Scientist healer is that matter is unreal, that, therefore,, our bodies are unreal and that

36 MENTAL THERAPEUTICS.

there is no such thing as disease; that the latter only exists in the mind, which is the only thing that is real. The proposition that our bodies are composed of matter, but that matter has no existence, is, on the face of it, too absurd to admit of argument. But the fact that the believers in Christian Science are numbered by the hundreds of thousands, and that the cures performed by them are of daily occur- rence and often almost miraculous, makes it a phenomenon worthy of sludy. Here, again, it may be readily understood, if the control of the subconscious mind over the bodily functions and in turn its susceptibility to strong suggestions, either from another mind or from the patient's own conscious mind, is admitted. The very attitude of mind and the oft-repeated statement of the unreality of matter, and the utter im- possibility of disease, produce exactly the conditions necessary for the influence of suggestion. A sort of self-hypnosis is produced with the same effect frequently, as in hypnosis induced by the hypnotizer. The truth underlying all these phenomena is of the highest importance to the entire human family, and when once universally studied, under- stood and practiced, will make the doctors' business a meager one.

The Natural Mind. The very diligent study in the past few years by our most able thinkers and experimenters, has proved beyond reasonable doubt the intimate relation between the natural mind and the functions of the body.

We say the natural mind to distinguish between the inborn capacity and the conscious mind which is made what it is by education and out- side influences. The natural mind is the one that rises to action during our most quiet moments, during delirium and during sleep. It is what enables the sleep-walker to do things he could not do when awake.

Science — Christian or otherwise — attempts to make it possible for us to give ourselves up to the control of this natural or often called " subjective " mind. Everyone who has had dealings with the insane has noticed how, for instance, the dyspepsia from which they suffered before they went " out of their mind," as we say, suddenly disappears. The insane invalid will eat a hearty meal with impunity which would have thrown him into convulsions had he eaten it before he " went out of his mind." Why? Science says the natural mind now con- trols the functions of the body and orders the stomach to regain its tone through its power over the nervous system. Similarly with other ailments which are due to a wrong adjustments of the various parts of our delicate organism.

The Electric Circle. Wonders can be accomplished if from six to twelve people will sit in a circle holding one another's hands and keeping perfectly still for from twenty to sixty minutes and all con- stantly thinking about some one definite thing agreed upon before- hand. If that definite thing is the recovery of one of the number from a severe headache they will nearly always succeed. Always, in fact, unless the headache is caused by a too full stomach which has fermented or soured its contents and wants to throw it out. If it is the recovery of a friend from fever it often has a truly marvelous ef

MENTAL THERAPEUTICS. 37

feet. If some of the members of this circle are troubled with excess- ive nervousness or are peevish or angry, or completely out of temper with everything, the peace and kindly feeling that will soon take the place of. the irritability is truly wonderful and alone well worth hold- ing the circle for.

The best time for a circle is at night in a mild or dimly lighted room in the quietest part of the house. After many sittings and es- pecially if there is a good understanding between the several mem- bers— no skeptics among them whose attitude of mind acts as a re- sistant— and if they all honestly concentrate their thoughts upon one single thing, previously agreed upon, they can generate enough electric force to lift a table. There are numerous instances on record where such a circle, concentrating their thoughts for some time in per- fect quiet upon the idea of the immediate recovery of some absent sick friend, succeeded in causing that friend to suddenly exclaim, " I am getting better, I think, I feel ever so much better," and upon investi- gation actually find the fever rapidly going down, the pulse approach- ing the normal and all the strong symptoms of the disease abating. Nor are there wanting instances of absolute cures thus affected in a few moments.

Telepathy Applied to the Cure of Disease. Mind cure is talked of and practiced by an increasing number in almost all parts of the country. In Florida a society headed by some Boston women, has founded a nourishing colony whose members are devoted to the mind cure. And it cannot be denied that apparently they meet with considerable success. Everybody knows how when, one has " something on his mind," it affects him. Often, thfc, ordinary opera- tions of nature are checked by it. The same is true of the emotions (which are but a part of mind} . Nearly everyone knows of some family where a daughter through baffled love changed quickly from a buxom healthy physique to a thin and worn looking one. If the body thus responds to the accidental influences of mind, why should it not respond equally well to pre-determined conscious efforts of the mind ?

A very simple experiment will enable most persons to display telepathic power. Let him be securely blindfolded by thick folds of cloth over each eye held on by a kerchief or towel. Now let several persons, including the blindfolded one, join hands in a circle. From a pack of cards turned face down, let one be selected at random, being careful that no other card is exposed. Now place the selected card where all can plainly see it. Let them continue to gaze on it and fix their minds on the card and keep perfect silence. If the blind- folded one will remain perfectly passive, simply watching for visions, he will soon begin to see shapes passing before his vision which by and by will develop into something more or less distinct. It may be a heart floating in space (ace of hearts) ; it may be that his mind will bring a vision of three clubs or of real diamonds arranged in the form of the spots on the card. He will at once name the card. If honestly performed he will nearly always tell correctly.

38 MENTAL THERAPEUTICS.

The London Society for Psychical Research, in their published volume entitled " Phantasms of the Living," reports a large number of most carefully investigated instances of unmistakable telepathic com- munication. One Sunday evening in November, the writer states, having been reading of the great power of the human will, I resolved with the whole force of my being to make my form visible in the front room of a house at 22 Hogarth street, Kensington, London, where two ladies of my acquaintance slept. I had not mentioned my intention to make the experiment to any one. The time when I had determined to appear was 1 o'clock A. M. With this on my mind I fell asleep and woke next morning unconscious of anything having happened. Three days later I called on the ladies, when the elder one told me, without my having alluded to the subject, that she had been much terrified on Sunday night by perceiving me standing at her bedside and that she screamed and awoke her sister who also saw me. When I asked her what time it was when this occurred, she replied: " About 1 o,clock in the morning."

Many people would have imagined that these ladies saw a ghost or a spirit. But that by no means follows. What they saw was due to a mental picture caused by the strong willing of the individual just before he went to sleep. It was simply a telepathic communication to the ladies' minds. Innumerable instances of a similar nature are re- corded.

Emanuel Swedenborg, the founder of the Swedenborgian church, was remarkably gifted with telepathic and clairvoyant powers. On July 19, 1754, returning from a visit to England, he landed at Gotten- burg, stopping with a friend. At 5 p. M. he rushed into the drawing room, pale with dismay, and announced that fire had just broken out in Stockholm and was burning fiercely; thajt he feared for the safety of his home and family. A little later he sorrowfully stated that the home of a dear friend had just been reduced to ashes. At 8 o'clock he joyfully exclaimed that the fire was under control before it reached his house. The news, of course, soon spread through the town, but very few believed it, for Stockholm was 170 miles away, and there were no telegraphs in those days. Two days later the royal courier arrived and brought the news of the fire, which had occurred at the very hour when Swedenborg said he saw it. He was then seventy-two years of age. Twelve years later he was again in England, and sent word to Wesley, the founder of Methodism, that he wished to make his acquaintance. Wesley sent word that he was about to start on a journey, but on his return in six months he would be glad to meet the great Swede. Swedenborg sent back the reply that it would then be too late as the 29th of March next was the date of his death. He died on March 29 following.

Equally plentiful are instances where patients were treated suc- cessfully by telepathic suggestion, even though vast distances apart. The instances are most numerous among relatives or close friends, or those who are en rapport with one another. Rheumatism, neuralgia,

SCIENCE OF THE HAND. 39

dyspepsia, sick headache, liver complaint, chronic bronchitis, paralysis and many other diseases have thus been cured.

Conclusions. There can be no longer any reasonable doubt that a subtle power exists somewhere within the human organism by means of which sickness and contagions can be to a large extent prevented and many diseases and ailments cured. Nor can it be denied that in order to start this subtle power in operation extraordinary means are usually required. The number of instances thus far care- fully investigated seem to prove that the success of healing by faith, of Christian Science, of hypnotic suggestion, of telepathy, of the numerous isms like Dowieism, Teedism, Kneippism, etc., as well as the special success of individual practitioners of the allopathic, homeo- pathic and other schools of medicine, all depend upon one and the same thing. And that is not primarily the medicine admin- istered, not the application of the water or the oil, not the laying on of hands, not the walking barefooted on the grass wet with dew or frost, not the pilgrimages, none of these, though all have their places and their influence, and hence may not be wholly condemned — it is not these that cause the cure but an intuitive power of the subconscious mind which is called into action by these various and very different media. Somehow in our present groping, materialistic condition some 'one of these various mediums seem to be necessary to enable the soul to control the functions of the body. Abundant experiments have proved that it is possible to accomplish the same thing by strong in- telligent and continued efforts of the will.

SCIENCE OF THE HAND.

Once in every seven years, physicians tell us, the body is com- pletely changed. This change of course goes on all the time. Par- ticles are constantly being destroyed by friction or wear, by accident or by decay and as rapidly new particles take their places. In seven years all the body will have been thus changed and a similar body will have taken its place — similar except for the alterations caused by the effect of the mind. Everybody knows how the lines of care creep into the face, or how a morose and gloomy disposition soon shows itself in the countenance. We notice the faces of our friends and as- sociates and read there joy or distress, health or illness, quickly enough. We might quite as readily read the same thing in the hand if we were equally observant of it. The hand is being constantly used to carry out the thoughts of the brain. Students of the hand soon observed that certain characteristic lines and certain slight fleshy ris- ings called mounts, were found in all hands and that these varied ac- cording to the inherited condition of the person's body and his own habits of thought. We say his thought instead of his acts because thought always precedes acts. It was also observed that certain dis- eases and certain lines in the hand always went together. Also that abnormal tendencies, such as the tendency to destroy, or to commit

SCIENCE OF THE HAND.

How the skilled palmist can read in the palm of the hand the story of one's past life and fore- tell sickness and future events.

Left baud shows traits of character you were born with Right hand shows how your life has changed this. 8ee page 39 .

40

SCIENCE OF THE HAND. 41

murder, to steal, or the tendency to insanity, idiocy, etc., were always accompanied by an abnormal disposition of the lines, and, further- more, that these unnatural arrangements of the lines were always alike, or nearly so, in each and every person having the same or similar tendencies. The students of the hand soon learned to tell with unfailing accuracy the tendency to lunacy, or to kleptomania, or to consumption, or to heart disease and many other conditions, by simply seeing the hand and no other portion of the person whatever.

In the normal hand of every ordinarily healthy person are found three primal lines which together describe an imperfect capital jj{ One line begins about the middle of the outer side of the palm mid- way between the base of the thumb and forefinger. It extends down- wards in a semi -circle, ending about the middle of the base of the thumb, or where the hand joins the wrist. This is called the line of life, because its perfections and imperfections are directly propor- tioned to the natural physical conditions which tend to health and life or disease and death.

The next line which, beginning at nearly the same place as the line of life, extends more or less directly downward across the palm, is termed the line of the head. Its development has been found to correspond closely to the mental development and capacity of the individual. The third line begins at or near the base of the fore- finger and extends in a curve downward across the palm, curving toward the base of the little finger. This is called the line of the heart and indicates the strength or weakness of the aff ectional nature.

The experienced palmist can unerringly tell, for instance, such things as whether the person was born one or more months before his or her time, and at what date in life serious illness or misfortunes have befallen them, and can, without fail, tell the general temperament of the person and how he has in the main hitherto conducted himself. And all this not by any secret power, but simply because nature has written in the hand the record indelibly in lines and " crosses," in " squares," in " islands," in " spots ', and in " branches," and anyone who has learned this alphabet can read the history as he can a page from a printed book. Thus, for example, where little hair lines are found branching off or adhering to the line of life, it has been found that this always indicates a dissipation of the vital powers at about a date in the life corresponding to their position on the line, appearing at the end as they so often do, they, show the breaking down of vitality in old age. If this line extends well out into the palm and is long and of good color, this in itself indicates robust strength and long life. If, on the contrary, it follows closely the base of the thumb, the physical structure is not good. The shorter the line the shorter the life.

The Line of Life. This line should be long, narrow and deep, without break or crosses of any kind. It then indicates long life, health and vitality. But if broken in one hand and unbroken in the other, it indicates some serious illness. If broken in both hands it in- dicates a short life. If, at the beginning of the line, it is broken into

42 SCIENCE OF THE HAND.

short connected links, like a chain, it proves ill health in early life; if these appear at the end, it denotes disease towards the latter part of one's life.

Line Of the Head. This line may start from a point near the base of the forefinger, or it may start at the same point where the line of life starts, or it may rise in the line of life and extend down across the hand. If the first, and yet touching the line of life, it de- notes mental vigor, daring and ambition, especially if long. If it rises where the line of life starts, and very close to it, it indicates a cautious, sensitive, nervous temperament. If it starts within the line of life and crosses it, this indicates a fretful, worrying, inconstant temperament and less .mental power. A double line, which is very rarely found, is a sure sign of brain power. It is found in the hand of such men as Gladstone, Disraeli and Newton. If the line is broken in two on both hands, it indicates some serious accident or derange- ment of the mind.

The normal position of this line is directly down across the cen- ter of the palm. If it shows an abnormal curve toward the wrist it is a certain sign of abnormal mental condition. Such persons are apt to go insane. If this is noticeable in a child's hand, it may grow to maturity without any unnatural symptoms, but whenever some severe mental shock comes, such a person is sure to become mentally unbal- anced. The hand of a natural born idiot is remarkable for the down- ward curve of this line and for the number of little links or " islands " in it.

Line Of the Heart This line begins either in the thick prominence or " mount " at the base of the forefinger, or between the first and second finger, or at the base of the second finger, and ex- tends in nearly a straight line across the hand. This line indicates the strength or weakness of the affections. If it begins with a forked line in the mount below the forefinger, it is a sure sign of an honest, strong, affectionate nature. If, however, this line rises in the promi- nence at base of second finger or divides with a fork here and the other towards the first finger, it proves that the person is jealous, or sensual and fickle. It has been observed that in persons who have contempt for the opposite sex this line is always broad and looks a little like a chain, while in those having deep and permanent but sub- dued passion, this line generally rises between the first and second finger, is narrow, and has no very marked color.

Other Lines. Besides these principal lines there are a number of lesser lines, each having its special meaning. Thus there is the " line of fate " extending down the center of the hand upright. When this line rises in the center of the wrist and extends up to the base of the second finger, it is considered as an indication of a successful career. There is also the " line of health " which extends downward from near the base of the little finger, but is usually faint and some- times hard to find. If it is distinct and joins the line of life the point of junction indicates the time of death from natural causes. It is a

SCIENCE OF THE HAND. 43

sign of good health to be without this line. There is also the " line of the sun," which starts in the middle of the palm and rises towards the base of the third finger. Its prominence is indicative of brilliancy and of a sunshiny temperament.

People who are by nature intensely nervous, easily worried and excited, usually have the entire hand covered with a multitude of fine lines, and if this sign appears in a child's hand, such child should re- ceive more than ordinary careful training. The opposite is also true, for phlegmatic, dull people have few lines in the hand. The color of the palm is also important, for there are more nerves in the hand than anywhere else, and more in the palm than any other part of the hand. A pale or almost white palm is always found in extremely selfish peo- ple, while a delicate pink denotes a hopeful sanguine temperament, and a red color robust health, quick temper, animal spirits, etc.

SHAPES OF THE HAND AND FINGERS.

Much of a person's character is shown in the shape of the hand. There is the " square " or useful hand that accompanies the practical matter-of-fact worker in whatever line. The " spatulate " or moderately square hand with fingers more or less curved, sometimes the thumb bent back, and indicating a nervous active person. The " philosophic " hand with its long tapering fingers often knotty on the knuckles and belonging to people who love mystery or who are students in whatever sphere of life they may be placed. The " conic " or artistic hand is medium sized, the fingers thick at the base and tapering towards the ends. Such people are apt to be impulsive and are guided by instinct more than reason. If in addition, on such a hand, the line of the head slopes towards the lower outside corner of the hand it denotes the typical artist.

The Thumb. Most important, perhaps, is the thumb. Every manager of asylums fcr the feeble minded will agree as to the gen- erally weak and poorly developed thumbs of the patients. It is a common belief with midwives that if an infant after birth keeps its thumbs covered with the fingers, it foreshadows physical delicacy, but if after the seventh day it still keeps its thumb covered, it indicates mental weakness. The thumb should be long and firm and the joints of nearly equal length. If the first joint or nail joint is excessively long, it means that the possessor has a very dominating will. If the second joint is much longer than the first it indicates that the individ- ual, though he may be very intellectual, lacks the will power to carry 'out his ideas. If the first joint is very supple and bends back it usually indicates a very extravagant character in every way, while the opposite is true of the straight, stiff -jointed thumb. If the thumb is short and thick it indicates the preponderance of the coarse, brutal nature which will show itself on occasions even if training and en- vironment may have hidden it for a time. " The thumb individualizes the man."

The Fingers. Fingers are either long or short, thick or slender, straight or crooked, stiff or supple. Long straight fingers, not too

44

SCIENCE OF THE HAND.

Throat Trouble. 1

Bronchial Affection. 2

Lung Trouble. 3

Consumption.

4

Bad Circulation. 5

Heart Disease. 6

Angina Pectoris. 7

Paralysis. 8

Epilepsy. 9

The above drawings show characteristic types of fingers and nails which indicate in the possessor a tendency to weakness or disease.

SCIENCE OF THE HAND. 45

thick, are found on people who are exact and love detail and are quick to notice little things. Short fingers belong to people who are quick and impulsive, careless for appearances, jump at conclusions. When fingers are thick and clumsy, as well as short, they belong to a nature that is cruel and selfish. If the fingers are rather slender and inclined to bend backwards, they indicate a nature clever and charm- ing, inclined to be inquisitive. Fingers that are naturally crooked or twisted denote an ill nature. The fingers of a selfish person are usually thick at the base, if waist like at the base they denote an unselfish per- son. Spaces between the fingers of the open hand denote independ- ence of thought and action, especially when the space is wide between the third and fourth fingers.

If the first or index finger is very long it indicates a proud, dom- ineering nature. Napoleon the Great had an unusually long index finger — fully as long as the middle finger, When the third finger is as long or nearly so as the first, it denotes great ambition for riches and Conors. If excessively long, almost as long as the middle finger, the hand belongs to a man who is naturally a gambler. A long little finger denotes mental balance and power in speaking or oratory. Mr. Gladstone's little finger almost reached the nail of his third finger.

The Nails. These more than any other part of the hands indi- cate tendency to disease. In the illustration of the nails, Fig. 1 shows the kind of nail of people who are subject to throat affections. Fig. 2 is a characteristic type of one disposed to bronchial troubles. A similar type of nail, but longer, and especially where it is much curved, both from side to side and up and down, is indicative of lung trouble (Fig. 3) ; when, in addition, it is inclined to be square at the top and narrow at the bottom (Fig. 4) it indicates consumption. Long nails wide on top and bluish in color indicate imperfect circulation and nervous disorder. Very short nails and small (Fig. 5) indicate bad circulation from heart trouble. When shaped like that in Fig. 6 the person is liable to attacks of angina-pectoris (valvular disease of the heart) . Short triangular nails (Fig. 7) or those of similar shape but wider at top and flat, indicate a tendency towards paralysis. Fig. 9 represents a type found on people liable to fits. In general it may be stated that the long, moderately curved pink nails represent good health and calm disposition. Short nails, pale in color, indicate ten- dency to disease of the trunk or lower limbs, and critical or quick- tempered dispositions. Where the nail is broader than it is long it in- dicates a combative, sometimes a brutal or sensuous nature. Clean, smooth nails, are a better indication of health than rough or lined or spotted nails. We have thus briefly outlined the principal characteristic indications of the hand as a guide to natural tendency towards health or disease, and as a guide to character. It must be borne in mind that no one indication is to be accepted as final in itself, but the different parts, the shape of the hands and fingers, the shape and color of the nails and the lines, all should be taken into consideration. One indi- cation modifies, more or less, the other, and hence the judgment must be on the hand as a whole.

DIVISION THIRD.

LOCAL HYGIENE.

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

The location of the home, whether it be for temporary sojourn or for a permanent habitation, is a question at all times of serious importance, no matter from what aspect it may be viewed. Among the many considerations which have to be regarded in choosing a building site, or selecting a building for occupancy, there is none of graver moment or that involves more serious and far reaching con- sequences, affecting the permanent happiness and well-being of all immediately interested, than the sanitary conditions which the loca- tion, soil and surroundings create for the chosen home. In these days the fundamental principles of hygiene are fairly understood, and an enlarged knowledge of sanitary laws is eagerly sought after and applied to the affairs of life, in no relation of which is their observance of greater importance than in the decision of the ques- tion, "Where shall we establish our home?" After all other ordinary considerations have been satisfactorily adjusted, there yet remains the most important of all to be decided — where to secure the most favorable conditions for health and the greatest immunity from every influence that prejudices its possession and enjoyment. In the face of so grave a responsibil- ity as is involved in the selection of the hygienic surroundings with wnich he is to permanently invest his family, no person of intelli- gence will select a location for a home contrary to the dictates of ordinary sanitary laws ; but it is important that he should have for his guidance the information here given upon principles not so well understood. Modern sanitary science nas traced to MALARIA the basis of a large proportion of the diseases which afflict human- ity; and in fixing upon a home, one who ,is conversant with the favorite lurking places of this dread evil, is naturally impelled to look first to the character of the soil. Scientific observation and investigation have ascertained that certain soils contain the elements of disease, absorbing effete substances and exhaling noxious gases which are evolved in their chemical changes, and that buildings erected thereon become reservoirs of this great producing-cause of disease, so that all who dwell therein are inhaling life-destroying miasms with everv breath of this polluted atmosphere; but it is a source of gratification and satisfaction, that a diligent study of nature's

46

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY .RESIDENCIES. 47

laws as developed by modern scientific research may enable us to avoid the sources of all this evil and its sad results, and that this great Samson can be shorn of his locks, and made to yield gentle submission to the dictation of science as directed by simple means, in prudent hands guided by common sense.

Residences Liable to be Affected by Malaria — Some time since, a paper, published in New Orleans, stated, "The yellow fever has broken out in the city, under every conceivable variety of circumstances ; when the streets were clean, and when they were filthy; when the river was high, and when it was low; after a pro- longed drought, and in the midst of daily torrents ; when the heat was excessive, and when the air was spring-like and pleasant; when ex- cavations and disturbances of the soil nad been frequent, and where scarcely a pavement had been laid or a building erected. Almost the only fixed and undeniable fact connected with the disease is, that its prevalence is simultaneous with the heats of summer, and that frost is its deadly enemy."

From these facts, then, we may draw two important conclusions in reference to malaria, viz., that heat and moisture are essential factors in the production of this disease ; and that it cannot exist when there is severe frost.

It is known that some thirty or forty years ago Louisville, Kentucky, was one of the most pestilential spots in the habitable West. But by a wise system of draining and filling it is now a healthy and beautiful city.

Means of Avoiding and Counteracting- Malaria — Growing hedges or trees, between a malarious locality and a dwelling, counteract the miasmatic influences of the former. The leaves seem to absorb and feed upon the malaria; and for the better protection of health, there should be a space of 50 feet or more, between the trees, or hedge, and the house. The thicker and broader and higher the hedge, and the nearer the- leaves to the ground, the better; for it is there that malaria seems to exist in its greatest malignity. It is seldom concentrated enough at the height of ten feet to be materi- ally hurtful.

Localities in Time of Plagues — In the cities of the Old World, in the times of the plagues and pestilences, the inhabitants had a custom of living in the upper stories of their dwellings while the disease was raging. They would not even come down to obtain marketing, but would let down baskets by ropes to the country peo- ple, for the provisions they wished to purchase. They failed to dis- cover why the country people could come to town with impunity, while they themselves were only safe from disease when they lived in the upper stories of their dwellings. From this we infer the ex- istence of the prejudices now universally prevailing in level, prairie districts, to have the sleeping rooms in the second story.

The philosophy of this affair is this: malaria is condensed 'by cold, made heavy and falls to the earth, hovering, as it were, near its

48 HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

surface; hence it is not breathed unless a person lies close to the ground.

On the other hand, heat so rarefies the malaria as to make it comparatively harmless.

The coldness of night condenses and renders the malaria heavy, and, therefore, it is thrown to the surface of the ground, while the heat of the day rarefies it, and sends it upward toward the clouds again. From these facts it is readily perceived why country people, going to town, as they did in the day-time, could do so with com- parative safety. The effect of the sun -light also is to enhance the purifying process.

Not more than half a century ago, the yellow fever and other deadly diseases prevailed in Charleston, South Carolina, and it was known at the time to be almost certain death, except to the accli- mated, or to the very hardy, to sleep in the city a single night. Yet the farmers came to town at mid day, under the blistering summer sun, with perfect impunity.

Location of Bed-Chambers — From June to October, peo- ple should sleep in the upper stories of their dwellings. And the rooms should be so situated that the rays of the sun can be admitted into them some time during the day. There is an Italian adage, to the effect that, " Where the sun does not enter, the doctor does."

When Malaria Does its Destructive Work — Malaria is most pernicious about sunset and sunrise, because the cooling of the atmosphere, at the close of the day, causes it to become con- densed above, and therefore heavy, and to fall to the earth ; while, after sundown, it has settled so near to the earth as to be below the mouth and nostrils; hence it is not breathed. Another reason is that the bodily vitality is lowered during the night, and thus we have a smaller resisting power between sunset and sunrise. When the sun begins to rise in the morning, the malaria grows warm and begins to ascend ; but after breakfast it is so high as to be above the point at which it can be breathed; and besides, it is so rarefied — so widely diffused — as to be innocuous or harmless. Therefore, the practical truth follows, that malaria exerts its most baleful influence on human health about sunrise and sunset; hence, of all the hours of the twenty-four, these are the most hurtful in which to be out of doors; and for the same reason, the hours of midday and midnight are the most healthful to be in the open air in malarious seasons; that is, from June to October, north of the thirty -fifth degree of north lati- tude.

How to Render Malaria Harmless— But, unfortun- ately, Ae cool of the early morning and the late afternoon are the most pleasant times in the twenty-four hours for field-work, and the industrious farmer will be exceedingly loth to spend these hours in-doors. There is, however, an almost infallible preventive of any ill effects arising from such an exposure to miasm, or mal- aria, about sunrise or sunset j and it ought to be made known

MALARIA.

[An almost invisible mist lying near the ground.]

The greatest foe to human health.

There is no one thing known that causes so much disease rnd sickness as this poisonous iniasni.

It can be rendered harmless by simply drinking hot a cup of half milk and half coffee before going out in the morning.

Diseases originating from malaria may be effectually avoided by arranging the sleeping apartments as directed on page 48.

49

HEALTHY AN.D UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. 51

throughout the country. Farmers whose houses are already built in malarial districts, such as in low, "made" lands, near stagnant water, or in the neighborhood of sluggish streams, may exempt themselves, almost altogether^ from the whole class of malarial diseases, such as diarrhea, dysentery, chills and fever, of nearly every grade, by eating a warm breakfast before they attempt to go out in •the morning, and by taking their suppers just before sunset. The philosophy of the matter is. that a hot or hearty meal so excites the circulation, and so invigorates the whole frame, that the latter acquires the power of resisting the disease-engendering influences of malaria. The Creoles, in portions of Louisiana where vegetation is rank, as in swamps, upon which the summer's sun beams with great power for many hours during the day, are proverbially ex- empt from fevers, as are others, who adopt their habits — that is, have their breakfast, or at least a cup of hot coffee with milk, on rising, or have it brought to their bed-side before they rise.

The value of this practice is known and appreciated in many other portions of the country, and used with complete success.

Malarious Locations not Sickly at all Times — It may be practically, in some cases, useful, to know that in one year a house on the banks of a sluggish stream, or mill-pond, may be visited with sickness; the next year it may be exempt, because it is a very cold summer; the third year it will escape, because it was a very hot summer ; the fourth year it is a very healthful habita- tion, because of a very wet summer. The causes of these variations are briefly as follows : •

1. Malaria cannot rise through water, and the wet summer kept the bed of the pond or stream covered.

2. There can be no malaria without dampness, and the hot summer dried the bed of the pond to dust.

3. The cold summer did not give the degree of heat necessary to the generation of malaria.

4. Modern scientific discovery has taught us that the exist- ence of microbes, is the real cause of what we term malaria and the production of these microbic germs is caused by decomposition; this is brought about by alternate rains and summer heats promoting decay in vegetable matter.

