Teen Births in the United States: Overview and Recent Trends

Teen Births in the United States: Overview and Recent Trends Updated September 1, 2026 (R45184) Jump to Main Text of Report Contents Introduction Teen Births in the United States Teen Birth Rate Trends Recent Trends Factors Linked to Declines in Teen Births Financial and Social Costs of Teen Births Figures Figure 1. Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Figure 2. Teen Birth Rate, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2016-2024 Figure 3. Five-Year Average Teen Birth Rates, by State Figure 4. Repeat Teen Birth Rates (TBR), 1940-2024 Figure B-1. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory Tables Table A-1. Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Table B-1. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 1990-2000 Table B-2. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 2001-2011 Table B-3. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 2012-2024 Table C-1. Teen Birth Rates, by Race and Ethnicity, 2016-2024 Appendixes Appendix A. Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Appendix B. Teen Birth Rates by State and Territory Appendix C. Teen Birth Rates by Race and Ethnicity Summary Adolescent childbearing is associated with significant social, health, and financial risks for teens, their families, and society more broadly. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), indicate that the teen birth rate has decreased steadily over time. However, the United States continues to have one of the highest rates of teen births among other industrialized countries. This report focuses on teen birth rates—and the marked decline in recent years. The teen birth rate is defined as the number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 each year. The earliest NCHS estimate of the teen birth rate (in 1940) was 54.1, which later peaked in 1957 at 96.3. It then decreased in most years from the 1960s through the 1980s, with a low of 50.2 in 1986. The birth rate increased over the next few years, to 61.8 in 1991. From 1992 onward, the teen birth rate declined except in two years, 2006 and 2007. From 2007 to 2024, the rate declined by 69.6%, to a historical low in 2024 of 12.6. The teen birth rate has decreased across all racial and ethnic groups in recent years; however, the rates declined more for certain groups than others. From 2016 to 2024, birth rates fell by 59.0% for non-Hispanic Asian teens, 42.2% for non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander teens, 42.0% for non-Hispanic White teens, 39.6% for non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native teens, 29.4% for Hispanic teens, and 37.3% for non-Hispanic Black teens. In 2024, four groups—non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native teens (20.3), non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander teens (20.2), Hispanic teens (20.2), and non-Hispanic Black teens (17.7)—had more than double the teen birth rate than non-Hispanic White (8.3) teens, and more than 11 times the teen birth rate than non-Hispanic Asian (1.6) teens. Teen birth rates have varied considerably by state and territory , which may be due to a variety of factors, such as population composition. (An analysis of these factors by state is beyond the scope of this report.) In 2024, the state with the lowest teen birth rate was New Hampshire (4.6); the state with the highest teen birth rate was Mississippi (22.8). Sixteen states had rates of less than 10 births per 1,000 teens aged 15 to 19 in 2024: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New York, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Idaho (ordered from lowest to highest). Five states had teen birth rates of 20 births per 1,000 teens or higher: Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee (ordered from highest to lowest). The rates for the territories ranged from 10.4 in the U.S. Virgin Islands to 26.1 in American Samoa. Teen birth rates have declined in rural areas over time but continue to remain relatively higher than teen birth rates in urban areas. The number of second (and additional) births to teen parents has also declined over time, with an 80% total decline from a high of 8.1 in 2007 to a historical low of 1.7 in 2024. Research suggests that multiple factors have led to lower teen birth rates in the United States. From the 1990s through 2019, the risk of teen pregnancy decreased primarily because of improved contraceptive use, including an increase in the use of more effective contraceptive methods (e.g., long-acting and reversible methods) and an increase in the use of multiple methods of contraception. During this period, some of the risk of pregnancy among younger teens declined because of decreased sexual activity; however, general trends in adolescent sexual activity have remained relatively stable. Broad economic and social variables may also influence teen behaviors, such as expanded educational or labor opportunities. Teen pregnancy has high costs for teen parents, their children, and society more generally. Teenage mothers and fathers tend to have less education and are more likely to have lower incomes than their peers who are not parents. Moreover, lower levels of education reduce teen parents' potential for economic self-sufficiency. Children of adolescent parents are also more likely to face certain adverse health and social outcomes, such as preterm birth and other child morbidities. This report accompanies CRS Report R45183, Adolescent Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs , which discusses federal support for programs that seek to prevent pregnancy among adolescents, and CRS In Focus IF10877, Federal Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs . Introduction This report provides context for Congress about trends in the U.S. teen birth rate—defined as the number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19—with a focus on recent trends. 1 Since the 1960s, the U.S. teen birth rate has generally been in decline, with the rate reaching a record low in 2024 (the year for which the most recent data are available). Multiple factors have likely contributed to the decrease, though the influence of any single factor is not fully understood and may vary over time. These may include proximate factors, such as contraceptive use, and distal factors, such as broader social and economic conditions. 2 Teen births are a significant public health concern because of the range of health, social, and economic effects adolescent childbearing can have on adolescents, their children, and broader society. 3 Despite substantial declines over time, the teen birth rate in the United States has remained higher than that of comparable high-income countries. 4 Furthermore, there are persistent racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities among U.S. teen births. 5 This report provides a description of teen birth rate trends and a brief discussion on (1) factors that may contribute to the ongoing decline in teen birth rates and (2) the adverse outcomes related to teen births. This report accompanies CRS Report R45183, Adolescent Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs , which discusses Congress's recent approach of supporting programs that seek to prevent pregnancy among adolescents, and CRS In Focus IF10877, Federal Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs , which includes summary information about the programs. Teen Births in the United States Official data on births to adolescent females are provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), an agency of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6 The NCHS, in collaboration with states and other jurisdictions, compiles and publishes official national data for all vital events (i.e., births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and fetal death) in the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). 7 In particular, birth data in the NVSS draw upon information included in all registered birth certificates and account for nearly every birth in the United States. 8 Data on births are distinct from data on pregnancies. Whereas the number of births—and related characteristics such as maternal age—is derived directly from vital records, information on pregnancies relies on estimates from several data sources. In addition to data on births, such figures also incorporate calculations of pregnancy losses (e.g., miscarriage, stillbirth) from the National Survey of Family Growth and estimates of induced abortion from both the CDC's Abortion Surveillance System and the Guttmacher Institute's Abortion Provider Census. 9 Various statistical approaches have been implemented over time to account for the strengths and shortfalls of the aforementioned sources, as well as the inherent complexities in measuring pregnancy loss. As this report exclusively focuses on teen birth data, an evaluation of the nuances and challenges with pregnancy data are beyond the scope of this report. Teen Birth Rate Trends Since 1940, NCHS has published birth rate data that allow for longitudinal comparison by the age of the birth mother. The earliest estimate of the teen birth rate (in 1940) was 54.1 births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. 10 Twenty years later, in 1960, NCHS began publishing teen birth rate data further disaggregated by subgroups; that is, the birth rate among teens aged 15 to 17, as well as among teens aged 18 to 19. Figure 1 shows the national U.S. teen birth rate from 1940 through 2024 (the rate excludes the territories). 11 Broadly, the teen birth rate (for ages 15-19) hovered around an average 56.9 throughout the early to mid-1940s and then ticked up in the baby boom era of the 1950s, peaking in 1957 at 96.3. It then decreased in most years from the 1960s through the 1980s, with a low of 50.2 in 1986. 12 The birth rate increased over the next few years to 61.8 in 1991. From 1992 onward, the teen birth rate declined except in two years, 2006 and 2007. Since 2009, the teen birth rate has fallen to a new record low each year, with the most recent data reflecting a historical low of 12.6 in 2024—a 3.8% decrease from 2023 and a 69.6% decrease from the most recent peak observed in 2007. 13 Figure 1 . Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Figure is interactive in HTML report version. <script type="text/javascript">//Based on IAG in AP 7.4.1 (Revised 20240624) $(function () { $('#IAG-3351589114').bind('mousedown', function () { /* saveRptHighChartClick(); */ }); //#### HIGHCHART LIBRARIES ####// var files = ["https://code.highcharts.com/highcharts.js","https://code.highcharts.com/highcharts-more.js","https://code.highcharts.com/modules/exporting.js","https://code.highcharts.com/modules/export-data.js","https://code.highcharts.com/modules/accessibility.js"], loaded = 0; if (typeof window["HighchartsEditor"] === "undefined") { window.HighchartsEditor = { ondone: [cl], hasWrapped: false, hasLoaded: false }; include(files[0]); } else { if (window.HighchartsEditor.hasLoaded) { cl(); } else { window.HighchartsEditor.ondone.push(cl); } } function isScriptAlreadyIncluded(src) { var scripts = document.getElementsByTagName("script"); for (var i = 0; i < scripts.length; i++) { if (scripts[i].hasAttribute("src")) { if ((scripts[i].getAttribute("src") || "").indexOf(src) >= 0 || (scripts[i].getAttribute("src") === "http://code.highcharts.com/highcharts.js" && src === "https://code.highcharts.com/stock/highstock.js")) { return true; 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Ventura et al., "Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940–2000," National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 49, no. 10, September 2001, https://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/ data/ nvsr/ nvsr49/ nvsr49_10.pdf ; 1960-2009 data are from Stephanie J. Ventura et al., "National and State Patterns of Teen Births in the United States, 1940–2013," National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 63, no. 4, August 2014, https://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/ data/ nvsr/ nvsr63/ nvsr63_04.pdf ; 2010-2024 data are from "Births: Final Data for 2024," HHS, CDC, NCHS, National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 75, no. 2, June 2026, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf (hereinafter Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024.") Notes: Birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. Subgroup data for teens aged 15-17 and 18-19 did not become available until 1960. Recent Trends In 2024, there were approximately 3.6 million births in the United States. 