Altaftj ^0 otAivJVmyvi^W .
COMPILED AND PEN-WRITTEN BY JASPER GOODYKOONTZ
PUBLISHED BY J. GOODYKOONTZ, NK\V YORK.
PRICE, $1.50. TRADE SUPPLIED BY THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, NEW YORK, OR THE SAN FRANCISCO NEWS COMPANY, SAN FKANCISCO, CALIFORNIA.
INDEX.
Ahhrrviations 38 Longevity and Marriage .... 117
AdSSi por«»'of:::::::. :;••:; •£ TLoveKLet.Ver^ I0^
Album Writer's Department .V Lumber Tables 26
American W.i r> i nd Battles Man and Woman 116
Anniversary Calendar Map of World 9
Application, Letters of Marriage Laws 35
Asteroids Marriage, Legal Requirements of 105
86 Marriage Age in different Countries 117
:*..:::::.:::::. 5 Mean Agnnull Temperature ,87
Bra -Masand Weight of U? Men at their Best 1,7
Business Arithmetic, Dictionary of 42 Mensuration 54
Business Correspondence no J*?*0™ V Jo
HuMtu-« K,,rm; Dictionary of I9S Miscellaneous Letters 108
Busings an,1 Legal Terms: 19* Mohammedan Calendar 15
B.,Mness Time Tables.... «, ^^^^^... ................. £
Capital Letters. Rules for lot Moon, Phases of n
Cards and Notes ot Ceremony 94 Moonlight Chart, Perpetual 19
Cemetery, In the 3°
Centenarians 117 Names of Men and Women 278
Chenistryof the Body 117 Notes of Ceremony 94
Chronology .......... 119 parliamentary Laws and Rules ., 148
Circu-unavijrators of Globe Perpetual Calendar 4
Civil Government 108 Perpetual Calendar, Notes on
•.-••• Perpetual Moonlight Chart 19
Commercial Law 1 Perpetual Sunset and Sunrise Table 10
Common Law I9» Manets, Facts about n
Compactof Pilgrim Fathers Politic U Economy 198
Compound Interest Tables 24 portraits of Great Men 86
Correspondence i Punctuation Points 101
Dates. Dictionary of 118 Rainfall, Average Annual 18
Day, Length of 10, 3 Recommendation, Letters of 107
Distances, fable of 18
Domestic Letters 102 Seasons, Theory of n
Signs Monetary and Commercial loi
Easter Sunday Table for 600 Years Signs of the Zodiac io-n
Eclipses Theory of 11 So«iar System „
:••••-• '9 Standard Weights and Measures 66
Epitaphs, Collection of 31 States, Facts about 34
» Statistical Bureau of United States 34
Kras. Notes on Statute Law 198
Etiquette, Dictionary of 164 Sun, Declination of lo
Facts about the Body 116 Sun, Facts About n
Festivals, Fixed and Movable 8 Sunset Table Prrpetual 10
Fractional Multiplication Table 21 s>un, Slow or Fast 10
Geography of the Heavens 37 Teeth, Appearanceiof 117
Tidf s. Theory ot it
Historical Events 16 Troops in Federal Army 35
Holidays 8 Twilight Table 20
Human strength 117 Velocities, Table of 41
Instantaneous Method of Computing Interest.. 22 wars American 28
Instantaneous Method of Measuring Lumber.. 26 Weather Wi-dom"
Interest, Legal Rate of 35 wedding Anniversaries'" '.'.'.".'.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.".'.'.'.'. 94
Interest Ta bles. Simple . Weight and Stature at different Ages i Jfi
Interest Tables, Compound 24 what's Your Name 117
Invitations, Forms of 94 wind> Pressure, etc., of 41
Jewish Calendar... 14 Women Age of 116
Women's Chances to Marry 117
Land or Squire Measure 73 Year I etipth of
Limitation, Statutes of 35 -ar, Lengtn oi 3
Local Time Chart 9 Zodiac, Signs of io-n
COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY JASPER GOODYKOONTZ.
tit' <fc!«i' »-t — JMM«A»»
S*
PERPTUAiCALENDAR
REFOENCEMANUAL
JANUARY —
January is named from the Roman Jims, who was he Porter of heaven. He presided over the beginning or opening of everyth'mg,hence, Hie first -month of t he •year was named after him. Jairua™ wu added to the ist of months bij Numa Pompiliis, 672 B.C. Among the Romans, on the first of this month all enmities were suspended, presents were exchanged, officers were 'nstalled, etc. Thus iwiCTt'wis theorigm
May is probably derived from Ma.il, a feminine di- vinity worshipped at Rome, to whom sacrifices were offered on the first day of May. The custom of ob- serving May-day, or the first day of May, with floral and festive ceremonies, is older than the Middle Ages. The May-Pole was once general in England, the young peo- ple going out before sunrise to gither flowers to adorn it.
<4
Februiry is dewed from Fetna, the Roman festwa of general expiation and lustration, which was celebra- ted during the latter part of this month. It was add- ed to the list of months by Nunta,672 B.C. Evenj fourth ijear February has 29 days instead of 2$ and such years are called "bissextile or'leapyears'. In this month the Lupercalia wen held among the Romans. It is the month of harvest in UpperEgypt.
March is named From MATS, the Roman god of war. It was the first month in the early calen- dar, and the kga) year began with March25th until the change from Old to New Style in the year 1752. The value of March weather is expressed in the sauings,"A peck of March dust is wprih a King's Tansorn." "March comes in like a lion, and goes out like a lam b'.' Harvest month in India.
APRIL
The derivation of April is unknown, uet there is a traditional etuntolofu, omnia i/>er/t,"\l opens everything',' as spring and the buds generally open In this rnonth. All-Fools' Daij (April 1) is traced through evenj country of Europe to the Hindoos, and even farlner back-to the mistake of Noah in sending the dove out of the ark before the wain-had abated, on the Hebrew first da-y of the rnonth.
JUNE-
June has commonly been traced to June, worship- ped at Rome as the queen of heaven. The connection is found in the fact that the month of June was considered the most favorable period for marrying, and Juno was believed to preside over marriage. The summer solstice occurs in thismonth,and in the north temperate zone it is the most pleas- ant month of the year. Harvest month in South U.S.
*»
JULY
F
July derives its -name from JuJiusCaesar,v*ho was born on the 12th of the month. It was original- ly called Q.u!n/ilis,hom its having been Ihefiftli month hr the original Latin year, which began with March. This is the month of"doq days" reckoned as com- mencing on the 3d, and ending on the I ltd of August, during which period the extreme heat of summer prevails. Harvest month in mostcauihieinlllitlK
—-AUGUST
August owes its name to Augustus Ctesir, who followed his illustrious predecessor by appropriating a month to himself. In the original Lalin year it was called SKtfft, from its being the sinth month. It orig- inally contained 30daus, but to gratify the vanity of Augustus, one day was taken from February and added to August, so as to wake his month equal in extent and dignity tethe month of JuliusCaesjr-Julu.
-SEPTEMBER-
September is so called from the Latin Scpfem, sev- en, because it was the 7lh month of the Roman year. This is the harvest month throughout large areas of the globe. Harvest moon is the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox (Sept. 21), so called because it enables farmers to prolong the dag's work during the autumnal harvest; especially favoriHein the north.
-OCTOBER—
October was the e_i<jtith month of the Roman calendar, which has given rise to the following: "October has its name from octo, eight; /
Though 'tis the truth, perhaps 'tis well to state, S Such sixes and such sevens the months weit knockeilo / That ten became translated into octo." The changing of the forests to the gorgeous and many-colored hues of autumn is characteristic of October, (
November was formerly the ninth month, now the eleventh. From -norem, nine. This month is re- deemed almost every year from its cold and bluster- ing character, by the delightful weather known as Indian Summer, when for days or weeks the sun pours its tays mildly through a haze, rendering the air soft and genial. This month is also noted for its time-honored festival known as Thanksgiving.
-DECEMBER-
December is derived from decem, len, as it was formerly the tenth month. The longest nights and shortest days occur during this month, the winter solstice falling on tht 21st. As the rnonth of the Christmas holidays, which con time from Derem.24 to Jan. 2, its cold winds and glo-rrmj atmosphere are enlivened with the joy- ousness and charity of I he greatest festi»al in the yeat
L— YEAR-DAY-
The Year is the period of tirne in which the earth performs a revolution in its orbit a-round the sun. It consists of 365 days 5 hours48min- utes, and 46 seconds of n-iean solar time. The Day is the interval of tim« which elapses between two consecutive returns of the same terrestrial merid- ian to the sun. The Week is a period of seven days, having no reference to the celestial moiions-a cir- cumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity.