Another effectual prevention against malarious diseases. As has been stated, heat rarefies malaria, rendering it comparatively harmless ; therefore, in order to accomplish this result, let a brisk fire be kept, for an hour, in the sitting room, at sunrise and sunset, from July to October, and the family repair to this room, and re- main there until after breakfast, and as long at sunset. This done, it would save an immense amount of suffering from chills and fever, and other malarious diseases.

Where to Build — To those who are able to choose their habitations we offer a few suggestions. The subject is especially important to delicate families, and to persons predisposed to con-

52 HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

sumption; it also deserves the attention of those who are healthy, and desire to maintain that condition unimpaired in themselves and their children. We advise, if possible, a country residence, and the selection of a house so constructed as to secure dryness of the foundation walls and roof. The site should be dry — a gentle slope, a gravel soil — and the frontage generally southerly or easterly; the bedrooms, especially those appropriated to cases of sickness, should have this aspect. It should also be a site from which there is thorough drainage, but toward which there is none. If the house is not upon a slope, the artificial drainage must be perfect. In towns and crowded places, in which the accumulation of decom- posing and decomposed animal and vegetable matter is great, artifi- cial channels or drains must be so constructed that all noxious matters and vapors may be rapidly removed and carried to a dis- tance, before they can decompose and impregnate the atmosphere and water with their vicious poisons. Every dwelling, to be whole- some, should be accessible to the free passage of currents of air, and provided with an unlimited supply of good water. In the choice of a site for a house, a locality should oe avoided in which the water is impregnated with lead, iron, or other mineral substan- ces, or in proximity to stagnant waters ; the ground should be above the level of the mist or vapor which rises after sunset in marshy and other districts. In short, the fundamental condition of healthy dwelling-places is — perfect purity of air and water ; this must take precedence of all other considerations. The cause of the spread and fatality of all the plagues of the middle ages in the Eastern nemisphere was neglect of the conditions necessary to secure pure air and cleanliness.

Surroundings — Other points of subordinate importance may be glanced at. The house snould not be too closely surrounded by trees, or in immediate proximity to thick woods, as they both attract and retain moisture, while they exclude much sunlight, and prevent evaporation and also the free circulation of air, and thus render the climate cold, damp, and consequently unhealthy. A cheerful situation, at the same time commanding the view of green trees, hedges, shrubs, etc., has a beneficial tendency. If compelled to live in a town, the house should face a park, square, or other open place, or at least be situated in a wide, airy street, with cheer- ing pleasant views. Lastly, a house should contain adequate bath arrangements, or at least provision for free personal ablutions.

Some who read these pages may not have it in their power to carry out these hints fully, but be compelled to live where their occupations, families, or means determine; nevertheless, even such may oe benefited by these suggestions; for, although they cannot secure perfection in a house or situation, they may aim at an ap- proximation to it.

It is true that many of our readers may be prevented, by circumstances, from selecting the kind of house which would most

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. 53

conduce to their own health and that of their families, but all can avoid many serious dangers, arising from badly located or unhealthy dwellings, if these are clearly pointed out to them and they compre- hend the necessity.

Air and Water — Concerning the importance of wholesome air and pure water, too much can hardly be said ; and in selecting or building a house, it is impossible to exercise too great care against the presence of soil, situation or method of construction, which does not meet these conditions of health. In city houses, of course, the great danger is in the foul air which is communicated by and escapes from the sewers, through the often empty waste- pipes, the openings of which are seldom properly closed and securely trapped by the plumber, and still more seldom receive proper attention from the inexcusable carelessness of all the members of the family* And yet, it has been well ascertained that, even more than this, there is no more fruitful cause of diphtheria, and of many other diseases but little less dangerous and deadly. When the house is built on what is called "made ground," that is, where earth, rubbish, manure, and a villainous compound of all other impurities, have been carted and emptied into sink-holes and cess- pools, until they were filled to the level of the neighboring streets, which is the case with many dwellings in graded towns and cities, of course, these impurities rise, permeate, penetrate and poison the atmosphere and the very walls of such a house for years retain the virus and communicate it to the unfortunate occupants.

Construction of Houses — In country houses, on the other hand, the air is generally pure; but the danger arises from sinking wells and cisterns in too close proximity to barn-yards, pig-styes, privies, etc., whence all impurities percolate through the loose soils, and into the water-supply of the family, too often impregnating it with fatal poisonous germs. It is now well known that typhoid fever, diarrhea and dysentery arise and prevail in particular neigh- borhoods from this sole cause. Country villages, in which, as it would seem, almost necessarily, their wells and cisterns are in dan- gerous proximity to the deposits of every species of excrement, are particularly liable to these epidemic scourges. In the west of Lon- don an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in the parish of Maryle- bone. Early in August, 1873, several children of an eminent West End physician were taken ill of typhoid fever, and it was finally discovered that the milk cans of the farmer who furnished them milk were washed with water from a well infected by a privy vault near by. For this, the only remedy is in building-lots so large that the stables and privies may be removed to a safe distance beyond the water-drainage of the wells and cisterns. Care, in this respect, would save, annually, many thousands of lives.

It goes, almost without saying, then, that, in building or select- ing a house for your family residence, you should have the neces- sary cess-^it as far from it as convenience will permit ; taking care,

54 HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

of course, that the house is not so near the deposits of your neighbor's tilth, as to render it liable to a similar danger. The well or cistern should never be sunk within a distance of five times its own depth from any deposit of impurity.

Dampness —Even the smallest and poorest dwelling should have a cellar, which is well ventilated and kept as free from moisture as possible. Dampness promotes the growth of moulds, and is a powerful means of inducing and propagating disease. "The con- stant condition," says a learned physician, " according to all my ob- servation, of diphtheria, is structural dampness of houses." He continues, " Eemember, always, that if cholera, cholera infantum, diarrhea or dysentery appear in your family without obvious cause, the chances are at least two to one, that there is something wrong with the water-supply, or the milk-supply, or the drainage of your house"

The bedrooms of a dwelling should be large, airy and constantly supplied with abundance of fresh air and sunlight. The immediate removal of soiled linen and all excrements, either liquid or solid, should be strictly enforced. These things are particularly impor- tant with children, because their lungs, stomach, etc., are much more delicate, therefore more susceptible to contiguous influences than those of adults. It is well to observe, for the guidance of the many who will read these pages, that the coloring matter of many of the dark-green paper-hangings is composed largely of arsenic, and that the exhalations from walls hung in these colors are highly danger- ous.

It is unnecessary to repeat, that every new house, or newly plastered house, should be allowed ample time to dry, before it is occupied. In many European cities they allow a year to elapse.

It may be said with some show of reason that it is absurd to talk to, or to write for, a man as to his house and its surroundings, if he lives in a tumble-down cottage at the outskirts of a low-lying village, or if he occupies a tenement among the foul courts and alleys that exist in parts of our populous towns and cities. Dirt and disease usually accompany each other, and under some circumstances the extinction of the one, and the diminution of the other, is said to be a physical impossibility. If, however, a man's house be his castle in any sort of way, he may and can accomplish something within his castle, though he may have, in cities and towns, little or no control over the surroundings.

Other Matters — The air of the living and sleeping rooms can be kept comparatively, if not positively, pure by leaving a win- dow sash partially open, and by keeping the chimney-shaft constantly clear, whether there be a fire in the grate or fire-place, or not. Water is usually plentiful, and there need be no practical difficulty in keeping floors clean. They should be washed on a dry day, and all the windows, as well as the door, freely opened during and after the operation. The expenditure of a very few nickels wiff buy suffi-

UNHEALTHFUL, RESIDENCE DEATH1 TRAP.

Why many residences cause sickness and death.

How to remedy it. See page 63.

The above building is but little short of a death-trap.

55

HEALTHFUL RESIDENCE.

06

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. 5?

cient limewash to coat walls and ceilings at frequent intervals, say as often as every six months. Two or three pounds of Sulphate of Iron (Copperas) dissolved in water and poured into the privy vault, is a very useful and effective disinfectant. Chloride of Liine may also be thrown in occasionally. A pound of commercial Carbolic A.cid in a pail of water, is also one of the best purifiers we have. Whether the closet or privy is shared with others or not, it will be an advantage to see that it is not blocked, that it is washed regularly, that floor and seat are kept clean, that its walls are limewashed at least as often as those of the house within, and that, if any window exist, it is kept open as constantly as possible. With this, as indeed with all other windows, it is a good plan to nail a piece of wood along the top edge of the window slanting inwards, so that, when the top sash is open, the air from without is directed upwards, and so a draught is prevented; The ash-heap is frequently a nuisance. Foul smells may, however, be in great measure avoided, if nothing but ashes are thrown into ash-piles in a town. Potato parings, cab- bage stalks, and other vegetable refuse should be burnt.

Water — It is frequently difficult to secure water fit for cook- ing and drinking purposes, even if the supply be fairly abundant, because the cisterns, casks, etc., in which the day's supply is col- lected, are very badly built, or very badly kept. Whether the sup- ply be stored in cistern or tank, or any other receptacle, see that it is emptied and thoroughly scrubbed at least once a quarter. If it can be limewashed at the same time, so much the better. Remem- ber the necessity of keeping these water receptacles covered, so as to prevent, as far as poisible, the thousand and one impurities that exist in the air of towns from finding their way into and polluting the water after it has reached the receptacle from the main pipe. If the drinking-water has any taste or smell, or is at all thick in ap- pearance, boil it always before drinking. If a filter be needed, buy two pounds of animal charcoal, and clean it by pouring on to it some boiling water. Dr. Parkes' cottage filters may then be thus pre- pared. He says, " Get a common earthenware flower-pot, and cover the hole with a bit of zinc gauze, or of clean-washed flannel, which requires changing from time to time ; then put into the pot about three inches of gravel, and above that the same amount of white sand washed very clean. Four inches of charcoal constitute the last layer, and the water should be poured in at the top, and be received from the hole at the bottom into a large vessel. The charcoal will, from time to time, become clogged, and must then be cleaned by heating over the fire in a shovel. The sand and gravel should also be cleaned or renewed from time to time." This very simple and cheap filter, kept in constant use, and the boiling of all suspicious water, will render us tolerably safe from water-propagated diseases, among which typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery are pre-eminent.

If the washing is done at home, great efforts should be made to accomplish it when the head of the house is away at his business,

£g HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

and the children are at school. The work is at all times specially disagreeable to those not immediately engaged in it, and the damp air resulting from the hanging up of clothes to dry in an inhabited room is bad and unhealthy for the occupants in every way. The washing of towels and bed linen or handkerchiefs used during the prevalence of contagious or infectious diseases, should be done apart from the wash of otner members of the family, and only after they have been properly and carefully disinfected, by being placed in a tub containing one ounce of Carbolic Acid to the gallon of water.

Bedrooms — In proportion as bedrooms are limited in size, so must the importance of keeping that space as clear as possible be carefully considered. All bed-hangings, curtains and clothes occupy spaces that had better be filled witn air, make the room itself musty, and help to store up dust and dirt, as well as fleas and other still more objectionable insects. Hence, if one is compelled to live in a crowded locality, with little room-space, health .will be best maintained by doing with as few hanging things as possible. Plain bedsteads and straw mattresses, with no oed-curtains and very little carpet, should be used. In fact the bedroom should contain nothing that is not absolutely necessary. It should be remembered that, in the matter of space, if there are but two rooms, it is better as a rule, to make a bedroom of the larger, though the reverse is generally done. If, instead of gas, a coal or other kind of oil lamp be used, it should be borne in mind that the commoner kinds of oil, i. 0., those that smell disagreeably, are not only extravagant, but un- healthy. On the score of health, as well as of comfort, lamps of all kinds should be kept very clean.

Bad Habits — In rural districts, the surroundings of the hab- itation, however humble it may be, have to be considered as well as the house itself. And here it is astonishing how much is often done by the occupier (unintentionally, or rather carelessly) to render the immediate vicinity of his dwelling-place unwholesome and fav- orable to the development of disease. In how many cases in villages and around detached houses is it the prevailing custom to throw all slops and refuse immediately outside the back door, so that a heap of decomposing organic matter and a pool of dirty water collect and remain from one year's end to the other? The children play about and inhale the unwholesome vapors; the pigs, fowls, ducks and geese take their pickings at leisure, each adding his mite to increase the existing filth; and the doorstep is a disagreeable and often a dangerous spot, although, by the way, few of those interested appear to be aware of the fact. To avoid this evil, a fair-sized tuo should be provided, into which all slop-water should be thrown, and when the tub is full, its contents should be scattered over the garden, where it will assist fertilization, and the opportun- ity for evaporation will be increased and the odors more diffused.

Provision should be made for the exclusion of wet, and for the entrance of fresh air into the privy-pit during all seasons of the

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. 59

year; also for the prevention of soakage from it into the ground; and the contents should be regularly removed at frequent intervals, and used as suggested, and during the intervals a solution of Copperas as previously mentioned should be thrown into the vault to prevent unpleasant and offensive odors. Comfort as well as health is pro- moted by insisting upon habits of cleanliness and decency in the use of such places, for their condition in many hamlets, and about solitary farmhouses, is often excessively disgusting. Earth-closets have been successfully adopted in many districts, and if they are carefully superintended, and only fine dry earth is chosen, they may be confidently recommended.

Insufficient Water — Many in rural districts are dependent solely on small streams in the neighborhood, which dry up in the summer, and are in numerous cases fouled by privies, slop-water, or other varieties of sewage. The water of ponds is sometimes used, and many houses have a shallow well near the house, and often at a lower level, so that sewage, slop-water, and other refuse soak into it. These things should be remedied by properly constructed cisterns. If it is absolutely necessary to keep water for any number of hours in the house, do not let it remain in the bucket, but keep for the purpose, a large glazed earthenware jar with a cover, or a covered stone jar, and clean it out thoroughly at frequent intervals. It is better not to use any sort of metallic pails for drawing the water, but to keep to the old wooden bucket, and great care should be taken that this bucket is not used for any other purpose than that of drawing water from the well.

Basements — A large proportion of Houses still exist in this country that have no proper basement, but are built simply on the ground. As a natural consequence, when damp exists, the floorings rot, the walls are often more or less wet and sometimes dripping with water, and ague and diarrhea, rheumatism, etc., are the results. If, therefore, the cottage has no proper foundation, use all possible means to obtain a clear space between the earth beneath and the floor- ing of the rooms above. The earth should not be scooped out from below, but you should raise the floor a few inches, and leave open- ings in the walls here and there, so that this space under the floor may have free communication with the outer air. By adopting this simple plan, the woodwork will be preserved, the house kept dry from beneath, and much sickness saved. The openings should be protected by some sort of grating, and had better be opposite each other. But any apertures, however rough, are better than none at all.

The foregoing remarks are intended only for the use of those compelled to live in tenements in towns, or in rented houses in country districts. And, in such cases, it cannot be expected that the tenant will have much power or control over the construction of, or arrangements around, his dwelling-place. But even under these circumstances, individual energy and forethought and a small

60 HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES.

amount of labor may accomplish a great deal in the way of comfort and also in preventing disease.

Soil — Soil is both an air-conductor and a water-carrier, and it contains a great variety of solid matters. As regards air, carbonic acid gas is found in all porous soils, arising chiefly from the oxy- d&tion of organic matter. Gases of all kinds will find their way through the soil. Houses act as suckers to the ground on whicii they are built, because the air inside is warmer than the external atmosphere, and so sewer-gas, coal-gas, and indeed any other gaseous matter, may be drawn from the earth below into our habitations, and take the place of pure air. Foul air from cess-pools has been sucked into nouses from quite a distance. The late Dr. Parkes attributed to emanations from the soil, attacks of cholera, dysentery, paroxysmal fevers, typhoid, and various forms of remittent fever. The catch-basin of every house, where there are sewers, should be ventilated through the down spout from the house eaves.

The amount of surface as well as of so-called ground water in the soil is of importance. Nearly all land has a current of water flowing under it, at a varying depth, and it may be stated broadly that the greater the depth or this ground water, the more healthy is the site. But as a matter of health, it is of greater consequence to attend to the surface water. Surface water collects chiefly on clay soils, or is stopped by a clay sub or under stratum, and rises, causing a moist surface. Inquiries instituted in England by the medical oflicer of the Privy Council, and conducted by Dr. Bu- chanan, went to prove that the prevalence of pulmonary consump- tion is in proportion to* the dampness of the soil. Who can say after this result that consumption is not a disease which may be prevented?

The sum of the matter as to soils, then, is this: Unless in Cal- ifornia, or some other equally dry climate, avoid "made ground" always if possible, but if this cannot be done, take care that the ground has been " made " at least two years, and the longer the bet- ter. When it is not a question of made ground, endeavor to choosf a site with as little tendency to retain surface water as possible, with a deep run of ground water. These conditions, of course, indicate an avoidance of all clay soils, which are invariably damp and un- wholesome, and of alluvial soils also, which, though porous, are mostly wet, and as a consequence more or less malarious. Gravel, the looser limestone formations, chalk, and, in some cases, loose sand with permeable sub-soil, are, in a sanitary sense, the best soils for residence locations. If, as will frequently happen, clay cannot be avoided, it is specially necessary to insist upon good trenching round the house, an impervious drainage system with steep grades, and foundations built up with cement or concrete.

It must not be forgotten, however, that the best soils may be speedily fouled by imperfect drainage. A loose brick, careless lay- ing of pipe sewers, insufficient cementing, and, in fact, any sort of

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. (J»

bad workmanship under the house, will, in much less time than is generally imagined, so foul the surface soil around the house that the ground may be aptly compared to a big sponge saturated with sewage. It may be remarked as regards the power of retaining heat that ( according to Schuebler), sand with some lime (speaking comparatively ) retains the most, and fine chalk the least heat.

Situation — Few of our readers may be in a position to choose the situation of their dwelling place, but some hints may be useful, even if all cannot be acted upon. In a rural or suburban district it is frequently possible to secure a detached house. The slope of a hill is, perhaps, the very best situation, with trees in the immediate vicinity, but not close up to the house walls. The prin- cipal rooms should face south and east, or, as the next alternative south and west, care being taken that any neighboring houses built above the level of your own do not drain into your domain. In semi-detached houses, it is necessary to keep an eye on the sanitary . arrangements of your neighbor, and it will be well if, in such mat- ters, you can arrange to work together. As, however, sloping ground cannot be always secured, it is advisable that a house built on level or comparatively level ground should not, especially if low- lying, be situated close to a watercourse of any sort, for moist air as a matter of course is to be avoided. For purposes of health, flat grounds can hardly, under any circumstances, be overdrained. It is well to shun the close neighborhood of factories or mills, which even in rural districts often, and in many cases unavoidably, assist the pollution of the atmosphere as well as of the water in their vicinity. Above all things, in choosing a site, ascertain, first of all, that the supply of water is both good and abundant. In city dis- tricts, particularly those that are densely populated, sanitary arrange- ments with neighbors are difficult, if not impracticable. Avoid, under all circumstances, houses that are built back to back, and avoid unfinished suburbs, because the lighting, paving, drainage, and other matters are usually incomplete, and often dangerous. Open spaces should, under any circumstances, always exist at the back, and it is hardly necessary to remark that the shorter continuous rows of houses are the better. A garden, whether in town or coun- try, is of course always advantageous. We may sum up the ques- tion of situation by saying, get as much air and light as possible, (vith an abundant supply of good water.

Construction — The external walls of houses are compara- tively seldom built with requisite care, and an old enemy, damp, speedily attacks us. If there be an opportunity of looking after the building of the house, see that the foundations, and some feet be- yond them, are laid in concrete. The basement story should be iso- lated from the surrounding ground by an open space, and, in order to prevent the admission of underground damp, a thin outer wall should be built, reaching the ground level, and leaving a space be- tween it and the main wall. The porous nature of bricks is very

o2 HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY KESIDENGES.

great, and Pettenkofer, one of the most distinguished German hy- gieniste, has demonstrated the possibility of blowing out a candle through a nine-inch brick wall.

Walls should be buik double, with an interspace, strengthened occasionally by cross-ties of brick. This will prevent to a great extent the bad results that follow from a driving rain, but it is al- ways well to cover the outer walls with plaster or slate. It is very important to put ventilating brick at frequent intervals just below the level of every floor, so that the joists and other woodwork of both floor and ceiling shall be preserved from damp rot by contin- v ous ventilation from without.

The style of architecture need not be discussed here, but it is necessary to remind the reader of the following points: 1. That light (and therefore plenty of window space) is essential to health ; 2. That windows, for purposes of ventilation as well as light and cheerfulness, should reach almost to the top of the room, should face the south, southeast, or west, and open at the top and bottom; 3. That no sleeping room should exist in the basement. These are all important points in house construction. But to plan and build in a sanitary sense successfully, drainage, water-supply and ventilation, must be all considered separately and collectively. The chief error of house-building (as of ship-building),even in the present day, con- sists in the fact, that the house is ouilt first, and rendered fit for habitation afterwards; that is to say, drains are put in here, ventilat- ing shafts there, and outlet or inlet pipes anywhere, the result being, as a rule, by no means satisfactory. The size of bed-rooms must of course be governed by circumstances. Make them as large as prac- ticable, but remember that each person should have, for purposes of health, at least 500 cubic feet of air, and as much more as can be given and with ample opportunity for fresh supplies.

Danger of New Houses — One of the many errors which people who build houses are apt to commit is that of living in them, or rather suffering and dying in them, before they are sufficiently dry for occupation. It not unfrequently happens that a man, dis- gusted with the defective sanitary arrangements of the generality of houses, ancient and modern, builds a dwelling for himself and his family, constructed with all the latest improvements, and in his ex- treme anxiety to commence a career of longevity rushes into it be- fore the workmen are^out of it, and while the walls are still satura- ted with moisture. Tne consequences are, as might have been expected: in addition to the architect's charges, the rash owner is called upon to pay within the first few months a further bill to the doctor, and too often to the undertaker also. A house agent, not Jong ago, being asked why the house agency business was so com- monly combined with that of the undertaker, grimly replied that the two "went together;" and on being asked for a further explana- tion, stated that he had found, as an almost invariable rule, that as a house agent, he found a tenant for, a newly -built house,

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY RESIDENCES. 63

he was applied to as an undertaker on behalf of that tenant or somt member or his family within a twelve-month from the date of occu- pation, lie added, that he himself (the house agent) would be sor- ry to live in any house "that had not been bated by six summer suns." Whether this amount of baking is absolutely required is a question for doctors and architects to decide ; but there can be no doubt whatever that a want of caution in this respect leads occasion- ally to the most lamentable consequence^. An instance in point will be found in the case of Peabody's Buildings, mentioned in the an- nual report of the health officer for Southwark, England, lately printed. It seems that these buildings have a death-rate of 23£ m 1,000 persons living, or 1 in 43. In other metropolitan model buildings the death-rate only averages 17 per 1000. The less favorable state of health prevailing in Peabody's Buildings is attributed to their being too soon occupied after construction, many of the ground floors having been found to be still very damp some months after the buildings were inhabited.

We have purposely made these introductory observations as practical as they are brief. While it is true that not many of us can control the situation and all the surroundings of our dwellings, yet we can all do something, and surely we are bound to do all that we can, toward mitigating, if we cannot entirely remove, those baleful influences of disease and death by which so many families, In this country, are surrounded.

UNHEALTHFUL RESIDENCES.

One-third of your time is spent in bed and much more than that within the walls of your residence. No further argument need be advanced to prove the importance of having our houses conducive to health and not productive of disease. Because the punishment does not immediately follow after the offense people become indifferent about the unhealth- f ulness of their houses, but they may rest assured that nature will exact the due for natural law violated. Among the most common faults that make a home an influence to produce sickness, rheumatism, neuralgia, etc. , may be mentioned low ceilings ; doors without transoms ; too small bed rooms without suitable provision for ventilation; rooms that the sun never enters, but where the doctors most always do enter ; cel- lars where foul air enters because of lack of ventilation, to poison those who go down there, poison the food kept there, and send poisonous gases up through the house ; cesspools and closets near tide house which also at times send their noxious gases into the houses to do their silent mischief ; unhealthf ul surroundings caused by location of house in a hol- low. All these cause enormous suffering through disease and ailments of which they are direct preventable causes, and hundreds of millions of dollars paid unnecessarily to doctors and to druggists. It should be any one's first aim to secure healthful conditions in and about his home.

?

HOUSE, WELL AND WATER CLOSET,

This illustration shows the prolific cause of many of the diseases in the home. This seepage is carried into the well, and the result is disease and death. Frequent chemical analysis has proven that disease germs remain in the water even after it has passed through hundreds of yards of soil.

It is not necessary for anyone to ever use another gallon of impure or disease-producing water if they will expend with the tinsmith $2.

Thousands ol Lives Saved:— It will be seen on page HO that for a trifling expense there can be saved annually thousands of lives. That usually the product of less than one day's labor will insure any man against any of these dangerous diseases. Adopt them without dblay. Read carefully pages 57-63.

DIVISION FOURTH.

INFORMATION FOR EVERYBODY.

HOME COMFORT.

Comfort has been called the principal household god of the English people. " Home " and " comfort " are among the most significant words in the language. In countries where the air is genial throughout the year and where to bask in the sunshine imparts health and pleasure, the dwelling and its management may be matters of secondary consideration ; but in England and the United States a comfortable home is of primary importance.

Home comfort is the result of managing the details of a house- hold in the best manner, so that its machinery works smoothly, without jar or friction, and applying that which is sometimes called house-thrift. Wealth, though it can purchase luxury, cannot buy comfort. The rich, as well as the very poor, are often without real homes. When the spirit of domestic disorder or unthrift enters the door, whether it be of a mansion or of a cottage, all the good angels fly out of the windows ; so, when the genius of good manage- ment comes within a household, comfort follows soon after, erects her shrine and distributes daily blessings to every member of the family.

It is remarkable that though the ambition to live comfortably is almost universal, yet very few realize their wishes. Those who have made their fortunes are wheedled into fashionable society, bound with silver chains, and delivered into the hands of that most remorseless taskmaster, called " social duty." The middle classes sacrifice comfort in their attempts to imitate the rich in their style of living and involve themselves in debt and its attendant vexa- tions. Even among the working classes daily meals are often miniature banquets. Living to eat, rather than eating to live, the poor consume the nest-egg of independence and wonder that there is no increase of their store. An English manufacturer remarked that he could not really afford to buy spring lamb, green peas, sal- mon, new potatoes and strawberries for some weeks after his hands had been feeding on these delicacies.

A serious drawback to domestic comfort is ignorance of good cookery. In the princely establishments of Europe and the man- sions of the wealthy, where a dinner is not merely a necessity, but

65

66 HOME COMFORT.

a luxury, all the great chefs of the kitchen are men. The Franca- tellis, the Soyers, the Blots, and the Gouffes, whose names are familiar on both continents, are simply by profession male cooks ; but they are also men of genius, and deservedly take rank with artists, tor it takes as much talent and thought to prepare a thor- oughly good dinner as to paint a picture. In some nomes of luxu- rious living the health of the chief cook is a curious matter of solicitude, because when he is sick he loses his taste and the dishes are liable to be badly seasoned and improperly prepared generally. Some enthusiastic gourmand recommends an employer to feel the pulse of his cook every morning, and examine his tongue, for he says if " the cook's palate is dull, his master will find me ragouts and sauces too highly seasoned."

In France, all classes, the men as well as the women, study the economy of cookery and practice it; and there, as many travelers affirm, the people live at one-third the expense borne by English- men and Americans. There they know how to make savory messes out of remnants that others would throw away. There they cook no more for each day than is required for that day. With them cookery ranks with the arts, and a great cook is almost as much honored and respected as a sculptor or a painter. The consequence is, as ex-Secretary McCullough thinks, that a French village of a thousand inhabitants could be supported luxuriously on the waste of one of our large American hotels, and he believes that the entire population of France could be supported on the food which is liter- ally wasted in the United States. Professor Blot, who resided for some years in the United States, remarks, pathetically, that here, "where the markets rival the best markets of Europe, it is really a pity to live as many do live. There are thousands of families in moderately good circumstances who have never eaten a loaf of really good bread, tasted a well cooked steak, nor sat down to a properly prepared meal."