14 Over 137,000 of these births (3.8%) were to teenagers aged 15 to 19. This number reflects a teen birth rate of 12.6 births per 1,000 females aged 15-19 in 2024—the lowest rate on record and a 3.8% decline from 2023. 15 The 2024 birth rates for 15- to 17-year-olds (5.3 per 1,000) and 18- to 19-year-olds (23.6 per 1,000) were also the lowest on record, though the birth rate among older teens remains consistently higher than the birth rate among younger teens. 16 The 2024 rate reflects an overall decline of 69.6% since the most recent high in 2007 and a 79.6% decline from the second-most recent high in 1991. Despite a decline in the overall teen birth rate, disparities exist among certain racial and ethnic groups. In 2024, four groups— non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native teens (20.3), non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander teens (20.2), Hispanic teens (20.2), and non-Hispanic Black teens (17.7)—had more than double the teen birth rate of non-Hispanic White (8.3) teens and more than 11 times that of non-Hispanic Asian (1.6) teens. 17 Figure 2 presents the teen birth rate by race and Hispanic origin for every other year across 2016 and 2024. From 2016 to 2024, the teen birth rate generally decreased across all racial and ethnic groups; however, the rates declined more for certain groups than others, and some groups experienced periodic increases (see Table C-1 in Appendix C for annual data from 2016 to 2024). 18 From 2016 to 2024, birth rates fell by 59.0% for non-Hispanic Asian teens, 42.2% for non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander teens, 42.0% for non-Hispanic White teens, 39.6% for non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native teens, 29.4% for Hispanic teens, and 37.3% for non-Hispanic Black teens. Figure 2 . 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new Highcharts.Chart("IAG-2635509063", options); } } }); </script> Source: Figure created by CRS using data from Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." Notes: Birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. NH = Non-Hispanic. For annual data for each year from 2016 to 2024, see Table C-1 in Appendix C . Hispanic includes all people of Hispanic origin of any race. Teen birth rates have varied considerably by state and territory, which may be due to a variety of factors, such as population composition and individual, family, and broader societal conditions that may vary by state and geographic region (among other characteristics). An analysis of these factors by state is beyond the scope of this report. Figure 3 displays, in map form, the five-year teen birth rate averages across each state from 1990 to 2024. 19 For these maps, the teen birth rate generally is divided into eight categories to show variations across each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Annual teen birth rates for each state and territory (where available) are presented in Table B-1 , Table B-2 , and Table B-2 in Appendix B . Figure B-1 in Appendix B compares individual state teen birth rates against the national teen birth rate for each year from 1940 through 2024. In 2024, the state with the lowest teen birth rate was New Hampshire (4.6 per 1,000); the state with the highest rate was Mississippi (22.8). Sixteen states had rates of less than 10 births per 1,000 teens aged 15 to 19 in 2024: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New York, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Idaho (ordered from lowest to highest). Five states had teen birth rates of 20 births per 1,000 teens or higher: Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee (ordered from highest to lowest). From 2007 (when the birth rate last increased) to 2024, the teen birth rate decreased in each state by between 60.6% (Nebraska) and 78.0% (California). 20 The rates for the territories ranged from 10.4 in the U.S. Virgin Islands to 26.1 in American Samoa. Teen birth rates have also declined in rural areas over time but remain relatively higher than rates in urban areas. 21 Figure 3 . 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var chartData3 = [ {'hc-a2': 'AL', name: 'Alabama', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 6, value: 54.48}, {'hc-a2': 'AK', name: 'Alaska', region: 'West', x: 0, y: 0, value: 43.44}, {'hc-a2': 'AZ', name: 'Arizona', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 1, value: 63.7}, {'hc-a2': 'AR', name: 'Arkansas', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 4, value: 61.78}, {'hc-a2': 'CA', name: 'California', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 0, value: 42.54}, {'hc-a2': 'CO', name: 'Colorado', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 2,value: 46.32}, {'hc-a2': 'CT', name: 'Connecticut', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 9, value: 26.78}, {'hc-a2': 'DE', name: 'Delaware', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 9,value: 43.44}, {'hc-a2': 'DC', name: 'District of Columbia', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 8,value: 47.28}, {'hc-a2': 'FL', name: 'Florida', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 8, value: 46}, {'hc-a2': 'GA', name: 'Georgia', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 7, value: 56.8}, {'hc-a2': 'HI', name: 'Hawaii', region: 'West', x: 7, y: 0, value: 40.72}, {'hc-a2': 'ID', name: 'Idaho', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 1,value: 39.36}, {'hc-a2': 'IL', name: 'Illinois', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 5, value: 43.24}, {'hc-a2': 'IN', name: 'Indiana', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 5,value: 44.76}, {'hc-a2': 'IA', name: 'Iowa', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 4, value: 31.64}, {'hc-a2': 'KS', name: 'Kansas', region: 'Midwest', x: 5, y: 3, value: 42.32}, {'hc-a2': 'KY', name: 'Kentucky', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 5, value: 50.96}, {'hc-a2': 'LA', name: 'Louisiana', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 4, value: 57.38}, {'hc-a2': 'ME', name: 'Maine', region: 'Northeast', x: 0, y: 10, value: 26.16}, {'hc-a2': 'MD', name: 'Maryland', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 8, value: 36.32}, {'hc-a2': 'MA', name: 'Massachusetts', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 9, value: 22.64}, {'hc-a2': 'MI', name: 'Michigan', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 6, value: 36.22}, {'hc-a2': 'MN', name: 'Minnesota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 4,value: 27.56}, {'hc-a2': 'MS', name: 'Mississippi', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 5,value: 64.1}, {'hc-a2': 'MO', name: 'Missouri', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 4,value: 44.82}, {'hc-a2': 'MT', name: 'Montana', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 2, value: 35.78}, {'hc-a2': 'NE', name: 'Nebraska', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 3, value: 35.82}, {'hc-a2': 'NV', name: 'Nevada', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 1, value: 57.18}, {'hc-a2': 'NH', name: 'New Hampshire', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 10,value: 19.92}, {'hc-a2': 'NJ', name: 'New Jersey', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 8,value: 28.16}, {'hc-a2': 'NM', name: 'New Mexico', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 2, value: 63.16}, {'hc-a2': 'NY', name: 'New York', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 8, value: 29.46}, {'hc-a2': 'NC', name: 'North Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 6, value: 51.46}, {'hc-a2': 'ND', name: 'North Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 3, value: 25.4}, {'hc-a2': 'OH', name: 'Ohio', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 6, value: 41.16}, {'hc-a2': 'OK', name: 'Oklahoma', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 3, value: 56.98}, {'hc-a2': 'OR', name: 'Oregon', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 0, value: 37.46}, {'hc-a2': 'PA', name: 'Pennsylvania', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 7, value: 31.26}, {'hc-a2': 'RI', name: 'Rhode Island', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 10, value: 30.94}, {'hc-a2': 'SC', name: 'South Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 7, value: 52.58}, {'hc-a2': 'SD', name: 'South Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 3,value: 37.06}, {'hc-a2': 'TN', name: 'Tennessee', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 5, value: 54.78}, {'hc-a2': 'TX', name: 'Texas', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 3, value: 64.84}, {'hc-a2': 'UT', name: 'Utah', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 1, value: 34.18}, { 'hc-a2': 'VT', name: 'Vermont', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 9, value: 21.16}, {'hc-a2': 'VA', name: 'Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 7, value: 37.18}, {'hc-a2': 'WA', name: 'Washington', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 0,value: 34.36}, {'hc-a2': 'WV', name: 'West Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 6, value: 44.8}, {'hc-a2': 'WI', name: 'Wisconsin', region: 'Midwest', x: 1, y: 5, value: 32.16}, {'hc-a2': 'WY', name: 'Wyoming', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 2, value: 41.32}, ]; var chartData4 = [ {'hc-a2': 'AL', name: 'Alabama', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 6, value: 50.16}, {'hc-a2': 'AK', name: 'Alaska', region: 'West', x: 0, y: 0, value: 42.4}, {'hc-a2': 'AZ', name: 'Arizona', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 1, value: 56.52}, {'hc-a2': 'AR', name: 'Arkansas', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 4, value: 59.42}, {'hc-a2': 'CA', name: 'California', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 0, value: 38.2}, {'hc-a2': 'CO', name: 'Colorado', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 2,value: 40.7}, {'hc-a2': 'CT', name: 'Connecticut', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 9, value: 22.72}, {'hc-a2': 'DE', name: 'Delaware', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 9,value: 38.34}, {'hc-a2': 'DC', name: 'District of Columbia', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 8,value: 48.04}, {'hc-a2': 'FL', name: 'Florida', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 8, value: 41}, {'hc-a2': 'GA', name: 'Georgia', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 7, value: 51.22}, {'hc-a2': 'HI', name: 'Hawaii', region: 'West', x: 7, y: 0, value: 38.02}, {'hc-a2': 'ID', name: 'Idaho', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 1,value: 37.98}, {'hc-a2': 'IL', name: 'Illinois', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 5, value: 38.58}, {'hc-a2': 'IN', name: 'Indiana', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 5,value: 41.78}, {'hc-a2': 'IA', name: 'Iowa', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 4, value: 32.4}, {'hc-a2': 'KS', name: 'Kansas', region: 'Midwest', x: 5, y: 3, value: 42.06}, {'hc-a2': 'KY', name: 'Kentucky', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 5, value: 51.04}, {'hc-a2': 'LA', name: 'Louisiana', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 4, value: 52.36}, {'hc-a2': 'ME', name: 'Maine', region: 'Northeast', x: 0, y: 10, value: 24.86}, {'hc-a2': 'MD', name: 'Maryland', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 8, value: 32.68}, {'hc-a2': 'MA', name: 'Massachusetts', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 9, value: 20.26}, {'hc-a2': 'MI', name: 'Michigan', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 6, value: 32.62}, {'hc-a2': 'MN', name: 'Minnesota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 4,value: 26.26}, {'hc-a2': 'MS', name: 'Mississippi', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 5,value: 64.36}, {'hc-a2': 'MO', name: 'Missouri', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 4,value: 42.78}, {'hc-a2': 'MT', name: 'Montana', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 2, value: 36.94}, {'hc-a2': 'NE', name: 'Nebraska', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 3, value: 34.4}, {'hc-a2': 'NV', name: 'Nevada', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 1, value: 49.96}, {'hc-a2': 'NH', name: 'New Hampshire', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 10,value: 18.18}, {'hc-a2': 'NJ', name: 'New Jersey', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 8,value: 23.98}, {'hc-a2': 'NM', name: 'New Mexico', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 2, value: 61.9}, {'hc-a2': 'NY', name: 'New York', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 8, value: 25.48}, {'hc-a2': 'NC', name: 'North Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 6, value: 46.82}, {'hc-a2': 'ND', name: 'North Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 3, value: 27.86}, {'hc-a2': 'OH', name: 'Ohio', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 6, value: 38.9}, {'hc-a2': 'OK', name: 'Oklahoma', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 3, value: 56.62}, {'hc-a2': 'OR', name: 'Oregon', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 0, value: 33.96}, {'hc-a2': 'PA', name: 'Pennsylvania', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 7, value: 29.88}, {'hc-a2': 'RI', name: 'Rhode Island', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 10, value: 27.58}, {'hc-a2': 'SC', name: 'South Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 7, value: 50.16}, {'hc-a2': 'SD', name: 'South Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 3,value: 38.92}, {'hc-a2': 'TN', name: 'Tennessee', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 5, value: 51.88}, {'hc-a2': 'TX', name: 'Texas', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 3, value: 60.58}, {'hc-a2': 'UT', name: 'Utah', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 1, value: 32.9}, { 'hc-a2': 'VT', name: 'Vermont', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 9, value: 19.16}, {'hc-a2': 'VA', name: 'Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 7, value: 32.98}, {'hc-a2': 'WA', name: 'Washington', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 0,value: 31.96}, {'hc-a2': 'WV', name: 'West Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 6, value: 45.46}, {'hc-a2': 'WI', name: 'Wisconsin', region: 'Midwest', x: 1, y: 5, value: 30.08}, {'hc-a2': 'WY', name: 'Wyoming', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 2, value: 45.9}, ]; var chartData5 = [ {'hc-a2': 'AL', name: 'Alabama', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 6, value: 37.92}, {'hc-a2': 'AK', name: 'Alaska', region: 'West', x: 0, y: 0, value: 33.42}, {'hc-a2': 'AZ', name: 'Arizona', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 1, value: 36.16}, {'hc-a2': 'AR', name: 'Arkansas', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 4, value: 46.38}, {'hc-a2': 'CA', name: 'California', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 0, value: 26.28}, {'hc-a2': 'CO', name: 'Colorado', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 2,value: 26.28}, {'hc-a2': 'CT', name: 'Connecticut', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 9, value: 14.92}, {'hc-a2': 'DE', name: 'Delaware', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 9,value: 26.04}, {'hc-a2': 'DC', name: 'District of Columbia', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 8,value: 37.46}, {'hc-a2': 'FL', name: 'Florida', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 8, value: 27.32}, {'hc-a2': 'GA', name: 'Georgia', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 7, value: 34.46}, {'hc-a2': 'HI', name: 'Hawaii', region: 'West', x: 7, y: 0, value: 27.76}, {'hc-a2': 'ID', name: 'Idaho', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 1,value: 27.58}, {'hc-a2': 'IL', name: 'Illinois', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 5, value: 27.56}, {'hc-a2': 'IN', name: 'Indiana', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 5,value: 32.68}, {'hc-a2': 'IA', name: 'Iowa', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 4, value: 23.98}, {'hc-a2': 'KS', name: 'Kansas', region: 'Midwest', x: 5, y: 3, value: 33.2}, {'hc-a2': 'KY', name: 'Kentucky', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 5, value: 41.2}, {'hc-a2': 'LA', name: 'Louisiana', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 4, value: 42.18}, {'hc-a2': 'ME', name: 'Maine', region: 'Northeast', x: 0, y: 10, value: 19.1}, {'hc-a2': 'MD', name: 'Maryland', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 8, value: 22.26}, {'hc-a2': 'MA', name: 'Massachusetts', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 9, value: 13.88}, {'hc-a2': 'MI', name: 'Michigan', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 6, value: 25.78}, {'hc-a2': 'MN', name: 'Minnesota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 4,value: 18.52}, {'hc-a2': 'MS', name: 'Mississippi', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 5,value: 46.38}, {'hc-a2': 'MO', name: 'Missouri', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 4,value: 32.2}, {'hc-a2': 'MT', name: 'Montana', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 2, value: 29.46}, {'hc-a2': 'NE', name: 'Nebraska', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 3, value: 26.44}, {'hc-a2': 'NV', name: 'Nevada', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 1, value: 33.38}, {'hc-a2': 'NH', name: 'New Hampshire', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 10,value: 13.36}, {'hc-a2': 'NJ', name: 'New Jersey', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 8,value: 16.68}, {'hc-a2': 'NM', name: 'New Mexico', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 2, value: 46.08}, {'hc-a2': 'NY', name: 'New York', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 8, value: 19.48}, {'hc-a2': 'NC', name: 'North Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 6, value: 31.86}, {'hc-a2': 'ND', name: 'North Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 3, value: 26.3}, {'hc-a2': 'OH', name: 'Ohio', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 6, value: 29.54}, {'hc-a2': 'OK', name: 'Oklahoma', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 3, value: 45.38}, {'hc-a2': 'OR', name: 'Oregon', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 0, value: 23.88}, {'hc-a2': 'PA', name: 'Pennsylvania', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 7, value: 23.16}, {'hc-a2': 'RI', name: 'Rhode Island', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 10, value: 19.4}, {'hc-a2': 'SC', name: 'South Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 7, value: 35.68}, {'hc-a2': 'SD', name: 'South Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 3,value: 31.56}, {'hc-a2': 'TN', name: 'Tennessee', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 5, value: 38.04}, {'hc-a2': 'TX', name: 'Texas', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 3, value: 44.46}, {'hc-a2': 'UT', name: 'Utah', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 1, value: 22.86}, { 'hc-a2': 'VT', name: 'Vermont', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 9, value: 15.94}, {'hc-a2': 'VA', name: 'Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 7, value: 22.66}, {'hc-a2': 'WA', name: 'Washington', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 0,value: 23.02}, {'hc-a2': 'WV', name: 'West Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 6, value: 41.82}, {'hc-a2': 'WI', name: 'Wisconsin', region: 'Midwest', x: 1, y: 5, value: 21.78}, {'hc-a2': 'WY', name: 'Wyoming', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 2, value: 33.72}, ]; var chartData6 = [ {'hc-a2': 'AL', name: 'Alabama', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 6, value: 25}, {'hc-a2': 'AK', name: 'Alaska', region: 'West', x: 0, y: 0, value: 20.3}, {'hc-a2': 'AZ', name: 'Arizona', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 1, value: 19.1}, {'hc-a2': 'AR', name: 'Arkansas', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 4, value: 29.8}, {'hc-a2': 'CA', name: 'California', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 0, value: 13}, {'hc-a2': 'CO', name: 'Colorado', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 2,value: 14.1}, {'hc-a2': 'CT', name: 'Connecticut', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 9, value: 8}, {'hc-a2': 'DE', name: 'Delaware', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 9,value: 15.9}, {'hc-a2': 'DC', name: 'District of Columbia', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 8,value: 18}, {'hc-a2': 'FL', name: 'Florida', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 8, value: 16.2}, {'hc-a2': 'GA', name: 'Georgia', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 7, value: 19.9}, {'hc-a2': 'HI', name: 'Hawaii', region: 'West', x: 7, y: 0, value: 15.6}, {'hc-a2': 'ID', name: 'Idaho', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 1,value: 15.6}, {'hc-a2': 'IL', name: 'Illinois', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 5, value: 14.9}, {'hc-a2': 'IN', name: 'Indiana', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 5,value: 20.3}, {'hc-a2': 'IA', name: 'Iowa', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 4, value: 14.6}, {'hc-a2': 'KS', name: 'Kansas', region: 'Midwest', x: 5, y: 3, value: 19.3}, {'hc-a2': 'KY', name: 'Kentucky', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 5, value: 25.9}, {'hc-a2': 'LA', name: 'Louisiana', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 4, value: 27.3}, {'hc-a2': 'ME', name: 'Maine', region: 'Northeast', x: 0, y: 10, value: 10.8}, {'hc-a2': 'MD', name: 'Maryland', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 8, value: 13.5}, {'hc-a2': 'MA', name: 'Massachusetts', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 9, value: 7.1}, {'hc-a2': 'MI', name: 'Michigan', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 6, value: 14.7}, {'hc-a2': 'MN', name: 'Minnesota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 4,value: 10.3}, {'hc-a2': 'MS', name: 'Mississippi', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 5,value: 28.9}, {'hc-a2': 'MO', name: 'Missouri', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 4,value: 20.2}, {'hc-a2': 'MT', name: 'Montana', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 2, value: 17.2}, {'hc-a2': 'NE', name: 'Nebraska', region: 'Midwest', x: 4, y: 3, value: 16.4}, {'hc-a2': 'NV', name: 'Nevada', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 1, value: 19.1}, {'hc-a2': 'NH', name: 'New Hampshire', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 10,value: 7.2}, {'hc-a2': 'NJ', name: 'New Jersey', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 8,value: 9.6}, {'hc-a2': 'NM', name: 'New Mexico', region: 'West', x: 5, y: 2, value: 24.5}, {'hc-a2': 'NY', name: 'New York', region: 'Northeast', x: 2, y: 8, value: 11.1}, {'hc-a2': 'NC', name: 'North Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 6, value: 18.4}, {'hc-a2': 'ND', name: 'North Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 2, y: 3, value: 15.6}, {'hc-a2': 'OH', name: 'Ohio', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 6, value: 18.5}, {'hc-a2': 'OK', name: 'Oklahoma', region: 'South', x: 6, y: 3, value: 27}, {'hc-a2': 'OR', name: 'Oregon', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 0, value: 12.8}, {'hc-a2': 'PA', name: 'Pennsylvania', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 7, value: 13.4}, {'hc-a2': 'RI', name: 'Rhode Island', region: 'Northeast', x: 3, y: 10, value: 10.3}, {'hc-a2': 'SC', name: 'South Carolina', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 7, value: 20.8}, {'hc-a2': 'SD', name: 'South Dakota', region: 'Midwest', x: 3, y: 3,value: 20.4}, {'hc-a2': 'TN', name: 'Tennessee', region: 'South', x: 5, y: 5, value: 24.5}, {'hc-a2': 'TX', name: 'Texas', region: 'South', x: 7, y: 3, value: 25}, {'hc-a2': 'UT', name: 'Utah', region: 'West', x: 4, y: 1, value: 12.4}, { 'hc-a2': 'VT', name: 'Vermont', region: 'Northeast', x: 1, y: 9, value: 8.1}, {'hc-a2': 'VA', name: 'Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 7, value: 13.6}, {'hc-a2': 'WA', name: 'Washington', region: 'West', x: 2, y: 0,value: 12.8}, {'hc-a2': 'WV', name: 'West Virginia', region: 'South', x: 4, y: 6, value: 24.5}, {'hc-a2': 'WI', name: 'Wisconsin', region: 'Midwest', x: 1, y: 5, value: 12.4}, {'hc-a2': 'WY', name: 'Wyoming', region: 'West', x: 3, y: 2, value: 20.3}, ]; 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function openChart(chartName) { var charts = document.getElementsByClassName("chart"); for (var i = 0; i < charts.length; i++) { charts[i].style.display = "none"; } document.getElementById(chartName).style.display = "block"; updateChart(chartName); } function updateChart(chartName) { var chartContainer = chartName.replace("chart", "chart-container"); var chartData; if (chartName === 'chart1') { chartData = chartData1; } else if (chartName === 'chart2') { chartData = chartData2; } else if (chartName === 'chart3') { chartData = chartData3; } else if (chartName === 'chart4') { chartData = chartData4; } else if (chartName === 'chart5') { chartData = chartData5; } else if (chartName === 'chart6') { chartData = chartData6; } else if (chartName === 'chart7') { chartData = chartData7; } Highcharts.chart(chartContainer, { accessibility: { description: 'This map of the United States displays five-year average teen birth rates across individual states from 1990 to 2024.' }, chart: { type: 'tilemap', inverted: true, height: '80%', // width: 750, margin:45 }, title: {text: null}, subtitle: { useHTML: true, align:'middle', text: ' Average Teen Birth Rate '+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ ''+ //*try removing > ''+ ' 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 >71 ' }, legend: { enabled:false, }, xAxis: {visible: false}, yAxis: {visible: false}, colorAxis: { dataClasses: [ {from: 0, to: 10.99, color: '#e5f9f8', name: '0-10'}, {from: 11, to: 20.99,color: '#9bd7d0', name: '11-20'}, {from: 21, to: 30.99,color: '#6cc8bd', name: '21-30'}, {from: 31, to: 40.99,color: '#009483', name: '31-40'}, {from: 41, to: 50.99,color: '#4786c6', name: '41-50'}, {from: 51, to: 60.99, color: '#12497a', name: '51-60'}, {from: 61, to: 70.99,color: '#0c2a4a', name: '61-70'}, {from: 70, to: 120.99,color: '#151c1e', name: '>71'},//? try removing > ] }, tooltip: { useHTML: true, style: { pointerEvents: 'auto' }, stickOnContact: true, padding: 5, formatter: function () { if (this.point.value === 0) { return false; } return '' + '' + '' + ' ' + this.point.name + ' Teen Birth Rate: ' + this.point.value + ' '; }, positioner: function(boxWidth, boxHeight, point) { var chart = this.chart; var position = point.plotX + chart.plotLeft - boxWidth / 2; return { x: position, y: point.plotY + chart.plotTop - boxHeight - 2}; }, }, plotOptions: { series: { tileShape: 'square', dataLabels: { enabled: true, format: '{point.hc-a2}', formatter: function() { var color = this.y === 0 ? 