CALENDAR FC
GOODYKOONTZ'S PERPETUAL CALENDAR*
An. instantaneous re/ereticc cal eri d i'r frbiri which
the complete and correct calendar for an y year, either old or nev» stule,
before or a/ter Chri st, w a y be itis*antl y fo u-ti d .
-:^
A <£ .>¥>
jt_
=*^ Jiti.
•^r^^OTp^Q^^^ ^-4^4^:A;t^;:iUiXQ:^
^-^•'^#••••-1
YEARS OF THE CENTURIE
S A.ND
To /'iti^ the calendar tor any year, look iti the column of cetiturtin at «hc l*l< <OT th« re<guire4 century, at thi> rifht o/ which is lh« C«tituTM Letter /OT New Styl«(si-nce Sept. 3,nS2),and »t the le/«,«he Century UtMTMrOM Style. Ttwte lette-r» ii-rect to corre- tfontinq ktteti atthetopi o> the double columns, in which tre ^iven the y«*T« of the centurict. At the riaht of each i^etr in the double col- umn* n the Calendar NumlMT,d!rect- ing to the corresponding number of the calendars which follow. Ml the y«an of 1800 art given in the second double column under B; all the yean of 1300, in the third double column.etc.
Exattiples.
I. -Find the calendar fo-f 1894. Lj»k in the column of centuriei for I800;at its rioht is B, directing to 8 at the lop o/the second double column; at the riaht of 9* in this column r> 2, direct ino to Calendar Number 2, which is the correct calendar for 1 894-.
A. -On what day was Washinyton inaugurated President, April 30,11897 At the riaht of 1700 (in century celntnn) i» A; under A in the first double col- umn.atthe riaht of 89 is 5: in cal- endar number 5 April 30ih is Tbur<d«y.
3. -On whaKiiM did Columbus dis- cover America, October \1. 149j»-At the left of I400(0ld Style) it A; under A at the n'«htof 92 is I A; in calendar number IA the 12th of October is Friday.
April' 5th of the year 4. B.C.T-T>ie years B.C.baing reckoned backward, it is neces- sary to take the year of the century from 100, and use t h« century letter of the prt ceding cenluru:thu«,4(yearofc«ntttTul from 100 leaves 98 ; century letter for 1 00 (New Style) it C ; under C in the Kurd doub le column at the ri«hl of 96 is 2A- in calendar number 2A the 5th of Aoril is Friday.
lino that time has been reok
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1 9 20 2 1 2
1234 OCT.
8 3 O 1 1 45 51678 1121 2 23 24 23 18192 93031 ... 25262
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NOTES ON THE CALENDAR.
^WM§) 'e cen uri/ letters, at the right of the fanfof. linn of centuries, are given both A. onffifi ind B.C. in New Sly e in order to r
•jjKJS the advent cf man on the earth,4-0 <l§5£ B'C'' UTlt'' "" PT«"i, and ill full &J » To find the ce-nturij letter for IT century bei/ond those g ven in Die c umn of cen uries, it is only necessary to r*m bfr that every centesimal leap--year(every cent imal ijear divisible by 400) has D for its cen ri, letter; then the ne«t century, Aj then B an
C, »nd so on forever; thus, &400 his D; 8500, A 8600, B; 8700, C; 8800, D; etc. ol If it be desirable to use the Old Stule century 3. letters beyond those given at the left of thecolumr p- of centur es, repeat them in the si-me order as jive « There are two methods of reckoning the years B.I 4 known as the"Aslronorners' MelhodJ* and the"Chro re no ogers' Method}' The former method is used i this Calendar, as it represents regular successio •y of years from B.C. to A. D., while the latter doe - not. The difference between the two methods sw may be seen from the fo owing illustration:
es e.c. i *.a-
u- 543210 234 3=AslTonomers* Method, d 5432112345 =Chronologers' Method.
; The years B.C. and A.D. ire reckoned from t h e point 010-year) the same as the degrees on t he scae of a thermometer are reckoned above and be ow O(O-degree). i There haw been two defects in rVrpetua! Cal- . endiTs that Have heretofore rendered Ihetri - impracticable for genera, use; viz., Tl e lia- 1 bility to find the incorrect date, and the time n required to point out any given date. Should any one feel disposed to discredit the ac- curacy of this calendar, if he will furnish proof of such, he will be amply rewarded for his trouble. The calendar for any year may be found with in the emit of six seconds.
ERAS COMPARED.
NOTE SON THE ERAS.
MOVABLE FESTIVALS.
FIXED FESTIVALS .HOLIDAYS.
s3^
UJ
^-FJuj
Ul
jjj
The Ghriwian (T* commenced
To find the day of the month
JANUARY I.NewVcar's andCir-
s« ==:
. ^£
r~- vi \~*~ ^
h— **
l~
on Saturday (Old Stylel.January
upon which any of the follow-
cumcision; 6. Epiphany.
« ^3
»»_ Q^
i-i_ .^J ^
M- **
*
1st of the year A.D. The first
ino festivals occurs for any oiv-
FEBRUARY a, Pu»ificatioi;l4,Si.
SeS
o uj
o ^^!<^ c^
f*%l^
•*•
Julian Period commenced Jan-
en year, select the date of Eas-
Valentine's Can; 32, WasHinoton's 1
••S
C/"i -*-
CO ££•»/} ci
C/l ^ *•
uary 1,4713 B.C., and ends Jan-
ter for the required uear from
Birthday; 84, St. Matihiu' Day.
«= «=
IAJ CO
LU t . * i . i llj ^-
uary 1,3268 A.D., it consist-
the table below, then select the
MARCH 17, Si. Patrick's Day; »,
18*
fs
ing of 7980 years. It is used to avoid ambiguities in chronolog-
calendar for the fiven wear from the Perpetual Calendar.
Annunciation, or Lady Dau. APRIL M.St.Gforoe's D«y;2S,
=2 s
z'*^ ^ c?5!§
ical dates.The Mundane era
Sepluaoesima 9th Sun.bertreEttter.
St. Mark's Day.
£c:
LU
i_u ~
t. f — 3
LU C3 -'
commenced with October
Sexaoesitna 8th » >• i«
MAY 1, St. Phi ip's and St. James' 1
&
C J ^
CJ>
,">
4-004 B.C. The Jewish era
dulnqiiigninta 7th < i 1 1 i »
Day; 30, Memorial Day.
lS24
rwi
raw
SOI?
SHR
A
commenced with October
Shrove Tues. 7thTue$. n 11
JUNE II. S«. Barnabas' Oau; 34,
1424
1361
fao4
?9ij
.'I no
n
3761 B.C. The era of «h«
Ash Wed. 7th Wed. •> it
St. John Baptist's Day; 29, St. 1
1324
6861
7104
7813
3IO<
Declaration of Independence
FintSw.itilMt Oil-Sun. ., >
Peter's Day.
1224
1761
7004
Til]
iooc
P
commenced July 4, 1776 A.D.
Second >« Slh « •• •
JULY 4, Independence Day;2S,
1 1 14
6661
6304
7613
290(
A
The Moriamtttedavt «T»
Third •« 4th >i n •
St. James' Day.
1024
656
680-1
7513
D
commenced on Friday, July
Tourth . > 3rd • i > i •
AUGUST 74,S(.BaTtholomew'< Day.
924
64bl
6704
7413
2700
C
16, 621 A.D. Us centuries can-
Fifth > i 2nd •• • > i
SEPTEMBER, /irst Mondav.La-
824
6361
6604
7313
2600
B
not be shown with those at
Palm Sunday 1st >» ti •
bor Day, ai,St. Matthew's Day;
724
8261
61 i-04
721;
2M)0
A
the left, owiny to its differ-
Good Friday 1st Friday i i
Z9. M ichielrnas.
624
6161
6404
7li:
2400
D
ent length. See Mohtwntetfan
Maiindu Thur. 1st Thur. *» «
OCTOBER IB, St. Luke's Day;
104
goai
BS04
7013
2300
C
Ca*W»r»&*»vher« in this book.
EASTER SUNDAY, see TaMc.
58, St. Simon's and St.Judes'
424
9961
6IC4
6913
liOO
R
To find the year of the century
Low Sunday 1st Sun. after Taster.
Day; 31, Halloween.
324
}8 6 1
5IC4
$8U
21 00
^
of any of the other eras corre-
Rotation Sun. 5th » > i i > »
NOVEMBER 1, All Saints' Day;
224
176 1
or 04
6713
2000
11
sponding to any $iven year of the
Ascension Day 6th Thttr. t t 1 1
first Tuesday after first Mon-
124
5661
If 04
t e i ?