But in American households it is not the fashion for men to concern themselves with the details of the kitchen. The wife is the prime minister in the administration of the household, and within the limits of her jurisdiction her power over the fortune and well- being of her subjects is absolute. If she be ignorant of the arts of frugal management, or willfully extravagant, or carelessly indiffer- ent, not only the purse but the health of the family will suffer. The wife is the central figure in the household, and the man's way to home comfort consists principally in getting a good wife, who knows the things worth knowing in household management, or is teachable and willing to learn.

Requisites of a Good Wife — A good wife, it may be remarked, is not a natural growth, springing from the soil without care or cultivation. Something undoubtedly is due to parentage and example, but in the main a girl is what she is trained to be.

First of all in the list of qualifications that fit a woman for

HOME COMFORT. 67

marriage, and above ail others, may be placed good health. Life without health is a burden ; life with health is joy and gladness. It is a fearful responsibility, both to men and women, to marry if they be not healthy, and the result must, as a matter of course, be misery. How needful is it, therefore, that all necessary instruction should be imparted to every young wife, and the proper means shown by which she may preserve her health.

To PRESERVE HEALTH. — To maintain health, a young married woman ought to take regular and systematic out-door exercise, so far as it can be done without interfering with her household duties. Walking expands the chest, strengthens the muscles, promotes digestion, and exhilarates like a glass of champagne, but unlike champagne never leaves a headache behind. If ladies would walk more than they do there would be fewer lackadaisical, useless, com- plaining wives than we now see, and instead of having a race of puny children we should have a race of giants.

HOUSEHOLD VENTILATION. — To preserve the health of herself as well as of the family a married woman must attend to the venti- lation of her house. Ninety -nine out of every hundred bed-rooms are badly ventilated, and in the morning after they have been slept in are full of impure and poisoned air. Impure and poisoned air, foi the air in any room that is occupied becomes foul and deadly if not perpetually changed — if not constantly mixed, both by day and by night, with fresh, pure, out-door air. Many persons, by breath- ing the same air over and over again, are literally poisoned by their own breaths. This is not an exaggerated statement — alas, it is too true. For ventilation, open the windows both at top and bottom, that the fresh air may rush in one way while the foul air goes out the other. This is letting in your friend and expelling an enemy.

PERSONAL CLEANLINESS. — To preserve health a young wife should bathe regularly and thoroughly. " There is nothing," says Dr. Chavasse, " more tonic and invigorating and refreshing than a cold ablution. Moreover, it makes one feel clean and sweet and wholesome ; and you may depend upon it that it not only improves our physical constitution but likewise our moral character,, A dirty man has generally a dirty mind."

NOURISHING DIET. — To preserve health a woman should have a nourishing diet, and especially a substantial breakfast. She must frequently vary the kind of food, of meat especially, as also the manner of cooking it. Where a lady is very thin, good fresh milk, if it agrees with ner, should form an important item of her diet. The meagre breakfasts of many young wives who eat scarcely any- thing is one cause, unquestionably, of so much sickness among them, and of so many puny children in existence.

SLEEP. — To preserve health a wife should have seven or eight hours of sound, refreshing sleep. Sleep is of more consequence to the human economy than fooa, and nothing should be allowed to interfere with it. And as attendance on large assemblies, balls and

HOME COMFORT.

concerts interfere* sadly in every way with sleep, they ought one and all to be generally avoided. Kising at a suitable hour in the morning, not later than six in summer and seven in winter, is also recommended, as it imparts health to the frame as well as anima- tion to the household.

AVOIDANCE OF STIMULANTS. — To preserve health it is necessary to avoid the use of alcoholic stimulants, except as a medicine. is surprising," says Dr. Chavasse, "the quantity of wine some young ladies, at parties, can imbibe without being intoxicated; but whether if such ladies marry they will make fruitful vines is quite another matter; but of this I am quite sure, that^ such girls will as a rule make delicate, hysterical and unhealthy wives'. The young are peculiarly sensitive to the evil effects of over-stimulation. Exces- sive wine-drinking with them is a canker, eating into their very lives."

HOUSE DUTIES — A good wife is not only a healthy woman but one who thoroughly understands household duties. In Sweden, it is said, the daughters of wealthy families esteem it a privilege to be permitted to cook the family dinner; in France every woman can cook and hence good cookery is with them the rule, while with us it is far from being so. It is emphatically true, as Dr. Johnson remarked, that a man is in general better pleased when he has a good dinner upon his table than when his wife speaks Greek. But it is also true that a good housewife is, of necessity, a well-informed woman. She provides herself with a small but select library of books on Household Science, Domestic Economy, and Common Sense Cookery. The practical value of cookery books consists not so much in the instruction they afford to persons totally ignorant of the art, as in their suggestiveness to heads of households who do know something about it. A lady is puzzled how to vary agreeably and economically her day's bill of fare. She consults her books — and there are many good ones — and without slavishly following their indications, adapts them to her own tastes and circumstances. A skillful housekeeper with only half a hint will improvise pleasing culinary novelties — novelties, that is, to the habitual diners at her own family table, whereas without the hint she might go plodding on in a wearisome routine of roast, boiled, and cold until all were tired.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY — A good wife not only knows the details of household duties, but the secret of economical management. There are many women who have the disposition to make the house a home, and succeed tolerably well provided they have plenty of means, but in management are inordinately extravagant. They throw away as remnants what would suffice a good cook for a meal. They cook more than is required and allow the surplus to spoil. They spend the time in making iced cakes which should be devoted to making good bread. It has been said of American women that there are more who can furnish you with good ice-cream than a well-

ADVICE TO WIVES. 69

cooked mutton-chop. A fair charlotte-russe is easier to get than a perfect cup of coffee, and you will find a sparkling jelly for your dessert when you sigh in vain for a well-cooked potato. They for- get that it is a thousand times better to be able to do a common thing well than an uncommon one tolerably.

CHEERFUL DISPOSITION — A good wife also cultivates cheerful- ness and placidity of temper and disposition. Nothing disturbs digestion and consequently injures health so much as a fretful, easily ruined temper. " Our passions," says Dr. Grosvenor, u may be compared to the winds in the air, which, when gentle and moderate, fill the sail and carry the ship on smoothly to the desired port ; but when violent, unmanageable and boisterous, they grow to a storm and threaten the ruin and destruction of all."

TO WIVES.

WHY HUSBANDS SEEK OTHER ASSOCIATIONS.

The causes of disease are legitimate inquiries for a medical treatise. Domestic infelicity, standing prominently on the list, as a cause of the physical ills of humanity, demands something more \han mere passing mention. How to continue the love the young *vdfe has inspired, and how to maintain the regard and affection she has won, are very important inquiries for her, though they are often sadly neglected. Wives are too prone to require love and admira- tion, while they are entirely regardless of the performance of those duties which inspire affection and esteem. Love without recipro- city cannot continue.

This fact should always be borne in mind: That love, affection and esteem are not matters of choice. "We cannot control them any more than we can control the elements of the air. They come and go according to merit. At any time, when the wife discovers that the affections of her husband are subsiding, she should closely examine her own course; for it is possible that the fault lies with her. Perhaps there is a perversion of those qualities on which were based his earlier love and esteem, which have been supplanted by those which are coarse, uncouth and repulsive. If she has practiced deception, suppressing her real disposition and character, as is sometimes the case, from her earliest acquaintance with her hus- band until after marriage, when she permits her real disposition, in its irritability and grossness, to again appear, it cannot but reasonably be expected that the husband's regard and affection will rapidly subside. Merit attracts love and esteem, and these are repelled where it does not exist. For an individual to demand affection and admiration, when they are not due or merited, is requiring that which it is an impossibility for human nature to render. As well require one to take gall, and demand that it be to him sweet and savory. One very prolific cause of the alienation of the

70 ADVICE TO WIVES.

affections of the husband is immodest and obscene language and nnlady-like deportment of the wife. Words and acts, which are regarded as indelicate and unbecoming in the presence of others, should be equally so in the presence of her husband alone. If there is one individual before whom proper actions and pure and choice language should be employed, that person should be the husband. Ladies not infrequently make the remark that, before marriage, their husbands were very zealous and attentive; but long since this has changed. Yery true. And how unmindful of the fact that, doubtless, their own demeanor has likewise changed; that before marriage, perhaps, they were models of propriety and ele- gance; but, having changed in these matters, a like change has been wrought in the husband. No woman should be unmindful of the fact that, in consequence of conventional rules and education, we are led to look for and expect more of the chaste and refined senti- ments in woman than in man ; therefore, that which is pardonable in him in this respect is not in her.

Inconstancy — Yicious and lewd men have admitted that their first inconstancy to their married vows arose from their dis- gust at home ; and yet, perhaps, the same state of affairs existed with those to whom they fled; but ignorance of this fact was bliss to them.

Unpleasant Home — If the home of the husband is one where he is accustomed to meet with reproaches and complaints, or if it is one of sullenness and gloom, he is liable to avoid it as much as possible and seek elsewhere tor solace and pleasure that are denied him at his own house. If there be observed, at any time, a disposi- tion on the part of the husband to pass his leisure nours away from home, you may suspect that you have rendered your presence offen- sive and undesirable, and your surroundings disagreeable. In order to reverse this order of affairs, learn his tastes, study his former habits, cultivate them and assimilate your own to them. The hus- band is as the wife makes him. She holds the key to the problem of his future and it is in her power to make him the perfect man her lover eye's saw him before her marriage, if she only studies his character and moulds him aright. Cultivate a more cheerful dispo- sition ; adopt habits of neatness and order in your household affairs, strict tidiness of person, and an inclination at all times to familiarize yourself with those subjects in which your husband is most inter- ested, in order to be entertaining and better company for him.

Health in the Home — Another matter of prime impor- tance is health in the home. Healthy people are more attractive than the sick or feeble, and a sick-room is not a pleasant resort for husband or wife either. When sickness does unavoidably assail you, delegate to your nurse special supervision of your person and your room, and have all duties promptly and strictly attended to, and admit your husband to your oed-side only at times when affairs are properly arranged. Try' to be neat, tidy and presentable.

ADVICE TO HUSBANDS. 71

In conclusion, we would say that those wives who incorporate the foregoing suggestions into their domestic life will seldom have occasion to charge their husbands with infidelity to them. Besides, the health of both parties will thereby be very much promoted, for domestic infelicity invites disease.

To make Home Pleasant — Endeavor to make the home of your husband pleasant and alluring. Let it be to him a haven of rest, to which he may turn from the weary trials and vexations of business. Make it to him a repose from care; a shelter from the outside world ; a home, not for his person only, but for his heart, where he may find his greatest comfort. Should he be, at times, discouraged and dejectea from the battles of life, soothe and com- fort him. If his difficulties or ills make him petulant, soothe him; enter feelingly into his vexations, make his trials your own, and thus arm him to fight the battle for both. Make due allowance at these times for the frailties of human nature. As a wife, you should lend a helping hand in his struggles for the maintenance of the household, as much can be done in the domestic economy to lighten his burden.

TO HUSBANDS.

WHY WIVES BECOME UNFAITHFUL.

If a husband be indifferent as to his wife's affection for him, let him become obscene in his language, coarse and un- couth in his manners, and especially toward her, and he will soon accomplish the object of dampening the ardor of her love for him. And let there be coupled with this the intemperate use of spirituous liquors and he can scarcely fail to quench the last embers of her af- fection for him. The husband who is guilty of these indiscretions should not demand nor expect the regard and love that are ordinar- ily due from the wife to the husband ; for they have been justly forfeited. If she be a sensitive, affectionate woman, she may regret the loss of affection as much or more than he, and it may have caused her many an hour of sorrow and anguish of spirit. Nor is this all; if the husband is continually meeting his wife with re- proaches or allowing himself to be irritable in his intercourse with her, can he expect to be recompensed with fond affection? Scarcely, if his wife were an angel from the abodes of heaven. For the husband, through indolence and negligence, to fail to provide his wife and family with the necessary comforts of life, is another course that tends to alienate her affections. And should he at any time have reason to suspect her fidelity to him, he should carefully scrutinize his own actions, for some one or all of the above causes may have been the chief factor in bringing about this deplorable condition of affairs.

Every husband should extend towards his wife a certain degree of liberality ; le"t her have money to make her various little

72 THE APPETITES.

purchases, without always being compelled to call on him and make pressing solicitations for it; as this is very unpleasant for her and not a desirable task for anyone. Every reasonable and liberal hus- band should and will accord to his wife the same rights and privi- leges he himself exercises. He usually goes from home and returns at will, as business or pleasure may demand. And has he any nat- ural rights in this respect which she does not possess? If the hus- band is animated by any of the true spirit of numan kindness and liberality, he will no more ask or demand that the wife be eternally domiciled within the walls of home than he would thus himself consent to be immured.

We find a husband making investments at will, even to pur- chasing houses and lands, without consulting the wife. Should he not, then, accord to her the privilege of making her own little per- sonal and household investments without incurring censure? We have not infrequently observed cases in which, if the wife only made an investment of the most trifling article, even if it were but an item of literature, as a book or magazine, she subjected herself to reproach. The right course is, when it is not inconvenient, for wife and husband to consult in matters of contemplated purchases. This is especially the case when their means are limited or pecun- iary embarrassment exists. Mutual confidence induces mutual re- spect. For further remarks on this subject, the husband's attention is invited to the article addressed to wives, where he will find many observations that are likewise applicable to himself.

THE APPETITES.

Frequency of Indulgence — On this subject it is impos- sible, with propriety, to lay down any certain rule; since much must depena upon the temperament and health of the individual. As some require, and may safely take, more food and drink than others, as we all know from experience and observation, it is plain that a measure of indulgence quite safe and innocent in one case would be wrong and dangerous in another. In this respect, it is proper that every one should understand and govern himself. "What and how much must I eat? And what and how much must I drink? " are questions frequently asked of the physician, in reply to which he can lay down no inflexible law. Much will depend upon the constitution, and more upon the habits of the individual. Nature, however, dictates — except in special casee — that we should eat and drink as long as we are hungry and thirsty; and this, perhaps, as a general statement, is a good, safe rule for the regulation of our in- dulgence of these particular appetites. But the most important, by far, of all our natural appetites is the sexual; and the proper limit of indulgence here is still harder to be defined. Not only does it depend, like those already named, upon the temperament, h&alth

THE APPETITES. 73

and habits of tne individual, but it is almost infinitely complicated by the necessary introduction, here, of the element of mutuality; and the importance and difficulty of its solution are further enhanced by those terrible consequences to health and morals which result both from- excessive and from insufficient gratification. There is little doubt that almost, if not quite, as many dangerous and life- long diseases spring from the latter as from the former, and that undue privation is a powerful stimulus to the most alluring of all those temptations to vice which assail humanity.

Some sound and prudent counsel, on this subject, is perhaps at much as should be ventured here. In the first place, it should be observed that, in this respect, there is a great difference between the gexes. Men are much more amorous than women. Their passions are stronger and more irrepressible; and besides, while in health, they are almost constantly active and capable. It is not so with women; they have states and periods when they are strong and able, and others when they are weak and powerless. Some have even a settled aversion, approaching to disgust, for what they deem the lower and baser pleasures; and others are only reconciled to them occasionally and at intervals. Yet we should say, that it is the wife's duty, and her interest as well, even in these cases, to comply with the reasonable wishes of her husband. If she have no active and passionate sympathy with certain of his moods, she can at least be passive and complying; and so much the easier will this be, if she love him and desire to prevent those injuries to his health and morals which may possibly result from her want of sympathy and kindness. So much, by way of counsel to the wife in these most difficult and doubtful cases ; yet we present it with extreme diffidence, and only for the temporary relief of those whose hus- bands have not yet learned the higher and better way ; for such a way there is, and we will endeavor to point it out in this article.

True Marriage — True marriage is a state in which, above all the other sentiments, mutual tenderness should prevail; and, when this feeling rules, there is no danger of either discord or excess; because each will find the highest pleasure and happiness in subordinating his own wishes to those of the other. It is this divine fire which softens and melts into an indissoluble unity the hardest, the most inharmonious, and even the most opposite of nat- ures. This union once accomplished, all the rest of good and desirable follows as a matter of course. The more fiery and pas- sionate nature is subdued and quenched in its calm waters, and the colder, slower and more phlegmatic one is aroused and stimulated to passion by its heat; and thence there results a sympathy so per- fect and sweet that it doubles all their mutual pleasures, while it so restrains and moderates desire as to forbid all injurious excess. This in effect, is the meaning and the end of marriage. Those who consider merely its procreative function, take altogether too low and degrading a view of the subject; since it is obvious that this pur-

f4 THE APPETITES.

pose could be accomplished, with equal or greater success, by other means. It is rather for the refinement and elevation of both its parties; that the one, in whom passion is dangerously and injuriously predominant, may be toned down to temperance, and that the other in whom passion is dangerously and injuriously deficient, may be toned up to enjoyment; so that of this union there may be born, not the greatest number of children, but the highest and most finished types of human childhood. In such a marriage, it is plain that the appetite of which we are speaking will always regulate itself well and wisely; for the very condition of its existence and urgency rests in the fact that it is both spontaneous and mutual. A good hus- band would as soon think of inflicting any other sort of torture upon the object of his tenderest affection, as to worry her with solicita- tions and importunities for that to which she had no inclination of her own; and a good wife, who should thus be made to know that the crown and seal of her husband's happiness depended upon her active and voluntary sympathy with his wishes, would be as cap- able of denying food to the hunger of her heart's idol, as of failing in the generous warmth of her response to his feelings in this respect.

False Marriages — It follows, by immediate, natural and necessary consequence, that all marriages, so called, in which this sentiment of mutual tenderness does not prevail, are not true and real marriages, but merely false and seeming ones; and that the in- tercourse of such persons is not much better than a legalized prosti- tution. For how much better is the woman who reluctantly and unsympathetically submits to the embraces of a husband, because he furnishes her with a home and luxuries, and has thus purchased the right to her person, than the degraded creature who, for a similar consideration and without the sanction of a violated vow, submits to the same thing? And how much better is the other party — the man — who can thus brutally claim and use his wife as a purchased possession, because the law gives him the right to her, and it is "so nominated in the bond," than the wretch who outrages the moral sense and good order of society by his kept mistress, or his habitual visits to the dens of prostitution ? That the children of such parents should be born vicious and depraved, can be no matter of surprise to those who have properly estimated the base ties by which their fathers and mothers are held together. Indeed, it could not be otherwise, in accordance with the laws of Nature and of God. The first effect of these unions — falsely called marriages and well named, by the French, marriage de convenance, marriage for convenience — is, of course, the excessive indulgence of the sexual appetite. The husband has purchased and brought home, and why should he not take possession of, the trembling and shuddering bride? He does. Her sensations, it is true, are those of unmitigated and immitigable loathing. Whatever native capacity for love and the pure and de- lightful offices of marriage she possesses is slain — murdered outright

THE APPETITES. 75

— on the very threshold of this hideous union. She submits, because she must; but she submits as to an outrage; and no gilding of res- pectability can render it otherwise than hateful to her eyes. And when, at last, wearied and disgusted with his own excesses, her owner leaves her in peace, it is like the peace of the damned. She weeps bitter tears of mingled humiliation and indignation, and wishes she had never been born; or, at least, that she had never been married. Such has been the experience of thousands of miscalled wives, who, if the truth could be told without shame and disgrace, would con- fess that they look back, even from the distance of years, to the occasion of their marriage, with feelings of horror and disgust.

Happiness for the Mismated — It results from this, that the condition of true and real marriage is, an omnipresent mutual tend- erness; and that, wherever this condition is wanting, either perman- ently or occasionally, there is not, and cannot be, any true marriage, and the relation passing by this name is essentially vicious and criminal and calculated to produce all manner of evil effects. So long as this state of things continues, there ought to be no other intercourse between such persons than that which is implied in the offices of common and friendly politeness. Standing thus apart, on the high ground of mutual forbearance and reserve, there is some reason to nope that time may heal the wounds inflicted by former errors, and may beget in each a sentiment of growing kindliness, which will at length deepen into that feeling of mutual tenderness which can alone unite them in a happy and indissoluble bond. But it should never be forgotten, that the attitude of mutual reserve, of which we have spoken above, is the first step to be taken by those who would pass from a state of sexual intemperance and conjugal discord, to the high and holy plane of such a marriage as will not only regulate appetite, but throw around its indulgence the sweetest and purest of charms.

The second step is a little harder to describe, though it will not be found so difficult of performance, perhaps, on the part of those who sincerely undertake this reformation, as was the first. It con- sists in a voluntary direction of the attention, on the part of each, to those traits of person, habit and character in the other, which are most amiable, attractive and winning. The man may recall and remember the charms of the maiden, the dewy freshness of her bloom, the sweet grace of her attitudes and the whole bright picture of her person and presence when these dawned upon him like a reve- lation and threw over him the glamour which made him desire and seek her for his wife. He may think of her first coy and yield- ing consent to receive his love, of the moment when she first con- fessed a mutual passion, of her growing tenderness under the influence of courtship, of all that she gave up and sacrificed for him. of the bright hopes with which she entered life, hand-in-hand with him whom she had chosen out of all the world to be her husband and her dearest friend forever; of the trials, crosses and disappoint-

76 THE APPETITES.

ments which he knows have fallen to her lot in that marriage which she dreamed would be all love and happiness; of her patience and long-suffering; of how much and how vainly she has striven to please him and make him happy ; and how, if she has yielded at last to sullenness and vituperation, it has been only under the force of the hardest trials and the strongest provocations. All this he can recall and dwell upon, until his heart grows warm and tender under the magic touch of memory, and he is ready and willing to enter upon a new and better life.

For her part, occupying that ground of reserve which has been indicated above, the wife may as profitably pursue a similar course of reflection. She may recollect and linger over all those qualities in her husband which attracted her youthful fancy and first kindled in her heart the fires of affection. Looking through the faithful glass of memory, she may see him as she saw him then, when he seemed the realization of all her hopes and the fulfilment of her fondest dreams ; when a life-time union with him seemed to promise a reality to her brightest and sweetest dreams of future bliss; when, young, ardent and aspiring, he was the hero of her idolatry and the god of her fond worship; and when he first wooed and won from her the earliest and sweetest tokens of her maiden love. Thus, softened by these memories, to a mood of kind and gentle indulg- ence, she may recall all his later kindnesses; how faithfully and honorably, by days and nights of toilful assiduity, he has secured her against all the discomforts of penury ; how patiently he has borne with her many perverse and unamiable moods and tempers ; how often her coldness and repulsion have chilled and rolled back the ardent current of his tenderness; how little she has sympathised with his plans and aided him in his endeavors, while his great ob- ject has been to build up for her a royal home, of which she might oe the lovely and honored queen, whose tender and loving despotism should make the music and glory of his life; how, instead of cheer- ing him on in this exalted task, she has discouraged and dismayed him, by her fretful and peevish moods, until he has almost lost heart for that work upon whose successful prosecution the honor and happiness of both their lives. depend; and how, through all, in spite of all and above all, he loves her still, and would fain find in her, if she would let him, all the missing harmonies of his life. Such re- collections will bring back to her eye the brightness, to her cheek the bloom, to her step the lightness, and to her heart the tenderness of the olden time; and ere she is well aware of what has taken place, he will have grown unspeakably dear to her, and she will be ready to welcome and crown him king of the long vacant throne in her heart.

Between these prepared souls and their true and final wedding, the obstacles which remain will be easily and naturally overcome. They will consist, first, of some painful and bitter memories ; secondly, of some natural doubts and fears; and finally, of that barrier of

TO AVOID EXCESSIVE INDULGENCES. 77

habitual reserve, which, by mutual consent, they will have built up between them, and which they will be half reluctant to see destroyed, because — if for no other reason — from its summit they have obtained a Pisgah-view of the "promised land" of harmony and happiness. But the rising flood of mutual tenderness will drown ail these pain- ful memories; their doubts and fears, like night-birds, will flee from the approaching dawn of love's bright day; and the ice of reserve will melt before the touch of hands, the glance of eyes and the beat of hearts throbbing, glowing and burning with a mutual passion of tender affection. The hands will learn to linger in a tender clasp ; the eyes will "look love to eyes that speak again;" until, at length, some sweet moment's irresistible yielding to the impulse of mutual tenderness will tell the tale, and they will fall weeping into each other's arms, with hearts re-welded forever. Then, for the first time, they will taste real bliss, and wonder how it was possible that they could have failed, so long, to find that heaven of mutual, tender and forbearing love, which all the time stood open to their entrance, and which, now that they have found it, they would sooner part with life than lose.

In all this there is no extravagance. The happiness of this state, whether found early or late in life, is a thing which cannot be exaggerated. It is simply indescribable, because it is more, better and higher than earth has language to convey or thought to image forth. In fact, there is neither name nor symbol for the happiness which man and woman, united by a bond of mutual tenderness, can and do impart to each other. It is simply sweeter, purer and high- er than imagination can conceive, or anything save experience believe. It is the infinite, holy and perfect mystery of existence, into which whoever enters will never say that, with all its sorrows and disappointments, life is sad. And, if life holds' a greater mys- tery than this blissful one, it is this; that any soul, privileged to enter here, should stay without; that so many so-called married persons should live, for years, upon the threshold of this heaven, and die without ever once having passed within its open gates. It can be only because they are blind and cannot see them ; and if, in this article, we have said anything which may help to open their eyes, we shall be glad.

TO AVOID EXCESSIVE INDULGENCES.

Married persons should adopt more generally the rule of sleep- ing in separate rooms, or at least in separate beds, as is the almost universal custom in Germany and Holland. This rule being adopt- ed, several very important advantages would result in regard to health and comfort.

Opportunity makes importunity. For example, if pastries are where they continually attract the attention of children, there is a want

FAMILY BED ROOM.

Who should and who should not occupy the same bed. Both health and life involved in this matter See page 79,

ANTE-NATAL IMPBESSIONS. 79

and a request for them ; but if out of sight they would only be thought of when natural hunger came. So, if married persona slept in differ- ent rooms the indulgences would only be specially thought of when there existed a natural, healthy appetite for the same, and as food is the more enjoyable from the longer interval of fasting; so here. In this way troublesome temptations are escaped and a rational temper- ance would be practiced without inconvenience.

And it is well known, too, that if two persons, one sickly and the other healthy, occupy the same bed, one will become diseased wilh- out the sickly one becoming benefited. This is especially true when children sleep with old and feeble persons. Hence, it is seldom the case that both the wife and husband are in perfect health, in all re- spects, at all times ; at least one party would be saved from injury by sleeping alone.

When two People may Sleep Together Advanta- geously. Two people may often occupy the same bed to the de- cided benefit of both. For instance, when one is by nature full of positive electricity or magnetism, while the other's body is negative. In this case there is an insensible and gradual interchange of vital currents. The excess of positive goes out to the negative body, and it in turn gives of its over supply of negative io the positive body, and thus a normal and healthful condition is brought about. This must be the explanation of the numerous instances where a weak and semi-in- valid woman marries a man not considered unusually strong, and both become healthier and able to endure far more than either could before marriage. Each gives to the other without losing any essential part cf themselves.

HOW CHILDREN ARE BORN EITHER BRIGHT OR

STUPID

Nearly all writers admit the power of ante-natal impressions. The effects, upon offspring, of the mother's fright during pregnancy are well known, and they are often supposed to result in the permanent deform- ity or idiocy of the child. These effects are frequently seen in what are called birth-marks. Equally potent, and frequently to the more ob- serving equally patent, are the effects of loving and loathing, and the con- tinued presence of sights hateful or agreeable to the mother. Upon these and like observations has been built what may now be called the Science of Ante-natal Education or Training. There no longer remains any doubt that children may be born strong or weak, beautiful or ugly, talented or imbecile, good or bad, according to the ivill and wisdom of their parents. What would not a parent give to have his child mentally bright and physically handsome ? Why, it could not be estimated in dollars and cents !

This article should be read and studied by every parent, as none can afford to be without the information imparted here and on pages 343 to 348, Vol. I.