'black' : 'white'; // Set color based on data value return ' ' + this.y + ' '; }, style: { fontSize: '16px', fontWeight: 'bold', borderWidth: 0 // Remove the border around data labels } }, borderWidth: 0.7, borderColor: '#D8D8D8' } }, series: [ {data: chartData, } ] }); } </script> Source: Figure created by CRS using data from Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." Notes: Birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. Due to the degree of missing longitudinal data, teen birth rates for U.S. territories are not included in the figure. All available individual-year data for each territory are included in Table B-1 , Table B-2 , and Table B-3 in Appendix B . Although the majority of teen births are first births, some teens have additional children while still in their adolescent years. These births, sometimes referred to as repeat births , affect the overall teen birth rate and are associated with further risks to teen parents and their children. 22 The total teen birth rate can also be understood as a combination of the "first child" teen birth rate and the "second child and over" teen birth rate, also referred to as "second and higher-order" births. Over the past two decades, teenagers have experienced greater declines in the number, rate, and percentage of "second child and over" births than for first births. 23 Figure 4 displays trends in the total teen birth rate alongside the rate of "first child" and "second child and over" births. Based on available data, the highest "first child" teen birth rate (63.7) occurred in 1955, whereas the highest "second child and over" teen birth rate (27.7) occurred in 1960 ( Figure 4 ). 24 As with the total teen birth rate, the "first child" and "second child and over" rates declined in most years from the 1960s to the 1980s; however, the "first child" teen birth rate increased slightly in 1966 and 1970, while the "second child and over" rate continued to decline. Both rates generally declined from 1971 to 1986, reaching a record low (at the time) "first child" teen birth rate of 38.8 and a record low (at the time) "second child and over" teen birth rate of 11.4, both of which occurred in 1986. 25 Over the next few years, both rates began ticking upwards again, with the "first child" teen birth rate reaching 46.3 and the "second child and over" teen birth rate reaching 15.5 in 1991. As with the total teen birth rate, both rates declined from 1992 onwards, aside from increases in both rates in 2006 and a subsequent increase in "first child" teen birth rates in 2007. The 2024 "first child" teen birth rate of 10.9 reflects a historical low and a 66.9% decrease from the most recent high in 2007; the "second child and over" teen birth rate of 1.7 also reflects a historical low and a 79.0% decrease from the most recent high of 8.1 (observed in both 2006 and 2007). Figure 4 . 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Notes: Birth rate = number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. Individual year data from 1940 through 1959 are unavailable because these population rates were not revised with more accurate populations provided by the Census Bureau. However, the rates for 1940, 1945, 1950, and 1955 include the revised populations and are presented above. Factors Linked to Declines in Teen Births Researchers suggest that multiple factors have contributed to the near continuous decline in U.S. teen birth rates; these factors include a variety of individual, family, and broader societal conditions, each of which may influence teen births to varying degrees. 26 Over time, individual behaviors among teens have contributed to the declining teen birth rate in various manners. For instance, data from 1995 to 2002 indicate that an older age at first sexual experience accounted for 23% of the decline in teen pregnancy among younger teens (i.e., teens aged 15 to 17). 27 More recent data indicate that trends in adolescent sexual activity have not changed significantly, but rather that decreases in the teen birth rate are attributed to an increased use of contraception. From 2006 through 2019, teens reported an increase in the use of contraception and more consistent use of highly effective contraceptive methods. 28 Teens more frequently reported the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs; e.g., intrauterine devices, or IUDs, and birth control implants), though data concerning the use of condoms remain mixed. 29 Further, the choice to use certain contraceptive methods in conjunction with or instead of other methods may be influenced by a variety of factors, including clinical guidelines and related updates, physical and financial access, and individual preferences (a discussion of these influences among adolescents is beyond the scope of this report). 30 Differences observed in some trends in adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive use may also depend on the sampling approach used by particular surveys. 31 Broad economic variables also may influence teen behaviors, such as whether teens abstain from sex or use contraceptives. 32 Behavioral changes may be driven by a confluence of factors, such as expanded educational and labor market opportunities for women. 33 Changes in wages also may play a role, with one study finding that for every $1 that a state increases its minimum wages, teen births in that state decrease by about 2%. The authors theorize that adolescents who receive higher wages might remain more attached to the labor market and choose to delay childbearing to better establish themselves financially. 34 Looking at economic factors from a different perspective, other observers have theorized that the long-term downward trend in teen birth rates is attributable to the recession that began in 2007. They contend that during economic downturns the decrease in teen births—like the decrease in overall births—is partly due to teenagers being more careful as they witness the economic difficulties faced by their families. 35 Despite this rationale, the teen birth rate continued to diminish after the recession (as well as during periods of economic expansion in the 1990s). 36 Some researchers have aimed to quantify how societal factors, such as the internet and social media use, may affect teen birth rates and related attitudes about contraceptive use and sexual behavior. 37 Several studies have identified that teens with higher exposure to nonschool screen time and social media are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, but that parents can have an important role in reducing the effects of this exposure. 38 For instance, one study found that teens who message over social media at high rates are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors (e.g., engaging in unprotected sex, sex with multiple partners) than peers who use social media less frequently, but that parental monitoring (e.g., perceived knowledge of the teen's whereabouts) can be a protective factor. 39 In addition, multiple studies have documented how other media platforms (e.g., interactive video games, mobile applications, internet-based interventions) can effectively educate teens about topics such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or contraception and influence their behavior. 40 Some observers contend that adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, such as those supported with federal funding, play a role in the declining birth rate for teenagers. 41 The extent to which these programs have contributed to a decline in the teen birth rate is not fully known. 42 For example, some researchers have found that the proportion of teens who receive formal sex education changed little from 2011 to 2019, and that teens are less likely to be instructed on topics such as how to access contraception, how to refuse sex, and how to prevent STIs. 43 Additionally, the receipt of this information can vary by teens' sociodemographic characteristics. 44 Although the U.S. teen birth rate has decreased over time, it has been higher than that of most other industrialized countries. 45 For instance, the 2023 U.S. teen birth rate of 13.1 was higher than the 2023 teen birth rates in the United Kingdom (7.9), Germany (5.6), Canada (4.1), and Denmark (1.1). 46 The reasons for the high teen birth rate in the United States relative to other industrialized countries have not been fully explored. Several factors may play a role in this disparity, including economic conditions and income inequality within and between countries; societal differences, such as rates of alcohol consumption; and health-related policies affecting access to certain types of care. 47 The health-related policies of a state or locality may also play a role. Further, the research literature, which is somewhat limited, indicates that use of contraceptives among teens appears to be greater in other developed countries compared with the United States. 48 Financial and Social Costs of Teen Births Adolescent childbearing affects both the families of teen parents and society more generally. 49 Teenage mothers and fathers tend to have less education and are more likely to have lower income than their peers who are not teen parents. For example, approximately 90% of women who do not give birth during adolescence graduate from high school, whereas about 50% of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by 22 years of age. 50 In addition, according to the HHS Office of Population Affairs, 51 adolescents who have children before turning 20 (compared with older parents) are more likely to need public assistance; more likely to have low income as adults; and more likely to have children who face challenges such as poorer educational, behavioral, and health outcomes. 52 These adverse outcomes may be explained in part by the accompanying stressors and risk factors linked to having a child as a teen. They are also partly explained by underlying differences between those who give birth as teens and those who delay childbearing. Lower levels of education reduce teen parents' potential for economic self-sufficiency. At the same time, having lower income and less education can also increase the likelihood of teens becoming pregnant in the first place. 53 Compared with their counterparts who have children at a later age, teen mothers often come from more disadvantaged backgrounds (e.g., from a family that receives public welfare benefits, or whose parents have low levels of education). As discussed below, teen mothers may be the children of teen parents themselves. 54 In addition, teen sexual activity, even among those who do not become pregnant, can increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can lead to long-term health issues. Some STIs are disproportionately common among adolescents and young adults. 