1900
C
Christian era , add the year of
Whit Sun. or
day, General E ection Day; last
24
5561
1804
6513
1800
1
the century to the number
Pentecost 7th Sun. 11 »»
Thursday, Thanks 9 ivi-n9 Day;
5461 5361
J704 SB04
641.' 631?
1700 1600
A D
of the other century found opposite to the Christian cen-
Trinity Sun. 8th »» i» n Corpus Christ! 9th ThitT. » > t»
30, St. Andrew's Day. DECEMBER 6, St. Nicholas'
••»<;
5261 516
S404
6213 61 13
1500
1400
C B
tury. Thus, the year of the Jewish era correspond in 9
First Smi.inAdv't 4th Sun.bef.Ckristmas. Second i j 3rd » « » » n
Dau; 2l,S«.ThoMias* Dau; as, Christmas Daw ; 06,
....
506
Id 6 1
5304 ^2 04
6013
1300
1 2 QC
A
0
to 1894 of the Christian era
Third « 2nd <t » >i
St. Stephen's Oau; a?, St.
'..'.'.
4861
r i 04
581 ;
IOC
C
opposite to 1800) +94 =5655.
CrlRISTMAS.Dccember 2S.(IMmnbty
nocents' Day.
':•::*:
4761 466 4461 k4£ 1
S004 4904 4804 4704
5713 5613
5M3 5413
1000
900
.300 *700
B A D C
EASTER SUNDAY TABLE FOR 600 YEARS.
Previous to 1752 the dates arc computed fVotn the Old Sty \e. As Easter
'.air
«36I 4261 4161 4061
4604 4504 4404 4304
5313 5213 51 13 5013
600 1500 1400
not
B A
D C
can occur only in March and April, Match is indicated by M and April by A.
ISOO A 19
1600 M 23
1700 M 31
1800 A 13
1900 A is
aooo A as
3961
4204
4913
b200
B
1 A II
51 M 29
i A a
51 M 3C
1 A 20
51 A 7
1 A S
31 A 20
1 A 7
51 M 25
1 A 15
51 A a
MnM
386:
-4104
4813
«l 00
A
2 M27
S2 A r
2 A 4
52 A £
2 A S
52 M 29
2 A 18
52 A 1
2 M 30
52 A 13
2 M 3
52 A 21
3761
IM4
47 12
Q
3 A 16
53 A '
3 A *b
53 A II
3 M 21
53 A 2'
3 A II
53 M 2'
3 A i;
53 A 5
3 A 20
53 A 6
CNMfT
3661
3904
4613
"l 00
C
4 A '
54 M 21
4 A t
54 M li
4 A 16
54 A 11
4 A
54 A 16
4 A ;
54 A li
4 A 1
54 M 29
356
3804
4513
• 200
B
5 M 23
55 A 14
S M 3
55 A 1!
S A 8
55 M 30
5 A 14
55 A 8
5 A 23
55 A 10
5 M 27
55 A 18
. • .
3461
3704
4413
|30f
A
6 A 12
56 A 5
6 A 20
56 A 6
6 M 24
56 A 18
£ A 6
56 M 23
6 A IS
56 A 1
6 A 16
56 A 2
wM
3361
3604
4313
1400
D
7 A 4
57 A 18
7 A 5
57 M 2S
7 A 13
57 A 10
7 M 29
57 A 12
7 M 31
57 A 21
7 A (
57 A 22
: .\E ?
3261
?504
4213
"5 0 0
C
8 A 23
58 A 10
8 M 27
58 A II
8 A 4
58 M 26
8 A 17
58 A 4
8 A 19
58 A 6
8 M 2!
58 A 14
3161 3404:41 13
600
8
9 A 8
59 M 26
9 A 16
39 A 3
9 A 24
59 A 15
9 A 2
59 A 24
9 A II
59 M 29
9 A \:
59 M 30
? .r. 3061 330414013
W7oo
A
10 M 31
60 A 14
10 A 8
60 A r
10 A 9
60 A 6
10 A 22
60 A 8
10 M 27
60 A 17
10 A 4
60 A 18
I?""?™ 29 61 320413913
T800
n
II A 20
61 A 6
II M 24
61 A 14
II A 1
61 M 22
II A 14
61 M 3
II A 16
61 A 2
II A 24
61 A 10
VF1 2861 31 04 3813
900
c
12 A 1 1
62 M 29
12 A 12
62 M 3C
12 A 20
62 A II
12 M 29
62 A 20
12 A 7
62 A 22
12 A 8
62 M 26
'.'•". ! 2761 3004'37l3
1000
s
13 M 27
63 A II
13 A 4
63 A 19
13 A S
63 A 3
13 A 18
63 A 5
13 M 23
63 A 14
13 M 31
63 A IS
P '.<>f, 2661 2904:3613
II 00
A
14 A 16
64 A 2
14 A 24
64 A C
14 M 28
64 A 22
14 A II
64 M 27
14 A 12
64 M 29
14 A 20
64 A 6
• *
2561 2804!35I3
1200
n
15 A 8
65 A 22
IS A 9
65 M 26
IS A 17
65 A 7
15 M 26
65 A 16
15 A 14
65 A IE
15 A 5
65 M29
2461
2704 3413
1300
c
16 M 23
66 A 14
16 M 31
66 A S
16 A 1
66 M 30
16 A 14
66 A 1
16 A 23
66 A 10
16 M 27
66 A II
• • • •
2361
2604
3313
1400
I
17 A 12
57 M 30
17 A 20
67 A t
17 A 21
67 A 19
17 A 6
67 A 2
17 A 8
67 M 26
17 A 16
67 A 3
WMV
2261
2504
3213
ISOO
A
18 A 4
68 A 13
18 A 5
68 M 22
18 A 13
68 A 3
18 M 22
68 A 12
18 M 31
68 A 14
18 A 1
68 A 22
MOf F$
2161
2404
31 13
1600
D
19 A 24
69 A 10
19 M 2i
69 A
19 M 29
69 M 26
19 A II
69 M 2.8
19 A 20
69 A 6
9 A 21
69 A 14
Hffi
2061
2304
3013
1700
C
20 A 8
70 M 26
20 A 16
70 A 3
20 A 17
70 A IS
20 A 2
70 A 17
10 A 24
70 M 29
20 A 12
70 M 30
»C L ~
i'Hn'-i"
1961
2204
2913
1800
i
21 M 31
71 A 1!
21 A 1
71 A 23
21 A 9
71 M 31
21 A 22
71 A 9
21 M y.1
71 A II
21 A 4
71 A 19
KM ffi
1861 1761 1661
2 ) 04 2004 1904
2813 2713 2613
I9CO 2000
21 CO
A
D C
22 A 20 23 A 5
24 M 27
72 A 6 73 M 22 74 A II
22 A 21 23 A 13
24 M 28
72 A 7 73 M 30 74 A 19
22 M 25 23 A 14 24 A 5
72 A 19 73 A II 74 A 3
22 A " 23 M 30 24 A 18
72 M 31 73 A 13 74 A 5
22 A 16 23 A 1 24 A 20
72 A 3 73 A 22 74 A 14
22 A 17 23 A 9 24 M 31
72 A 10 73 M 26 74 A 15
I" III
1561
1804
2513
4303
B
25 A 16
73 A 3
25 A 17
75 A 4
25 M 28
7j A 16
23 A 3
75 M 28
25 A 12
75 M 30
25 A 20
75 A 7
j . .'-.
1461
1704
2413
53 00
A
26 A 1
76 A 22
26 A 9
76 M 26
26 A 10
78 A 7
26 M 26
76 A 16
26 A 4
76 A 18
26 A 5
76 A 19
; £ . ,>;?
1361
1604
2313
2400
D
27 A 21
77 A 1
27 M 25
77 A 5
27 A 2
77 M 30
27 A 15
n A
27 A 17
77 A 10
27 M R8
77 A 1 1
1261
1504
2213
zsoo
C
28 A 12
78 M 30
28 A l£
78 M 31
28 A 21
78 A 19
28 A 21
78 A 21
28 A 8
78 M 26
28 A 16
78 A 3
....
1161
1404
21 It
2600
B
29 M 28
'9 A 19
29 A 5
79 A 20
29 A 6
79 A 4
29 A 19
79 A 13
29 M 31
79 A 15
29 A 1
79 A 23
1061
1304
2013
2700
A
30 A 17
80 A i
30 M 28
80 A II
30 M 29
80 M 26
30 A II
80 M 28
30 A 20
80 A 6
30 A 21
80 A 7
. . . .
961
204
913
2QOO
R
31 A 9
81 M 26
31 A 10
81 A 3
31 A 18
II A 15
31 A 3
)l A 17
31 A S
II A 19
31 A 13
81 M 30
tw?