We should give to this the highest and most important act of our lives, whose consequences may extend to future

gO ANTE-NATAL IMPRESSIONS.

generations, a corresponding degree of care and painstaking. For this purpose, we should be in the highest and strongest physical health and vigor of which we are capable; and to secure this state, we should take that amount and quality of bodily exercise which are best calculated to produce it. At the same time, our mental faculties should be in their highest and most active condition. Then, the sentiment and passion of mutual love and attraction should be at their strongest, and the hour selected should be that time of the day when our whole nature is in its fullest force and highest vigor; this is not at night, when we are exhausted by fatigue, nor on waking in the morning, before our faculties are fully aroused.

Subsequent to conception, and before the birth of the child, much may be done by the mother for its future character and de- velopment. During the first four or five months of pregnancy, while nature is laying its foundation and framework, so to speak, of the future man or woman, the mother may contribute not a little to tne strength and hardihoood of her child's constitution, by the faithful practice of a suitable system of exercise and regimen. Later, in the sixth and seventh months, when the brain is being formed and matured, she may stamp it with the very quality of her own tastes and pursuits. Surrounding herself with beautiful and sheerful objects, communing much with the best books and the most gifted minds, hearing tlie most eloquent speakers and living in the worlds of literature and art, she may give birth to a genius who will astonish the world and delight her o\vn heart; or, reversing all this and giving her attention to the mean and the sordid, the effect will be seen in the lower and more incapable mental qualities of her offspring. As she sows in this season, so will she reap in the harvest-time of maternity.

Finally, the temper and character of her child will depend veiy greatly upon her own, especially during the last months of her pregnancy. Here and now she becomes almost omnipotent. Fatient, serene, content, gentle, pure, unsefish, cheerful and liappy, the sunny being that will be born of her will brighten and gladden all her life; while, if fretful, turbulent, discontented and unhappy during this period — and much more if she be positively vicious — • phe need not be surprised if she give birth to a public and private pest, that will break her own heart and be a curse to society. Nothing is now more certainly known, or better understood, among those who have given attention to this matter, than this potential effect of the moods of the mother upon the character of her child. If then she would see her children strong and healthy, graceful and beautiful, quick, sprightly, intelligent and gifted, cheerful, obedient and happy, virtuous and respected, the ornaments of society and the lights and jewels of her own heart and home, let her give heed to those immediate laws of ante-natal influence, some hint of which may be found in what we have said above.

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, M. D.

PARENTS CAN HAVE THEIR CHILDREN BORN WITH NOBLE GIFTS.

On this subject Dr. Lowell wrote: "Previous to the conceptional

period more can be done for the coming child than can afterwards

be done in years of school or college."

This is the time to endow the coming child with intellectual capabil- ities— imparting to it either brilliancy, mediocrity or stupidity. '

The law that brought into being, from among the common ranks of life, such men as Benjamin Franklin, Lincoln, Bismarck, Gladstone, Napoleon and hundreds of other gifted individuals, will do the same for all who comply with the simple, natural law.

Nature never works by chance. " The God of "ature works through eternal law."

81

L. P. ELDREDGE'S FIRST CHILD.

L. P. Eldredge of Brooklyn, N. Y., states : "Neither my wife nor mj^self, previous to theconceptional period, nor during the next nine months, the period when the future child is fashioned or moulded with its mental faculties and other endowments, gave any attention to the effects that would be produced on it. But in the case of our second child, we did, and the result was a bright and intellectual child."

82

L. P. ELDREDGE'S SECOND CHILD.

It has been fully tested and proven that children may be born talented or imbecile, with cheerful dispo- sitions or gloomy ones, with kindly natures or harsh and sour ones, according to the will and wisdom of their parents.

Every one raising a family should read and care- fully study the article on page 79.

83

GIFTED HEN.

Parents who desire their children en- dowed with abilities such as the noted men illustrated on the following pages need only inform themselves and act ac- cordingly. Grandparents, too9 may be blessed with strong, healthy 9 brilliant grandchildren, if they will place in the liands of their sons and daughters the means of information. (See pages 79-

91.,)

More can be done at the period of time here indicated than can be done after- wards in years at college.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, His parents belonged to the ranks of the common people.

85

Born in a log cabin, he became the most famous leader of his times

OTTO VON BISMARCK. His parents were, plain people, unknown to fame.

87

The "GRAND OLD MAN" was a merchant's son

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE His parents were poor, plebeian but ambitious Corsicans.

89

Born in obscurity, he became a renowned commander.

90

A*U AND VENTILATION. 91

CONOEPTIONAL PwHOD. — Parents who desire exceptional children can have them, but they must prepare before the period of conception The repose of mind as well as the physical and mental purity of the .father and the reading of good books immediately begin to modify the character of the seed constantly being formed in his secret parts. As he then is,, so will that soon become. Likewise the mother, with pure and lofty thoughts, stimulated by reading the most noble books, in- fluences at once the then ripening product of her ovaries. (These are constantly ripening and being discharged.) So intimate is the nervous connection between brain and secret parts that the condition of one is immediately apparent in the other. If the prospective parents desire offspring of a certain character let them first prepare themselves for some weeks before any sexual union, and let the hopeful mother con- tinue throughout her entire period "pondering these things in her heart," as did Mary, the Mother of Jesus; and as sure as God's eternal truth the results will be marked and effective on the coming child. See page 131.

AIR AND VENTILATION.

Impure Air — The impurities of the air may be ranked under two heads: gases, and matters held in suspension. From the soil are wafted into the air particles of every substance it contains. Near the dwellings of men, particles of carbon, hairs, fibres of cotton and woolen fabrics, etc., abound. The vegetable world contributes seeds, spores, germs, pollen and light floating bodies. From the animal kingdom there are also germs and particles of worn-out tissues. The organic vapors arising from the decomposition of animal and vegetable products have hitherto baffled man's attempts to discover their precise chemical constituents, and a similar obscurity attaches also to the organic substances known as the specific virus of contag- ious diseases. These all deteriorate the air.

Air Vitiated by Breathing — In the process of breathing, the air loses a third of its oxygen, the life-giving principle, and receives in exchange carbonic acid gas, a gas not only incapable of supporting life, but actually destructive of it. Such is the change effected by the simple act of breathing, and if this process goes on in an ill- ventilated room where there are several human beings, the carbonic- acid gas accumulates, usurps the place of the oxygen consumed, and so renders the air less and less fit to support life. Carbonic-acid gas cannot support combustion ; hence a lighted candle partially or com- pletely surrounded by it burns slowly or goes out. And so it is with human beings; when more or less completely enveloped in an atmosphere charged with this gas, all the functions of the body are tardily and imperfectly performed, the muscular tissues are enfeebled, the breathing becomes oppressed, the head aches and in extreme cases life is extinguished amidst sufferings of the most distressing nature. The fact can scarcely be too strongly stated that propei

92 AIR AND VENTILATION.

ventilation cannot be had without a way for the egress from the upper part of a room of the impure air, and provision in the lower part for a sufficient supply of fresh air from the external atmos- phere. In the greater number of dwelling-houses no direct provision at all has been made for this purpose, and the only ventilation ob- tained is due to the imperfect fittings of the windows and doors. The floor:; are covered with carpets, the windows and doors made as im- jpervious as possible to the air, and in the ceilings no apertures exist for the escape of carbonic-acid gas. From this all classes of the community suffer almost equally.

Airy Sleeping-Rooms — The fact that carbonic acia gas endangers health and life shows the importance of making provision for its uninterrupted removal from our houses and places of assem- bly, and above all, from our sitting rooms and sleeping-rooms. Airy, well-ventilated sleeping-appartments should be ranked with the most important requirements of life, both in health and disease. Bed-rooms, in which about one-third of human existence is passed, are generally too small, and are crowded and badly ventilated. The doors, windows, and even chimneys, are often closed, and every aperture carefully guarded so as to exclude fresh air. The conse- quence is, that long before morning dawns the atmosphere of the whole apartment becomes highly injurious, from the consumption of its oxygen, the formation of carbonic-acid and the exhalations from the lungs and the relaxed skin. In an atmosphere thus loaded with effluvia the sleep is heavy and unrefreshing. There are some diseases in which the cause of death is simply the accumulation of carbonic-acid gas in the blood; and this condition is brought about to any person m some degree, in every badly ventilated bed-room. If provision were made for the admission of fresh air and the escape of impure air the sleep would be lighter, shorter and more invigor- ating. In most cases the door of the bed-room may be left open, and the upper part of the window let down a few inches more or less according to the state of the weather — with perfect safety. Currents of air may be kept off the face of the sleeper by placing the bed in a proper situation, or by suspending a single curtain from the ceiling. During thick fogs or severe winds the out-door open- ings may oe closed, and ventilation secured from the adjoining hall.

The importance of the subject is very correctly and very strik- ingly put by a medical writer of the last century: " If any person will take the trouble to stand in the sun and look at his own shadow on a plastered wall, he will easily perceive that his whole body is a Bmpking mass of corruption, with a vapor exhaling from every part of it. This vapor is subtile, acrid and offensive to the smell; if retained in the body it becomes morbid; but if re-absorbed, highly deleterious. If a number of persons, therefore, are long confined in any close place not properly ventilated, so as to inspire and swal- low with their spittle the vapors of each other, they must soon feel

AIR AND VENTILATION. 93

its bad effects." Unpleasant as it is to dwell on such a subject, it is yet true that the exhalations from the human lungs and skin, if retained and not diluted with a continuous supply of oxygen (the active agent in all disinfectants), are the most repulsive with which we can come in contact. We shun the approach of the dirty and the diseased; we hide from view matters which are offensive to sight and smell ; we carefully eschew impurities in our food and drink, and even refuse the glass that has been raised to the lips of a friend. But at the same time we resort to places of assembly and draw into our lungs air loaded with effluvia from the lungs and skin and clothing of every individual in the promiscuous crowd ; exhalations offensive to a certain extent from the most healthy indi- viduals, but, rising from a living mass of skin and lung in a state of disease and prevented by the walls and ceiling from escaping, injurious and repulsive in the highest degree.

Ventilation Essential — The great practical inference is, that the only means of preventing persons from poisoning them- selves and others is to insure their being constantly surrounded by fresh air; otherwise, low fevers may result, and such acute diseases as scarlatina, measles, small-pox, etc., may be excited in epidemic forms, often marked by malignant symptoms. The air of an apart- ment containing several human beings, if unchanged, not only becomes charged with carbonic-acid gas, but also, as before stated, impregnated with animal particles which fly off from the skin and lungs, so minute as scarcely to be detected by the microscope, which taken by the breath into the lungs may be absorbed and develop the worst forms of scrofula and consumption. But if these particles are given off from persons affected ,with or recovering from small-pox, scarlet fever, whooping-cough, typhus, etc., they will exert a still more injurious influence upon the health, and probably gen- erate again the diseases from which they emanated.

Ventilation of Schools — The sanitary arrangements of many schools are notoriously bad. The buildings used for such purposes are often unsuitable, and in space and windows very inad- equate. This applies often both to the school-rooms and the sleep- ing-rooms, which are over-crowded and badly ventilated, causing loss of appetite, headaches and general delicacy — effects often attributed to overwork, but in reality due to want of fresh air. Parents should always inspect the rooms and ascertain their size, the posi- tion of the windows and fireplaces and other facilities for ventila- tion, with the average number of occupants. A rough but sug- gestive test of the ventilation of a school-room may be secured by entering it after it has been occupied some two hours, and compar- ing the difference between the air of the room and that out of doors.

Badly Ventilated Churches, etc. — It is important to remember that an assembly in an ill-ventilated church, court of law, school-room, theatre, ball-room or evening party may include some

94 SUNLIGHT.

yet unsafe convalescents from the contagious diseases previously mentioned. The only security we can suggest is, as far as possible to avoid all places of public resort or private gatherings in which the most ample provision is not made for the admission of fresh air and for the uninterrupted escape of air spoiled by carbonic-acid gas or animal exhalations. In the section on small-pox it will be seen that in a recent epidemic the greatest success attended the treatment of patients absolutely in the open air in mild weather, and with the windows and doors constantly open, day and night, in the coldest months of the year. In the cure of general diseases, too, pure air exercises a very potent influence. Jackson, writing on the Peninsular war, states that more lives were destroyed by accum- ulating sick men in ill- ventilated apartments than in leaving them exposed to severe weather by the side of a hedge or common dyke ; showing the priceless value of fresh air.

SUNLIGHT.

The importance of sunlight for physical development and preservation is not duly appreciated. Women and children, as well as men, in order to be healthy and well-developed, should spend a portion of each day where the sun can reach them directly, this being particularly necessary when there is a tendency to scrof- ula. Just as sprouts of potatoes in a dark cellar seek the light and are colorless until they come under its influence, and as vegetation goes on but imperfectly in places where sunlight does not freely enter, so children and adults who live almost entirely in dark kitch- ens, dingy alleys and badly lighted workshops are pale-cheeked and feeble. And it should be said that houses are only fit to be occu- pied at night that have been purified by the sun during the day. It has been pointed out by Dr. Ellis that women and children in huts and log-cabins which contain only one or two rooms remain healthy and strong; but that after the settler has built a house and fur- nished it with blinds and curtains, the women and children become pale-faced, bloodless, nervous and sickly; the daughters begin to die from consumption and the wives from the same, or from some other diseases peculiar to women. At the same time the adult males who live chiefly out of doors continue healthy.

The value of sunlight for animal development may be illustrat- ed by such facts as the following: In decaying organic solutions, animalcules do not appear if light is excluded, but are readily or- ganized when it is admitted. The tadpole kept in the dark "does not pass on to development as a frog, but lives and dies a tadpole and is incapable of propagating his species. In the deep and nar- row valleys among the Alps, where tne direct rays of tne sun are but little felt, cretinism, or a state of idiocy, more or less complete, commonly accompanied by an enormous goiter, prevails and is often hereditary.

SUNLIGHT. 95

As a Protection from Disease — During the prevalence of certain epidemic diseases the inhabitants who occupy nouses on the side of the street upon which the sun shines directly are less subject to the disorder than those who live on the shaded side. In all cities visited by the cholera the greatest number of deaths come in narrow streets, and on the sides of those having a northern exposure, where the salutary beams of the sun are excluded.

Except in severe inflammatory diseases of the eyes or brain the very common practice of darkening the sick-room is a very impru- dent one. The restorative influence of daylight is thus excluded, and also the grateful and natural succession of light and darkness which favors sleep at the appropriate time and divests the period of sickness of the monotony and weariness of perpetual night.

Essential to Physical Development — Sunlight is im- portant in the development and preservation of the physical system. In confirmation of this statement we have only to refer to the fact that children who are kept in dark alleys, cellars, factories and mines are frequently aftiicted with rickets and various deformities and swelling of the bones, and especially with troubles of the spine. This occurs not only among the poor, who live in dark, damp places, but among the rich, who live in fine, dry, airy dwelllings, but keep their children a considerable portion of the time in-doors, secluded from the sun's light and deprived of exercise. As vegetables lose their healthy color and strength when deprived of sunlight, so with children: Their muscles become soft and delicate, the nervous system deranged, the digestive organs enfeebled, tae blood watery and pale, and the skin loses its healthy, ruddy complexion and has a pale, sickly hue. People who live in houses much shaded by trees are more subject to certain forms of disease than those whose dwellings are freely exposed to the sun. Shade -trees should be at a distance from the house, that they may afford a grateful retreat for the hot days, and never so near the house as to snade the buildings or the windows. A model situation, in respect to external ventila- ti^n and sunlight, is exemplified in the illustration on page 56.

Admit Sunlight to Rooms — When the ladies of this country take as deep an interest in their own healthful development and the well-being of their children, as they now do in the elegant gloom of their parlors, and will give free admittance to the life- giving light of the sun during the entire day, regardless of the fact that it may dim the bright colors of the carpets and hangings, thinking more of dissipating dampness, mould and the effluvia of human bodies — those fruitful causes of disease — than of preserving by darkness the seeming freshness of their furniture and apart- ments, we shall have fewer unhappy families, fewer mothers will wear their lives out in the servile care of puny and. sickly children, and fewer husbands will find their severest toil in the nursing cares of their home and be obliged to return to their business or labor in the morning more wearied than they left it the previous evening;

96 HINTS TO MOTHERS.

for some of the most fruitful causes of disease will thus have been removed. If any gentleman regards his wife and children as an in- cumbrance of which he would jnadly be rid, so the law did not hold him guilty of their " taking off," let him build for them a stately house in a fashionable locality and encourage them to follow the prevailing fashion of shrouding its apartments in unnatural gloom, and he will soon find himself a childless widower, consoled by the tender sympathies of his neighbors, instead of being punished as a murderer.

This matter of sunlight makes the chief reason, perhaps, why the wives and children of the poor are so much healthier, as a rule, than those of the rich. Living, as they are compelled to, in a hut or cabin, with but one or two rooms and without shutters and shades, the necessary daily sun-bath of their homes and persons im- parts to them — unconsciously to themselves and while they are per- haps complaining of the hard fortune which has denied to them the deadly luxuries of the rich — the very elixir of life and health.

it has been discovered by the authorities in St. Petersburg, by many actual and comparative experiments, that the proportion of patients cured in hospital rooms properly lighted, was four times as large as in dark rooms. This discovery led to a total change in the method of lighting the hospitals of all Russia, which had the most beneficial effects. And in all the Russian cities visited by the cholera the greater number of deaths occurred in narrow streets and in houses with a northern exposure. It may be added that similar things have been noticed by physicians in American cities, although not published in a formal way, and that the truth extends to any prevalent malignant disease. JPerhaps something might be learned as to hospital treatment here from the Russian practice.

HOW PARENTS MAKE CHILDREN DISOBEDIENT.

Training the Will — Many times one hears a mother coax and urge her baby to say words when somehow he has made up his mind he won't; and if he has not made up his mind, the coaxing causes him to do so. Ordinarily the baby says the one word of his vocabulary with readiness; but this time the company before whom he is being displayed makes him bashful or diffident, and he does not say it when first asked. Then is the time for the mother to stop. If she urge him in such a case, when he is not inclined to talk, it will only induce a habit of setting his will in opposition to hers; a habit that will "grow with his growth, and strengthen with his strength," and develop into obstinacy. Now, of course, she cannot reason with him, and there is no more moral wrong in his refusal than in his rejection of milk when he is not hungry. But all child- hood is seed-time. Much may be done almost from earliest infancy by inducing, unconsciously to the child, habits of obedience an<3

HINTS TO MOTHERS.

97

preventing their opposites, thus making the after-way far easier for Doth chila and mother. A contest with a child can generally be avoided, and ought to be. Temporal and external obedience may be obtained by it in some cases, though not always even that, but at what a fearful cost. It not only causes present suffering, but affection and confidence between child and parent are never the same after such a conflict, and "breaking the will," as it is called, instead of training it, is a dire mistake. There can be no self-governing force, no sta- bility of character, without a resolute, well-directed will. The young tree, you know, must be pruned — never broken. The colt must be trained by gentle firmness, not severity ; immortal souls and human hearts surely need no less care and watchfulness than inanimate things and the lower animals.

How Parents Instill Offensive Vanity in Children. — This ignoble vice parents often thoughtlessly develop in their children, to their irreparable injury. A writer from Saratoga thus discourses on this subject:

" It is disgusting to see nurslings with rings and bracelets, and so on upwards through all gradations of age. Their little embryo minds and hearts are already poisoned with coquetry and love of show. They have " beaux," receive calls and boquets, make appoint, ments, and rivalry and envy in their ugliest shape early take posses- sion of their souls. For years I have observed this disease all over the country, in all cities where I have seen society. Above all, it is painful to one's feelings at the hotels and watering places. When i see here, in the evenings in the parlors, rows of these little dolls and fops dressed, ribboned and jeweled, fanning themselves, monkey- like, in imitation of the elder part of society, I feel an almost irre- sistible itching in the fingers to pinch their mammas."

There is no influence ultimately more demoralizing to the men- tal and moral welfare of children than the pernicious encourage- ment of precocity in the most contemptible vices of their elders. Right-minded mothers will endeavor to see that their children are kept children as long as possible, and that every care is bestowed to watch over the tender blossoms, and preserve them from the heating, unwholesome influences of parties and motley company.

Why Men Curse their Mothers-in-law. A stupendous

imposition perpetrated by mothers is that of sending their daughters into the world as wives without having taught them the most neces- sary accomplishments of domestic life, such as how to make their own clothing, and how to cook and properly conduct household affairs. No one understands and appreciates or feels its blighting influences on his home so well as the deceived and defrauded husband, who desired a " help-mate," and believed that the object of his choice would realize his utmost wishes. ••

But now, alas, marriage has unveiled the deception. If the silent execrations and maledictions that have been heaped upon mothers-in-law for their dereliction of duty in this respect could bo

98 IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

thundered in their ears, it might arouse them to a sense of then duty, and perhaps induce some reform in their shortcomings, in the persons of their daughters.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL, EDUCATION.

A proper development of the physical system should be ensured during childhood and early youth, for otherwise the oppor- tunity is in a great measure lost forever, and a comparatively puny and delicate body and a life-time of suffering and disappointed hopes are almost inevitable. But if the intellect be neglected dur- ing the same time, while a healthy body is secured, the result is much less serious. An individual may not even know his letters at the age of sixteen or eighteen years, and yet with industry get a good practical education. The following important facts are lost sight of, or not known or attended to by many parents and educators, namely: If we strive prematurely to develop the intellect of a child by undue application, an unnatural flow of blood is directed to the brain to supply the great activity and consequent waste which are thus created in this organ; therefore, the rest of the body suffers, because an excessive amount of blood has been diverted from its legitimate uses. Nor is this all, for the premature develop- ment of a part of the system is necessarily but an imperfect development of even that part. For this reason we rarely hear of our precocious children in after life as distinguished men or women. It is a matter of no small surprise to many that such " smart chil- dren " do not attain a higher rank in after life.

Consequence of Neglect. — The secret lies in the fact before stated. No one disputes the very great importance of physi- cal education for the young; yet we have but to look around us at the puny, pale-faced, deformed children to see how fearfully this important part of education is neglected. And this is not only the case with young children ; the neglect extends to older ones ; to the students in many of our higher institutions of learning, in which many of the teachers are very censurable for permitting their studious pupils to work too much, and to have too many studies at the same time, to the neglect of physical culture. We are glad that in some few of our cities and towns men are becoming awakened to the importance of this matter. A change is greatly needed in our system of education, from the common school up, for in its present condition it is productive of much disease, insanity and physical deformity.

Students Principal Sufferers.— It is melancholy, indeed, in our institutions of learning to see so many puny -looking young men and women: hollow chests, round shoulders and bend- ing body are characteristics of our students, and premature old age and disease carry off but too many of our most gifted men and

IMPORTANCE OF PH13ICAL EDUCATION. 99

women. In some of our female institutions of learning as high as thirty-seven per cent, of those who had been attendants have died within two years after leaving school. Students as a general rule are inclined to become listless and indolent; therefore they should be required, as a matter of duty, to spend several hours dur- ing the middle of the day in regular, active, systematic exercise and physical training, with active amusements. A double advan- tage is thus derived; for being occupied a portion of the time dur- ing the day they will be compelled to spend their evenings at study, instead of in dissipation and folly. No doubt our present system of education is very imperfect, though the day of its radical amend- ment may be distant. The force of example and training seems all-powerful. Teachers are educated to teach, and cannot well help teaching as they are taught. The orthodoxy of education is of the most prescriptive sort. To differ, to innovate, to adapt instruction, either in kind or degree, to the capacity and mental bent of the pupil would be certainly a perilous experiment, even could a teacher be found sufficiently bold and original to design and attempt such a thing. No doubt he would be ostracised, both by the profession and the patron. We want our children educated in the good old way ; their minds stretched upon the rack which cracked the mental sinews of their fathers and mothers; their intellectual stature adapted to the proportions of the old Procrustean bed ; their educa- tion to result in mental uniformity. Of course we all see that this is silly; that it would be quite as reasonable to design and seek to compass for our children an equal measure of physical strength and weight ; that the higher mathematics, the dead languages and many of the arts now attempted to be taught in the public schools are totally impracticable — not to say useless — to the large majority of the pupils; but we goon in the same old fashion. Every child must be classed and graded and put through the same mechanical drill. It is quite certain that many are stultified and some ruined by the process. But that makes no difference, it is the fashion; it is the accepted theory of our age and country that all children should be educated, and educated in the same way. Of course both these propositions are outrages upon common sense. The vast majority must be "hewers of wood and drawers of water," laborers and common servants; and their partial or complete education, even were the latter practicable, which it is not, must defeat the ends of civilization, and more or less disorganize society. Such has been the effect hitherto; it is patent to the observation of all men; serv- ants and laborers are growing scarcer, and idlers, vagabonds, tramps, thieves and robbers being multiplied year by year. This is the natural and necessary effect of the system of popular education; the servant is made to feet himself as good as his master, and the laborer quite the social equal of his employer. What wonder that these scorn service and labor and prefer to live by their wits? Society is simply reaping in the present carnival of outrage and

100 GYMNASTIC EXERCISE. •

crime what it has sown. A little longer perseverance in the pre- vailing methods and it needs no inspired preacher to predict that the foundations of the popular deep will be broken up, and the loftiest social eminences covered by an angry and destroying flood.

GYMNASTIC EXERCISE.

There are many who do not appreciate the importance of such exercise, and its bearing on the development of the physical organi- zation. To judge of its favorable effects it is only necessary to observe some of the results of such exercise — the vigor imparted and the muscular development produced. Every city and village should be furnished witn a gymnasium; and all, both male and female, old and young, who have no other form of exercise, should regularly resort to it. Many good people imagine that there is no necessity for gymnastic exercises, because they are a novelty, a thing of to-day, and never heard of in the times of our stouc old fathers. Why, they think, should we forsake the customs of our ancestors in favor of this new-fangled theory of romps? Our children will do very well, if they are as strong and vigorous as their fathers and grandfathers; and they had none of these modern inventions to Help them to grow into men of might and mould. But these honest souls do not reflect that times have changed, and that the people have changed with them. We have no longer the same people, the same customs, or the same country. Then we had no large cities, and sedentary occupations were almost unknown. The men were farmers, herdsmen and hunters. The women toiled at the wheel, the loom, in active domestic service, and not infrequently a-field with the men. Together they lived, for the most part, in the open country or in small villages. A common necessity turned their daily life into gymnastic exercise. They ate sparingly and slept soundly. They had no money to spend for French cooks and little time to waste in devising luxuries for their table. Factories, spin- ning-jennies and power-looms were unknown; labor-saving machines were not; life meant labor, for both man and woman. They were healthy then, almost as a matter of course. Their diet was simple, their drink pure and unstimulaiing, and their habits natural and hardy. If " there were giants in those days," as no doubt there were, thev were hewed by the sharp chisel of circum- stance out of the hardest granite of our nature. If their hardness would shame the degenerate men and women of our day, there was and is ample reason for all the difference, without credit to them or shame to us. They were simply the creatures of their time, as we are the creatures of our time.

Degenerative Influences of Luxury.— Now, both men and women have wealth, luxury and leisure almost without stint. There are large employments in the counting-room and at the desk.

GYMNASTIC EXERCISE.

The hardest workers are brain-workers. Moreover the mechanic, and even the farmer, is comparatively without exercise ; he tends his machine or rides on his agricultural implement. The daily laborers, in the old, active sense of labor, are already in a minority, and that minority is growing smaller every day with the invention of new machinery and new applications of old machines. Our great cities shut up millions of people to lives of severest toil without any suitable or proper exercise. All the children of the wealthy, and many of those in moderate circumstances, are reared to do nothing useful, or to wait through life for the turning up of some lucky chance. The employments of the women consist of fancy-work, novel-reading and social dissipation. They have no health, no vigor, no stamina. They are utterly unfit to be wives and mothers. Late hours, luxurious living, bad air and want of exercise have made of them the mere effigies of women. Our young men, boys, and even some of our modern girls, who are distinguished or disgraced by the epithet " fast," are addicted to the use of tobacco and other poisonous stimulants. And against the encroachments of these insidious destroyers they can set up no defensive bulwarks of strong health and vigorous constitution. They, therefore, succumb ana fall easy victims, where otherwise they might long resist and even overcome the enemy.