55 Adolescent childbearing can also affect the children of teen parents. Children of teenage mothers may have poorer outcomes than children of mothers who give birth in their early 20s or later. Following the increase in the teen birth rate in 2006 and 2007, a range of studies found that children of teenage mothers are generally more likely to (1) have chronic medical conditions, (2) use public assistance, (3) have lower school readiness scores, (4) have academic or behavioral problems in school, (5) give birth during their teen years (females), and (6) be incarcerated (males). 56 Relatedly, recent NVSS data examining linked infant and maternal health records indicated that infants born to teen mothers are more likely to face higher rates of neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity, including preterm birth or low birth weight, whereas teen mothers also face heightened risk of maternal health complications. 57 Teen childbearing also has societal impacts. One study examined these societal impacts, specifically estimating the cost savings to public programs that were associated with avoiding unintended pregnancies during the teen years. Power to Decide 58 conducted a simulation analysis to estimate the number of births to teenagers that had been averted due to the decrease in teen fertility rates from 1991 to 2015. The analysis estimated total savings of $4.4 billion for this period, taking into consideration the cost savings to Medicaid that would have been associated with labor and delivery, postpartum care for the mother, and infant care, along with receipt of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits. 59 Appendix A. Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Table A-1. Teen Birth Rate, 1940-2024 Birth rate is per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 Year Birth Rate Year Birth Rate Year Birth Rate 1940 54.1 1969 65.5 1998 50.3 1941 56.9 1970 68.3 1999 48.8 1942 61.1 1971 64.5 2000 47.7 1943 61.7 1972 61.7 2001 45.0 1944 54.3 1973 59.3 2002 42.6 1945 51.1 1974 57.5 2003 41.1 1946 59.3 1975 55.6 2004 40.5 1947 79.3 1976 52.8 2005 39.7 1948 81.1 1977 52.8 2006 41.1 1949 83.4 1978 51.5 2007 41.5 1950 81.6 1979 52.3 2008 40.2 1951 87.6 1980 53.0 2009 37.9 1952 86.1 1981 52.2 2010 34.2 1953 88.2 1982 52.4 2011 31.3 1954 90.6 1983 51.4 2012 29.4 1955 90.3 1984 50.6 2013 26.5 1956 94.6 1985 51.0 2014 24.2 1957 96.3 1986 50.2 2015 22.3 1958 91.4 1987 50.6 2016 20.3 1959 89.1 1988 53.0 2017 18.8 1960 89.1 1989 57.3 2018 17.4 1961 88.6 1990 59.9 2019 16.7 1962 81.4 1991 61.8 2020 15.0 1963 76.7 1992 60.3 2021 13.9 1964 73.1 1993 59.0 2022 13.6 1965 70.5 1994 58.2 2023 13.1 1966 70.3 1995 56.0 2024 12.6 1967 67.5 1996 53.5 1968 65.6 1997 51.3 Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Notes: These data are presented in Figure 1 , which is interactive in the HTML version of this report. National teen birth rates do not include data from the U.S. territories. Appendix B. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory Figure B -1. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory Number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19. 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{name:'California', color: '#d7d5bf',legendcolor: '#d7d5bf',data: [70.6,73.8,72.8,71.8,70.2,66.8,61,55.7,52,49.1,47,44.5,41.6,40.1,39.5,38.7,39.9,39.6,37.9,34.9,31.5,28.7,26.5,23.6,21.1,19,17,15.1,13.6,12.4,11,9.9,9.8,9.1,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Colorado', color: '#bfbfbf',legendcolor: '#bfbfbf',data: [54.5,58.3,58.4,55.8,55.2,52.3,50.7,49.3,50.2,50,51.3,47,46.9,43.1,43.3,41.8,41.9,41.6,40.5,37.7,33.4,28.9,25.4,23.4,20.3,19.3,17.8,16.1,14.3,13.9,12.5,11.4,11.1,10.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Connecticut', color: '#9e491d',legendcolor: '#9e491d',data: [38.8,40.1,39,38.8,39.7,38.6,36.6,35.1,34.9,32.7,31.1,28.1,25.7,24.6,24.4,23.3,23.5,23,22.6,21.2,18.7,16.4,15.1,12.9,11.5,10.1,9.4,8.8,8.3,7.7,7.6,7.1,6.4,6.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Delaware', color: '#534680',legendcolor: '#534680',data: [54.5,60.4,58.7,58,57.8,54.6,53.8,52.3,50.6,50.7,48,45,42.6,41.6,40,40.1,40.6,39.2,38.3,33.5,30.5,29.3,25,24.7,20.7,18.1,19.5,18.5,16.7,14.9,15.6,13.5,12.5,13.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'District of Columbia', color: '#960c23',legendcolor: '#960c23',data: [93.1,109.6,106.7,112.8,97,85.2,79.2,67.1,62,56,53.2,50.1,47.3,42.3,43.5,42.1,48.1,50.4,51.1,48.5,45.4,42.8,38.6,32.1,28.4,25.6,24,21,19.3,16.8,14.6,13.9,14.7,12.3,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Florida', color: '#746f47',legendcolor: '#746f47',data: [69.1,67.9,65.2,63.7,63,60.2,57.2,55.8,53.9,51.7,51.1,48.1,45.1,43,42.7,42.3,43.1,43,40,36.6,32,29.5,28,24.6,22.5,20.8,19.3,18.2,16.7,16.2,15.2,13.5,13.1,12.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Georgia', color: '#394f5a',legendcolor: '#394f5a',data: [75.5,76,74.2,72,70.6,69.8,66.8,65.6,64,63.5,62.8,59.8,55.6,53.1,52.7,52,53.7,53.4,50,47,41.4,38.2,33.8,30.5,28.4,25.6,23.6,21.9,20.6,19.7,18.2,16.6,16.6,16.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Guam', color: '#ce900e',legendcolor: '#ce900e',data: [null,95.7,null,null,null,null,null,106.3,104.8,96.6,69.5,70.5,64.7,64.3,62.6,59.2,58.7,60,55,57.1,60.1,62.1,54.7,54.1,48.4,38.3,38,40.1,34.4,33.3,33,23.8,19.8,23.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Hawaii', color: '#8d80b9',legendcolor: '#8d80b9',data: [61.2,59.2,54.2,53.7,54.4,48.8,48.9,44.4,47,45,46.1,43.1,39.7,38.3,36.4,36.5,39,38.7,38.9,37,32.5,30,28.1,25.1,23.1,20.6,19.2,19.1,17.2,15.7,13,12.3,11.7,11.3,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Idaho', color: '#30c3ad',legendcolor: '#30c3ad',data: [50.6,53.9,51.5,50.3,46.1,48.7,46.9,43,44.6,43.5,42.9,40.1,38,38.3,37.5,36.4,38.1,39.9,39.6,35.9,33,25.7,27.7,28.3,23.2,22.5,20.1,18.6,16,14.9,14.6,12,10.9,10.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Illinois', color: '#df804f',legendcolor: '#df804f',data: [62.9,64.5,63,62,61.5,58.4,55.3,52.7,51.8,49.7,48,45.7,42.2,40.2,40.1,38.5,39.8,40.2,38.5,35.9,33,29.5,27.9,24.6,22.8,21.1,18.7,17.4,15.8,14.6,13.6,11.1,11.3,10.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Indiana', color: '#2072c8',legendcolor: '#2072c8',data: [58.6,60.4,58.5,57.9,57,56.6,55.1,52.8,52.2,50.5,49.1,45.8,43.7,42.6,42.6,42.1,41.8,43,41.2,40.8,37.3,34.8,33,30.3,28,26,23.6,22.8,21.8,20.8,18.7,17,16.7,15.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Iowa', color: '#a00d25',legendcolor: '#a00d25',data: [40.5,42.5,40.5,40.7,39.3,38.3,37.4,35.3,34.9,35.4,34.2,32.2,31.1,30.6,30.1,31.1,32.6,32.8,33.4,32.1,28.6,25.3,24.1,22.1,19.8,18.6,17.2,16,15.3,14.1,13.3,12.7,12.4,11.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Kansas', color: '#db990f',legendcolor: '#db990f',data: [56.1,55.4,55.6,55.5,53.3,52,49.4,48.4,47.5,48.1,46.1,43.4,42.1,40.3,39.7,40.1,40.9,42.5,44.1,42.7,39.3,35.4,34.1,29.6,27.6,25.5,21.9,21.3,20,19.2,18.1,16.3,16.2,15.1,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Kentucky', color: '#584b89',legendcolor: '#584b89',data: [67.6,68.8,64.8,63.7,64.2,62.3,61.2,59,57.2,56.4,55.1,51.5,50.3,49.2,48.7,48.1,52.3,52.6,52.5,49.7,46.2,43.5,41.5,39.5,35.3,32.4,30.9,29,27.3,24.9,23.8,22.3,21.8,20.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Louisiana', color: '#1c7265',legendcolor: '#1c7265',data: [74.2,76,76.1,75.9,74.5,69.9,66.8,65.9,65.6,63,62.1,58.2,57.2,54.8,54.6,47.3,53.6,55.2,54,51.7,47.7,45.1,43.1,39.2,35.8,34.1,30.6,29.1,27.5,27.8,25.7,24.5,23.7,23.1,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Maine', color: '#a94e1f',legendcolor: '#a94e1f',data: [43,43.5,40,37.1,35.6,33.9,31.7,32.3,30.7,30.2,29.2,27.2,25.2,24.9,24.3,24.4,24.9,26,25,24,21.4,20.8,19.4,17.4,16.5,15.4,14.7,13.1,11.1,9.1,10.6,7.8,8.4,7.2,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Maryland', color: '#8dbced',legendcolor: '#8dbced',data: [53.2,54.1,50.6,49.7,49.3,47.2,45.7,43.1,42.6,42.2,41.3,38,35.9,33.7,32.7,32.1,33.7,34.3,32.6,30.7,27.3,24.7,22.1,19.4,17.8,17,15.9,14.2,14.1,13.9,13.1,11.3,10.9,10.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Massachusetts', color: '#f25c74',legendcolor: '#f25c74',data: [35.1,37.5,37.5,37.2,36.4,33.3,31.1,30.4,29.5,27.4,25.9,23.8,21.7,21.3,20.5,20,20.6,21.4,19.8,19.5,17.2,15.4,14.1,12.1,10.6,9.4,8.5,8.1,7.2,6.9,6.1,5.7,5.8,5.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Michigan', color: '#f7d285',legendcolor: '#f7d285',data: [59,58.9,56.6,53.1,52,49.1,46.4,44.3,43.5,41.4,40.2,38.2,34.6,34.2,33.9,32.2,33.2,33.5,32.3,31.9,30.1,27.8,26.3,23.6,21.1,19.4,17.7,16.4,15.8,15.1,13.5,12.2,11.6,10.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Minnesota', color: '#a9a0cb',legendcolor: '#a9a0cb',data: [36.3,37.3,35.9,35,34.4,32.5,32.3,32.1,30.9,30.3,30.1,28,27.2,26.2,26.3,25.5,27.3,27.9,26.5,24.1,22.5,19.3,18.5,16.8,15.5,13.7,12.6,12.1,10.2,10.1,9.1,8.5,8.2,7.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Mississippi', color: '#5fd7c5',legendcolor: '#5fd7c5',data: [81,85.3,83.6,82.2,81.7,79.2,74,71.8,71.4,70.9,70.1,65.6,63.5,61.2,60.1,58.3,67.2,70.1,64,62.2,55,50.2,46.1,42.6,38,34.8,32.6,31,27.8,29.1,27.9,25.6,26.4,24.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Missouri', color: '#e7a07b',legendcolor: '#e7a07b',data: [62.8,64.4,63.1,59.4,58.6,55.1,53.2,51.1,51,49.4,48.7,46,43.7,42.8,42.9,41.7,44.1,44,43.5,40.6,37.1,34.5,32.2,30,27.2,25,23.4,22.5,21.6,20.3,18.8,17.1,16.9,15.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Montana', color: '#14477d',legendcolor: '#14477d',data: [48.4,46.8,46,46.1,41.6,42.4,39.3,38.2,38,36,36.7,35.6,36.4,34.8,35.4,34.5,37.6,35.3,38.9,38.4,35,29.2,28.8,27.9,26.4,25.3,23.7,21.2,17.2,16.3,13.2,13.6,12.2,11.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Nebraska', color: '#640817',legendcolor: '#640817',data: [42.3,42.4,41.1,40.5,42.9,37.8,38.9,37.4,37.5,37.5,37.7,35.8,35.9,34.9,34.8,33.1,32.8,35.5,35.8,34.8,31.1,27.2,26.8,24.9,22.2,22,19.1,18.1,16.7,15.3,15.1,14,14.1,13.1,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Nevada', color: 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{name:'Pennsylvania', color: '#8c0b20',legendcolor: '#8c0b20',data: [44.9,46.7,44.8,43.7,42.9,40.9,38.4,36.1,35.9,35.1,34,32.3,30.5,30.1,29.4,29.2,30.4,30.7,30.4,28.7,27,24.9,23.7,20.9,19.3,17.7,15.8,14.8,14.1,13.3,12.6,11.5,10.6,9.8,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Puerto Rico', color: '#c0860d',legendcolor: '#c0860d',data: [null,72.4,null,null,null,null,null,77.8,74.3,72,71.5,68,62.2,59.5,61.7,61.2,60,57.1,54.9,54.7,51.4,51.7,48.8,44.6,40.4,33.9,29.6,24.3,19.3,19.1,15.5,13.2,12.6,12.3,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Rhode Island', color: '#4d4177',legendcolor: '#4d4177',data: [43.9,44.7,46.2,47.6,45,39.8,38.9,38.3,36.5,33.5,33.6,33,31.3,27.8,29,27.8,27.5,29.2,27.6,25.8,22.3,21.3,19.9,17.7,15.8,14.3,12.9,11.4,11.5,10,9.4,7.8,8.3,7.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'South Carolina', color: '#196358',legendcolor: '#196358',data: [71.3,72.5,69.7,64.7,64.7,62.8,60.2,58.8,58.3,58.5,58,54.8,50.8,49.5,49.8,48.7,52,51.9,51.2,47,42.6,39.1,36.6,31.6,28.5,26.2,23.7,21.7,22,21.6,19.3,18.3,17.3,17.1,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'South Dakota', color: '#94441b',legendcolor: '#94441b',data: [46.8,47.6,48.3,44.4,43,40.9,40.1,40.6,39.8,38.5,38.1,37.5,37.6,34.3,37.8,36.8,38.7,41.3,39.1,38.7,34.9,34.3,33.3,29.1,26.2,26.4,25.1,22.6,20.4,19.2,18.7,17,17.4,16.6,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Tennessee', color: '#94441b',legendcolor: '#94441b',data: [72.3,74.8,70.9,69.2,69.7,66.6,64.5,62.4,62.5,60.8,59.5,56.7,53.9,52.7,51.1,53.3,52.1,53.4,52.2,48.4,43.2,40.8,38.5,34.7,33,30.5,28,26.6,25.3,23.7,23.3,21.5,21,20.4,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Texas', color: '#94441b',legendcolor: '#94441b',data: [75.3,78.4,78.2,77.7,77.2,75.6,73.1,71.2,70.5,69.6,68.9,66,64.6,62.6,62.1,60.9,61.6,61.8,60.7,57.9,52.2,46.9,44.4,41,37.8,34.6,31,27.6,25.3,24,22.4,20.3,20.4,19.4,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Utah', color: '#f8d999',legendcolor: '#f8d999',data: [48.5,48,45.7,43.4,41.4,40.9,41.2,41,39.6,38.8,38.3,36.1,33.8,31.8,30.9,30.5,33.3,35.4,34.6,30.7,27.9,23.1,23.3,20.6,19.4,17.6,15.6,15.2,13.1,12,10.8,9.7,9,8.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Vermont', color: '#b7b0d3',legendcolor: '#b7b0d3',data: [34,39.2,35.6,34.8,32.4,28.1,29.5,26.3,23.8,25,23.4,22.6,22.5,17.8,19.5,17.4,19.8,21,20.3,17.3,17.9,16.8,16.3,14.5,14.2,11.6,10.3,10.1,8.8,7.6,7,6.4,5.8,5.