861
1 04
1813
3900
c
32 M 31
82 A 15
32 A 1
82 A 16
32 A 9
82 M 31
32 A 22
82 A 9
32 M 27
82 A II
32 M28
82 A 19
761
1004
1713
3000
3
3 A 13
83 M 31
33 A 21
83 A 8
33 M 25
83 A 20
33 A 7
83 M 25
33 A 16
83 A 3
3 A 17
13 A 4
• • • .
661
904
1613
31 00
A
34 A 5
84 A 19
34 A 8
84 M 30
34 A 14
14 A II
34 M 30
84 A 1?
34 A 1
84 A 22
* A 9
84 M 26
*i * *•
561
804
1513
3200
D
5 M 28
85 A II
35 M 29
85 A 19
35 A 6
15 M 27
35 A 19
85 A 5
35 A 21
IS A 7
35 M 25
IS A 13
Svj^f
461
704
1413
3300
C
38 A 16
86 A 3
36 A 17
86 A 4
36 A 25
86 A 16
36 A 3
86 A 25
36 A 12
86 M 30
6 A 13
16 M 31
*?E. ".".'
361
604
313
3400
R
37 A 1
n A 16
37 A 9
17 M 27
17 A 10
87 A 8
17 M 26
87 A 10
37 M 28
87 A 19
37 A 5
87 A 2.0
.*•*? .
261
504
1213
3500
A
8 A 21
88 A 7
38 M 25
18 A S
38 A 2
18 M 23
'A A IS
18 A
38 A 17
88 A 3
38 A 25
88 A II
1 61
404
1 1 13
3600
0
9 A 6
89 M 30
39 A 14
89 M 31
39 A 22
89 A 12
39 M 31
89 A 21
39 A 9
19 M 16
39 A 10
19 A 3
, , . .
61
304
1013
3700
40 M 28
90 A 19
40 A 5
90 A 20
40 A 6
10 A 4
40 A 19
90 A 6
40 M 24
30 A IS
40 A 1
90 A 18
j* f f K
204
913
iaoo
3
41 A 17
91 A 4
41 A 25
1 A 12
41 M 29
1 A 24
41 A II
91 M 29
41 A 13
1 M 31
41 A 21
ll A I
rjfw*':
104 4.
813 7 13
1AM
A
Q
42 A 9
3 M 25
2 M 26 3 A 15
42 A 10 ^3 A 1
92 M 27
T A g
42 A 18 43 A 3
2 A 8
3 M 3 1
42 M 27
3 A 16
2 A 17
3 A 2
42 A 5
13 A 25
2 A 19 3 A 1 1
42 A 6
'3 M 19
i M 30 '3 A 12
m
'•9V.
613
513
41 00
4200
g
4 A 13 5 A 5
4 M f 1
5 A 20
4 A 21 •5 A 6
4 A 8 5 M 2.4
44 M 25 'IS A 14
4 A 10 5 A 5
44 A 7
^ M 23
4 M 25 5 A 14
>4 A 9
>5 A 1
4 A 3 5 A 1 6
'4 A 17
>5 A 9
4 A 4 5 A 24
413
3 00
4
6 A 25
8 A 1 1
•6 M 29
6 A li
46 M 30
6 M 27
16 A 12
'6 A 5
16 A 21
6 A T
•6 M 25
6 A 15
3 13
4400
3
7 A 10
7 M 27
7 A 18
7 A 4-
7 A 19
7 A \8
17 A 4
7 A 18
17 A 6
7 M 30
7 A 14
7 M 3 1
213
•500
8 A 1
8 A 16
•8 A 2
8 A OA
8 A 10
8 A 8
• 8 A 23
8 A 1 0
8 A 11
•8 A 5
1 12
600
j
9 A 21
9 A 8
•9 M 25
S A 9
9 M 26
9 M 24
9 A 8
9 A d
19 A 17
9 A 4
9 A 25
9 A 12
JULIAN
WIK-O
IESINS
•70O
SO A 8
SO A 14
50 A 15
50 M 31
50 A 9
0 A 10
CHART SHOWIMO l_OO\L. T I IVI E P-QR ETAOH OR THE 2. 4- HOURS.
ro use rnf
r, ofsceivo on
perpetual Subset ai?d Sunrise Gable.
r iti nearest
d left; then paw i
p»ro •'"•
ider the column of months at the n headed by your latitude (
nmale) 'where will be found the time of sunset and sunrise , he tract lime may be found. To find the length o/the day, the time of sunset; thus. May 10, in latitude fr, is Whours 16 min >ng.To find the length of the nioht, ^o\n>o\e. the time of sunrise; thus, i ibova date, the night is 9 hours 44 rrinutM lon^.OH the same day, wn by ih« column "Sun slow orfajt," the sun is 4 minute; tester mean time. A/ter finding uour latitude, draw a red line on cacVi
4T49-5T5T ttSS&fSr *S VfGS&Bf
Asteroids or small plan- , there are about 140. In dimensions,they are a .t deal smaller than j others, the ta-rg- ist no* beiri9 230 •miles in diameter, hile many are IcssthanSOmiles. Their orbits IOTE el- liptical than those of the large plan- ets,and at •many pla- ces cross each oth- er. They occupy a belt more than 100, 000,000miles: in width, be- tween the irbits of Ju- piter and Mars, hcirdistance from the Su-n
ASSE^IMN The SolarSiislein consists of th«
ROM ) Sun, the cioht lar«e planets,lhe MERCURY / names of which ars jiven at
the left, one hundred and ' forty small planets, a ui vast number of ms teoric bodies. an known number of comets, and rinp of n e t lous matte known as -m-
The pla et; which CCBF« n c« mov8 d;'
^lii«,£
f. .
nona
200,000,000 to 300,000,000
has I ;atellite;Ju.pi- ter,4; Saturn^; Ufa nut.o; Neptune,!. S urn is also surrounded \>\) a circular belt. The planets wove round the Sun from west to east. Their orbits are elliptical, so that they are nearer the Sun at cer- tain times than at others. When •nearest the Sun they are in \w, when /arthest, in
THEOF\V OP THE T|D^S.
The mean distance of the S from the Earth !s9l,000,000i Its diameter is 852,584 miles. Its volume is 1,200,000 times greater than that of theEarth. It ro- tates on its axis once in about 25 aays.OtitheStw's ^ di'sc are seen va- fa rious cavities
Meteors arc also called
The WOLSTlCfc number that tra erse the atmosphe daily is upward of t number, 400, 000, OOO.Thc Zodiacal Ligh* isalenticul shaped blush of li^ht visible after suit- set in early spring, atid befoTE sunrise early autumn. It is supposed *•? be dae to a ri-ng of rneteoriifis -revo!vin9 »rou.nd the Sun.
There are -many hiA-ndreds o/ bod ies called co'»e'(s,and recojnii- ed as beloTi9i-n9 to the so\«.v They contain but little -matter, and their •bits areareatly e lonoated. Only a part o^ the com ets have tails, and these are often 150,000,000 ofmiles
length. Ha comet revolves inT6jieaTs;Bie la's in 6 years 9rnonths;Encl<e's in 3/i years; and Faye's inT*i years
The Moon's diameter is I miles; its wean distance from *he Earth is 231,5 19 mi Ies. olume is X* that of the Ear*h. iod oJ1 revolution (also o/rota*ion : J7days,7 hours, 4-3 minutes, and 5 seconds.
I-TI IS/IE TABLE NllMlBEIl— I.
Sh owl Tip the Number o/ Daijs /Vo-m »hc Bcointii-np and to *he End Q( the Yeaf.
56 T 819 10 II
58155 54153 53 3 |_u.?°
^*=^ — faJL» . — — 'fc!_
The table applies to common years >nly. For leap years, otic day -mas* be- added after passing February 28. The >old- faced type rep-resent the days of the month, and the small type above and iclow the bold-faced type re present the ays from the beflinnin? a-nd to the nd o/ the year, as shown by the dfrec- ion of the arrows.
Exa-mplct.
I.- To find the di CCerence between two ates withi-n the year, take the difference etween the days from the beginnino and he day? to the end o( the year: thm,from March 5 to Oct. 27 is (300-64) 236 days. X.— I/ one date fall within the year <ol- owinp the current year, add the number / days to the e-nd o/ the year to the TIUTTV erfrow the bea!nnin9: th its. from June ro to February 16 in the /ollowiru year s(2ll+47)258 days.
3. — If one date /all within the yea-r preceding the current year, add the num- ber of days /row the beoinnin? o/ the year to the tmmber to the end of the year: thus, /rom May 4 to Se_p*. 18. of the preceding year (reckoning back - - ays.