The Duty of Public Authorities. — All this may be remedied, in large part at least, by the establishing of public and free gymnasiums in every city and village of our land, or at least their universal association with educational institutions. It is the obvious duty of the State to provide for the physical welfare and development of her citizens, and this is her true interest as well. To encourage her in this she has the good example of the best and strongest of the ancient states. The wisest governments of ancient and modern times have made this provision, for the plain reason that it was the great constituent and reservoir of their own strength. More than anything else it fosters virtue. There is something naturally antagonistic between vice and vigor. Idleness and luxury, on the other hand, are the natural parents of social evil; a whole brood of intemperate appetites and malignant passions are born of this couple.

No doubt the -public-school system of our later years shows a wonderful advance in the direction of paternal government. The world has never seen anything like it. It goes oefore all thought and all theory. It outstrips the most radical speculation. It springs up like the product of magic in the silence and night of thought, and while the world's mind is asleep. And, once in being, its growth is as marvelous as was its birth. Already it fills the towns and villages of the land; its commissioners are almost sover- eign legislators; it has become one of the great factors in political combinations; and it grows daily in practical and pecuniary impor- tance. Very soon the rural districts must demand their fair pro-

54

102 METHODS OF OBTAINING EXERCISE.

portion of modern educational privileges, and a few years hence we may see the palatial public school-house on every inhabited section of the country. What will come of all this we do not undertake to say. At all events the school system is a prodigy, at which the peo- ple of this country will do well to look long and carefully. We have only referred to it in passing, to demonstrate the propriety of that action of the government in establishing those institutions for physical culture and development, for which we plead. The argu- ment is plain to any mind. If the State can do so much for the mental training of the children of the country, which is not always certain to make them better citizens, it can surely do something for the training of the body, which will certainly ensure for the rising generation, robust physical vigor and a higher intellectual stature.

METHODS OF OBTAINING EXERCISE.

Exercise strengthens and invigorates every function of the body, and is essential to health and long life. No one in health should neglect to walk a moderate distance every day, and if possi- ble, in the country, where the pure and invigorating air can be freely inhaled. Walking is the healthiest as well as the most natural mode of exercise. Other things being equal, this will insure the proper action of every organ of the body. The walk for health should be diverisfied, and if possible include ascents and descents and varying scenery, and be alternated, when circumstances admit of it, with riding on horseback, active gardening or similar pursuits, and with gymnastics and games of various kinds. Calis- thenics prevent deformities as well as cure them; a gymnasium should be attached to every school, whether for boys or girls. Athletic sports and manly exercise should form a part of the educa- tion of youth, nor should they be neglected in after life, especially by persons of sedentary pursuits. Many aches and pains would rapidly vanish if the circulation were quickened by a judicious and regular use of the muscles. These modes of exercise, practiced moderately and regularly, and varied from day to day, are much more advantageous than the exciting, immoderate and irregular exertions which characterize the ball-room, the hunting-field, and even the cricket-ground or the rowing-match, which are sometimes pursued so violently as to be followed by severe and permanent injury to the constitution. In the case of very feeble and infirm persons, carriage-exercise, if such it may be called, and frictions, by means of bath-sheets and gloves, over the surface of the body and extremities, are the best substitutes for active exertion.

Time for Exercise — The proper periods for exercise are when the system is not depressed by fasting or fatigue, nor oppressed by the process of digestion. The robust may take exercise before breakfast; but delicate persons, who often become faint from exer-

METHODS OF OBTAINING EXERCISE. 103

cise at this time, and languid during the early part of the day, had better defer it till from one to three hours after breakfast. Exer- cise prevents disease by giving vigor and energy to the bodv and its various organs and members, and thus enables them to ward off or overcome the influence of the causes which tend to impair their integrity. It cures many diseases by equalizing the circulation and the distribution of nervous energy, thus invigorating and strength- ening weak organs, and removing local torpor and congestion.

Invalids should always be moderate in their exercise; take only short walks, avoid fatigue and not stand in the open air. The best time for them is in the forenoon, arranged so that they can rest for half an hour before dinner. They should never take exer- cise immediately before a meal or going to bed.

Exercise for Ladies and Others — As exercise is essential to the preservation of health and development, the proper method of taking it is an important subject of inquiry. Very little, and in many instances no provision whatever has been made in our cities and towns in the way of proper play -grounds for children or adults, and therefore it becomes necessary to seek private methods of get- ting exercise. As people are deprived of an opportunity for athletic sports and games, a competent teacher of physical exercise has become almost a necessity ; even more essential than is a teacher for some of the branches taught in our schools. There are many who are not aware of the different motions which the human body is capable of making, and require making to prevent diseases and deformity; hence the importance of such teachers. Nor is the necessity for such teachers confined to cities and villages, for the female portion of the population of our rural districts have, in a

freat degree, neglected out-door amusements and exercise until isease and deformity have become the prevalent result.

Outdoor Exercise for Girls — Ordinarily it is not fash- ionable for girls and ladies to engage in active, out-door sports, such as running, playing ball, rambling over fields, etc.; and if young girls do take part in them they are cruelly called romps and tomboys — as terms of reproach — as though girls have not as good a right to exercise, air, light, amusements, symmetry of form and conse- quent health and beauty, as boys. In the eyes of some it is nol proper for young ladies to engage in any of the out-door employ- ments whicn give vigor and health to young men. There are but few who would wish to see them engage in the hardest manual labor, side by side with men, but we should like to see every farm provided with a large garden and orchard, and to see ladies spend more of their time cultivating berries, fruits, flowers and vegetables in the open air, and less in useless fancy sewing. They would thus make their homes paradises, where wealth, beauty and hap- piness would abound, instead of places of discontent, deformity and disease. Let such a change be wrought and it would cause the young men of our country to seek happiness in the quiet and peace

104 SLEEP A8 A FACTOR IN HEALTH.

of the domestic circle, surrounded by loving wives and happy chil. dren, instead of living bachelors, repelled by the fear of being yoked to extravagant, lazy, sickly wives, and by visions of starving, sickly and dying children.

The Exercise that Produces Health — But the exercise which is taken to cure headache and its kindred evils may sometimes cause that very thing. This happens when the exercise is not taken regularly and a single opportunity is made too much of, and the person unaccustomed to it practices it too long or too vigorously. The fact is that out-door exercise gives the keenest physical enjoy- ment, and if, for instance, a young girl who has been closely shut up in the house has a chance to take exercise in a pleasant way she is very likely to go too far, and the troubles which follow the over- exertion often cause the too careful mother to conclude that her delicate child is not fit to be out doors at all, when in fact being out regularly in good weather is the thing above all others she most needs.

SLEEP AS A FACTOR IN HEALTH.

Very few people understand and still fewer appreciate the im- portance of sound, regular, timely and refreshing sleep. Tissue- waste, the consumption of the entire physical structure, from brain to cuticle, goes on during all our waking hours. Sleep is the time and the only time in which those reparative processes which may overcome all this waste can take place. To lose sleep is, therefore, to lose vital stamina, strength, health, and finally life itself. Hun- ger and thirst are thought to be the most painful modes of death ; but the ingenuity of despotism has, we are given to understand, within a few years past, discovered one still more torturing — and that is death by the loss of sleep. The helpless wretch is put under the charge of cruel keepers, who never allow him, from the date of his sentence, to close his eyes in slumber. He rages, threatens, begs for death in any form — longs for impalement or any active and violent form of torture — raves, blasphemes, and so at last dies in agonies unspeakable.

Sleep a Force-Giver — Sleep is, not only the tissue-builder, but the force-giver. Our strength and alacrity for daily tasks, whether of the mind or body, depend upon the quality and amount of our daily sleep; and the amount and quality of the sleep required depend not only upon the severity of those tasks, but upon the perfection of the organism with which we pursue them. The higher the capacity, the more and better is the sleep required. Small and inactive brains, like small and inactive bodies, may per- form their functions with much less rest than large and active ones. The sleep required for health is in proportion to the physical and mental strength of the individual. An erroneous notion prevails

SLEEP AS A FACTOR IN HEALTH. 105

that sleeplessness is an evidence of mind. It is simply an evi- dence of the want of mind, since those who have much mind must have a correspondingly large amount of sleep.

Regularity Essential — Now, it is essential to good and refreshing sleep that it be sound. A light and broken slumber, disturbed by vivid dreams in which the emotional and intellectual powers are generally abnormally active, does not answer the restor- ing purposes of nature; it neither builds nor strengthens the sys- tem; hence, refreshing sleep is necessarily sound. Again, it is a condition of sound sleep that it be regular — that is, that it should occupy pretty much the same hours in every day. Alternate sleep- ing and waking, during the same hours of successive days, has the effect, often if not commonly, of rendering sleep difficult, uneasy and insecure. On the whole, if late hours must often be kept, it is perhaps better that the hour of retiring should be uniformly late than occasionally and frequently late; though even this preferable method defeats the evident design of nature, as shown by the declining health of those who from some peculiar necessity of their occupation, habitually turn night into day and day into night. A few years of useless and hurtful fighting against a great law and they are worn out, and must yield and go back to natural habits or die. Thus we see that these four named conditions of good sleep are vitally connected; that sleep, to be refreshing, must oe sound; that to be sound, it must be regular; and that to ue regular it must be timely, or taken at those hours indicated by the order of nature and a once universal custom.

Injurious Effects of Fashionable Hours — In this re- spect of seasonable rest Nature has given way to Fashion. Fash- ionable society means late hours, and all who aspire to enter that charmed circle must conform to this requirement. The modern fine lady must not only have time for her elaborate toilet before making her appearance at any place of evening entertainment, but she must also postpone her arrival to such an nour that, the place being filled, she can attract the greatest number of admiring regards to the splendid elegance of her costume. So theatres, concerts, lectures and sermons must alike wait for her coming, since she it is who gives character and tone to all these assemblies. People who labor and who ought therefore to be in bed by nine or ten o'clock, p. M., must conform to this rule or forego all fashionable amuse- ments, and therefore it is that they are urged by all the well dis- posed to forego these amusements. It is not that the entertain- ments are wrong in themselves, but they sin against the health and happiness of all workers, whether with brain or muscle, by trench- ing more and more deeply as time goes on upon the hours which Nature has consecrated to repose. If workingmen and women must have amusement — and we concede that they must and should — let them devise it for themselves, within seasonable and proper hours. A persistently and repeatedly broken sleep very soon pro-

106 CLOTHING, ITS USES AND ABUSES.

duces mental derangement; and the directors of asylums for the insane have found, oy experience, that regular and early hours are essential to the improvement of their patients; and they require all their balls and parties to close punctually at ten o'clock, p. M. In this respect the insanity of fashion might well (be placed under a like wise and judicious direction.

One hour of sleep in the early night is worth two at its end or in the day, for all the purposes of health and strength. If our ladies understood, what is undoubtedly the fact, that all their " beauty sleep " must be gained before twelve p. M., there would prob- ably be fewer devotees of fashion among them. The faded, wan and prematurely old women of society owe the earlier wreck of their once splendid charms more largely to irregular and untimely hours than perhaps to all other causes combined.

CLOTHING, ITS USES AND ABUSES.

The adoption of artificial clothing by man, serves three pu». poses — the regulation of the temperature of the body ; protection from friction, insects and dirt; and ornament. In this climate clothing is chiefly employed for warmth, which purpose it secures by moderating or restraining the escape of heat from the body. Articles of clothing have no power in themselves of generating heat, and are designated as warm or cool just in proportion as they restrain or favor the escape of heat. Thus, a lady's muff and a marble floor are ordinarily of the same temperature; but the sensa- tion produced by each is widely different, because the animal heat is retained by the muff, and rapidly carried off by the marble. Hence, for clothing we select those substances which least conduct heat, such as the wool of sheep and the silk produced by silkworms, which are superior, as non-conductors, to cotton or linen. In this country we have recourse chiefly to the former in winter, and to the latter in summer, cotton and linen garments being coolest; linen cooler than cotton.

In-door Clothing — There are several practical errors on the subject of clothing, committed perhaps by a majority of persons, to which we may brieflv direct attention. " The, first and most obvi- ous of these, says tne celebrated Dr. Blaikie, " is wearing too much clothing in-doors or in bed, thereby both exhausting the natural powers of the skin, and exposing its action to a sudden check on going out into the cold air. This forms one of the principal objec- tions to the almost universal use of flannel, worn next the skin, and kept on even during the night, as is the practice with many per- jons. The skin is thus unnaturally excited, and in course oJ time loses its natural action ; or, on the other hand, becomes so sensitive 48 to have its action checked on the slightest exposure." " 1 never ise anything else," the same physician informs us, " than a light

AN ORDINARY BED.

DISEASE GENERATOR.

Bed comforts, health and life destroyers and infant tor- turers. Should be burned or banished from every house. See pages 108, 160.

Thousands of children killed or made sickly by unsuitable beds and bedding every year.

It is a rare thing to find a mother who knows how to properly prepare her child for night or knows the kind of clothing which should be placed on children's beds. But their names are legion, who are so self-opinionated that they think they know and refuse information.

107

108 CLOTHING, ITS USES AND ABUSES.

cotton shirt to sleep in, and strongly object to the common practice of sleeping in flannel."

Wearing Flannel next the Skin — The prevalence of this objectionable Habit suggests the necessity of a word of caution. It is well known that, even in otherwise normal conditions, the skin of some persons is highly irritable and most unpleasantly excited by contact with flannel, and that when this exalted sensibil- ity exists, the use of flannel next to the skin may develop decidea physical alteration. It does this mechanically by retaining the local heat and intensifying reaction. Cases of skin-disease often come before us in which pruritus is thus aggravated and the affec- tion prolonged, especially when combined with neglect of proper washings. In congested conditions of the skin, or in diseased states of the nerves of the skin, flannel is inadmissible; or if neces- sary to guard against vicissitudes of the weather, it may be worn outside a linen garment, as before suggested. The diseases in \\hich this advice is especially applicable are, according to Dr. Tilbury Fox, certain skin-diseases, certain syphilitic eruptions, in their early stages, itch and prurigo. " A remembrance of this little practical fact," says the above author, " will sometimes give us the greatest cause to be thankful that we attended to it, trifling though it be." Flannel, however, is of great value in our variable climate and may be generally worn through the whole year as a great protection to health and life. Even in summer weather flan- nel should not be cast aside, but a thin, light garment of that material substituted for a heavy one.

Bed-clothes, Heavy Comforts, are Disease Pro- ducers, and should be cast into the flames. Light quilts or blank- ets, and more in number, should take their places, Heavy ones throw you into a perspiration, and then you kick them off; this gives you a chill and you are compelled to take them back again: and so you go on, alternately roasting and freezing and constantly cursing, through the whole blessed night. Those heavv 'comfort- ers,' as the country people call them, should be banished! or burned as abominations. The diseases, colds and profanity they have occasioned are incalculable. They are not quite unendurable on an extremely cold winter's night, 'if one could be quite sure they would be found on his bed in no milder weather." — Dr. Camv- bell.

Color of Clothing. — The color of clothing is not unimpor- tant, light being preferable for the following and other reasons: 1. White reflects the rays of heat which the black absorbs; at the same time it impedes the transmission of heat from the body. Light-colored clothes are therefore best both for winter and sum- mer, retaining the heat in the former season and keeping it off in the latter. 2. Particles which emanate from diseased bodies as in miasmatic districts, and unhealthy accumulations, are much more readily absorbed by dark than by light clothing. Therefore those

CLOTHING, ITS USES AND ABUSES. 109

who are exposed to contagions influences in the sick room, or in unhealthy neighborhoods, should wear light clothing. Dark clothes favor the transmission of contagious diseases from house to house much more readily than light. Dark clothing imbibes odor- ous particles most readily, as the effluvia of the dissecting-room or the smell of tobacco; and even the peculiar odor of city smoke is at once detected in black clothing by country people.

Frequent Changing and Cleansing: of clothing is another point deserving attention. The practice of adopting dark- colored instead of light-colored garments has frequently its origin in economy, dark clothes tolerating an amount of dirt inadmissible in light. It should be recollected, however, that dark garments contract dirt after being worn a little time as much as light, and if not changed and cleansed may favor the production or spread of disease. Thick, heavy clothing, the tissues of which are close and firm, is inconvenient. The textures of materials for clothing should be loose and porous, and contain air in their interstices — air being a bad conductor of heat. The advantage of having num- erous light instead of fewer heavy coverings to the skin are these : The stratum of air interposed between each layer of covering being a non-conductor, they are relatively much warmer than a much greater thickness in fewer pieces; secondly, they can be more easily laid aside to suit changing temperature ; thirdly, being lighter, they are less apt to overheat the wearer, and thus lessen the chance of consequent chill.

In China, one of the most changeable climates in the world, the variation in one day being frequently 35 or 40 degrees, this is the mode adopted by the natives to protect themselves : a working-man will often appear in the morning with fifteen or twenty light jackets on, one over the other, which he gradually strips on as the day gets warm, resuming them again towards night.

General Advice. — Other points may be briefly referred to. Summer-clothes should not be put on too soon, or winter ones too late. Thin-soled or high-heeled boots and shoes are destructive to health. High-heeled boots or shoes tend to change the long axis of the body, directing the trunk backwards, and this altering the inclination of the pelvis is likely to influence unfavorably the pro- cess of gestation. Other injuries that have resulted are, trouble- some corns, inflammation of the ligaments of the ankle joints and of their sheaths, and even dislocation of this joint. Only the anat- omist knows the frightful misplacement of the internal organs of the body that is caused by the suicidal habit of tight lacing. It gives rise, more or less, to that depression of spirits so common to young ladies; and worse still, occasionally originates or aggravates organic disease of the most serious description. The muscles of the body were intended to sustain it erect; but when stays are applied they soon become indispensable, by superseding the action of the muscles; and, in accordance with a well-known law of the

THE GREATEST DESTROYER

OF

HEALTH, LIFE AND BEAUTY IN THE CIVILIZED WORLD.

WAIST BELT.

This and its kindred waist compressor are the most destructive in- ventions to human health on the Face of the Globe. King alcohol claims his victims by the hundred thousand; but these by the millions. Abominations: Dr. Ellis, in his Book on Health, says: " The majority of our women are partial invalids, and most of our misses are miserably ' peaked or puny,' because they or their mothers before them wore those abominations, and that many of them are unfit, and should not be allowed to become, mothers of families." He further adds: " The strong arm of the law, should, by all means, be evoked to stay this deterioration and destruction of the human race."

The very least compression, almost, on the waist is a great foe to the human system and to health. The consequence is, no father should ever allow a Waist Belt to enter the portals of his home.

Deaf to Reason: It is often said that it is useless to protest, preach or proclaim against this evil. It is true that the ignorant and giddy are deaf to reason or advice, but not always so with the more thoughtful. Read carefully the article found on page 113.

FRANCES WILLAKD,

READ MISS FRANCE!? WILLARD'S PETITION,

The following is one of the truest statements ever made by this noble woman :

" Parents, I pray you plead with your daughters ; husbands, beseech your wives ; young men, beg your sweethearts to stay the destructive effects of these fell destroyers of the human race

—THE WAIST BELT AND CHEST COMPRESSORS. LadlOS, old and

young, I beseech you to consign these colossal enemies to th« flames if you prize BEAUTY, HEALTH OR LIFE. We are nearly all slaves of fashion and inherited sufferers from these, our worst enemies, it is difficult to find u woman who wears her clothing as she should. Read page J.J.3 und you will act as Miss Willard suggests. 112

DISEASES PRODUCED BY TIGHT CLOTHING. H3

muscular system, when they cease to be used they cease to grow, and become insufficient for the discharge of their natural functions. Clothing of Children. — Finally, it may be stated that the clothing of children, whose feeble frames are less able to resist cold than those of adults, is generally insufficient. When a baby is divested of its long clothes, it is in danger of being insufficiently clad, the danger increasing when it can run alone and is more exposed to atmospheric influences. It can not be too strongly impressed upon those who have the charge of children, that the practice of leaving those parts exposed, which when grown up we find it necessary to clothe warmly, especially the lower limbs and abdomen, is a frequent cause of retarded growth, consumption of the bowels, of the lungs, etc. Insufficient warmth of the body, whether in children or adults, renders the person more susceptible to disease.

DISEASES PRODUCED BY TIGHT CLOTHING.

Medical authorities agree on the following as being a list of the principal diseases that are caused by tight dressing: Apoplexy, headache, consumption, giddiness, jaundice, womb diseases, cancer of the breast, asthma, spitting of blood, palpitation of the heart, water on the chest, cough, abcesses in the lungs, eruptions, diseases of the kidneys, also of the liver in some of its manifold complica- tions, bad digestion and loss of appetite. And to these consequences should be added that of bearing generally unhealthy and deformed children, a large proportion of which soon find a premature grave, while others swell the list of the inmates of asylums and almshouses, thus carrying into the next generation the ill-starred fruit of a sin- ful indiscretion.

The only plea in defense of the course that has produced this vast array of disease, misery ana death is the effort to enhance beauty. Will human beings ever learn that they cannot thwart nature; that, if they trespass on her rights in one respect, they are sooner or later destined to pay the penalty ; and that naturally attired persons are those who more readily acquire and maintain true beauty ? Every article of clothing worn by man, woman or child should be sus- pended from the shoulders. Not one article should be worn tighter than if it were naturally laid or placed around thfe body, without a particle of effort to stretch or draw it, and every article of clothing which cannot thus be worn had better be " cast into the flames." Many ladies maintain that they wear their clothing loosely. They may imagine that such is the case. Yet at the same time it is sel- dom that one can be found who is not sadly mistaken on this point, and who does not really wear her clothing unnaturally tight, while much of it is suspended in that most pernicious way —from the hips.

114 DISEASES PRODUCED UY TIGHT CLOTHING.

The Sin of Tight Lacing — There are some devotees of fashion who have conceived the idea that the beau ideal of beauty consists in the chest being compressed into a wasp-like waist, or an hour-glass shape. But it is gratifying to know that these giddy persons have but few admirers, except the dandy and the fop, who nave but little to pride themselves on, except their fine linen and delicate hands. It can be justly said, that there are many evils in our midst of infinitely less magnitude which are suppressed by law, and that this custom ranks prominently in its destructive influence with those other arch-enemies of human health, whisky, tobacco and impure air.

It is claimed by many that this injurious practice has done more within the last hundred years than war, pestilence and famine, toward the physical deterioration and destruction of our race. In the case of me unfortunate victims of tight dressing, many of the sins of the mother are visited upon her helpless offspring, who in turn propagate disease and deformity until impotence or idiocy ensues and the family is extinct.

It is not, perhaps, too much to say that the instances in which ladies, in this country, do not dress too tightly, are the rarest of all exceptions to an almost universal rule; so rare, indeed, that few can be found at any age; and it is doubtful if ten per cent, of ladies, American-born, can be found in any city of the United States, who are not now distorting their natural proportions, undermining their health and laying the firm foundations of future disease and misery, not only for themselves but also for their children, by wearing tight clothing.

In fact, almost any lady may be made to convict herself of this sin, and actually does so, in almost every conversation which she holds upon this subject. If accused of wearing tight dresses, she will indignantly deny it. If asked if the dress she has on is comfortable, she will answer in the affirmative. Now, if we further inquire whether she feels better in it than in a loose dress, she will at once impulsively reply, " Oh, yes; for, in a loose dress, I feel the want of a support." She is simply like the rum-drinker without his accus- tomed dram ; that is, she has dressed tightly for so long a time that she has paralyzed the muscles of her body, and they no longer per- form their natural office of supporting, so that she has to substitute cotton, linen and whalebone in their stead, if the practice of excessive tight lacing be continued, deformity and disease niust, as a matter of course, soon result. The only remedy is, at once and for- ever, to abandon the stays and hip-suspended skirts, and suffer the discomfort entailed in becoming accustomed to the change, until the muscles, by exercise, shall regain their natural activity and resume their proper functions. Any woman who will not do this must not have too high hopes of health, beauty and long life for herself, and of^ strong, healthy and well developed children.

Deformity is not merely occasional, but the inevitable result

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS. 115

of extremely tight dressing. No woman can persevere in the prac- tice and escape it, as a surgical examination, were they disposed to submit to it, would immediately show. When tight dresses have been applied to girls before the bones have attained solidity — a com- mon practice with too many young girls — a lateral or "sideways " curvature of the spine is the speedy and inevitable result. And nothing is done to counteract this evil, no robust exercise, no health- giving work. Six hours a day in the school-room, two hours more for home study, and as much as they please for novel reading, thrumming the piano, embroidery, etc., make up the day of our young girls, from ten to sixteen years of age. Their parents do not require them to assist in domestic employments, because work is vulgar and unfashionable, and would soil the delicate whiteness and harden the soft texture of their pink and lily hands.

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS.

Alcoholic Liquor as a Cause of Disease — Those who die from the direct effect of intoxicating liquors — that is, of delirium tremens or drunkenness — comprise but a small portion of those who go down to their graves from this cause, for it is a fact well known to the medical profession that those who use stimulating liquors are far more liable to be attacked with any prevailing disease, and the fatality is also much greater in such cases, than with those of temperate habits. As a general rule, throughout the world, the first victims of cholera are drawn from those who use stimulants. The same is true in cases of sunstroke, chronic inflammation of the stomach, headache, diseases of the liver, jaundice, dropsy, impotency, gout, colic, peevish irritability, febrile diseases, epilepsy, apoplexy, loss of memory and mania. These are some of the diseases that afflict the rum-drinker, and the habit is one of the most prolific causes known of lunacy. In England, Lord Shaftesbury, chairman of the commission on lunacy, stated in a parliamentary report that six out of every ten of the lunatics in their asylums are made so by the use of alcohol.

Adulterated Liquors in this country count their victims by the thousand. Wines, said to be the least injurious of the stimu- lants, contain the adulterants in a very great degree. Many of them contain but little of the juice of the grape and some of them none at all. They are manufactured from dye-stuff, drugs and alcohol, with that most dangerous article, lead, added, to render them clear and prevent their becoming sour. Hence their use in any quantity can only be injurious to health and destructive to life.

Alcoholic Liquors not Essential in Medicine — Dr. John Ellis, of New York, says: "1 can say that, after devoting over eighteen years to the study and practice of medicine, I have never seen eighteen cases in which the use of alcoholic drinks have

O

]16 ALCOHOLIC LIQUOKS.

done my patients good. I have never seen a patient recover under their use, that I had not good reason to think would have recovered without them. I have frequently been called to see feeble persons, especially females, who had been taking winv, beer, brandy and the like for years, to strengthen them, and still they remained weak; and 1 have found that such patients improved when they were required to live on a proper diet and discontinue their stiinulants. So far from being strengthened they had actually been debilitated by their use."

The celebrated Dr. Edmunds, of London, makes the following statement in his writings: "The cases in which I use alcohol in my practice I confess become less and less frequent every day. And I should feel that I lost very little were 1 deprived of it altogether." It is probable that there are conditions or states, in some few diseases, where stimulants of this character may do some good ; but the great difficulty is to know exactly when this condition or state occurs, and there is usually more or less disagreement on this point among physicians. And when they do not effect good, they usually aggravate the disease and result in harm, for all undue excitement is necessarily followed by corresponding depression, and thus thousands are sent to a speedy grave in consequence of it. How can it be otherwise? Can a man who is prostrated to the very lowest ebb of life stand a course of stimulation whose reaction, all experience shows, will prostrate a well man ? Take for example a most critical case, in which the patient is for days in a state where he can barely live without stimulants, and now let him be given these, and an unnatural state of excitement will follow, or a degree of activity above that which the exhausted organism is capable of sustaining; as a necessary consequence, corresponding depression must follow, -and if the patient was barely at the living point before the prostration, which is sure to follow, he must now sink below that point. It may be asked, can not this state of excitement be kept up by the use of stimulants for days, until the patient recovers ? If space would admit, we might logically show that this can rarely, if ever be done.