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Virgin Islands', color: '#79decf',legendcolor: '#79decf',data: [null,77.9,null,null,null,null,null,66,62,55.2,46.8,51.5,56.8,50.9,52.7,50,49.6,51.5,51.1,57.4,50.5,59.3,42.8,null,null,39.1,25.4,null,null,null,15.1,18.5,15,11.6,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Virginia', color: '#ebaf91',legendcolor: '#ebaf91',data: [52.9,53.4,51.7,49.6,50.5,48.4,45.4,44,43.4,42.6,40.9,39.1,36.5,35.2,34.2,33.6,34.2,34.2,32.5,30.4,27.4,24.5,22.9,20.1,18.4,17.1,15.5,15,14.3,13.6,13.1,11.7,11.2,10.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Washington', color: '#418fe1',legendcolor: '#418fe1',data: [53.1,53.7,51,50.5,48.6,48,45.6,43,42.4,41,39.2,35.9,33.5,31.8,31.4,31.1,32.2,33.3,32.8,30.4,26.7,25.4,23.4,20.5,19.1,17.6,16.6,14.8,12.7,12.7,11.3,10.1,9.6,9.7,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'West Virginia', color: '#c8102e',legendcolor: '#c8102e',data: [57.3,58,56.3,55.6,54.3,52.7,50.5,49.1,49.6,48.5,46.5,45.3,45.1,44.2,42.9,42.2,44.2,45.8,46.9,48.2,44.8,43.5,44.1,40.1,36.6,31.9,29.3,27.1,25.4,25.2,22.5,20.9,19.8,18.5,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Wisconsin', color: '#f1b434',legendcolor: '#f1b434',data: [42.6,43.7,42,41,38.8,37.9,36.9,35.8,35.2,36.3,35.2,33.4,31.7,30.8,29.7,29.7,29.9,31.1,30.3,29.4,26.2,23.2,21.9,19.6,18,16.2,15,13.8,13,12.5,11.5,10.1,9.8,9.9,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, {name:'Wyoming', color: '#7060a8',legendcolor: '#7060a8',data: [56.3,54.3,49.8,49.9,48.7,47.9,44.7,43.9,48.9,41.4,41.7,39.5,41,41.6,42.8,42.7,46,49.9,47.5,43.4,39,35.2,34.7,29.6,30.1,29.2,26.1,24.6,20.8,19.4,18.1,16,16,12.6,], visible: false, opacity: 0.7}, ], responsive: { rules: [{ condition: { maxWidth: 500 }, chartOptions: { legend: { enabled: true, layout: 'horizontal', align: 'center', verticalAlign: 'bottom' } } }] } }); </script> Source: Figure prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Notes: These data were used to calculate five-year state averages in Figure 3 . Some data are unavailable for certain territories in certain years. See Table B-1 , Table B-2 , and Table B-3 in Appendix B for more information. Table B-1. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 1990-2000 State/Territory 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Alabama 71.0 73.6 72.0 69.2 70.6 68.5 67.1 64.5 63.9 60.9 60.7 Alaska 65.3 66.0 65.2 59.7 59.5 54.5 50.8 49.3 47.5 47.7 49.0 Arizona 75.5 79.7 80.2 78.1 76.8 73.5 71.5 68.7 68.8 68.0 67.9 Arkansas 80.1 79.5 74.8 72.8 74.8 71.9 73.5 70.8 68.7 66.1 66.2 California 70.6 73.8 72.8 71.8 70.2 66.8 61.0 55.7 52.0 49.1 47.0 Colorado 54.5 58.3 58.4 55.8 55.2 52.3 50.7 49.3 50.2 50.0 51.3 Connecticut 38.8 40.1 39.0 38.8 39.7 38.6 36.6 35.1 34.9 32.7 31.1 District of Columbia 54.5 60.4 58.7 58.0 57.8 54.6 53.8 52.3 50.6 50.7 48.0 Delaware 93.1 109.6 106.7 112.8 97.0 85.2 79.2 67.1 62.0 56.0 53.2 Florida 69.1 67.9 65.2 63.7 63.0 60.2 57.2 55.8 53.9 51.7 51.1 Georgia 75.5 76.0 74.2 72.0 70.6 69.8 66.8 65.6 64.0 63.5 62.8 Hawaii 61.2 59.2 54.2 53.7 54.4 48.8 48.9 44.4 47.0 45.0 46.1 Idaho 50.6 53.9 51.5 50.3 46.1 48.7 46.9 43.0 44.6 43.5 42.9 Illinois 62.9 64.5 63.0 62.0 61.5 58.4 55.3 52.7 51.8 49.7 48.0 Indiana 58.6 60.4 58.5 57.9 57.0 56.6 55.1 52.8 52.2 50.5 49.1 Iowa 40.5 42.5 40.5 40.7 39.3 38.3 37.4 35.3 34.9 35.4 34.2 Kansas 56.1 55.4 55.6 55.5 53.3 52.0 49.4 48.4 47.5 48.1 46.1 Kentucky 67.6 68.8 64.8 63.7 64.2 62.3 61.2 59.0 57.2 56.4 55.1 Louisiana 74.2 76.0 76.1 75.9 74.5 69.9 66.8 65.9 65.6 63.0 62.1 Maine 43.0 43.5 40.0 37.1 35.6 33.9 31.7 32.3 30.7 30.2 29.2 Maryland 53.2 54.1 50.6 49.7 49.3 47.2 45.7 43.1 42.6 42.2 41.3 Massachusetts 35.1 37.5 37.5 37.2 36.4 33.3 31.1 30.4 29.5 27.4 25.9 Michigan 59.0 58.9 56.6 53.1 52.0 49.1 46.4 44.3 43.5 41.4 40.2 Minnesota 36.3 37.3 35.9 35.0 34.4 32.5 32.3 32.1 30.9 30.3 30.1 Mississippi 81.0 85.3 83.6 82.2 81.7 79.2 74.0 71.8 71.4 70.9 70.1 Missouri 62.8 64.4 63.1 59.4 58.6 55.1 53.2 51.1 51.0 49.4 48.7 Montana 48.4 46.8 46.0 46.1 41.6 42.4 39.3 38.2 38.0 36.0 36.7 Nebraska 42.3 42.4 41.1 40.5 42.9 37.8 38.9 37.4 37.5 37.5 37.7 Nevada 73.3 74.5 70.6 73.2 73.4 73.4 69.5 67.4 65.6 63.9 63.0 New Hampshire 33.0 33.1 31.3 30.5 29.9 30.3 28.2 28.2 26.8 23.8 23.3 New Jersey 40.5 41.3 38.9 37.9 39.0 37.7 35.2 34.8 34.7 32.8 31.8 New Mexico 78.2 79.5 79.7 80.6 77.0 74.0 70.5 67.8 68.7 66.8 65.6 New York 43.6 45.5 44.5 44.6 44.3 42.2 39.9 36.7 36.4 34.7 33.2 North Carolina 67.6 70.0 69.2 66.1 65.3 63.0 62.3 59.9 59.8 58.0 58.6 North Dakota 35.4 35.5 36.9 36.3 33.9 32.9 31.6 29.2 29.7 27.0 27.3 Ohio 57.9 60.5 58.0 56.7 54.9 53.4 50.4 49.8 48.5 46.5 46.0 Oklahoma 66.8 72.1 69.8 68.3 65.6 63.7 63.1 63.7 61.4 60.1 59.7 Oregon 54.6 54.8 53.0 50.8 50.2 50.1 50.5 46.2 47.1 46.1 42.8 Pennsylvania 44.9 46.7 44.8 43.7 42.9 40.9 38.4 36.1 35.9 35.1 34.0 Rhode Island 43.9 44.7 46.2 47.6 45.0 39.8 38.9 38.3 36.5 33.5 33.6 South Carolina 71.3 72.5 69.7 64.7 64.7 62.8 60.2 58.8 58.3 58.5 58.0 South Dakota 46.8 47.6 48.3 44.4 43.0 40.9 40.1 40.6 39.8 38.5 38.1 Tennessee 72.3 74.8 70.9 69.2 69.7 66.6 64.5 62.4 62.5 60.8 59.5 Texas 75.3 78.4 78.2 77.7 77.2 75.6 73.1 71.2 70.5 69.6 68.9 Utah 48.5 48.0 45.7 43.4 41.4 40.9 41.2 41.0 39.6 38.8 38.3 Vermont 34.0 39.2 35.6 34.8 32.4 28.1 29.5 26.3 23.8 25.0 23.4 Virginia 52.9 53.4 51.7 49.6 50.5 48.4 45.4 44.0 43.4 42.6 40.9 Washington 53.1 53.7 51.0 50.5 48.6 48.0 45.6 43.0 42.4 41.0 39.2 West Virginia 57.3 58.0 56.3 55.6 54.3 52.7 50.5 49.1 49.6 48.5 46.5 Wisconsin 42.6 43.7 42.0 41.0 38.8 37.9 36.9 35.8 35.2 36.3 35.2 Wyoming 56.3 54.3 49.8 49.9 48.7 47.9 44.7 43.9 48.9 41.4 41.7 Total—United States 59.9 61.8 60.3 59.0 58.2 56.0 53.5 51.3 50.3 48.8 47.7 American Samoa n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 43.9 43.9 46.4 38.1 Guam n/a 95.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 106.3 104.8 96.6 69.5 Northern Marianas n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 65.5 62.0 61.1 Puerto Rico n/a 72.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 77.8 n/a n/a n/a U.S. Virgin Islands n/a 77.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 66 62 55.2 46.8 Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Notes: These data were used to calculate the five-year state averages presented in Figure 3 . "N/A" indicates data that were unavailable for certain territories in certain years. Total – United States teen birth rates do not include data from the U.S. territories. Table B-2. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 2001-2011 State/Territory 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Alabama 55.7 53.6 51.4 51.0 48.1 51.8 52.1 50.5 48.3 43.6 40.5 Alaska 42.9 42.4 41.2 41.7 39.9 41.8 42.9 44.2 43.2 38.3 36.2 Arizona 65.3 62.6 61.9 60.8 58.7 61.2 59.6 54.5 48.6 41.9 38.5 Arkansas 62.7 60.4 59.3 60.3 58.6 60.8 60.1 59.8 57.8 52.5 50.7 California 44.5 41.6 40.1 39.5 38.7 39.9 39.6 37.9 34.9 31.5 28.7 Colorado 47.0 46.9 43.1 43.3 41.8 41.9 41.6 40.5 37.7 33.4 28.9 Connecticut 28.1 25.7 24.6 24.4 23.3 23.5 23.0 22.6 21.2 18.7 16.4 District of Columbia 45.0 42.6 41.6 40.0 40.1 40.6 39.2 38.3 33.5 30.5 29.3 Delaware 50.1 47.3 42.3 43.5 42.1 48.1 50.4 51.1 48.5 45.4 42.8 Florida 48.1 45.1 43.0 42.7 42.3 43.1 43.0 40.0 36.6 32.0 29.5 Georgia 59.8 55.6 53.1 52.7 52.0 53.7 53.4 50.0 47.0 41.4 38.2 Hawaii 43.1 39.7 38.3 36.4 36.5 39.0 38.7 38.9 37.0 32.5 30.0 Idaho 40.1 38.0 38.3 37.5 36.4 38.1 39.9 39.6 35.9 33.0 25.7 Illinois 45.7 42.2 40.2 40.1 38.5 39.8 40.2 38.5 35.9 33.0 29.5 Indiana 45.8 43.7 42.6 42.6 42.1 41.8 43.0 41.2 40.8 37.3 34.8 Iowa 32.2 31.1 30.6 30.1 31.1 32.6 32.8 33.4 32.1 28.6 25.3 Kansas 43.4 42.1 40.3 39.7 40.1 40.9 42.5 44.1 42.7 39.3 35.4 Kentucky 51.5 50.3 49.2 48.7 48.1 52.3 52.6 52.5 49.7 46.2 43.5 Louisiana 58.2 57.2 54.8 54.6 47.3 53.6 55.2 54.0 51.7 47.7 45.1 Maine 27.2 25.2 24.9 24.3 24.4 24.9 26.0 25.0 24.0 21.4 20.8 Maryland 38.0 35.9 33.7 32.7 32.1 33.7 34.3 32.6 30.7 27.3 24.7 Massachusetts 23.8 21.7 21.3 20.5 20.0 20.6 21.4 19.8 19.5 17.2 15.4 Michigan 38.2 34.6 34.2 33.9 32.2 33.2 33.5 32.3 31.9 30.1 27.8 Minnesota 28.0 27.2 26.2 26.3 25.5 27.3 27.9 26.5 24.1 22.5 19.3 Mississippi 65.6 63.5 61.2 60.1 58.3 67.2 70.1 64.0 62.2 55.0 50.2 Missouri 46.0 43.7 42.8 42.9 41.7 44.1 44.0 43.5 40.6 37.1 34.5 Montana 35.6 36.4 34.8 35.4 34.5 37.6 35.3 38.9 38.4 35.0 29.2 Nebraska 35.8 35.9 34.9 34.8 33.1 32.8 35.5 35.8 34.8 31.1 27.2 Nevada 58.4 56.7 54.9 52.9 51.6 53.4 51.7 49.1 44.0 38.6 36.1 New Hampshire 20.7 19.5 18.0 18.1 18.0 18.1 19.3 19.1 16.4 15.7 13.7 New Jersey 29.7 27.8 26.5 25.0 24.2 24.8 24.9 24.0 22.0 20.1 18.7 New Mexico 63.7 63.1 62.8 60.6 61.2 62.7 63.9 61.4 60.3 53.0 48.8 New York 31.8 28.9 27.3 26.1 25.7 26.0 26.0 25.5 24.2 22.7 21.2 North Carolina 53.7 50.5 47.2 47.3 47.0 48.1 48.0 47.3 43.7 38.3 34.9 North Dakota 25.3 25.0 24.7 24.7 27.0 26.1 29.2 28.3 28.7 28.8 28.2 Ohio 42.8 39.6 39.2 38.2 38.3 38.9 39.9 39.5 37.9 34.1 31.5 Oklahoma 57.8 57.7 55.3 54.4 52.8 56.6 58.5 57.8 57.4 50.4 47.8 Oregon 40.4 36.8 34.2 33.1 32.7 34.5 34.5 35.6 32.5 28.2 25.8 Pennsylvania 32.3 30.5 30.1 29.4 29.2 30.4 30.7 30.4 28.7 27.0 24.9 Rhode Island 33.0 31.3 27.8 29.0 27.8 27.5 29.2 27.6 25.8 22.3 21.3 South Carolina 54.8 50.8 49.5 49.8 48.7 52.0 51.9 51.2 47.0 42.6 39.1 South Dakota 37.5 37.6 34.3 37.8 36.8 38.7 41.3 39.1 38.7 34.9 34.3 Tennessee 56.7 53.9 52.7 51.1 53.3 52.1 53.4 52.2 48.4 43.2 40.8 Texas 66.0 64.6 62.6 62.1 60.9 61.6 61.8 60.7 57.9 52.2 46.9 Utah 36.1 33.8 31.8 30.9 30.5 33.3 35.4 34.6 30.7 27.9 23.1 Vermont 22.6 22.5 17.8 19.5 17.4 19.8 21.0 20.3 17.3 17.9 16.8 Virginia 39.1 36.5 35.2 34.2 33.6 34.2 34.2 32.5 30.4 27.4 24.5 Washington 35.9 33.5 31.8 31.4 31.1 32.2 33.3 32.8 30.4 26.7 25.4 West Virginia 45.3 45.1 44.2 42.9 42.2 44.2 45.8 46.9 48.2 44.8 43.5 Wisconsin 33.4 31.7 30.8 29.7 29.7 29.9 31.1 30.3 29.4 26.2 23.2 Wyoming 39.5 41.0 41.6 42.8 42.7 46.0 49.9 47.5 43.4 39.0 35.2 Total—United States 45.0 42.6 41.1 40.5 39.7 41.1 41.5 40.2 37.9 34.2 31.3 American Samoa 38.9 46.2 40.4 45.8 34.2 37.1 28.9 37.1 38.4 34.1 38.4 Guam 70.5 64.7 64.3 62.6 59.2 58.7 60.0 55.0 57.1 60.1 62.1 Northern Marianas 56.8 42.3 42.3 39.3 30.4 31.6 35.1 42.3 46.6 53.4 47.2 Puerto Rico 68.0 62.2 59.5 61.7 61.2 60.0 57.1 54.9 54.7 51.4 51.7 U.S. Virgin Islands 51.5 56.8 50.9 52.7 50.0 49.6 51.5 51.1 57.4 50.5 59.3 Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Notes: These data were used to calculate the five-year state averages presented in Figure 3 . "N/A" indicates data that were unavailable for certain territories in certain years. Total – United States teen birth rates do not include data from the U.S. territories. Table B-3. Teen Birth Rates, by State and Territory, 2012-2024 State/Territory 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Alabama 39.2 34.3 32.0 30.1 28.4 27.0 25.2 25.6 24.8 22.9 20.9 20.1 19.1 Alaska 34.5 30.3 27.8 29.3 25.8 22.0 19.3 18.3 17.7 17.5 16.9 16.0 14.5 Arizona 37.4 33.1 29.9 26.3 23.6 22.0 20.1 18.5 16.6 15.1 15.1 14.3 13.9 Arkansas 45.7 43.5 39.5 38.0 34.6 32.8 30.4 30.0 27.8 26.5 24.6 23.8 22.2 California 26.5 23.6 21.1 19.0 17.0 15.1 13.6 12.4 11.0 9.9 9.8 9.1 8.7 Colorado 25.4 23.4 20.3 19.3 17.8 16.1 14.3 13.9 12.5 11.4 11.1 10.9 11.2 Connecticut 15.1 12.9 11.5 10.1 9.4 8.8 8.3 7.7 7.6 7.1 6.4 6.8 6.5 District of Columbia 25.0 24.7 20.7 18.1 19.5 18.5 16.7 14.9 15.6 13.5 12.5 13.5 13.1 Delaware 38.6 32.1 28.4 25.6 24.0 21.0 19.3 16.8 14.6 13.9 14.7 12.3 12.3 Florida 28.0 24.6 22.5 20.8 19.3 18.2 16.7 16.2 15.2 13.5 13.1 12.7 11.8 Georgia 33.8 30.5 28.4 25.6 23.6 21.9 20.6 19.7 18.2 16.6 16.6 16.5 16.0 Hawaii 28.1 25.1 23.1 20.6 19.2 19.1 17.2 15.7 13.0 12.3 11.7 11.3 11.0 Idaho 27.7 28.3 23.2 22.5 20.1 18.6 16.0 14.9 14.6 12.0 10.9 10.5 9.9 Illinois 27.9 24.6 22.8 21.1 18.7 17.4 15.8 14.6 13.6 11.1 11.3 10.7 10.4 Indiana 33.0 30.3 28.0 26.0. 23.6 22.8 21.8 20.8 18.7 17.0 16.7 15.7 15.0 Iowa 24.1 22.1 19.8 18.6 17.2 16.0 15.3 14.1 13.3 12.7 12.4 11.8 12.2 Kansas 34.1 29.6 27.6 25.5 21.9 21.3 20.0 19.2 18.1 16.3 16.2 15.1 14.7 Kentucky 41.5 39.5 35.3 32.4 30.9 29.0 27.3 24.9 23.8 22.3 21.8 20.7 20.4 Louisiana 43.1 39.2 35.8 34.1 30.6 29.1 27.5 27.8 25.7 24.5 23.7 23.1 21.3 Maine 19.4 17.4 16.5 15.4 14.7 13.1 11.1 9.1 10.6 7.8 8.4 7.2 7.0 Maryland 22.1 19.4 17.8 17.0 15.9 14.2 14.1 13.9 13.1 11.3 10.9 10.8 10.3 Massachusetts 14.1 12.1 10.6 9.4 8.5 8.1 7.2 6.9 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.4 Michigan 26.3 23.6 21.1 19.4 17.7 16.4 15.8 15.1 13.5 12.2 11.6 10.9 10.3 Minnesota 18.5 16.8 15.5 13.7 12.6 12.1 10.2 10.1 9.1 8.5 8.2 7.8 7.3 Mississippi 46.1 42.6 38.0 34.8 32.6 31.0 27.8 29.1 27.9 25.6 26.4 24.9 22.8 Missouri 32.2 30.0 27.2 25.0 23.4 22.5 21.6 20.3 18.8 17.1 16.9 15.9 15.9 Montana 28.8 27.9 26.4 25.3 23.7 21.2 17.2 16.3 13.2 13.6 12.2 11.8 11.1 Nebraska 26.8 24.9 22.2 22.0 19.1 18.1 16.7 15.3 15.1 14.0 14.1 13.1 14.0 Nevada 33.4 30.3 28.5 27.6 24.2 21.9 20.5 18.9 16.8 15.1 14.0 13.1 12.5 New Hampshire 13.8 12.6 11.0 10.9 9.3 8.4 8.0 6.6 6.6 5.