There beinq a table for each the com won and the leap years, select the table to suit the year. Select the -month from which the date is reckoned, at the top of the table, then descend the column to the month to which the date is reckon- ed,where will be found the exact num- ber of days. The small /i9UTes,/rom I to 12, show the -number of months. Examples.
I. — What is the number o( days /Tom ju ly 4 to March 4 (common year) » — From July at -the top of the table, descend the column to March, where is Sound 243,tl*. M exact number of days.
St. — Find the <Mumbe-« of days /rom Feb. 14- to Sept. 2 I (Leap year). — From
Feb. at the top descend to Sept., whe is found 213, which is the number of day* to the 14th of Sept.-, then to the 21st is 7 days more, makino 220 days
3. — Required, the nuonber of days from June I, to Oct. I of the following year.- From June at the top descend to Jum where is found 365; thence descend t. Oct. .where is found 122, which added to 365, equals 467.
4-.— A -note maturi-rig Sept. 13, isdis counted June 24 previous; what is the
' ie to run?— From June 24 to Sept
24, by the table, is 92 days', the 13th be iri9 ((days before, 9 ives (92-11) Bldaio
The table applies to common years on ly. For leap years, add one day after ou> iny Feb. 38.
Exawple.
Find the number of days between arch 17 and Feb. 4 in the leltowl-na year. —The lieures opposite the 17th day in the first March column are 76: opposite the 4th day of second Feb. col. are 40d;di{.c324.
II
2-TIIVJE TABLE N\JNlBEF\-£*
SViowiticj the Nurnibet o/ Days fVotn atiy Day o^ any otic Month to the satne Day o/any otherMonth.
— n -A
FOR COMMON \EARS.
— n
f
FOR LEAP \EA.RS.
JA.N.
f*B.
NV\I\. /VFfV m*V- J\)NE J\JL\. AjjO. S$>. OCT.
NOV.
JA
N. ?^B. NV\I\. Vf\. W\. JUNEJIJLV;. A)J£. 3$>. OCT.
NOV.
D*C
Jan. 365
Jan. 334
Jan. 306
1 0
Jan. 275
9
Jan. 245
a
an. 114
7
an. 184
8
i
Jan. 122
4
an. 92
3
*»
I""?'
Jan.l 366
3*35
Jan. 306
1 0
Jan.:J 275
9
an. 45
8
an. 114
Jan. 184
Jan. 153
5
Jan. 122
Jan. 92
3
Jan. 6 a
Jan 31
f
t-eb. 31
365 i a
331
306
1 0
278
9
145
8
215
-i
184
B
153
5
IT13
92
3
62
)
-H
31
366 1 1
337
306
176
145
l-eb. ,115
l-eb. 184
t-eb. 153
l-eb. 123
l-eb. 91
t-eb 62
\\
Mar. 59 a
Mar. 28
MOT. 365 la
MaT. 334
Mar.
304
War. 273
9
War. 243
8
MaT. 212
7
Mar. 181
6
Mar. 1 51
5
Mar. 120
Mar. 90
3
Mar. 60
3
Mar. 29
MaT. 366
12
MaT. 335 i i
05
1 0
Vlar. J74
9
Mar. 244 a
Mar. 213
7
Mar. 182
8
Mar. 152
i
Mar. 121
4
Mar 91
3
V
APT. 90
3
APT. 59 a
APT. 31
APT. 365 i a
A.pr. 335
Apr. 304 l 0
APT. 274 9
Apr. 243 8
Apr.
212 7
Apr. 182 6
Apr. 151
9
Apr. I2I
*
APT. 91
3
APT. 60 1
1
APT. 366
13
\PT.
!36
Apr. 305
10
Apr. 275 9
APT. 244
8
APT. 213
7
Apr 183 e
Apr. 152 5
APT 112
4
i
May 120
4-
May 89
3
May 61
a
May 30
May 365
i a
May 334
May 304
1 0
May 273
9
May 2-Wt 8
May 212
May 181
6
May I5I
May 121
^
3
May 61 a
May 30 l
ilay 366
Way 335 i i
May 305
1 0
May 274 9
May 243 8
May 213
7
May 182
May 152
S
f
June 151 5
June 120
4
June 92
s
June 61 a
Jutw 31
Jure 365 i a
JuTie 335 i i
June 304
1 0
June 273
*
June 243 a
211
7
June I 82 e
152
5
121
4
92
3
61
31
366 11
336
305
10
June 274
9
June 244 8
Jun« 213
T
Julie
183
8
July 181 e
July ISO
3
July 122
4
July 91
3
July 61
3
July 30
July 365
July 334
Ju.ly
303
July 273
9
July 242 8
July 2I2
7
July 182 e
July 151
5
July 122
4-
July 91 3
uly 61
July 30
i
July 366
July 335 l i
304
10
#$ 9
as
8
July 213
7
AU.O.
m
7
Auo. 181 e
153
5
Auo. 122
4
Auo.
rt
3
Auo. 61
a
Auo. 31
i
Auo. 365
12
Auo. 334 1 1
Auo 304
1 0
AU.O. 273
9
Auo. 243 8
Aug. 213
7
182
6
Auo. 153
5
U2
4
to
3
•7
Auo. 31
Auo 368
Auo 335
ALW
305
Auo.
r?4
9
Auo 244
8
Sept. 243
8
Sept. 212
7
Sept 184
6
Sept. 153
s
Sept. 123
Sept. 92
3
Sept. 62 a
Sept. 31
Sept. 36S
Sept 335
Sept. 304
1 0
Sept.
274 9
Se
2
P*-
U
i
S«pt. 213
Sept. 184 e
Sept. 153 9
"apt. 123
4-
^
3
Sept. 62
a
Sept 31
i
Sept 366
Sept 336
Sept. 305
10
Sept 215 a
f
Oct. 273
9
Oct. 242
8
Oct. 214
7
Oct. 183 a
Oct. 153
s
Oct. 122
*
Oct. 32
3
Oct 61 a
Oct. 30
Oct 365
la
Oct. 334 l i
Oct. 304
I 0
Oct. 274
9
Oct.
243 8
Oct. 214
7
Oct. 183
e
3ct. 53 5
Oct. 122
4
Oct. 92
3
Oct. 61 1
Oct 30
c
Oct 366 i a
Oct. 335 i i
Oct 305
1 0
v\
Nov. 304
1 0
Nov. 273
Nov. 245 a
Nov. 214
7
Nov. 184
0
Nov. 153
s
Nov. 123
Nov. 92 a
Nov. 61
a
Nov 31
Nov. 365
i a
Nov. 335 i i
Nov. 305
10
Nov. 274
9
Nov. 245
8
Nov. 214
7
Mov- 84
6
N-5V.
153
5
Nov. 123
Nov. 92
3
Nov. 61 a
Nov 31
Nov. 366
Nov 336
V
Dec. 334
Dec. 303
1 0
Dec. 275
9
Dec. 244
8
Dec. 214
7
Dec. 183 e
Dec. 153
9
Dec. 122
4
Dec. 91
3
Dec 61
Dec. 30
Dec. 365 l*
Dec. 335 i i
Dec. 304
Dec. 275
9
Dec. 244
8
Dec. 114
7
Dec. 183
e
Dec. 153
5
Doc. 122
4-
Dec 91
3
Dec 61
a
Dec. 30
Dec 366
— \
Showin 9 the Is*
3-TIIVIE T/VBL.E NbrvlBEK-3.
lurnibef o/ Days between any £wo Days within thfee Yea-r-s.
£
1
zh
112
; I
Z -
=3 :
is
CL UJ
o o
z I
3 |
Z
£ 1
a.
1
§
^j e
a o!
3 UJ
f cn
o
0
0
O
1
<£
LU U-
1
Q.
I
Z
i
Ul
i ?
O '
' o
3 U
* °
|
5 6
8 9 10 II 19 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20
i
n
14
n
M
27 20 29 30 31
13 23 33 43 53 6.3 13 83 34 104 114
13 I4W 15k 164 114 184 19. 20. '; \ 22.
23;
24. ^ 26. 21. M! 29
91
HO S 361 S
462 S 563 S 664 < 1H c
856 967 S 068 1691 270 1 371 1 4721 5731 S74I 7751 4761 971 1 078 1 19 1 2801 381 1 483 1 5831 S34I -351 b *•„ 1 987 1 . 38 1 .89 .30 .