Alcoholic Liquors afford Neither Muscular Strength nor Nutriment — It is a law of the animal economy that any substance or food must, when taken into the body, be changed or decomposed into its elements before it can yield to the body those forces which produce muscular strength. Now the fact is, that when alcohol is taken into the body it leaves it again as alcohol undecomposed, there being no change wrought upon it. It therefore cannot have given up those elements that are needed in order to supply nutriment and muscular force. As an evidence that alcohol thus leaves the system undecomposed and without any change, you have but to give an individual a few tablespoonfuls and you can shortly afterwards smell its vapor as it is emitted from the pores of the skin. You can, as easily and definitely, reproduce and

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS. 117

demonstrate the presence of alcohol by the exhalations from the skin and lungs, as you can the presence of arsenic in the body of a person who has been poisoned by it. Food is that which is decom- posed in the body and supplies it with the forces which the body afterwards gives out. If your horse is tired by its journey, you can give him a feed of corn and time to digest it, and he goes into har- ness again as vigorous as ever and ready for the next stage. What is it that has taken him along through the second stage? It is the corn which has served as food to the animal, and has become de- composed in its tissues, just as the coal would be put into a loco- motive furnace when the fire was going down. Now, suppose, instead of giving a horse a measure of corn, you give him a liberal allowance of whip, which is a stimulant ? The horse goes on and works until more compbtely exhausted; and just so with a man. It should be recollected that food puts strength into a man by giving substance to supply waste; but alcoholic stimulants abstract strength from a man; they excite but to exhaust. Then recollect that when you employ stimulant, you are using that which will exhaust the last particle of strength with which your body otherwise would not part. That is what we always do when we work on stimulants ; it is obviously unnatural, and therefore injurious. The foregoing statement being true — that alcoholic liquors furnish neither nutri- ment nor muscular strength — it must logically follow that their use is unnatural and injurious.

Alcohol an Enemy to Prosperity — To illustrate the beneficial effects that flow from curtailment of the use of alcoholic liquors, we give the following facts which were submitted by the clerk of the circuit court of Edwards County, in the State of Illinois, some time since:

" There has not been a licensed saloon in this county for over twenty -five years. During that time our jail has not averaged an occupant. This county never sent but one person to the peniten- tiary, and that man was sent up for killing his wife, while drunk on whisky obtained from a licensed saloon in an adjoining county.

" We have but very few paupers in our poor house, sometimes only three or four. Our taxes are thirty-two per cent, lower than they are in adjoining counties, where saloons are licensed. Our people are prosperous, peaceable and sober, there being very little drinking, except near Grayville, a licensed town of White County, near our border. The different terms of our circuit court occupy three or four days each year, and then the dockets are cleared."

Treatment of the Alcohol Habit— Dr. W. F. Waugh, of Philadelphia, has devoted considerable time to the study of the al- cohol habit. In seeking the causes for the return of the drunkard to his habits of intoxication, he has noted the following :

"1. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING DISEASE which had led to drink. It is a misfortune to a neuralgic when the relief afforded by alcohol is

U8 ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS.

manifested to him. Dyspeps-la has caused many a man to become a drunkard.

"2. OVERWORK; especially when accompanied by ill-health. When a man begins to resort to alcohol to enable him to perform tasks which are above his unaided strength, he is calling the Saxons into Britain; he is invoking the aid of an ally who will certainly one day turn upon him with deadly effect. The most hopeless cases received in our asylums are those which come under this head.

"3. CATARRH OF THE STOMACH is responsible for many cases. This is due to the direct effect of alcohol upon the gastric mucous membrane. It is the source of the "next-morning headache," the thirst, and loathing of food in one who is just getting over a de- bauch. The temporary relief afforded by alcohol in these cases induces many to continue their potations who would otherwise have stopped.

"4. CATARRH OF THE MOUTH : — Although the gastric catarrh has been generally mentioned by writers, it is singular that none of them have called our attention to catarrh of the mouth. Observa- tion shows that after a night's drinking there is great dryness of the mouth, the secretions of the mouth and salivary glands being suspended. I am convinced that in many cases the desire for drink has no deeper origin than the mouth.

"5. DEPRESSION: — The depression due to the withdrawal of the accustomed stimulus is, however, in nearly all cases, a powerful incentive to a relapse into habits of tippling.

"TREATMENT. — The treatment of these varieties must necessar- ily greatly vary. In the first and second classes the recognition of the cause affords the indication for treatment.

" In the third class, namely, that dependent on gastric catarrh, the following treatment has proved most beneficial in my hands: One hour before meals give a teacup of hot water in which has been dissolved ten grains of bicarbonate soda. This dissolves and carries off the tough adhesive mucus which coats the mucous membrane of the stomach, and which besides hindering digestion, acts also as a ferment. Half an hour later, drop upon the cleansed surface of the gastric mucous membrane, a small dose of subnitrate or sub- carbonate of bismuth, oxide of zinc or oxide of silver. In a few- days the catarrhal symptoms will subside. If the digestive fluids be not secreted in a healthy manner, minute doses of rhubarb and ipecac will restore the normal functions much more certainly than pepsin of any sort.''

"In the fourth and fifth classes I desire to recommend the ad- ministration of Erythroxylon Coca. It is useless in the treatment of delirium tremens, but to relieve the depression resulting from the deprival of stimulants it has remarkable powers. Its effects in relieving one from the sense of fatigue are too well known to re- quire more than a passing notice. 1 have frequently returned to

TOBACCO. H9

ray home after a hard day's work only to find that a still harder night awaited me in the shape of a tedious labor case. A dose of coca, however, removed the fatigue and left me as fresh as when starting out in the morning after a sound night's sleep."

Dr. Waugh proceeds to give instances of the alcohol habit, cured by the use of the Erythroxylon Coca. To overcome the ob- stacle that men did not like to be seen taking medicine, he has put up the coca in masticatory plugs like tobacco, and called coca-bola. This has also had the additional effect of curing the tobacco chewing habit.

TOBACCO.

Tobacco a Poison — No one will question the fact that tobacco is a poison, who has observed the deadly sickness it usually produces when chewed or smoked by those not habituated to its use. There are but few substances in nature that are capable of destroying life so suddenly as tobacco. From one to two drops of the oil have frequently been administered to dogs and cats, and invariably in a few minutes life became extinct. Dr. Franklin applied the oily material which floats on the surface of water when a current of tobacco smoke is passed into it, to the tongue of a cat, and found it to destroy life in a few minutes.

Tobacco a Cause of Disease — Tobacco is a frequent cause of disease of the digestive organs, lungs, nervous system, head, eyes and brain. It causes heartburn, nausea and frequent belchings; pains and diseases of the liver; pains in the bowels, with disposition to diarrhea or costiveness. It causes, too, difficulty of breathing, oppression of the chest, pains in the chest, with inability to take in a long breath, and violent palpitation of the heart, as well as pain and stiffness of the back. Tobacco also produces a tendency to paralysis, causes drowsiness, unnatural sleep, nightmare, trouble- some, anxious and frightful dreams, and a great number arid variety of affections which we have not space to mention. In fact we have noticed but a small proportion of the diseases which are asserted by some of our best medical writers to spring from the use of tobacco. Of course it affects different persons in different ways, searching 6ut and seizing upon those parts of the body which are least able to resist its destructive force.

Yet there is seldom any one who habitually uses tobacco but will find himself troubled, more or less-, by the symptoms of the above named diseases as soon as he stoj^ its use; but while using it freely it will palliate or allay, as do aft poisons, the symptoms its use has caused. Not infrequently on rising in the morning, after having abstained from its use during the night, he will get a slight glimpse of his waning vital energies; but his view will soon again be obscured when he partakes of the alluring leaf.

10 1 1 TOBACCO.

Medical Testimony — The senior physician to the Metro- politan Free Hospital, in London, writes as follows: u I can testify, from long observation, that the chronic use of tobacco in any form is a very prevalent cause of debility and manifold diseases. Take, first of all, the sense of sight : one of the most celebrated London ophthalmic surgeons tells me that he is constantly consulted by young gentlemen for weakness of vision, caused by smoking; and I myself nave in many cases seen the prolonged use of tobacco, espec- ially when it is chewed, cause the total loss of sight. Then take the circulatory system, and we find smokers subject to palpitation of the heart and far less able to bear up against the extremes of heat and cold than they were before making use of tobacco. The use of tobacco is apt to cause a relaxation of the muscles of the back of the mouth and dusky discoloration of the fauces, with hoarseness from congestion of the vocal cords. The overwhelming majority of cases of cancer of the lip are found in men who smoke, and can- cer of the tongue has often been said to be caused by the irritation of the fumes of the pipe or cigar. Great smokers lose, to some extent, their vivacity; ^. 0., they are less vital than they used to be, and less easily moved by a slight 'stimulus' which might be pleasurable to non-smokers. They are notoriously dyspeptic. I need hardly refer, indeed, to such a well known fact. They are subject to constipation and ' malaise;' and when deprived of their stimulus are more miserable, perhaps, than even drinkers. I must take the liberty to protest against a custom which has been inveighed against by Brodie, Copland, Critchett, Guerrin, Mante- gazza, Cacopardo, and numerous heads of my profession in all countries."

Mental Effects — Mr. Solly, an eminent writer on the brain, said once in a clinical lecture on that frightful and formidable malady, softening of the brain, " I would caution you as students against the use of tobacco, and I would advise you to disabuse your patients' minds of the idea that it is harmless. I have had a long experience in brain-diseases, and I am satisfied now that smoking is a most noxious habit. I know of no other cause or agent which tends so much to bring on functional disease, and through this in the end, to lead to organic diseases of the brain, as the excessive use of tobacco."

The influence of tobacco on the human system is quite as much to be dreaded as the use of alcoholic drinks. Drunkards invariably are tobacco-users. Not one young man in a hundred would ever think of using intoxicating liquors did he not first learn to use tobacco in some form. Daughters of drunken fathers do not inherit a hankering after spirituous liquors; neither would the sons, did they but abstain from the use of tobacco. And yet ministers of the gospel and many of the deacons of our churches, good men, so- called, who preach temperance and cleanliness to the youths of the lanO unceasingly, keep their mouths filled with the vile stuff or

TOBACCO. 121

make smoke-houses of their heads, as if the end and aim of life with them was to pickle their tongues in smoke; and their whole bodies are so saturated and polluted with the vile stuff that their neighbors' nostrils announce their coming afar off. Is it to be wondered at that so many of our young men, following in the steps of their illustrious fathers, learn to use tobacco and cultivate a taste for stimulants which at last becomes a direful disease and then finally die lunatics or drunkards?

The smoking of a single cigar, and especially by those not long habituated to its use, will increase the pulse from ten to fifteen beats. The results of both chewing and smoking often are depression of spirits, irritability, peevishness, loss of memory, dullness of per- ception and despondency, as a natural result of over-excitement. The teachers in our institution of learning not infrequently observe that young men who use tobacco, as a general rule, are much more dull and stupid than those who do not ; and they, as well as eminent physicians, have expressed the opinion that tobacco to-day is doing almost as great a physical injury to the present generation as alco- hol.

Sudden Death — Dr. Twitchell states that nearly all the cases of sudden death occurring during sleep, which came under his observation, were those of persons who had indulged largely in the use of tobacco. And subsequently the correctness of his state- ments was confirmed by investigations made by the Boston Society of Medical Observation.

Physical Effects — The use of tobacco produces marked alterations in the most expressive portions of the face. In conse- quence of the constant use of the muscles surrounding the mouth there is occasioned an irregular development of these parts, which presents a coarser appearance when compared with the rest of the features. The eye loses its natural fire and becomes dull and vacant, and the skin assumes a sallow appearance

Uncleanly — To say that this habit, with many, is uncleanly and even filthy, is only repeating what is expressed every day. The linen, the mouth, the breath, and many times the room of its vic- tim, indicate the effect it produces.

Moral Effects — The use of tobacco has a tendency to impair the taste, so that simple fluid and simple diet are liable to become insipid and unpalatable, and the natural resort is then to the "flowing bowl." It also excites the various animal propensities beyond their proper balance, and tends to debase the moral character and make man more animal and less intellectual.

Expensive — Tobacco, in its different forms, costs the people of the United States more than $30,000,000 annually, all of which is far worse than if thrown away. It is not a natural food for man; it will not sustain life, but is a poison, and all its tendencies, except in rare cases, are to destroy life. Is it any wonder that we cry hard times, when there are hundreds of millions of dollars annually

122 TOBACCO.

thrown away for tobacco and intoxicating beverages? Those who an- so adroitly seeking for the cause of this condition of aft'airs, would they but take the trouble to examine the statistics and inves- tigate this matter, would find herein one. cause for this great depression that has been more potent than all others combined.

Cigarettes and Tobacco are Ruining Millions of Young Men and Boys, thereby developing the pas- sions, softening and weakening the bones, and greatly injuring the brain and nervous system. A boy who early and freely uses tobacco never is known to make a man of much energy of charac- ter, and generally lacks mental and physical energy. The larger proportion of the aged, and those of mature years, very much lament that they were led to indulge in this habit. This should be a sol- emn warning to the young not to fall into the same error. Many boys have erroneously conceived the idea that to " puff " a cigar or cigarette, or chew a quid of tobacco, is manly — is genteel. Yet, if they did but know in what contempt such a course is held by the thoughtful and considerate, there would never be a repetition of it. I fancy I hear some young reader remark, u My father used tobacco many years, and died an old man; if tobacco killed him, it was very slow poison.'1 I am apprised of the fact that some men of strong constitutions, active lite and otherwise good habits, may use tobacco and alcohol, and even get drunk often, and yet live to a good old age; but they are exceptions to the general rule; a much greater number will die young.

Besides, it will be found that most of those who lived to an old age did not commence the use of these poisons very young; else they used them moderately and were never what we call hard drink- ers or smokers. And we would further say to this young man, that if he were born after his father commenced using tobacco, he does not, for that very reason, if not for others, possess his father's strength of constitution, if the latter used tobacco as freely as most voting men use it to-day; neither can he follow in his father's footsteps without the chances of filling a premature grave. How many of us are to-day suffering from paternal errors in consequence of the iniquities of fathers being visited on their children.

Tobacco Destroys Health, Imperils Social Stand- ing, Extinguishes the Affections.— Besides it produces consumption, feeds dyspepsia, cherishes nervous diseases and pal- pitation of the heart, excites liver complaint, creates cancers, encourages headache, engenders weak eyes, invites disease and pro- motes softening of the brain. Its foul perfumes invade every rail- road coach, street car and omnibus-line; contaminate hotels, "board- ing-houses and private apartments; its stench invades the family and social circle, and nauseates the mother, sickens the wife and insults the daughter; it extinguishes the affections of the doting lover, the young bride and disgusts the young maiden. It weak- ens the digestion, perverts the taste and leads to intemperance. It

SEI F-POLLUTION. 123

creates an offensive breath, repulsive mouth and soiled linen. It impairs the voice, furrows the cheek and sallows the complexion. And last, but not least, it makes angry mothers and scolding wives.

SELF-POLLUTION.

There are various names given to the unnatural and degrading vice of producing venereal excitement by the hand, or other means, generally resulting in a discharge of semen in the male and a cor- responding emission in the female. Unfortunately, it is a vice by no means uncommon among the youth of both sexes, and is frequently continued into riper years.

Symptoms — The following are some of the symptoms of those who are addicted to the habit: Inclination to shun company or society; frequently being missed from the company of the family, or others with whom he or she is associated ; becoming timid and bashful, and shunning the society of the opposite sex; the face is apt to be pale and often a bluish or purplish streak under the eyes, while the eyes themselves look dull and languid and the edges of the eyelids often become red and sore; the person can not look any one steadily in the face, but will . drop the eyes or turn away from your gaze as if guilty of something mean.

The health soon becomes noticeably impaired; there will be general debility, a slowness of growth, weakness in the lower limbs, nervousness and unsteadiness of the hands, loss of memory, forgetfulness and inability to study or learn, a restless disposition, weak eyes and loss of sight, headache and inability to sleep, or wakefulness. Next come sore eyes, blindness, stupidity, consump- tion, spinal affection, emaciation, involuntary seminal emissions, loss of all energy or spirit, insanity and idiocy — the hopeless ruin of both body and mind. These latter results do not always follow. Yet they or some of them do often occur as the direct con- sequences of the pernicious habit.

The subject is an important one. Few, perhaps, ever think, or ever know, how many of the unfortunate inmates of our lunatie asylums have been sent there by this dreadful vice. "Were the whole truth upon this subject known, it would alarm parents, as well as the guilty victims of the vice, more even than the dread of the cholera or small-pox.

Preventive Measures — When the parents are satisfied that their child is indulging in this habit, take immediate measures to break it up. It is a delicate matter for parents, especially for a father, to speak to his son about. It is different with the mother; she can more readily speak to a daughter upon subjects of that nature, and if guilty, portray to her the danger, the evil conse- quences and ruin which must result if the habit is not at once and

124 SELF- POLLUTION.

forever abandoned. If persuasion and instruction will not do, other measures, such as will prove efficient, must be resorted to.

In case of a son, perhaps the better way will be for the services of the family physician to be engaged. He can portray to the mis- •juidt'd young man the horrors and evils of the habit in their bear- ing, and his caution and advice will have weight.

How to Detect and Prevent Secret Vice. — Examina- tion of the linen is usually conclusive evidence in the case of boys. lue genital organs, too, receive an undue share of attention. Tin- patient should be constantly watched during the day until he fails asleep at night, and be required to arise directly he wakes in the morning. In confirmed cases the night-dress should be so arranged that the hands cannot touch the genital organs.

Under no circumstances should nurses ever be permitted unneces- sarily to handle or expose the genital organs of children, and children should be taught at the very earliest period that it is immodest and even wrong, to handle the parts. When at school, as well as at home, every boy should have a separate led. The neglect of this important advice is a- frequent cause of bad habits being taught and practiced. In addition to a separate bed, he should be able to dress and undress apart from the observation of otJiers. The necessary privacy may be secured by partitions placed between the beds, but not extending up to the ceiling, so as to interfere as litth as possible with the ventilation. One of the few articles necessary in the sleeping room is a sponge hath. This, with a good-sized piece of honeycomb sponge, and a large towel or sheet, complete the outfit. The regular daily use of the sponge bath conduces greatly to the cure or prevention of self -abuse. The too free use of meat, highly-seasoned dishes, coffee, wine, late suppers, etc., strongly tend to excite animal propensities, which directly predispose to vice. A Terrible Evil. — In the City of Chicago in one school,

an investigation proved that over sixty children under thirteen

years of age were habitually practicing this degrading, health and

life destroying habit, while among the older ones the habit was

even worse, though not so easily detected.

In a country school in Black Hawk Co., Iowa, one bad boy

secretly taught all the rest until the entire school practiced this private vice during the noon hour when the teacher was away.

In New Orleans nearly all the pupils in a large femaleboard*

ing school were practicing this horrible vice and the scandal of tht

fearful discovery is not yet forgotten.

Worth Millions. — The foregoing article on self -abuse should be in the hands of every young person as it would be the means of saving many bright intellects from becoming stupid or imbeciles^ or lunatics or from filling premature graves and ot worth to them more than Astor^s millions.

D. S. BURTON.

The above is an illustration of D. S. Burton jf Harris, Pa.,, before the habits of secret vice had begun to tell on him.

The illustration on the following page sho^s the same young oian three years later taken when he had becoiud an inveterate

victim of the vice.

126

D. S. BURTON.

The doctor's opinion was: "If this young man escapes the asylum he and his parents will be fortunate. ' '

The instructions in this volume will save many a young man from swelling the list of the unfortunates that are in the asylums

all over the country.

127

THINGS WORTH KNOWING.

PARENTS MAY REGULATE THE SEX OF THE CHILD AT WILL.

Every intelligent person who has kept up with the modern ad vance in scientific and practical discovery knows that it has been proven beyond any reasonable doubt that all parents possess the power to regulate the sex of the coming children at their pleasure.

Ever since the time of Jacob, the son of Abraham, there have been men who knew how to determine and influence the sex of the in crease in their flocks and herds, but it has remained for modern times to demonstrate that a modification of the same law that governs this matter in the brute creation applies equally to the human family.

Had they known this law certain families who now have all daughters might precisely as well have had one or more sons in the place of as many daughters, or vice versa. Nature never works at haphazard but always along fixed lines, determined by inexorable laws.

The following is an article on this subject by Dr. John Van Moile.

" This subject, novel as it may appear to some, has been for many centuries past, an object of meditation and study; and extensive experi- ments have been made for a great number of years in several of the European states to hasten its elucidation, and foremost among those we find England, France and Belgium. Those experiments, at first made for the advancement of science only, have, of late years, become objects of speculation, and the knowledge of their results of very great value to the raisers of fine horses and cattle. We could not in so short a paper as this give the full history of those experiments; a simple glance at the main points being, we deem it, sufficient to derive the necessary conclusions for the design of our theme. The governments of the states just mentioned have instituted establishments for the pur- pose of raising and improving horses, cattle and oth^r animals, and men of science have deduced from close observations, > \nd results care- fully recorded for many years, the following facts:

" 1. That the young obtained from a mare, cow or sheep, etc., when very young was generally a male, when the mala employed wai of mature age, healthy and strong.

" 2. When the female is of mature age, strong, in althy and well fed, the young is more commonly female, when the malu employed is young, weak, or exhausted by too often repeated copulauon.

" 3. That the young obtained from the same when ? t mature age, strong, healthy and well fed, was in nearly equal proportion, w hen tne male employed was in a similar condition.

"4. That the young brought forth when the female is old are generally males, when the male employed is young and strong.

" 5. That the young obtained from females, when in pride, being well fed and young, were generally females, when the male was not in pride, or when ill fed, or exhausted by frequent copulation, or too old.

" 6. That the young obtained from the same, when ill fed and not in pride, were generally males, when the male was well ted, young

130 MALE AND FEMALE CHILDREN AT WILL.

healthy, strong and in full heat.

" 7. That if the female was exhausted by labor, or forced exertion, the young would be generally male, should the male employed be kept in and well fed.

" 8. That the young would be female, should the female be kept a: rest, and the male exhausted by labor or forced exertion.

" 9. To conclude — that the offspring would more generally be male or female, according to their respective physical and pro creative abili- ties (age being taken into consideration).

" From the preceding statements we derive the following deduc- tions: Man being an animal, having physical and procreative faculties analogous to those of the brutes, if a set of phenomena take place among these, the same must necessarily be produced in the human species, and if certain conditions of the physical body affect the off- spring, the same physical conditions must affect the offspring in man. When it is desired to bless the household with a male child, the husband should take good substantial food, moderate exercise, pass his time pleasantly in the gay society of women, read amusing books, and abstain from cohabitation for a time previous to the procreative period. During the same time the expectant wife should live sparingly, particu- larly on vegetables, fatigue herself every day, take some medicines that reduce the sexual passion, and pass her time in the dry society of old women." A common and convenient remedy for this purpose is lupulin the yellow powder obtained by threshing hops. It should be taken in doses of six to ten grains, two or three times a day. It can also be found at drug stores. Or use spirits of camphor in two drop doses on sugar, three or four times a day; also add half a teaspoonful of baking soda to a teacupful of water, and drink it during the day.

"To have female children, the opposite should be observed ; the woman should partake freely of stimulating food, using spices freely, etc., but should restrain her passion and preserve its whole force for the desired time ; the male or husband, on the contrary, should reduce his physical abilities by actual labor, and at the same time reduce his pro creative propensities by frequent, copious cold ablutions." — [John E. Van Molle, A. M.

HE WOULD GIVE A FORTUNE.

How often parents having only daughters, are eager to have a son , or having sons, long for a daughter. They can secure their wishes through the invaluable information contained in the above chapter on REODLATINO THE SEXES AT WILL. It has proved' successful in thousands of cases both in this country and in Europe, and not only with human offspring, but likewise in the breeding of horses, cattle and other animals

J. W. STREETER, OF PHILADELPHIA, WRITES: " I HAVE TESTED THIS

SYSTEM OF REGULATING THE SEXES AT WILL TO MY ENTIRE SATISFACTION AND FIND IT TO BE ABSOLUTELY CORRECT. WE HAVE THREE BOYS AND TWO GIRLS. BORN A BOY OR GIRL EACH TIME JUST AS WE DESIRED IT."

WM. S. COOK, OF THE SAME CITY, STATES: " WE HAVE BEEN TESTING

THIS STSTEM OF REGULATING THE SEXES OF OUR CHILDREN FOR THE PAST TWELVE YEARS AND HAVE SUCCEEDED WITH OUR FOUR CHILDREN IN HAVING THJS SEXES WE PREFERRED."

CONCEPTIONAL PERIOD. 13i

CONCEPTIONAL PERIOD.

No other one thing tends so strongly to bind and hold the early affection of a married couple as the bringing into the world of beau- tiful, healthy, intelligent, welcome children. To bring into the world unwelcome children is one of the most awful crimes of which the parents can be guilty. It brings a curse to the child, to the parents and to the world.

But every couple may have intelligent, attractive and sweet children, if they will obey the laws of nature in the period previous to conception and during at least the first six months of the period of gestation.

Every young couple intending to enter the marriage relation should know fully what a terrible curse they are liable to transmit to their future children through ignorance of the vital principles that regulate reproduction. In the first place, no one should ever allow such a thing to happen accidentally. Physical and mental preparation should always precede that supremely important moment that may mean welfare or woe to a future human soul.

It is of the utmost importance that the body and the mind of both parents be prepared for some days or weeks before the moment of con- ception. Antenatal influences help, but the tendency is already im- planted with the seed and the ovum at the time of conception. More than a year before the birth of the great Napoleon both his parents were absorbed in study of battle and conquest. The result was apparent. Could we know the story about all our great heroes and heroines we should doubtless find that in every instance, as we certainly do in so many, the force and power that actuated them was given by the parents, either through force of circumstances or by design, previous to the time the child was conceived.

If you desire beautiful children, fix your thoughts on beautiful things. If your desires lean more toward the intellect, employ your thoughts in study, and so in other directions. If the parents themselves are not pure in body, heart and soul, at the time of conception, they cannot hope to transmit these qualities. This attended to, it then remains with the mother to mold the infant growing within her by being herself at t^hal time what she would like her child to be. If she does this, she can no more prevent its mighty influence upon the character of the child than she can prevent the sun from rising. And this works, unconsciously of course, both ways. Hence the terrible significance and importance of under- standing and obeying this law of nature.