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 New Jersey 16.7 14.8 13.1 12.1 11.0 10.3 10.3 10.0 9.2 7.9 8.2 7.5 7.3 New Mexico 47.5 43.3 37.8 34.6 29.8 27.9 25.3 24.4 21.9 19.0 19.7 17.9 18.0 New York 19.7 17.7 16.1 14.6 13.2 12.5 11.7 11.4 10.0 9.1 8.6 8.5 8.0 North Carolina 31.8 28.4 25.9 23.6 21.8 20.6 18.7 18.2 17.3 16.0 15.0 14.8 14.3 North Dakota 26.5 24.1 23.9 22.2 20.3 16.2 16.4 15.6 13.7 12.9 11.7 11.2 11.7 Ohio 29.8 27.2 25.1 23.2 21.8 20.8 18.9 18.8 17.6 15.5 15.4 14.6 14.0 Oklahoma 47.3 42.9 38.5 34.8 33.4 29.7 27.2 27.4 25.0 24.1 21.2 20.6 19.6 Oregon 23.8 21.6 20.0 19.0 16.6 15.0 13.3 12.1 10.1 9.5 10.1 9.4 9.0 Pennsylvania 23.7 20.9 19.3 17.7 15.8 14.8 14.1 13.3 12.6 11.5 10.6 9.8 9.7 Rhode Island 19.9 17.7 15.8 14.3 12.9 11.4 11.5 10.0 9.4 7.8 8.3 7.5 7.5 South Carolina 36.6 31.6 28.5 26.2 23.7 21.7 22.0 21.6 19.3 18.3 17.3 17.1 17.4 South Dakota 33.3 29.1 26.2 26.4 25.1 22.6 20.4 19.2 18.7 17.0 17.4 16.6 15.3 Tennessee 38.5 34.7 33.0 30.5 28.0 26.6 25.3 23.7 23.3 21.5 21.0 20.4 19.9 Texas 44.4 41.0 37.8 34.6 31.0 27.6 25.3 24.0 22.4 20.3 20.4 19.4 18.5 Utah 23.3 20.6 19.4 17.6 15.6 15.2 13.1 12.0 10.8 9.7 9.0 8.7 8.2 Vermont 16.3 14.5 14.2 11.6 10.3 10.1 8.8 7.6 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.7 6.3 Virginia 22.9 20.1 18.4 17.1 15.5 15.0 14.3 13.6 13.1 11.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 Washington 23.4 20.5 19.1 17.6 16.6 14.8 12.7 12.7 11.3 10.1 9.6 9.7 9.3 West Virginia 44.1 40.1 36.6 31.9 29.3 27.1 25.4 25.2 22.5 20.9 19.8 18.5 17.8 Wisconsin 21.9 19.6 18.0 16.2 15.0 13.8 13.0 12.5 11.5 10.1 9.8 9.9 9.7 Wyoming 34.7 29.6 30.1 29.2 26.1 24.6 20.8 19.4 18.1 16.0 16.0 12.6 14.7 Total—United States 29.4 26.5 24.2 22.3 20.3 18.8 17.4 16.7 15.0 13.9 13.6 13.1 12.6 American Samoa 39.7 42.9 46.8 46.9 40.8 38.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 26.1 Guam 54.7 54.1 48.4 38.3 38.0 40.1 34.4 33.3 33.0 23.8 19.8 23.5 22.0 Northern Marianas 37.9 44.3 38.6 36.9 27.4 16.1 28.3 20.7 17.9 14 9.4 16.9 13.4 Puerto Rico 48.8 44.6 40.4 33.9 29.6 24.3 19.3 19.1 15.5 13.2 12.6 12.3 11.0 U.S. Virgin Islands 42.8 n/a n/a 39.1 25.4 n/a n/a n/a 15.1 18.5 15.0 11.6 10.4 Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Notes: These data were used to calculate the five-year state averages presented in Figure 3 . "N/A" indicates data that were unavailable for certain territories in certain years. Total – United States teen birth rates do not include data from the U.S. territories. Appendix C. Teen Birth Rates, by Race and Ethnicity Table C-1. Teen Birth Rates, by Race and Ethnicity, 2016-2024 Race/Ethnicity 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Asian (non-Hispanic) 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 White (non-Hispanic) 14.3 13.2 12.1 11.4 10.1 9.4 9.1 8.4 8.3 Black (non-Hispanic) 29.3 27.5 26.3 25.8 23.7 21.8 20.3 19.3 17.7 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) 28.6 25.5 26.5 26.2 22.2 21.9 20.5 21.2 20.2 Hispanic 31.9 28.6 26.7 25.3 23.0 21.1 21.3 20.8 20.0 American Indian/ Alaska Native (non-Hispanic) 35.1 32.9 29.7 29.2 25.7 24.2 22.5 20.9 20.3 Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on data from the Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Hispanic includes all people of Hispanic origin of any race. This report was originally authored by Adrienne Fernandes-Alcantara, former CRS Specialist in Social Policy. Juan Pablo Madrid, CRS Visual Information Specialist, produced the graphics in this report. CRS Research Librarian Sarah Braun provided instrumental help and conducted an updated literature search. Footnotes 1 . This report uses the terms teenagers , teens , and adolescents interchangeably. This report also uses adolescent females and women to be consistent with the terms used by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), including official teen birth statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The teen birth rate age range reflects the standard definition used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other federal agencies. The CDC also disaggregates birth rates by other age ranges, including ages 10 to 14; however, this age group is not included in calculations of the national teen birth rate and has remained unchanged since 2021 at 0.2 births per 1,000 females. See Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024," HHS, CDC, NCHS, National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 75, no. 2, June 9, 2026, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf (hereinafter Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024"). 2 . John Bongaarts, "A Framework for Analyzing the Proximate Determinants of Fertility," Population and Development Review , vol. 4, no. 1 (March 1978). Laura Lindberg et al., "Understanding the Decline in Adolescent Fertility in the United States, 2007-2012," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 59 (2016), p. 578. 3 . Urban Institute, Kids Having Kids: Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy , edited by Saul D. Hoffman and Rebecca A. Maynard, 2 nd ed., 2008 (hereinafter Urban Institute, Kids Having Kids: Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy). See also, HHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Winnable Battles Final Report 2010-2015 , https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/43072 ; Stefanie Mollborn, "Teenage Mothers Today: What We Know and How it Matters," Child Development Perspectives , vol. 11, no. 1 (March 2017). 4 . CDC, About Teen Pregnancy , May 15, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/teen-pregnancy/index.html . 5 . Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." 6 . During the past two years, various Administration proposals to restructure the CDC include plans to relocate the Health Statistics program elsewhere within HHS. Most recently, the FY2027 CDC Congressional Justification proposed to relocate the Health Statistics program to the HHS Office of the Secretary Office of Strategy (OS) (p. 13, https://www.cdc.gov/budget/documents/fy2027/fy-2027-cdc-cj.pdf). Of this proposed restructuring, the FY2027 General Departmental Management Congressional Justification states, "The Office of Strategy will continue high-priority activities including the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS)." (p. 14, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2027-gdm-cj.pdf). At the time of this report's publication, more specific potential effects of this proposed restructuring on NCHS activities are unknown. 7 . NCHS, About the National Vital Statistics System , https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/about_nvss.htm . 8 . NCHS estimates that more than 99% of all births occurring in the United States were registered and included in the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). See National Center for Health Statistics, User Guide to the 2022 Natality Public Use File , https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/DVS/natality/UserGuide2022.pdf . 9 . Lauren M. Rossen et al., Updated Methodology to Estimate Overall and Unintended Pregnancy Rates in the United States , National Center for Health Statistics, Vital and Health Statistics: Series 2, Number 201, April 2023, pp. 1-4, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/124395 . 10 . Stephanie J. Ventura et al., "Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940–2000," National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 49, no. 10, September 2001, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr49/nvsr49_10.pdf . 11 . The CDC began publishing birth rates for Alaska and Hawaii in 1959 and 1960, respectively. Data for these individuals were categorized as "Other Races," which represented a subset of the broader "Nonwhite" category historically used in earlier NVSS reports. According to the CDC, birth data from both Hawaii and Alaska affected its tabulations of birth rates by race/ethnicity in 1960, but the CDC did not further analyze the statistical effect of this changing demographic composition among teen births, specifically. However, summary tabulations of the teen birth rate among the overarching category of Nonwhite mothers indicate a decrease in births among teens aged 10-14 and 15-19 from 1957 to 1960. This may suggest that the changing demographic composition of the United States did not significantly affect the downward trend in teen births; however, this also was not tested for statistical significance. See U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Vital Statistics of the United States , Volume I - Natality, 1960, Table 1-E, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/nat60_1.pdf . 12 . The baby boom era refers to individuals born in the United States between mid-1946 and mid-1964. Sandra L. Colby and Jennifer M. Ortman, "The Baby Boom Cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2016, Population Estimates and Projections," Current Population Reports , CDC, May 2014. 13 . Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." 14 . Table A-1 includes birth rates for teens since 1950. Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." 15 . Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2024." 16 . The CDC also tracks births for youth aged 10 to 14. Their birth rate has been much lower than the rate of births for older teens and is therefore not included in this analysis. The birth rate was 0.2 births per 1,000 youth aged 10 to 14 in 2023, which has remained steady since 2015. 17 . Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2023," Table 2. 18 . The birth rate among non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander teens increased 3.8% from 2017 to 2018 and3.3% from 2022 to 2023. The birth rate among Hispanic females increased 0.9% from 2022 to 2023. See Michelle J.K. Osterman et al., "Births: Final Data for 2023," Table 2. 19 . U.S. territories are not included in the five-year averages due to missing data. However, all available individual-year data are presented in Appendix B . 20 . This information is based on a CRS analysis comparing data from 2007 to 2023. All available state and territory data used to calculate percent changes are presented in Appendix B . 21 . Brady E. Hamilton et al., "Teen Birth Rates for Urban and Rural Areas in the United States, 2007-2015," HHS, CDC, NCHS, NCHS Data Brief , no. 264, November 2016; and April Sutton, Daniel T. Lichter, and Sharon Sassler, "Rural–Urban Disparities in Pregnancy Intentions, Births, and Abortions Among US Adolescent and Young Women, 1995–2017," American Journal of Public Health , 109(12), December 2019, pp. 1762-1769. See also Sylvester O. Orimaye, "Adolescent Birth Rates and Rural–Urban Differences by Levels of Deprivation and Health Professional Shortage Areas in the United States, 2017–2018," American Journal of Public Health , vol. 11, no. 1 (2021). 22 . Anne K. Driscoll et al., "Changes in First and Second Births to US Teenagers from 2000 to 2022," HHS, CDC, NCHS, National Vital Statistics Report , vol. 73, no. 6, July 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-06.pdf (hereinafter Anne K. Driscoll et al., "Changes in First and Second Births to US Teenagers from 2000 to 2022"). 23 . Anne K. Driscoll et al., "Changes in First and Second Births to US Teenagers from 2000 to 2022." 24 . Data for each individual year from 1940 through 1959 are not available due to inaccurate population rate estimates. The teen birth rates for 1940, 1945, 1950, and 1955 include the revised (and more accurate) population estimates as reported by the Census Bureau. These available data are presented in Figure 4 . Email with data through 2023 provided to CRS by CDC, NCHS, November 15, 2024. 25 . These figures reflect the record lows across all available data from 1940 to 1986. They are not the all-time record lows (both of which were observed in 2023). 26 . HHS, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Population Affairs, "Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing," https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/reproductive-health-and-teen-pregnancy/trends-teen-pregnancy-and-childbearing . 27 . Heather D. Boonstra, "What is Behind the Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates?" Guttmacher Policy Review , vol. 17, issue 3, September 3, 2014, https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2014/09/what-behind-declines-teen-pregnancy-rates ( h ereinafter Heather D. Boonstra, "What Is Behind the Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates?). 28 . Laura D. Lindberg et al., "Trends in U.S. adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive use, 2006-2019," Contraception X , vol. 3 (2021). 