1 121 2122 3123 4 124 5\K 6126 7 127 8128 3129 0 130 1 131 2 133 i 13; 4134 5 135 6 136 1 137 8 138 3 139 0 140
1 141
2 142 3 143
4 144
5 145 6 146 7 147 8 148 9 149 0150 . 151
52 8 5316 54 18 55 18 5618 57 18 58 IE 59 16 60 IS 61 IS 162 IS 163 IS 164 IS 165 IS 66 IS 67 IS 168 IS 163 IS 1702 171 2 722 132 IT42 1752 762 772 782 792 1802 1812 ...1
2113 3114 4215 5216 6211 7 218 8219 9220 0221 1 222 2223 3224 4215 5ZM 6221 7228 8229
•:• 2j'j
0231 1 ,c'2 2233 ? 234 14235 5236 6J231 1|238 8239 9240 0241 242 2243
!44 !45 146 Z47 148 249 250 251 152 253 254 255 256 251 258 259 26Q 261 261 262 364 2t3 < • 261 268 2S9 210 211 212 212
214 215 276 277 278 219 28C 281 282 283 284 28' 28
288 28b 290 29 293 293 29^
29:
29 29' 29! 29' 30 30 SO- SO' 30'
3050 3063 3073 3083 3093 3103- 3113 3123 3133 8141 3153 3163 3173 3183 3193 3203 1213 Kt7.i 3233 3243 IK' ? 3163 3273 3283 3233 3303 331 3 3323 3333 3343 ...3
35 1 !6 2 37 J 8 4 9 S to 6 U 7 42 8 13 9 10 45 II 46 19 n 13 43 M 49 IS 5016 17 5218 5319 54 M 5521 562! 5723 5924 5925 60 26 6121 62«B 6339 643« 6531
3663 367C 368: 3634 370,4 311 < 372 *
nw
374^ 375f! 376ti
377 3"8J 319 380
?SI 332' 383 384 '
3S5r
33Si •S7 ,388! 389 390^ '39 332K 393 394 395 396
97 «5 98436 39427 00428 01439 02430 03431 04432 05433 06434 07435 08436 t09 437 10438 1 439 .2440 M3 44 ^4442 US 443 6444 Ml 445 U8 441
•20 '443 131 44! 122(450 12345 124 4S2 ..453 ..»S4 ..455
456 457 458 459 460 161 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 46S 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 418 419 480 45 1 482 483 484 485
86 187 188 »S9 90 191 192 193 194 195 196 >97 >98 199
•>oo
501 102 i03 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 5 5 56
511 518 519 52C 52 522 52C 524 52 52f 521 52i
53 53 5T. 533 5* 535 53£ 531 5?£ 53S 54C 54 54;
54 54 54
5475 5485 ,5495 5505 55! 5 i552 5 5535 5545 5555 5565 5515 5585 5595 5605 5615 561!
jw:
5645 5655 5665 5675
568 5 569 S 5706 :51I 6 5726 5736 li574 6
57bS
8609 79510 30611 31 612 32613 33614 34615 35616 36611 31 618 38613 39620 10621
33624 94 525
K m
96627 97628 38623 19630 0063 0 632 02633 03634 04635
06637 01 638
S39 540 541 542 543 544 645 546 547 548 549
;;•••:•
S5i 552 653 SM 655 656 657 658 659 660 651 661 03 664 665 66S SSI 668 669
670 67 672 673 674 615 676 677 67£ 679 68C 68 68' 68: 634 68.
ese
681 68S 68S S9C 69 59' 63 6* 59. 69£ 69' S3 63:
700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 111 712 113
114
715 716 711 718
719
7:0 7.'1 722 723 TV "25 725 721 7^8 129 730
1
4 5 6 7 8 9 IO
II
13
14 IS 16 17 IB 19 10 11
1 24
25 26
n
18 29
B
731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 745 747 748 74^ 750 75 752 753 754 755 75S 751 758 759 750 761
762 763 764 76E 766 761 76e 76S 77C 77 77: 773 774 775 776 7T 71£ 719 78C 78
is:
18C
784
is:
78f 18" 785 18£
790 79 792 793 734 795 798 797 798 799 800 801 803 803 804 805 806 807 80fe 809 8 0 8 8 2 813 814 B 5 8 6 811 816 8 9
sac
821 822 823 824 825 829 827 828 829 830 83 832 833 834 835 836 831 838 899 840 841 842 843 844 845 845 847 843 849 850 ....
851 852 853 854 655 858 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 368 8ff9 870 871 872 873 874 815 876 811 818 819 880 88
882 883 884 885 886 831 888 889 890 891 892 893 394 895 836 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 901 908 909 910 911
912 313 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 925 921 92.8 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 935 931 938 939 940 941 94X
943 344 345 945 947 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 355 357 958 359 960 961 962 963 364 ?65 356 367 968 969 970 971 972! 913
314 575 )76 377 378 379 80 )8I 382 83 84 >85 )S6 387 38 389 )90 391 )92 '93 194 595
J9e
397 398
MO
001 002 003
I004|IO 100510 100$ 10 100710 100810 100910 1010 10 ion 10 10 210 10 310 1014 0 1050 10 610 0 7 0
ioie o
1019 10 1020 1C 1021 1C 1022 0 102310 1024 10 102510 I02S;IO 1027 10 102810 1029 1C 1035 1C 1031 1C I032IC 103310 1034.
351065 3<FI065 37 1061 38 1068 391069 4011070 4 1071 42 1072 43 1013 44 1074 45:1075 46' 1076 47 1077 48!!078 49 1079 501080 51,1081 Mi 1082 53;I083 541084 55 '1085 56 1036 57; 1081 581088 59'I039 60' 1090 6 1091 65il09J fiJI093 64:i OD4 ..1095
«h« Jewish ytar is lun'udar, and it ordmi- 1 ry or ewbofisnhc, consisting of twelve or c thirteen lunar months, eaca fff uriiich his 29 1 or 30 days. The length of the ordinary ye IT t is 35i days, and rf Me enbolismic, 384 djy<; i in either cast, it is sonetimes made a day
ISH CAL|
4 minutes ?i secondhand ihit the yea es on, or immediately after, the new awing the autumnal equinox. The m ear is also assumed t : be 365diys '. ninu'tes 25^| seconds, so that a cycle o uch years, is the exact measure of 2?
EN
T commen- THOOTI fol- an solar [hours 5 5 nineteen 5 nf th*
Cise, being at once dete of days that the year
JEWISH MONTHS.
mitTed by the total number •nay happen to contain,
PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE HEBREW CALENDAR.
HESREYv 0^0
,. ; V- |
more at a day less, in order that certain i
issumed lunations.
MONTHS Bvr
,:..,.
TIS" 1 Newttjr fttst«fIi»iM*
"* The distribution of the embolism* years
essive years are adjusted, an estimation of the
TISRl 3(
30
r» ib', Fist of Expiation'.
in each cvcle of 19 years, is determined according c
onsccutive intervals, by taking th
difference,*!!!
HtSl-AN ?'
+ 29+
?> l5,Fei5tafT»bm!icles.
to the following rule: The number of a Jewshyeir
how thj duration and character o
' the vears th jt
KISLEV 3C
- 30-
-.f 2l,l.»5tOijoftlwFotivil.
havmg its commencement in a tiegon'an year is ob- tained by adding 3761; divide the Jewish ytirt»l9; t then the quotient it the number of the completed cy- ( ck, and the remainder is the year of the current cy- t ck; if the remainder be 3, 6, 8, II, 14, 17, or 9(0),
espectively intervene. According to the number if days thus found to be contained in the differ- nt years, the d«ys of the seven months are dis- ributed as in the table of -months. The signs -t- nd — are respectively annexed to Hesvan and
TEBAT 21
SEBAT 3C AOAR 2S [VEAO.W (.. NISAN 3C YIAR Zc
29 30 30 (29) 30 29
?» 22,Fejst oftkt 8UiDay.
KISIEV J^Btdicrtiim of Tmple.' T£8ETIO,Fjst,Si(9eofJm«lii AOAR 13, Put of Esther.
the year is embolismicj if any other, the yeir is or- t
islev to indicate that the former of these month
SIVAN 3C
30
NISANI5,PassoveT.
dinary.
nay sometimes require to have one
day more,
TAMUZ 2£
29
SIVAN 6,Pentecost.
The calendar is constructed on the issu-mp- i lion that the mean lunation is 29 days [ihovs c
nd the latter, one day less, thin the number of
ays shown in the table,- the result, in every
AB ' 30
ELUL 29
12
rAMUZ !7,Flit,1ikinjof Jm-'lon.
TABLE OF HEBREW YEARS. (FROM. WOOLHOUSE'S
WEIC-HTS,
MEASURES, ETC.)
fid
N v-
COMMENCEMENT
JEWISH
SUM
COMMENCEMENT
JEWISH
NUM-
COMMENCEMENT
JEWISH
N
COMMENCEMtNT
YEAR
BER01
JAYS
(1ST OF TISRl).