182 TABLE

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- iod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

barren Pe- iod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

Feb ... 1 2

Feb.... 5 » 6

Feb.... 6 44 7

Feb ... .20 " ....21

Feb. ...21 44 ....22

Feb ...28 Mar.... 1

" ..3

•• 7

44 .... 8

" ....22

44 ....23

44 .... 2

" 4

" .... 8

44 .... 9

44 ... 23

44 ....24

•• .... 3

" .... 5

" .... 9

- ....10

14 ....24

44 ....25

" .... 4

•• 6

" ....10

44 ....11

44 ....25

44 ... 26

•• .... 5

•• 7

•• ....11

" ... 12

44 ....26

44 ... 27

44 .... 6

«• 8

" ....12

"... 13

44 ... 27

44 ... 28

" .... 7

" .... 9

' ....13

44 ....14

44 ... .28

Mar ... 1

44 .... 8

4 ....10

• ...14

" ....15

Mar.... 1

44 .... 2

44 .... 9

• 11

' ....15

14 ....16

" .... 2

" .... 3

4 ....10

' ....12

• ....16

" ....17

44 .... 3

" .... 4

4 ....11

' ....13

1 ... 17

•• ....18

" .... 4

4 .... 5

4 ....12

....14

• ....18

44 ....19

" .... 5

4 .... 6

4 ....13

• ....15

' ... 19

• ....20

" .... 6

4 .... 7

4 ....14

• ....16

• ....20

' ....21

" .... 7

4 .... 8

4 ....15

' ....17

' ....21

4 ....22

4 .... 8

4 ... 9

4 ....16

1 . ..18

• ....22

1 ....23

' .... 9

1 ....10

4 ....17

44 ....19

' ....23

... .24

4 ....10

' ....11

4 ....18

" ....20

' ... 24

4 ....25

' ....11

4 ....12

'• ....19

" ...21

' ... 25

4 ..26

4 . ..12

' ....13

44 ....20

" ....22

• ....26

• ....27

4 ....13

' ....14

44 ....21

" ....23

4 - 27

' ....28

4 ...14

' ....15

4 ....22

" ...24

' ....28

Mar.... 1

4 ....15

' ....16

' . ..23

" ...25

Mar.... 1

' .... 2

• ....16

•4 ... 17

4 ....24

26

" .... 2

4 .... 3

4 ....17

•' 18

• ....25

" ..27

" .... 3

' .... 4

4 ....18

44 ... 19

4 ....26

" ....28

' .... 4

' .... 5

4 ...19

41 ....20

44 ....27

Mar.... 1

' ... 5

' .... 6

4 ....20

44 ....21

44 ....28

" .... 2

' .... 6

4 .... 7

4 ....21

4 ....22

44 ....29

• .... 3

' .... 7

8

4 ....22

4 ....23

44 ... 30

«• .... 4

• .... 8

.... 9

14 ... 23

4 ....24

44 ....31

" .... 5

' .... 9

4 ....10

44 ....24

' ....25

Apr ... 1

" .... 6

....10

' ....11

14 ....25

4 ....26

" .... 2

- .... 7

....11

" ....12

44 . ..26

4 ....27

44 .... 3

* ... 8

....12

14 ....13

44 ....27

44 ....28

44 .... 4

44 .... 9

' ....13

44 ....14

44 ....28

44 ... 29

44 .... 5

«• ....10

' ....14

" ....15

" .. .29

44 ....30

44 .... 6

44 ....11

4 ... 15

" ....16

44 ....30

44 ....31

44 .... 7

- ....12

4 ....16

' ... 17

44 ... .31

Apr.... 1

44 .... 8

44 ....13

• ..17

' ....18

Apr.... 1

«' .... 2

41 .... 9

" ....14

4 ....18

' ....19

44 .... 2

44 .... 3

44 ....10

- ....15

4 ....19

• ....20

3

" .... 4

••'... 11

" ....16

' ....20

• ....21

44 .... 4

44 .... 5

44 ....12

• ....17

4 ....21

" ....22

44 .... 5

4 .... 6

44 ... 13

« ....18

4 ....22

14 .. 23

44 .... 6

4 .... 7

44 ... 14

- ....19

" ....23

4 ....24

44 .... 7

4 .... 8

44 ....15

"... 20

" ....24

' ....25

44 .... 8

4 .... 9

44 ....16

" ....21

"... 25

4 ....26

14 .... 9

4 ....10

44 ....17

« ... 22

4 ....26

4 ....27

44 ....10

• ....11

44 ....18

44 .-..23

• ... 27

1 ....28

4 ....11

4 ....12

44 ... 19

" ..24

4 . ..28

4 ....29

4 ... 12

1 ....13

44 . . 20

- ...25

4 ....29

' ....30

• ....13

4 ....14

44 ....21

•• . 26

4 . ..30

4 ....31

4 ... 14

44 ....15

14 ... 22

27

" ...31

Apr.... 1

15

1 " ....16

" ....23

TABLE 133

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- riod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

Mar.... 28

Apr ... 1

Apr 2

pr....!6

Apr.... 17

Apr .. 24

" ....29

" .... 2

. 3

" ....17

" ....18

44 ....25

" ....30

" .... 3

" .... 4

" ....18

4 ....19

4 ... 26

" ...31

" .... 4

" .... 5

" ....19

4 ... 20

27

Apr ... 1

" .... 5

" .... 6

" ....20

4 ....21

4 ... 28

" .... 2

" .... 6

" .... 7

" ....21

4 ....22

4 ....29

" .... 3

" . 7

"'.... 8

" ....22

4 ....23

4 ... 30

" .... 4

' .... 8

" .... 9

"... 23

4 ....24

May 1

" .... 5

' .... 9

" ....10

4 ....24

4 ....25

44 .... 2

' .... 6

• .. 10

« ... 11

' ....25

4 ... 26

" .... 3

1 .... 7

' ....11

«... 12

' ....26

4 ... 27

" .... 4

' .... 8

' ... 12

' ... 13

' ... 27

' ....28

• .... 5

' .... 9

' ....13

• ... 14

' ... 28

4 ....29

4 .... 6

• ....10

' ...14

• ....15

' ....29

" ....30

4 .... 7

' ....11

• ....15

" ....16

4 ....30

May .. 1

4 .... 8

' ....12

' ... 16

" ....17

May 1

44 .... 2

4 .... 9

' ....13

' .. 17

" ..18

"... 2

44 .... 3

" ....10

' ....14

• .-.-18

" ... 19

" .... 3

" .... 4

1 ....11

....15

19

44 ....20

" .... 4

•' .... 5

4 ....12

• ....16

• ...,20

" ....21

' .... 5

44 .... 6

4 ....13

• ....17

1 ....21

' ....22

' .... 6

" .... 7

4 ....14

..18

' ....22

' ..23

' .... 7

" .... 8

4 ....15

' ....19

' ....23

• ...24

' .... 8

"... 9

4 ....16

' ....20

' ... 24

• ...25

4 .... 9

44 ....10

4 ....17

...21

' -25

26

• ....10

44 ....11

....18

' ....22

' ... 26

• ... 27

' ... 11

" ....12

4 ....19

«... 23

27

' ..28

4 ....12

" ....13

4 ....20

' ....24

« ....28

4 . 29

' ....13

4 ....14

4 ....21

' ....25

' ... 29

• ... 30

• ...14

4 ....15

....22

1 ....26

• ... 30

May. ... 1

4 ....15

4 ... 16

4 . ..23

" ....27

May. ... 1

• .... 2

4 ....16

• ... 17

4 ....24

" ....28

44 .... 2

4 .... 3

4 ....17

• ....18

4 ....25

" ..29

44 .... 3

' . 4

4 ....18

4 ... 19

4 ....26

"... 30

" .... 4

• ... 5

4 ...19

4 ....20

4 ....27

May.. . 1

"... 5

' .... 6

4 ....20

4 ....21

4 ....28

" . . 2

" .... 6

' .... 7

4 ....21

4 ....22

" ....29

" .... 3

" .... 7

8

' ... 22

44 ....23

44 ....30

" .... 4

" .... 8

.... 9

' ... 23

" ....24

" ....31

" .... 5

" .... 9

4 ....10

4 ... 24

" ....25

June ... 1

44 ... 6

" ... 10

' ....11

44 ....25

" ....26

" .... 2

' .... 7

" ... 11

"... 12

" ....26

" ... 27

44 .... 3

' .. H

" ..12

" ....13

44 ..27

44 ....28

4 .... 4

' .... 9

" ....13

" ....14

" ....28

44 ....29

4 .... 5

' ....10

"... 14

" ....15

44 .. .29

44 ....30

4 .... 6

' ....11

" .. 15

" ....16

44 ... 30

44 ... 31

4 .... 7

' ....12

" ....16

4 -. 17

44 ....31

June 1

4 .... 8

' ....13

17

• ....18

Tune 1

44 .... 2

4 ..., 9

" ....14

" ....18

4 ... 19

" .... 2

4 .... 3

4 ....10

' ....15

" ....19

4 ... 20

" .... 3

4 .... 4

44 ... 11

• ....16

" ....20

• ....21

" .... 4

4 .... 5

" ....12

' ....17

" ... 21

44 ....22

" .... 5

4 .... 6

" .. 13

' ....18

" ....22

" .. 23

44 .... 6

4 .... 7

" ....14

' ... 19

" ....23

" ....24

41 .... 7

4 .... 8

44 ....15

••.. 20

" ....24

" ....25

44 .... 8

4 .... 9

44 ....16

' . 21

251

" ....26

9

10

" ....17

134 TABLE.

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- riod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

May... 22

May... 26

May.... 27

June .. 10

June. ...11

June.... 18

" ... 23

" ....27

'• ... 28

' 11

" 12

"... 19

" ....24

" ....28

" ....29

' ... 12

1 ... 13

" ....20

" ... 25

" ..29

" ....30

• ... 13

' ....14

" ... 21

' ....26

" ....30

"... 31

' ... 14

• ....15

" ....22

' ... 27

" ....31

June 1

1 ....15

• ....16

" ....23

' ....28

June ... 1

" .... 2

' ....16

' ....17

" ....24

' ....29

' .... 2

" .... 3

" ....17

" ....18

„ ... 25

1 ....30

' .... 3

" .... 4

" ....18

" ....19

" ....26

' ...31

1 .... 4

" .... 5

" ....19

" ... 20

27

June .. 1

' .... 5

" .... 6

" ....20

" ....21

"... 28

" .... 2

• .... 6

" .... 7

" ....21

"... 22

" ....29

" .... 3

' .... 7

" .... 8

" ....22

" ....23

" ..30

" .... 4

• .... 8

" .... 9

" ... 23

' ....24

July ... 1

" .... 5

• .... 9

" ....10

" ....24

1 ....25

"... 2

" .... 6

• ... 10

" ....11

' ....25

• ... 26

" .... 3

" .... 7

• ....11

" ....12

' ....26

' ... 27

" .... 4

" .... 8

«... 12

"... 13

' ... 27

' ... 28

4 .... 5

" .... 9

' ....13

" ....14

' ... 28

4 ....29

' ... 6

" ....10

' ...14

" ....15

' ....29

• ....30

4 .... 7

" ... 11

" ....15

" ....16

• ....30

July . 1

4 ... 8

" ....12

" .. 16

" ....17

July.... 1

" .... 2

' .... 9

" ....13

"... 17

4 ....18

" ... 2

" .... 3

4 ... 10

' ....14

" ....18

• ...-19

" .... 3

" .... 4

' ....11

' ....15

" ... 19

' ....20

' ,... 4

' .... 5

' ....12

• ....16

" ...,20

• ....21

' .... 5

' .... 6

' ....13

• ....17

4 ....21

1 ....22

' .... 6

' .... 7

4 ....14

..18

• ....22

' ....23

' .... 7

' .... 8

' ....15

• ....19

• ....23

• ....24

• .... 8

' ... 9

4 ....16

• ....20

4 ... 24

' ....25

' .... 9

' ....10

4 ....17

• ....21

' .25

• ..26

' ....10

1 ....11

4 . 18

• ....22

1 ... 26

' ....27

' ....11

' ....12

" ... 19

• ....23

4 . . 27

« ....28

' ....12

' ....13

" ....20

' ... 24

' ....28

' ... 29

• ....13

' ....14

44 . 21

' . . . 25

• ... 29

1 ... 30

' ... 14

' ....15

' . ..22

' . . 26

' ... 30

July.... 1

' ....15

... 16

' .. 23

' ....27

July.... 1

• .... 2

1 ....16

• ... 17

4 ....24

' ....28

" .... 2

• .... 3

' ....17

• ....18

' 25

•• ..29

' .... 3

• .... 4

• ....18

• ... 19

4 ... 26

"... 30

1 .... 4

• .... 5

' ...19

' ....20

4 ... 27

July.... 1

1 ... 5

' .... 6

' ....20

4 ....21

' ....28

" . .2

1 .... 6

• .... 7

' ....21

' ....22

... 29

" .... 3

' .... 7

8

• ....22

' ....23

4 ... 30

" .... 4

• .... 8

.... 9

' ... 23

« ....24

....31

" .... 5 " .... 6

' .... 9 ' ... 10

1 ....10 ' ....11

' ... 24 • ....25

' ....25 ' ....26

Aug... 1 2

' .... 7

' ....11

" ....12

1 ....26

' ... 27

3

' ... 8

" ... 12

" ....13

• ... 27

' ....28

4

' .... 9

" ....13

" ....14

1 ....28

" ... 29

5

• ....10

" ... 14

" ....15

" .. .29

" ....30

... 6

' ....11

"... 15

" ....16

"... 30

" ....31

. 7

" ....12 " ....13 " ....14

" ....16 17 "... 18

" . 17 " ....18 "... 19

" ....31 Aug.... 1 2

Aug.... 1 " .... 2 " .... 3

.... 8 .... 9 10

" ... 15

" . 19

20

" "" 3

" .... 4

11

TABLE

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

135

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- riod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

July.... 16 " ....17

July .. 20 " ....21

July. ...21 • ....22

Aug 4 " .... 5

Aug.... 5 " .... 6

Aug.... 12 " ....13

" ....18

" ....22

' ....23

" .... 6

" .... 7

" ....14

" ....19

23

' ....24

" .... 7

" .... 8

« ....15

" .. 20

' ....24

' ....25

" .... 8

" .... 9

' ....16

"... 21

' ....25

....26

" .... 9

" ....10

•... 17

"... 22

' ... 26

' ....27

" ....10

" ....11

• ....18

"... 23

' ....27

• ... 28

" ....11

" ....12

' ... 19

" ....24

1 ....28

' ... 29

' ... 12

" ....13

' ....20

" ... 25

" ....29

' ....30

• ... 13

" ....14

' ... 21

" ....26

" ....30

" ... 31

' ... 14

" -...15

" ....22

" . . 27

" ....31

Aug 1

' ... 15

4 ....16

" ....23

" ....28

Aug ... 1

" .... 2

' ... 16

• ....17

" ....24

" ....29

" .... 2

" ... 3

' ....17

' ....18

„ . . 25

" ....30

" .... 3

" .... 4

« ... 18

' ....19

" ....26

" ...31

" .... 4

" ... 5

1 ... 19

• .. 20

27

Aug . . 1

" .... 5

" .... 6

" ....20

' ....21

"... 28

" .... 2

" .... 6

" .... 7

' . ..21

' ... 22

"... 29

" .... 3

" .... 7

" .... 8

' ... 22

' ... 23

"... 30

" .... 4

' .... 8

' .... 9

' ... 23

' ....24

" ....31

" .... 5

' .... 9

' ....10

' ... 24

' ... 25

Sept ... 1

" .... 6

• ... 10

' ... 11

' ....25

"... 26

" .... 2

" .... 7

• ....11

' ... 12

" ....26

• ... 27

" .... 3

" .... 8

' ... 12

' ... 13

" ... 27

• ... 28

" .... 4

•• .... 9

' ....13

1 ... 14

" ... 28

' ....29

" .... 5

" ... 10

• ...14

" ....15

" ....29

• ....30

' .... 6

. 11

' ....15

" ....16

" ....30

' ... 31

• .... 7

- ....12

... 16

" .. .17

" ....31

Sept 1

• .... 8

" ....13

" -.17

" ... 18

Sept.... 1

" .... 2

• .... 9

" ....14

« ....18

" ... 19

"... 2

' .... 3

' ....10

" ....15

' ... 19

' ....20

" .... 3

' .... 4

' . ..11

•' ....16

• ...,20

' ....21

" .... 4

• .... 5

' . ..12

" ... 17

.. .21

' ....22

" .... 5

' .... 6

• ....13

' . . 18

• ....22

' ... 23

" .... 6

' .... 7

' ....14

• ... 19

' ....23

• ... 24

" .... 7

• .... 8

' ... 15

' ....20

' ... 24

• ... 25

" .... 8

' ... 9

' ....16

' ... 21

• ..25

' . 26

11 .... 9

' ... 10

' ....17

' ....22

' ... 26

' ... 27

" ....10

' ....11

' ....18

' ..23

' .... 27

1 ... 28

" ... 11

' ....12

"... 19

' ... 24

' ....28

' ... 29

" ....12

" ....13

' ....20

' ... 25

• ... 29

• ... 30

" ....13

" . ..14

' ....21

' ... 26

' ... 30

31

" ...14

" ....15

' ....22

' ... 27

" ....31

Sept 1

' ....15

"... 16

' . ..23

' ....28

Sept.... 1

' .... 2

' ....16

' ... 17

....24

• ..29

" .... 2

• .... 3

' ....17

' ....18

' ....25

' ... 30

" .... 3

' .... 4

' ....18

• ... 19

• ... 26

' ...-31

11 .... 4

' .... 5

' ...19

' ....20

1 ... 21

Sept.... 1

"... 5

' .... 6

' ....20

' ....21

' ....28

" .... 2

• .... 6

• .... 7

' ....21

1 ....22

29

" .... 3

' .... 7

' .... 8

• ... 22

' ....23

30

" .... 4

• .... 8

.... 9

« ... 23

" ....24

Oct 1

" .... 5

' .... 9

• ....10

1 ....24

" ....25

" .... 2

" .... 6

' ... 10

" ....11

" ....25

" ....26

" .... 3

" .... 7

"... 11

" ... 12

" ....26

" ... 27

" .... 4

8

12

" ....13

" ....27

" ....28

" .... 5

136 TABLE

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- iod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

Sept.... 9 " ....10

Sept ...13 " ...'14

Sept.... 14 " ..-.15

Sept.... 28 " . 29

Sept 29 " ....30

Oct.. . 6 " .... 7

" ... 11

" ....15

" ....16

" ... 30

Oct.... 1

" .... 8

" ....12

" ....16

17

Oct ... 1

" .... 2

" .... 9

" ....13

" ....17

" ....18

" .... 2

" .... 3

• ... 10

" ... 14

" ....18

"... 19

" .... 3

" .... 4

«... 11

" . . 15

" ....19

' ... 20

" .... 4

" .... 5

' ....12

•• ....16

" ... 20

1 ....21

" .... 5

" .... 6

' ....13

" ....17

" ....21

• ....22

" .... 6

" .... 7

• ....14

" ....18

" ....22

' ....23

" .... 7

" .... 8

' ....15

' ....19

1 . 23

' ....24

" .... 8

" .... 9

• ....16

• ... ao

' ....24

" ....25

" .... 9.

" ....10

17

• ... 21

' ....25

" ....26

" ... 10

' ....11

' ....18

• ... 22

1 ... 26

" ....27

" ....11

' ....12

«... 19

• ... 23

' ....27

"... 28

' ... 12

' ....13

' ....20

• ....24

' ....28

" ....29

• ... 13

' ....14

«... 21

' ... 25

' ....29

" ....30

« ... 14

' ....15

' ....22

• ....26

• ....30

Oct.... 1

' ....15

' ". . . . 16

" ....23

1 ... 27

Oct . 1

" .... 2

' ... 16

1 ....17

" ....24

1 ....28

1 .... 2

" .3

' ....17

' ....18

„ . 25

' ....29

' .... 3

" .... 4

' ....18

' ....19

" ....26

1 ....30

' .... 4

" .... 5

• ....19

' .. 20

27

Oct -.1

• .... 5

" .... 6

" ....20

• ....21

"... 28

" .... 2

" .... 6

" .... 7

" ....21

' ... 22

"... 29

• .... 3

' .... 7

" .... 8

" ....22

' ....23

"... 30

• .... 4

1 .... 8

' .... 9

1 ... 23

' ....24

" ....31

• .... 5

' .... 9

' ....10

' ....24

' ....25

Nov.... 1

• .... 6

' ... 10

• ... 11

' ....25

' ... 26

" .... 2

« .... 7

«... 11

' ... 12

' ....26

• ... 27

" .... 3

•• .... 8

• ... 12

' ... 13

' ....27

' ... 28

" .... 4

" .... 9

' ....13

• ... 14

" ... 28

' ....29

' .... 5

"... 10

' .-..14

....15

" ....29

• ....30

• ... 6

"... 11

' ....15

' ....16

" ....30

' ....31

' ... 7

" ....12

' ... 16

' ....17

" ....31

Nov ... 1

' .... 8

" ....1:3

«... 17

' ... 18

Nov.... 1

" .... 2

' .... 9

" ....14

' .-..18

• ...-19

" .... 2

" .... 3

' ....10

" ....15

' ... 19

....20

" .... 3

" /... 4

' . ..11

" ....16

1 ...,20

' ....21

" .... 4

" .... 5

• . ..12

" ... 17

' ....21

4 ....22

" .... 5

' .... 6

' ....13

" . ..18

• ....22

' ... 23

" 6

1 .... 7

' ....14

" ....19

' ....23

• ....24

" .... 7

' .... 8

' . ..15

" ....20

• ... 24

' ....25

• .... 8

' ... 9

' ....16

" ... 21

25

' .. 26

1 .... 9

1 ... 10

' . ..17

" ....22

• ... 26

' ... 27

• ....10

• ....11

" ....18

" ....23

27

' ....28

' ... 11

" ....12

" ... 19

" ....24

4 ....28

« ... 29

' ....12

" ....13

" ... 20

" ... 25

' ... 29

1 ... 30

• ....13

" ....14

" . ..'21

" ... 26

' ... 30

' ... 31

' ...14

" ....15

" ....22

' ....27

1 ....31

Nov.... 1

' ....15

"... 16

" . ..23

' ....28

Nov.... 1

" .... 2

' ....16

•' ... 17

• ....24

• .. 29

" .... 2

" .... 3

' ....17

' ....18

' ....25

• ... 30

" .... 3

" .... 4

' ....18

' ... 19

' ... 26

1 ....31

11 ... 4

" .... 5

' .19

' ....20

• . . 27

Nov.... 1

"... 5

" .... 6

1 ... '20

' ....21

' ....28

" .... 2

" .... 6

tt rv .... 1

21

' ... 22

' . . 29

TABLE

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

137

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- riod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

Nov.. . 3

Nov.... 7

Nov.. . 8

Nov... 22

Nov... 23

Nov... 30

" .... 4

" .... 8

" .... 9

" ....23

....24

Dec.... 1

- .... 5

' .... 9

" ....10

" ....24

....25

" .... 2

" .... 6

" ....10

" ....11

" ....25

....26

" .... 3

" .... 7

" ....11

" ... 12

" ....26

. ..27

" .... 4

" .... 8

" ....12

' ....31

" ... 27

....28

"... 5

- .... 9

" ....13

' ....14

" ....28

... 29

" .... 6

" ....10

" ....14

' ....15

" ....29

....30

" .... 7

"... 11

" ....15

' ....16

" ....30

Dec.... 1

" .... 8

" ....12

" ....16

17

Dec 1

.... 2

« .... 9

« ....13

" ....17

" ....18

" .... 2

.... 3

«... 10

« ....14

" ....18

"... 19

" .... 3

.... 4

' .. 11

' ... 15

" ....19

•• ... 20

" .... 4

.... 5

' ....12

' ..,.16

" ....20

" ....21

" .... 5

.... 6

' ....13

' ....17

" ....21

" ....22

" .... 6

7

• ....14

• ....18

' ....22

' ....23

" .... 7

.... 8

• ....15

' ....19

' ... 23

' ....24

" .... 8

.... 9

• ....16

' ... 20

' . ..24

' ....25

" .... 9

....10

• 17

' ....21

1 . ..25

' ....26

" ....10

....11

' ....18

• ... 22

' ....26

' ....27

" ....11

....12

• ....19

' ....23

' ....27

' ....28

« ... 12

....13

" ....20

' ....24

' ....28

• ....29

• ....13

....14

" ....21

• ... 25

' ....29

• ....30

• ... 14

....15

" ....22

4 ....26

' ....30

Dec.... 1

' ....15

....16

" ....23

" ... 27

Dec ... 1

' .... 2

' ....16

....17

" ....24

" ....28

" .... 2

« .... 3

' ....17

.... 18

„ ... 25

" ....29

" .... 3

• .... 4

' ....18

....19

" ....26

" ....30

" .... 4

' .... 5

....19

... 20

27

Dec .. 1

" .... 5

" .... 6

' ....20

....21

" ... 28

" .... 2

" .... 6

" .... 7

' ....21

... 22

« ....29

«« .... 3

' .... 7

" .... 8

' ....22

... .23

• ... 30

" .... 4

' .... 8

" .... 9

' ... 23

....24

' ....31

" .... 5

' .... 9

" ....10

1 ....24

... .25

Jan ... 1

" .... 6

' ....10

" ....11

' ....25

... 26

' .... 2

" .... 7

• ....11

" ... 12

' ....26

... 27

• .... 3

" .... 8

• ....12

"... 13

' ... 27

... 28

" .... 4

" .... 9

• ....13

" ... 14

' ....28

....29

" .... 5

• ... 10

• ...14

" ....15

' ....29

....30

" .... 6

• ....11

" ....15

" ... 16

' ....30

... 31

" .... 7

' ....12

' ... 16

" ....17

' ....31

Jan . 1

« .... 8

' ....13

' ... 17

"... 18

Jan.... 1

.... 2

" .... 9

' ....14

• ....18

" ....19

" .... 2

.... 3

" ....10

• ....15

• ... 19

" ....20

" .... 3

.... 4

" ....11

•« ....16

' ...,20

" ....21

" .... 4

.... 5

" . ..12

" ....17

' ....21

' ....22

" .... 5

.... 6

" ....13

" ....18

' ....22

' ... 23

" ..\. 6

.... 7

" . ..14

" ....19

' ... 23

• ... 24

" .... 7

.... 8

« ....15

" ....20

' ..-24

' ... 25

" .... 8

... 9

" ....16

• ... 21

25

' .. 26

" .... 9

....10

" . ..17

• ....22

1 ... 26

• ....27

" ....10

....11

" . ..18

• ....23

27

« ....28

" ....11

.... 12

" ....19

• ... 24

' ....28

' ... 29

" ....12

....13

•• ....20

«... 25

• ....29

• ... 30

" ....13

....14

" ....21

• .. 26

• ... 30

• .. 31

" ..14

....15

" ....22

" ... 27

' ....31

Jan.... 1

" ... 15

16

" ....23

138 TABLE

TABLE OF MONTHLY PERIODS.

Menses begins.

Menses ends.

Fruitful Pe- riod Begins

Fruitful Pe- riod ends

Barren Pe- riod Begins.

Barren Pe- riod ends

Dec.... 28 "... 29

Jan.... 1 " .... 2

Jan.. . 2 " .... 3

Jan.... 16 " ....17

Jan 17 " ....18

Jan.... 24 " ....25

" ....30

" .... 3

' .... 4

" ....18

"... 19

" ... 26

" ...31

" .... 4

' .... 5

" ....19

" ...,20

" ... 27

Jan ..1

" .... 5

' .... 6

" ....20

1 ....21

" ....28

1 .... 2

" .... 6

' .... 7

" ....21

« ....22

" ....29

' .... 3

" .... 7

' .... 8

" ... 22

• ... 23

"... 30

' .... 4

" .... 8

' .... 9

" ....23

' ....24

" ....31

• .... 5

" .... 9

' ....10

' ....24

1 ....25

Feb.... 1

• .... 6

" ... 10

' . ..11

' ....25

1 ....26

" .... 2

" .... 7

" ....11

' ... 12

' ....26

' ....27

•• .... 3

" ... 8

" ....12

' ....31

• ... 27

• ....28

" .... 4

" .... 9

41 ...13

1 ....14

' ....28

' . . 29

"... 5

«• ....10

" ... 14

' ....15

' .. .29

4 ....30

" .... 6

"... 11

" ....15

• ....16

' ... 30

' ... 31

" .... 7

•' ....12

" ....16

17

' ....31

Feb.... 1

" .... 8

" ....13

" ....17

" ....18

Feb ... 1

" .... 2

" .... 9

" ....14

" ....18

"... 19

" . . 2

" .... 3

" ... 10

«... 15

" ....19

• ... 20

" .... 3

" .... 4

"... 11

" ....16

" ... 20

' ....21

" .... 4

" .... 5

" ....12

" ....17

' ....21

' ....22

" .... 5

" .... 6

" ....13

' ....18

' ....22

' ....23

" .... 6

" .... 7

" ....14

• ....19

' .. 23

' ....24

" .... 7

" .... 8

' ....15

' ... 20

' ....24

1 ....25

" .... 8

" .... 9

' ....16

• ....21

' ....25

' ....26

" .... 9

" ....10

17

• ... 22

' ... 26

' ....27

" ....10

' ....11

' ....18

«... 23

' ....27

... 28

" ....11

' ....12

1 ... 19

• ....24

' ....28

' ....29

' ... 12

' ....13

' ....20

«... 25

" ....29

' ....30

• ... 13

1 ....14

' ... 21

' ....26

' ....30

' - 31

' ... 14

1 ....15

" ....22

"... 27

• ....31

Feb ... 1

' ... 15

" ....16

" ....23

" ....28

Feb ..1

' .... 2

' ... 16

" ....17

" ....24

" ....29

' .... 2

• . 3

" ....17

" ....18

„ ... 25

" ....30

' . . 3

"-.... 4

" ....18

" ....19

" ....26

M ... 31

' .... 4

" .... 5

" ....19

" ....20

"... 27

REELEY CUBE. 139

KEELET CUKE.