29 . Laura D. Lindberg et al., "Trends in U.S. adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive use, 2006-2019," Contraception X , vol. 3 (2021). See also, Leigh E. Szucs et al., "Condom and Contraceptive Use Among Sexually Active High School Students—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019," HHS, CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Supplements , vol. 69, no. 1 (August 2020), pp. 11-18. 30 . The CDC, as well as various independent professional membership organizations, publishes clinical guidance about the use of contraceptive methods by certain population subgroups. CDC's U.S. Medical Eligibility for Contraceptive Use (also known as the MEC) is adapted from global guidance developed by the World Health Organization. It describes who can safely use various methods of contraception based on specific health conditions and other characteristics. A companion document, known as the Selected Practice Recommendations (SPR), addresses more timely challenges regarding the initiation and use of certain contraceptive methods. In 2013, the SPR clarified the safety and efficacy of the use of LARC methods among adolescents, updating concerns that were previously outlined in the 2010 U.S. MEC. The 2016 update to the U.S. MEC affirmed the safety of LARC use among adolescents and women who had not previously given birth. National survey data (see footnote 29 above) indicate that adolescents used LARCs prior to these updates; however, the prevalence of LARC use has increased over time. See CDC, "U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , July 29, 2016, pp. 4-5, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/rr/pdfs/rr6503.pdf . 31 . Laura D. Lindberg et al., "Comparability of Estimates and Trends in Adolescent Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors from Two National Surveys: National Survey of Family Growth and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey," PLoS One , vol. 16, no. 7 (2021). See also, Elizabeth Wildsmith et al., The 30-Year Decline in Teen Birth Rates Has Accelerated Since 2010 , Child Trends, December 23, 2022, https://www.childtrends.org/publications/the-30-year-decline-in-teen-birth-rates-has-accelerated-since-2010 . John S. Santelli et al, "Age Bias, Missing Data, and Declining Response Rates in the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Their Influence on Estimates of Trends in Adolescent Sexual Experience, 2011-2023," Sexuality Research and Social Policy , published online November 23, 2025. 32 . Heather D. Boonstra, "What Is Behind the Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates?," and Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Investigating Recent Trends in the U.S. Teen Birth Rate," Journal of Health Economics, vol., 41, 2015. See also, Sarah Kliff, "The Mystery of the Falling Teen Birth Rate," Vox , January 21, 2015 (hereinafter Sarah Kliff, "The Mystery of the Falling Teen Birth Rate"). 33 . Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Investigating Recent Trends in the U.S. Teen Birth Rate," Journal of Health Economics, vol. 41, 2015. S.M. Goodreau, "Declines in Pregnancies among U.S. Adolescents from 2007 to 2017: Behavioral Contributors to the Trend," Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology , vol. 36, no. 6 (December 2022). 34 . Lindsey Rose Bullinger, "The Effect of Minimum Wages on Adolescent Fertility: A Nationwide Analysis," American Journal of Public Health , vol. 107, no. 3 (2017), pp. 447-452. 35 . Sarah Kliff, "The Mystery of the Falling Teen Birth Rate." 36 . Melissa S. Kearney, Phillip B. Levine, and Luke Pardue, "The Puzzle of Falling U.S. Birth Rates since the Great Recession," Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol. 36, no. 1 (Winter 2022), pp. 151-176, and Paul Taylor et al., In a Down Economy, Fewer Births , Pew Research Center, Social and Demographic Trends, October 10, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2011/10/12/in-a-down-economy-fewer-births/ . 37 . Prior research has looked at the effects of entertainment media content on teen births, but the extent of this influence is not well understood. Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, Media Influences on Social Outcomes: The Impact of MTV 's 16 and Pregnant on Teen Childbearing , National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 19795, Cambridge, MA, August 2015, https://www.nber.org/papers/w19795 ; David A. Jaeger et al., "A Cautionary Tale of Evaluating Identifying Assumptions: Did Reality TV Really Cause a Decline in Teenage Childbearing?," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics , 38(2) (2018), pp. 317-326, https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.2018.1497510 . 38 . Elissa M. Barr et. al., "The Relationship between Screen Time and Sexual Behaviors among Middle School Students," Health Educator , vol. 46, no. 1 (2014), pp. 6-13. Dina L. Romo et. al., " Social Media Use and its Association with Sexual Risk and Parental Monitoring among a Primarily Hispanic Adolescent Population ," Journal of Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology , vol. 30 (2017), pp. 466-473. 39 . Megan Landry et. al., "Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents" Journal of Medical Internet Research , Public Health Surveillance , vol. 3, no. 2 (2017), pp. 1-10. 40 . Anne Dunne, Jennifer McIntosh, and Debra Mallory, "Adolescents, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Education using Social Media: A Review of the Literature," Journal for Nurse Practitioners , vol. 10, no. 6 (June 2014), pp. 401-408; Robin Stevens et. al., "Social Media Use and Sexual Risk Reduction Behavior Among Minority Youth: Seeking Safe Sex Information," Nursing Research , vol. 66, no. 5 (2017), pp. 368-377. 41 . See CRS Report R45183, Adolescent Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs , for further information about current programs that are federally funded. 42 . Sarah Kliff, "The Mystery of the Falling Teen Birth Rate," and Heather D. Boonstra, "What Is Behind the Declines in Teen Pregnancy Rates?" 43 . Laura D. Lindberg and Leslie M. Kantor, "Adolescents' Receipt of Sex Education in a Nationally Representative Sample, 2011-2019," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 70 (2022), pp. 294-296 (hereinafter Laura D. Lindberg and Leslie M. Kantor, "Adolescents' Receipt of Sex Education in a Nationally Representative Sample, 2011-2019"). 44 . Laura D. Lindberg and Leslie M. Kantor, "Adolescents' Receipt of Sex Education in a Nationally Representative Sample, 2011-2019." 45 . Gilda Sedgh et al., "Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Recent Trends," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 56 (2015). See also Table 10 in United Nations, Demographic Yearbook , 71 st Ed., 2020 (hereinafter Gilda Sedgh et al., "Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Trends"). 46 . United Nations, Statistics Division, "Demographic Yearbook 2022," https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2022/ . (See Table 10, "Live births by age of mother and sex of child, general and age-specific fertility rates: latest available year, 2013–2022.") See also, Gilda Sedgh et al., "Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Trends." 47 . John S. Santelli et al., "Inequality, National Wealth, Economic Development and Global Trends in Teenage Birth Rates, 1990-2010," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 52, no. 1 (February 2013); and Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Why Is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter?," Journal of Economic Perspectives , Spring: 26(2), 2012, pp. 141-166 (hereinafter Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Why Is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter?"); John S. Santelli et al., "Global Trends in Adolescent Fertility, 1990–2012, in Relation to National Wealth, Income Inequalities, and Educational Expenditures," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 60, no. 2 (February 2017), pp. 161-168; and Torleif Halkjelsvik and Vegard Fykse Skirbekk, "Concurrent Decline in Teenage Fertility Rate and Binge Drinking? An Observational Study Across 45 Nations," Drug and Alcohol Review , 2024. 48 . Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Why Is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter?" See also, Gilda Sedgh et al., "Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates Across Countries: Levels and Trends"; Rachel H. Scott et al., "Adolescent Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Pregnancy in Britain and the U.S.: A Multidecade Comparison," Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 66, no. 5 (May 2020), pp. 582-588. 49 . I n addition, some observers have expressed concern about the negative effects of falling birth rates on labor market productivity and the structure of government financing; however, discourse about declining birth rates has generally distinguished between the secular decline in teen birth rates and the more recent declines in births to adults, maintaining that the latter group is the intended target of these concerns. See Melissa S. Kearney, Phillip B. Levine, and Luke Pardue, "The Puzzle of Falling U.S. Birth Rates since the Great Recession," Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol. 36, no. 1 (Winter 2022), pp. 151-176; Lyman Stone, "The U.S. Fertility Decline is not Due to the Drop in Teen Pregnancies," Institute for Family Studies, February 28, 2025, https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-us-fertility-decline-is-not-due-to-the-drop-in-teen-pregnancies. 50 . HHS, CDC, "About Teen Pregnancy," May 15, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductive-health/teen-pregnancy/index.html . 51 . On March 27, 2025, HHS issued a press release and fact sheet announcing the restructuring of HHS. At the time of this report's publication, the potential effect of this proposed restructuring on activities within the Office of Population Affairs is unknown. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Fact Sheet: HHS' Transformation to Make America Healthy Again," press release, March 27, 2025, https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/hhs-restructuring-doge-fact-sheet.html . 52 . HHS, OPA, OASH, "About Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing," https://web.archive.org/web/20241001164419/https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/reproductive-health-and-teen-pregnancy/about-teen-pregnancy-and-childbearing. 53 . Urban Institute, Kids Having Kids: Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy . 54 . Melissa S. Kearney and Phillip B. Levine, "Why Is the Teen Birth Rate in the United States So High and Why Does It Matter?"; and Urban Institute, Kids Having Kids: Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy . 55 . HHS, CDC, National Overview of STIs, 2022 , January 2024. 56 . Emily Holcombe et al., Ten Reasons to Still Keep the Focus on Teen Childbearing , Child Trends, March 2009; Urban Institute, Kids Having Kids: Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy ; Stefanie Mollborn, "Teenage Mothers Today: What we Know and How it Matters," Child Development Perspectives , vol. 11, no. 1 (March 2017), pp. 63-69. See also Anna Aizer et al., "Grandparents, Moms, or Dads? Why Children of Teen Mothers Do Worse in life," Journal of Human Resources (November 2020), pp. 1019-1052. 57 . Ashley M. Woodall and Anne K. Driscoll, Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality Rate of Infants Born to Teen Mothers: United States, 2017–2018 , National Center for Health Statistics, Data Brief, No. 371, June 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db371-h.pdf . 58 . Power to Decide is a Washington, DC-based organization that works to ensure that all young people have access to sexual health information and reproductive health services, along with a sense of possibility that enables them to decide if, when, and under what circumstances to get pregnant and have a child. The Power to Decide , Progress Pays Off Savings Fact Sheet , https://powertodecide.org/sites/default/files/media/savings-fact-sheet-national.pdf . 59 . Kelleen Kaye and Alison Ng, Estimating the State and National Savings Associated with Declines in Teen Childbearing , Power to Decide, January 2018. The decrease in teen births is based on the additional number of teen births estimated to have occurred in 2015 if the teen birth rate remained the same as in 1991.

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