YEAR.
BER OF <J %
(1ST OF TISRl).
YEAR.
BER OF
•^ 4 '• -• .
(1ST OF TISRl)
YEAR,
B- ; of
^ > ;'
(1ST OF TISRl).
S85Z
• -^^
THUR,
2 OCT. 1845
55J3
• : S
THUR.
2 OCT. 1902
OT'Ji1
;s
3
SAT.
•'
OCT. 1 959
5777
:
53
MON.
3 OCT. 2016
07
355
MCN.
21 SEPT. 1846
64
354
TUES.
22 SEPT. 1903
21
35
-^
THUR.
^;
SEPT. I960
T£
•
•-
THUR.
21 SEPT. 2017
OS
393
SAT.
1 1 SEPT. 1847
63
383
SAT.
10 SEPT. 1904
22
38
3
MON.
:
SEPT. 1961
:
MON.
10 SEPT. 2018
09
354
THUR.
28 SEPT. 1848
66
353
SAT.
30 SEPT. 1905
23
31
5
SAT.
29
SEPT. 1962
8C
s
53
MON.
30 SEPT. 2019
10
335
MON.
17 SEPT. 1849
67
J34
THUR.
10 SEPT. 1906
24
3!
~
THUR.
19
SEPT. 1963
81
j
53
SAT.
19 SEPT. 2020
.• ' '
385
SAT.
7 SEPT. 1850
• I ^
383
MON.
9 SEPT. 1907
23
31
3
MCN.
7
SEPT. 1964
J 82
3
W
TUES.
7 SEPT. 2021
^ "2
333
SAT.
27 SEPT. 1851
" 69
355
SAT.
26 SEPT. 1908
26
3!
3
MON.
"
SEPt 1965
" 33
3
5
MON.
26 SEPT. 2022
o 13
384
TUES.
14 SEPT. 1852
o 70
383
THUR.
16 SEPT. 1909
o27
,:t
3
THUR.
13
SEPT. 1966
o 84
S
J3
SAT.
16 SEPT. 2023
" 14
335
MOfi
3 OCT. 1853
" 71
354
TUES.
4 OCT. 1910
"28
33
4
THUR.
3
OCT. 1967
" 85
3
THUR.
3 OCT. 2024
1 5
355
SAT.
23 SEPT. 1854
r, 72
353
SAT.
23 SEPT. 1911
29
3!
3
MON.
23
SEPT. 1968
f: se
••
J4
TUES.
23 SEPT. 2025
" 16
383
THUR.
13 SEPT. 1855
" 73
385
THUR.
12 SEPT. 1912
°30
38
3
SAT.
13
SEPT. 1969
° 87
3
JS
SAT.
12 SEPT. 2026
„ "7
334
TUES.
30 SEPT. 1856
_ 74
354
THUR.
2 OCT. 1913
^ 1
3!
4
THUR.
I
OCT. 1970
« 8^
3
-.?
SAT.
2 OCT. 2027
* 18
355
SAT.
19 SEPT. 1857
" 75
333
MON.
21 SEPT. 1914
^32
5
MON.
^J
SEPT. 1971
3
^4-
THUR.
21 SEPT. 2028
£ 19
385
THUR.
9 SEPT. 1858
S 76
383
THUR.
9 SEPT. 1915
° 33
3 e
3
SAT.
^
SEPT. 1972
9C
3
J3
MON.
10 SEPT. 2029
^20
354
THUR.
29 SEPT. 1839
77
334
THUR.
28 SEPT. 1916
"34
3J
5
THUR.
23
SEPT. 1973
n 91
.?
53
SAT.
28 SEPT. 2030
2i
353
MON.
17 SEPT. I860
78
335
MON.
17 SEPT. 1917
35
3:
4
TUES.
17
SEPT. 1974
92
3
S4
THUR.
18 SEPT. 2031
22
;sc
THUR.
5 SEPT. 1861
79
383
SAT.
7 SEPT. 1918
36
-••
5
SAT.
6
SEPT. 1975
93
3
33
MON.
6 SEPT. 2032,
23
THUR.
23 SEPT. 1863
80
354
THUR.
25 SEPT. 1919
37
33
3
SAT.
23
SEPT. 1976
94
3
S3
SAT.
24 SEPT. 2033
24
383
MQN.
14 SEPT. 1863
§i
383
MON.
13 SEPT. 1920
38
384
TljES.
13
SEPT. 1977
95
385
THUR.
14 SEPT. 2034
3623
335
SAT.
1 OCT. IS64
^J
555
MON.
3 OCT. 1921
5739
33
9
MON.
1
OCT. 1978
575e
.5
J4
THUR.
4 OCT. 2033
26
354
THUR.
21 SEPT. 1865
83
333
SAT.
23 SEPT. 1922
40
3;
?
SAT.
22
SEPT. 1979
97
3
J3
MON.
22 SEPT. 2036
383
MOM
10 SEPT. 1866
84
384
TUES.
I 1 SEPT. 1923
41
&
3
THUS.
1 1
SEPT. I960
98
3
J3
THUR.
10 SEPT. 2037
M
353
MON.
30 SEPT. 1867
85
335
MON.
29 SEPT. 1924
42
4-
TUES.
29
SEPT. 1981
99
-•
-4
THUR.
30 SEPT. 2038
29
354
THUR.
1 7 SEPT. 1 868
86
333
SAT.
19 SEPT. 1825
43
3:
S
SAT.
9
SEPT. 1982
5800
3
-0
MON.
19 SEPT. 2039
j 30
385
MON.
6 SEPT. 1869
J 87
383
THUR.
9 SEPT. 1926
• 44
3t
3
THUR.
B
SEPT. 1983
. 01
,J
)3
SAT.
8 SEPT. 2040
" 31
333
MON.
26 SEPT. 1870
" 88
354
TUES.
27 SEPT. 1927
^43
33
4
THU.R.
27
SEPT. 1984
02
3
••-
THUR.
26 SEPT. 2041
-( 32
383
SAT.
16 SEPT. 1871
^ 89
385
SAT.
15 SEPT. 1928
3£
1
MON.
16
SEPT. 1985
o °3
3
JS
MON.
15 SEPT. 2042
"33
354
THUR.
3 OCT. 1872
" 90
353
SAT.
5 OCT. 1929
^ 47
K
3
SAT.
*
OCT. 1 386
04
3
13
MON.
3 OCT. 2043
*" 34
353
MON.
22 SEPT. 1873
-154
TUES.
23 SEPT. 1930
£ 48
33
4
THUR.
24
SEPT. 1987
^ 05
3
»3
THUH.
22 SEPT. 2044
H Q«
383
SAT.
12 SEPT. 1974
"92
385
SAT.
12 SEPT. 1931
49
J8
3
MON.
13
SEPT. 1988
06
3
}4
TUES.
12 SEPT. 2045
.36
335
THUR.
30 SEPT. 1875
o93
355
SAT.
1 OCT. 1932
_ 50
/•j'
3
SAT.
30
SEPT. 1989
,» 07
3
>3
MON.
1 OCT. 2046
£37
354
TUES.
19 SEPT. 1876
354
THUR.
21 SEPT. 1933
o 5'
X
4
THUR.
»
SEPT. 1990
o 08
3
13
SAT.
21 SEPT. 2047
£38
385
SAT.
8 SEPT. 1877
° 9 ^
383
MON.
10 SEPT. 1934
^52
)£
.i
MON.
I
SEPT. 1991
° 09
14
TUES.
8 SEPT. 2048
355
SAT.
28 SEPT. 1878
™ 96
353
SAT.
28 SEPT. 1935
"53
5:
!
MON.
28
SEPT. 1992
" 10
3
3
MON.
27 SEPT. 2049
40
354
THUR.
18 SEPT. 1679
97
354
THUR.
17 SEPT. 1936
34
i:
S
THUR.
SEPT. 1993
1 1
3
i3
SAT.
17 SEPT. 2050
41
MON.
6 SEPT. 1890
98
383
MON.
6 SEPT. 1937
35
H
i
TUES.
i,
SEPT. 1994
12
3
33
THUR.
7 SEPT. 2051
42
333
SAT.
24 SEPT. 1881
99
353
MON.
26 SEPT. 1938
56
y.
3
MON.
23
SEPT. 1995
13
3
i4
TUES.
24 SEPT. 2052
43
383
[HUR
14 SEPT. 1882
5700
-'
TJJJJR.
ISEP1
37
-
SAT.