Tss BICHLORIDE OF GOLD TREATMENT. BY CHAUNCEY F. CHAPMAN, M. D., Ph. D,

CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR IN MEDICINE, COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CHICAGO. MEMBER CHICAGO PATHO- LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Being determined to find out something definite about the matte* I obtained a position as physician to a gold cure sanitarium at a dis« tance from Chicago, and have carefully studied the cure. As I have had personal experience in treating about 300 cases, both in and out of the aforesaid sanitarium, I feel that I am prepared to give you the formula of the gold treatment, which is almost, if not quite, the same in all these institutes, as follows:

No. 1. Tonic. Known in, the institutes as the " dope."

K. Aurii et sodii chlorid gr. xii.

Strychniae nitr gr. i.

Atropiae sulp gr. £.

Ammonii inuriat gr. vi.

Aloin gr. i.

Hydrastin gr. ii.

Glycerini * . . . . ounce i.

Exr. fid. Cinchon. comp " iii.

Ext. fid. Coca. Erythrox " i.

Aquae dist drachm i.

M. S. 1 dram at 7, 9, 11 a. m.. at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, p. m.

No. 2. The injection known in the institutes as the ''shot."

R. Strychniae nitr gr. 9 1-10

Aquae destill. ad oz. 4

Potass, permangan. q. s. to color.

Misce. Sig. Begin with gtt. 5, which equals gr. 1-40, and in- crease one drop each injection until the physiological effect is pro- duced. Four hypodermic injections to be given daily beginning at 8 a. m. then at 12 m., 4 p. m. and 8 p. m. No. 3. Used with No. 2.

R. Aurii et sodii chlorid gr. 2 J

Aquae destill ad. oz 1.

Misce. Sig. gtt. 3, every four hours, in combination with the strychnine solution, for the first four days.

This last prescription is only used for the moral effect, which is produced in the following manner: Five drops of the strychnine solution are drawn into the syringe, and then three drops of the gold solution are drawn in and mixed. This produces a golden yellow color, to which attention is called, and the patient is further assured as to the reality of the presence of the gold by the stain left on the ski» after the hypodermic needle has been removed.

uo

WATER CLEANSER OR STILL.

TO MAKE WATER CLEANSER OR STILL.

Any good tinsmith can make out of block tin an apparatus for distilling water at a cost varying from $2 to $5 according to size of still. He need make only two pieces following closely the design given in the illustration below. It should be from ten to fifteen inches in width, and height proportional. The " upper part " consists of a tin cylinder " A," open at both ends. Within this is an inverted cylinder, indicated by the dotted lines, and soldered to the outer cylinder at "b" and "b1" all the way around. It must be made watertight all around. The spout "C" can be inserted, or may be made as a part of inner cylinder. The base of this inner cylinder has an opening that fits snugly over the " nose " of the " lower part." The part of cylinder

below " b " and "b1 " may be made a separate ring, into which the " upper part " must fit. To aerate the steam, run a small air pipelnto the steam chamber.

To prepare pure water, fill " lower part " about one-third or one- fourth with as clear and clean water as can be had. Set "upper part" upon it. This should fit snugly upon the spout or " nose " of the " lower part." Keep " upper part " filled with cold water, which should be renewed from time to time if it gets too warm. Set upon stove or over flame so as to cause water in " lower part " to boil. The steam rising through spout into " upper part " is there condensed and flows out of side spout. All the impurities and most of the lime, etc., is left in the " lower part." To make the water of especial purity, it should be redistilled. When doing this, care must be had to carefully clean the " lower part " before putting in the distilled water for redistilling

In this division of the book are full instructions how to

Maintain, until a ripe old age, the appear* ance of those in the prime of life,

Medical and scientific men now agree that this can be done to the 200-year limit, by following the instructions set forth, especially those on pages 83O and 839 of this book, and with it the means of pro- longing life to a very great age*

The authors of this book give specific directions how WHINKLES may be avoided and OLD-AGE look prevented.

JONATHAN McGEE AND WIFE,

This man was born in 17S8 and his wife in 1858. Married at Ypsilanti, Mich., when he was 110 years old. How any one may reach such a hale and hearty age is told on page 149.

He has partaken in the strife of four wars — 1812, the Mex- ican, the Patriot, the Rebellion. He is at this age as spry as a man of forty ; his hair is long and curly ; his muscles are firm and knotty. His teeth are natural and still good, which he attributes to never having eaten rich food or used tobacco-

142

DON FRANCISCO GARCIA, 112 yrs. old,

Resident of California.

it people generally were informed by what simple means (recently discovered), most people could attain the age of looto 130 yrs. or more, there would be almost a stampede in that direction. See instruc- tions on pages 149 & iso.

143

THOMAS PARR, of Shropshire, England, aged 152 years, 9 months.

HOW TO LIVE OVER 100 YEARS.

Recent Discoveries. Recent investigations have proved that here and there persons have attained the ripe old age of from 125 to 185, one man in Hungary reaching the latter period. While these parties could rarely say by what means they attained such age, more recent discoveries and observations have plainly disclosed the way. By following the very simple method de- scribed on pages 149 & iso, almost anyone in ordinary health can add from 20 to 40 years to his life and live to be a cente- narian and even more.

PETER ZARTIN OF HUNGARY, AGED 185 YEARS.

He attained this age because he happened to observe, meas arably, the rules of prolonging life as indicated on page 149.

145

METHUSELAH OF BIBLICAL FAME*

AGED 900 YEARS.

Some people then knew how to live long. We are just now learning how to prolong life.

THE LAW THAT ENABLED THESE MEN TO LIVE TO SUCH AD DANCED AGES WILL DO THE SAME FOR THOUSANDS MORE.

THE LAWS OF CREATION ARE INEXORABLE. Why these men lived to such ripe ages, and how others may do the same, see page \49-

146

SAJVDOW, THE GREAT MUSCULAR GIANT. THE ARTICLE ON PAGE 239 TELLS WHY

strong men like this powerful man, who could lift 1700 pounds, often die of a disease that a frail man easily pulls through. It also tells how to remedy it.

Scientists tell us that the causes of these strong men's prema- ture death is " an impeded blood circulation, caused by coating and clogging of the blood vessels," rendering them easy victims of disease, and they die from what is termed " Heart Failure." When their blood vessels are kept cleared from these deposits, these strong men — and weaker ones too, can live to a ripe old age, reaching 150 to 200 years or more.

14.7

INDIAN CHIEF, BIG BEAR.

This Indian Chief at the age of eighty years had not a grey hair in his head.

The reader will find the Indians' simple mode of preventing baldness or grey hairs on page 712 VOL. I

148

MVE 75 YEARS AND MOR&. 149

LIVE 75 YEARS AND 75 MORE.

After we have lived seventy-five years it is perfectly reasonable to add another seventy -five years in reasonable health and spirits. How t<? live a century and over is briefly told in the following paragraphs:

Oldest Men of Recent Authentic History. — Thomas Parr of Shropshire, England, lived to be 152 years and nine months old. Henry Jenkins of Yorkshire, England, died at the age of 169. John Kovin of Temesvar, Hungary, lived 172 years, his wife 164 years; Peter Zartin of the same place 185 years. Many in the United States attained ripe old ages, notably among whom was Henry Francisco of Whitehall, N. Y., who died in his 135th year.

Eminent scientists assert that man's body under favorable condi- tions may last 300 years or more.

The bones may endure for 4,000 years.

The lungs " " " 1,500 years.

The skin " " " 1,000 years.

The stomach, heart, liver, each 300 years, or more.

The kidneys 200 years, or more.

The principal reason why men become diseased or die sooner ia because of the deposit of animal soil or of insoluble solids in the organs of life. Dissecting the body, as well as examination by the won- derful x-ray has proved the existence of these deposits in the arteries and veins, in the heart, the liver, the kidneys, the joints, &c. And how did these deposits get there? Almost exactly like the stony or chalky deposit gets on the bottom and sides of your old tea kettle. Look at it. The doctor says " There is ossification of the membranes and the patient cannot live." But he can live if the cause of this "ossification " is re- moved and something given that will gradually absorb and carry off these bony and stony deposits instead of all the time adding a little to them.

And Now the Remedy. — It is certainly the greatest as it is the simplest on earth. Every one knows that all water that touches the earth has taken up (absorbed) some solid impurities. You can put two tablespoonf uls of salt in a glass brimful of water without the water running over if you do it slowly enough. Fresh rain water absorbs filth from the air and also from off the roof and is likewise contami- nated. When yon drink the water that holds impur ities or min- eral solids suspended in it, the'se solids will as surely leave deposits in your system as they do in your tea kettle. If you eat food cooked with such water you eat some of the stony matter. You can not escape it. Hence the cure must be fouad in taking out of the water all this in- jurious matter before you drink it or cook your food in it. This is done by distilling, done absolutely and fully. Science has proven also that distilled water has a wonderful power of absorbing mineral and animal solids, so that the constant use of pure (distilled) water will not only stop the further life-shortening deposits, but will gradually take ap,

150 LOT 75 TEARS AND MORE.

absorb and carry off the deposits already in the system. For th« water goes through Mie whole system. Drink a big draught on a hot day and you soon sweat out a goodly portion of it. It had to go all through the body to get from the stomach to the skin. This is the first part of the remedy.

Second part of the Remedy. — Pure water alone would not enable a person to live 200 years in good health. He must avoid eating food which will leave deposits of animal soil around the kidneys. Too much meat will do this. The system can use but a small propor- tion of nitrogen which is the chief food part of meat, the fiber is simply waste. If too much of this waste is taken into the stomach it begins slowly to deposit here and there some of this foul waste, The result after a time is disease caused by the slow poisoning from this deposit. Distilled water dissolves these deposits. So will the free use of ripe fruit, especially apples, peaches, grapes, oranges (the juice not the pulp), cherries, plums and berries.

Dr. Wm. Kinnear wrote aa follows (North American Review, June, 1893):

44 Very few people, it is safe to say, desire old age. We cannot defy death. But we may by searching, find certain secrets of nature and apply them to the renewal of the organs whose decay is constantly going on in the body. Ana- tomical experiment and investigation show that the chief characteristics of old age are deposits of earthy matter of a gelatinous and fibrinous character in the human system. Carbonate and phosphate of lime, mixed with other salts of a calcareous nature, have been found to furnish the greater part of these earthy deposits. Of course these earthy deposits, which affect all the physical organs, naturally interfere with their functions. Partial ossification of the heart pro- duces the imperfect circulation of the blood, which affects the aged. When the arteries are clogged with calcareous matter there is interference with the circu- lation upon which nutrition depends. Without nutrition there is no repair of the body. Hence, G. H. Lewes states, that ' if the repair were always identical with the waste, life would only then be terminated by accident, never by old age.'

Paradoxical as it may sound, certain foods which we put into our mouths to preserve our lives, help at the same time to hurry us to the inevitable gate of the cemetery A diet made up of fruit principally is best for people ad- vancing in years, for the reason that being deficient in nitrogen the ossific de- posits so much to be dreaded are more likely to be suspended. Moderate eaters nave in all cases a much better chance of long life than those addicted to ex- cesses of the table.^ Mr. De Lacy Evans, who made many careful researches in these regions of science, comes to the conclusion that fruits, fish and poultry, and young mutton and veal contain less of the earthy salts than other articles of food, and are therefore best for people. Beef and old mutton usually are overcharged with salts and should be avoided, If one desires to prolong life, therefore, it seems that moderate eating and a diet containing a minimum amount of earthy particles is most suitable to' retard old age by preserving the system from blockages.

The powerful solvent properties of distilled water are well known. As car- bonate of lime exists in nearly all drinking water, the careful distillation elimi- nates this harmful element. As a beverage, distilled water is rapidly absorbed into the blood; it keeps soluble those salts already in the blood and facilitates their excretion, thus preventing their undue deposit. The daily use of dis- tilled water is, after middle life, one of the most important means of preventing secretion and the derangement of health. Hence, to sum up, the most rational modes of keeping physical decay or deterioration at bay, and thus retarding the

WONDERFUL X-RAY. 151

approach of old age, are avoiding all foods rich in the earth salts, using much fruit, especially juicy, uncooked apples, and by taking daily two or three tumblerfuls of distilled water."

HISTORY AND WONDERS OF THE X-RAY

as Here given should be read by everyone who wishes to keep up with the times. Its help in surgery and in locating internal disease is marvelous.

Genuineness of Precious Stones. — No imitation of gems, no mat- ter how perfect in appearance, can possibly pass the scrutiny of the X-ray.

The X-ray will reveal, accurately, the contents of a trunk or satchel though these be locked and strapped ever so tightly. The would-be smuggler stands no chance of hiding his costly jewels or bric-a-bac from the scrutiny of the customs inspector armed with the X-ray.

Wonderful X-Ray.

In 1895 Prof. W. K. Roentgen, of Wurzberg, Germany, made a dis- covery of great importance to the medical world and of especial value in surgery. Shorn of all technical terms the discovery was simply that when an electric light was placed in a Crooke's tube (a big, long glass tube from which most of the air had been exhausted) some of the rays of light would pass through dense matter like clothing or wood or leather or flesh, and so light them up as to make these things trans- parent, that is, it enabled one to see the body through the clothes — to see the bones through the flesh. The light which easily penetrated clothing and flesh would not go through metal or bone. Thus a gloved hand exposed between this ray and a camera would produce a photo- graph (or skiagraph as it is called) of only the bones, the buttons on the glove and the rings that chanced to be on the finger. Expose the body, and a skiagraph would appear, showing clearly in the picture the internal bones and any irregular or improper piece of bone or any foreign substance of metal or glass or stone. The intervening flesh or clothing would not appear or appear only as an indefinite transparent haze. This Roentgen ray — or as it became generally known, the x-ray, because nobody knew what this peculiar ray of light is, and x is used in mathematics to represent the unknown or the to-be-found-out — this sc-ray is rapidly coming into use to determine the presence in the body of sesamoid bones, or of foreign substances such as bullets or pins, needles or other things which may have been accidentally swallowed. It also shows clearly the position of a bone broken or crushed in an accident or otherwise. Shows whether it has been properly set, etc.. and especially shows the exact condition of the joints.

Diamonds Detected. — Another use of the x-ray is in de- termining the genuineness of precious stones. Eacn gem casts its own peculiar shadow when a skiagraph or a?-ray photograph of it is taken. Thus the pure diamond casts a faint translucent shadow. Any imita- tion diamond, no matter how perfectly made, throws a picture whoso difference is at once apparent. It is much darker. No one could m> take it for an instant.

152 WONDERFUL X-RAf.

Danger in the Ray.— In order to secure a "skiagraph " of any part of the body it is necessary to expose the parts for from one to ten minutes, or sometimes fifteen minutes, to the action of the light or x-ray. The person, of course, feels absolutely nothing of the effect of the light, which is perhaps two feet away and enclosed in a glass case. But in a week or so, especially after the longer exposure, the place sometimes becomes sore, showing all the effects of a deep burn. The sensation begins by an intense itching ; it soon becomes red and in- flamed or even blistered and is very sore and slow to heal. It was found, however, that by covering the skin over the place to be exposed to the x-ray with glycerine no " burn " resulted.

Diseased Organs Identified. — When an oj-ray picture is taken the bones and foreign metallic, glass or stony articles, show clearly, but a shadow is also cast by the internal organs, and as these differ in density, their outlines may usually be determined. Whenever any organ is inflamed it will show a darker outline than normal. If enlarged it will be apparent. Thus fevers may be recognized, tumors located or rupture of the walls of an artery detected. By these means medical treatment which was based upon guess-work, often wrong, may be made positive, accurate and successful. If a clot is forming on the brain the ic-ray will detect it and show the surgeon how to save the patient's life.

OBJECT LESSON OF THE EFFECT OF CIGAR- ETTE SMOKING.

The fearful effects of cigarette smoking upon the stomach and lungs, as elsewhere illustrated, can scarcely be exaggerated. The analysis of the material composing the cigarette, made by prominent chemists and physicians, proves that opium, the extract of tonka beans (which contain a deadly poison), and other injurious substances invariably are used in the manufacture of an acceptable cigarette. What is known as "Havana flavoring" (tonka bean extract), is sold by the thousand barrels. The wrappers, which are popularly known as rice paper, are never made from rice, but, on the contrary, either from common paper, which makes the poorer grades, or from rag scrapings bleached white with arsenic, which makes the better grades. It is all cheap, but chemically foul and highly injurious. Cigarette smoking ruins the memories, the health and the morals of millions of boys throughout our country because of the sediment of poison which it deposits in the lungs and stomach and thence into the blood and brain.

Such eminent physicians as Sir Morell Mackenzie of London, England, Dr. Hammond, Dr. Sayre and others, have described such mai-auies as heart disease, cancer, epilepsy and insanity as directly due 'to the peculiar insidious poison from cigarettes.

These axe facts that no longer admit of dispute, the microscope

*X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH (Skiagraph) of a lady's hand with a plain gold ring on the third finger. The joints and wrist-bones show clearly, while the faint, shadowy part shows the outlines of the hand as it was held for one-half minute before the camera. At upper end of third or palm joint of thumb appears a small knob of sesamoid or false bone. See page 357.

*This and the f-ucceeding coray photographs were taken from life at Mr. Fuchs' X-ray

aboratory in Chicago.

153

For this picture the patient put his leg upon a chair and exposed his foot, with the shoe on, to the ^:-ray. The above ^-ray photograph (skiagraph) was the result. You can see plainly the nails in the sole of the shoe and the steel shank as well as the bones of the foot. Between die toes two or three of the shoe buttons show. A lead pencil stuck in the chair seat is also visible.

154

Skiagraph of the leg of Thomas Henly, who had been shot. The bullet, lying almost against the bone, is plainly visible, as is also the small knee-cap.

155

Skiagraph of the arm of James Quinn. It was so badly jwollen when he reached the doctor that the possible break could not be located. The ^r-ray showed the sur- geon exactly where the break was and enabled him to set it properly.

156

This is from an *-ray photograph of the hand of a son of a prominent physician in Chicago. The young man's hand was swollen and sore. The *-ray revealed the trouble as a growth upon the bones in the palm of the hand. Thus seen it was easily remedied.

157

A Healthy Stomach.

Inflamed Stomach of a Cigarette Smoker.

The use of cigarettes is ruining, physically and mentally, millions of boys. Besides the danger of mental effects, the inflamed stomach is liable to give out nerore middle age. When a disease attacks a person of this kind, and it is more liable to than others, their days are numbered. Every young man should read article on pages 119* 152

Lungs of Andrew Harper, who Died from the Effects of Cigarette Smoking.

The above illustration shows the shrunken condition of one of this young man's lungs, and the nicotine sediment in them. The lung is in- flamed, and the nicotine shown in the dark spots.

Everyone should read the article on page 119, and it is not likely that he will ever do any more cigarette smoking.

EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING. 159

«enfies the facts every time. Were this truth generally known no parent would allow his child to smoke a cigarette and no town would permit their sale.

It is very important that every person should be familiar with the simple methods lor determining with tolerable certainty and accuracy the character of water liable to be used for drinking and cooking pur- poses. The following methods are reliable:

Permanganate-of-Potash Test. — The following is the best form of this useful test, which is the most reliable of any simple method of examining water for organic impurities:

Dissolve in an ounce of water twelve grains of caustic potash and three grains of permanganate-of-potash crystals. Keep in a glass- stoppered bottle. Add a drop or two of this solution to a gill of the water to be examined, placed in a perfectly cleun and clear bottle. The permanganate solution has a beautiful pink or purple color. If this is changed to brown or disappears after standing a few hours the water is impure and unfit for use. The permanganate alone is found to be unreliable, as it sometimes fails to detect the presence of some kinds of organic poisons.

The Fermentation Test. — Put some of the water to be tested in a small bottle and add a pinch of pure white sugar. Place it uncorked in a warm place. If cloudiness appears within two days the water is too impure to be used with safety. Care must be taken to have the bottle perfectly clean. The cloudiness can be most easily discovered by holding the bottle up against a dark or black ground in a good light.

MODERN BEDS, DISEASE BREEDERS.

Heavy " Comforters" Great Enemies to Health.

They should be cast aside as a relic of barbarism unworthy of use by civilized man.

" Putting children to bed properly " is so important that lack of information on this point is given by medical authors aa one of the great reasons why nearly one half of our children die dur- ing childhood. To the survivors it is worth more through life than a rich legacy bequeathed by their parents.

Dr. Bronson says: " No wonder people are afflicted with so many rheumatic and neuralgic pains and with scores of maladies. As a rula they are not to be pitied, for they persistently refuse to inform them- Belves."

160 POTTING CHILDREN TO BED.

HOW TO SECURE HEALTH-PRESERVING BEDS.

One-third of your life time is spent in bed, and if that place is so conditioned as to cause sickness or disturbances in the body which will cause severe pain, rheumatic, neuralgic, etc., it is high time this were known and corrected.

The bed should be placed in a corner room or room having windows on two sides so as to secure perfect and free ventilation. The head of the bed should point to the north to secure the benefit of the magnetic currents that flow from the pole towards the equator.

The mattress should be of hair or of fresh straw, often renewed, 01 of excelsior. Feather mattresses are the worst. Feather covers are always dangerous, and if used should be thin and light weight. Heavy comforters are abominations and should be banished from civil- ized communities. All beds should be wide, the wider the better, especially if two occupy the same bed. On vacating the bed in the morning the covers should be thrown back and allowed to air for several hours, the longer the better. To make up the bed soon after it is vacated is to hold in its folds the poisonous gases that exuded from the body of the sleeper, and which are sure to contaminate the body of whoever next sleeps in that bed. Particles of putrid matter in the shape of gases have been known to lurk in such a bed for months. It need scarcely be added that strict cleanliness is absolutely necessary in order to keep the bed in a healthful condition.

PUTTING CHILDREN TO BED PROPERLY.

Foot Bath. — The first care of the mother should be to see that the child has a foot bath every night in warm weather and every second night or third night at other times. No woman who neglects this simple duty has a right to assume the rearing of a child. If the habit of the daily bath is formed from infancy it will seldom, if ever, be departed from in after life. Its value to the individual cannot be estimated in dollars and cents. Physiologists prove that it is more essential to keep the feet, especially the bottoms, clean than even the face.

Admit Pure and Expel Foul Air.— The next duty of the mother is to see that the windows are so arranged that one will admit fresh air all the time and another let out foul air. The bugbear of draught has laid the seeds of many a disease. It is a notorious fact that invalids camping out and sleeping out of doors and in the draft of a tent seldom or never take cold.

About the Covering. — Heavy bed covering should never go on a child's bed (or any one's bed). Thin single blankets or spreads, increased in number as the weather requires, are infinitely more health ful. Thick comforters are almost certain to prove too warm during the night and to be thrown or kicked off, resulting in a cold or coug*»

HOW TO PUT CHILDREN TO BED PROPERLY.

How mothers can save themselves an im- mense amount of worry and save their children suffering throughout life, is given in this article.

161

TOILET ARTICLES. 163

or in contracting catarrh, asthma or consumption. The thick com- forters, too, are more difficult to air, and often absorb and hold dan- gerous microbes, the result of the decomposition of what is constantly given off by the breath and the bodies of the occupants of the bed, besides, the thick comforters are too difficult to wash or be kept clean. Banish them, and forever, as you value your health and that of your children.

Night Clothes. — A mother should never allow her child to sleep in the clothing worn during the day. Separate night clothes are essential to health. Coarse woolens should not be worn next to the skin. Fine wool or canton flannel is best for most persons.

Care of the Teeth. — Every mother should wash her children's teeth with a soft cloth or soft tooth brush, and as soon as they are old enough teach them to use the brush before retiring at night and on arising in the morning. This is imperative, not only for the preserva- tion of the teeth, but to prevent indigestion. Many a case of sour stomach and of colic is directly traceable to unclean teeth.

Important Matters to Attend To. — No mother should ever neglect visiting the child's bed room during the night to see after the covering, the ventilation, etc. Every article of clothing worn dur- ing the day should be hung up where it will be well aired. It is better that socks or hose be aired for 24 hours before putting on again. This may be done by using two pairs, worn alternate days. It is still better to use fresh hose each day. Under no circumstance should a child be upbraided or scolded just before going to bed at night. The act of putting a child to bed pleasantly and kindly should be held as " sacred as holy writ."

Dr. Payne of Chicago says: " The apparently small matter of putting children to bed properly is understood by not more than one woman in fifty. Most mothers do not consider it very important and yet it is one of the chief causes why nearly one-half of our children die during childhood.

TOILET ARTICLES.

For Preventing and Removing Wrinkles. — To pre- vent wrinkles apply to the face sweet almond oil once a week, and rub into the skin. To remove wrinkles apply it two or three times a week. The best time for applying it is before retiring at night.

Massaging the Face with the ends of the fingers is another excellent means for the same purpose. It stimulates the blood vessels to a greater activity, which is very important in such cases. It may be used in connection with the above treatment. By this means one can keep a smooth face until a ripe old age.

Rose Tonic for Beautifying the Face. — Add 5 cents worth of Epsom salts to 10 cents worth of rose water. If all the salts is not dissolved, add sufficient water to dissolve it. Apply to the face wiA.h the handkerchief, cotton cloth or ends of the fingers, and gently

164 MISCELLANEOUS REMEDIES.

rub the face until dry. This will whiten the skin, and is a complete substitute for the different preparations that are used for this purpose, and it also prevents the tendency to wrinkles. It is better to bathe the face in warm water before using the lotion.

For Whitening and Softening the Hands.— To one pint of cider vinegar add one ounce of saltpetre. This constitutes one of the best preparations known for the hands.

To keep the Crimp or Curls in the Hair.— Boil one- fourth ounce of Iceland moss in a quart of water, add a little rectified spirits to keep it. Perfume to suit. Rough Skin and Hands:

Glycerine 2 ounces.

Rose water 4 "

Carbolic acid 5 drops.

This is an old preparation, but an excellent one for keeping the hands and skin smooth. Apply at night. Scotch Method for Removing Wrinkles.

Almond oil 1 pint

Best tar 1 tablespoonf ul.

Mix, and heat in a tin cup set in boiling water; stir until com- pletely smooth. Add more oil if the compound is too thick to rue. smoothly. Rub this on the face on going to bed; lay pieces of soft cloth on the cheeks and forehead to keep the tar from rubbing off. The bed linen may be protected by laying old sheets over the pillows. Wash off the application in the morning with warm water and soap. Repeat until the desired effect is produced. This formula has been successfully used by hundreds. It also makes the skin smooth.

Complexion Wash. — Add grated horseradish to sweet milk. Let it stand one-half hour, then apply with a soft cloth.

Another. — Adda piece of gum-tolu,the size of a nutmeg or larger, to a small bowlful of soft water. After thirty minutes it is ready for use. A few applications will soften the skin, remove tan, and in many instances freckles. This is much more valuable to beautify the com- plexion than many of the costly cosmetics. Many of these that are employed for complexion purposes penetrate the pores of the skin and are very injurious.

FORMULAS OF GREAT VALUE.

The following formulas have been obtained from the very best sources, tested thoroughly and will be of inestimable value in any family.

Scotch Liquid Soap.— T.hose who have used this formula say that they now have a large washing all snowy white ^n the line before 9 A. M., that with the old soap and boiling process they could not have had out before noon, and all the trouble, cost and heat of boiling the clothes are saved. It is simply invaluable to every family.

Formula.— Salsoda 2£ Ibs.

Borax £ lb

Rosin .; £ lb.

Water 1 gal

MRS. C. L. CHASE.

Aged fifty=nine years; was a resident of Tokyo, Japan, for twenty years.

THE SECRET OF BEAUTY.— Mrs. Chase's face, at the age of fifty-nine years, was as smooth and free from wrinkles as at twenty-five. She used the simple Japanese method, as given on page IGS.

By use of this remarkable discovery every lady may regain the bloom of youth.

ALMOND TREE. (Amygdalis Communis.}

A I Miniiil. a Preventive and Cure for Wrinkles.

The reason why Japanese women, even in advanced age, are noted for being so free from wrinkles and look so young, is because they use an almond lotion, easily obtained and inex- pensive. Seepage 163.

Beautiful Complexions. — The women of Paris are renowned in all the world for their pretty complexions. It is becaus