14
SEPT. 1996
1 4
1
1
SAT.
13 SEPT. 205.'
ic-:-
334
TUES.
2 L'i.T. [$9
^ / 0
J53
T" HUR.
3 OCT. 1940
5758
R
4
TKUfl.
-'
OCT. 1997
SSI?
1
!
SA'.
3 OCT. 2054
45
355
SAT.
20 SEPT. 1884
02
335
MON.
22 SEPT. 1941
39
::-
3
MON.
21
SEPT. 1998
16
3
J4
THUR.
23 SEPT. 2055
46
383
Th'. = .
10 SEPT. I38S
03
383
SAT.
12 SEPT. 1942
60
-
S
SAT.
1 1
SEPT; 1999
1 7
1
)3
MON.
II SEPT. 2056
47
-••M
i r jS.
30 SEPT. 1886
04
354
T f"R.
30 SEPT. 1943
61
.:.
1
SAT.
30
SEPT. 2000
18
IS
SAT.
29 SEPT. 2037
48
153
MON.
19 SEPT. 1687
05
335
MON.
18 SEPT. 1944
62
J3
4
Ti
B
SEPT. 2001
19
3
4
THUR.
19 SEPT. 2058
^ 49
}&••
THUR.
6 SEPT. 1888
j 06
383
SAT.
8 SEPT. 1945
ui 63
!8
3
SAT.
/
SEPT. 2002
J 20
3
MON.
8 SEPT. 2059
. 30
-•i
THUR.
26 SEPT. 1889
334
THUR.
26 SEPT. 1946
™ 64
B
J
SAT.
27
5EP1 20
", 21
i'j
SAT.
25 SEPT. 2060
-" 51
383
MON.
15 SEPT. 1890
^08
385
MON.
15 SEPT. 1947
0 65
31
!
THUH.
a
SEPT. 2004
^ 22
THUR.
15 SEPT. 2061
" 52
335
SAT.
3 OCT. 1891
"09
335
'•VN.
4 OCT. 1948
" 66
5:
i
TUES,
4
OCT. 2005
" 23
!
THUR.
5 OCT. 2062
334
THUfl.
22 SEPT. 1892
0 I0
353
SAT.
24 SEPT. 1949
o 67
3!
3
SAT.
23
SEPT. 20o«
24
'
'
MON.
24 SEPT. 2063
°54
385
MON.
1 1 SEPT. 1893
384
rues.
12 SEPT. 1950
68
3£
3
THUR.
.=
SEPT. 2007
" 25
3i
i.'
THUR.
II SEPT. 2064
en55
333
MON.
1 OCT. 1894
12
355
1 OCT. 1951
« 69
|:
4
TUES.
M
SEPT. 2008
^ 26
J
,.I
THUR.
1 OCT. 2065
;' ; •
335
CHUL
19 SEPT. 1895
~ 13
333
SAT.
20 SEPT. 1952
0 70
- J
5
SAT.
B
SEPT. 2009
o 27
,'
S3
MON.
20 SEPT. 2066
^57
364
TUES.
8 SEPT. 1896
383
t HUH
10 SEPT. 1953
Z 71
.^
9
THUR.
1
SEPT. 2010
° 28
3
13
SAT.
10 SEPT. 2067
rtS8
353
MON.
27 SEPT. 1897
n 15
354
TUES.
28 SEPT. 1954
72
33
~
THUR.
28
SEPT. 201
"29
3!
4
THUR.
27 SEPT. 2068
59
353
SAT.
17 SEPT. 1898
16
333
SAT.
17 SEPT. 1953
73
.••:-
.•
MON.
7
SEPT. 50 12
30
'.
13
MON.
16 SEPT. 2069
60
364
TUES.
3 SEPT. 1999
17
385
THUR.
6 SEPT. 1956
74
3i
S
THUR.
9
SEPT. 2013
31
.'•>
13
SAT.
6 'SEPT 2070
61
333
MON.
24 SEPT. 1900
18
354.
THUR.
26 SEPT. 1957
' 75
35
1
THUR.
23
SEPT. 20 4
32
3:
-:>
THUR.
24 SEPT. 2070
62
383
SAT.
14 SEPT. 1901
19
383
V:."!.
15 SEPT. 1958
76
385
•'•''"
4
. -.--. 2013
33
384
ruts.
3 SEPT. 2071
u
T
*
*1 •' •! JKI'l'l •'
.^-^H&KSfe^^ „ ;
f IVIUI
*
in
BBaBlHSHyHsi
lj
f~*$!iS&*kt Mohammedan
era, OT era of
^^-^i-L^i^syypjJA^P1^
To find if a year is intercalary or common, di-
Apostle.' The Mohammedan doctrine of God's being
tySySHf the Heoira, is dattd from t he
/f/'.'.^VJ flight of Mohimmed from Mec-
vide it by 30; the quotient will be the number of completed cycles, and the reminder will be the
and attributes coincide with the Christian, so far as relates to him at the Creator of heaven and earth
i
P9$|]| cai to Medina, wh
ch was in the
yen of the current cycle; if this last be one of the
who rules and preserves all things, and, who is
d
i£S&t night of Thursday the 15th of ^ July 621 A.O., and it comment
numbers 2, 5, 7, 0,13,16,18,11,24,16,29, the year is inttrci ary and consists of 355 daysjif
without beginning, omnipotent, omniscient, om- nipresent, and ful of mercy.
i
1
[ ed on the day fo owing. , The years of the Heqira ire pure
it be any other number, the year is common. The intercalary years of each cycle in the table.
MOHAMMEDAN MONTHS.
i
> ly lunar, and always
consist of a
of years is distinguished by an asterisk.
M-uharram 30 S
haaban 09
%
' period of twelve unar
months, com-
The table of years given below shows the dates
Siphar . . . .29 f
a-madan 30
<j
1
!j mencing with the app
roxirrute new
of the commencement of Mahommedan yejtsftom
flabiaL . . . .30 £
hiwall .29
? moon, without any i
itercalatio-n to
1845 up to 2047, OT from the 43rd to the 49th
RibiaH 29 [
•ulkuda 30
t
•v(v keep theiri to the sun
f spiton w th
Cycle inclusive, wh ch form the whole of the seventh
Jornada I. . . .30 1
ulheggia. . > . .29
c
W^ respect to the sun, so that they retro-
period of seven cycles. Throughout the next pe-
Jornidall. ... .29
99 and in in-
grad
e through all the seasons ii
i about 324
riod of seven cycles, and all other like periods, th«
Rajab 30
tercalary years. .30
years. They are also partitioned into cycles of 30 years, 19 of which are common years of 354 days each, and the other II are intercalary years
days of the week will occur in exactly the sam ordet
PRINCIPLES. OF THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION.
PRINCIPAL DAYS OF THE MOHAMMEDAN CALENDAR.
MuharTam 1, New Year.
hat
ro an additional day apperu
ed'.i the last
There igion founded by Mohammed, is,accor-
> » 10, Ash-uTa.
rnor
th.
ding to him, the only orthodox creed existing
Racial. II, Birth of Mohammed.
The mean length of the year is 354 days, 8 hours, and 48 minutes, and that of the month
from the beginning of the world, and preach- ed by all the prophets ever since Adam. It is
Jornada I. 20j Taking of Constantinople. Rajab 15, Day of Victory.
is 29days,llhouTs,and44 minutes, whi ch ditfeo
also called \s\un.
» 20, Exultation of Mohammed. Shiaban 15, Borak's Night.
only 2.8 seconds, so that the er
TOT amo-unts
are contained in the two articles of belief.-'Tnere
Shawall 1,2,3, G-rand Bsiram.
to only a day in about 2400 years.
is no 6-od but tod; and Mohimrned is G-od's
rj-ulheggii 1, Kurban Bairam.
TABLE
OF MOHAMMEDAN YEARS.IFROM WOOLHOUSE'S W[IGHTS,MEASURES, ETC.)
YEAR OF
COMMENCEMENT
YEAR OF
COMMENCEMENT
YEAR OF
COMMENCEMENT
YEAR OF
COMMENCEMENT
YEAH OF
COMMENCEMENT
HEGIRA
(1ST OF MUHARRAM).
HE&IRA
( ST OF MUHARRAM).
HEGIRA
(1ST OF MUHARRAM).
HEGIRA
(1ST OF MUHARRAM).
HE&IRA
OST OF MUHAftRAM].
130
FRID.
2 N
)V. 1883
1344*
WEO.
22 JULY 1925
1384
w
.1).
13 MAY 1964
1427
TUES. 3l JAN. 100€
43 CYCLE.
130
J
TUES.
21 0
;T. 1884
1345
MON.
12 JULY 1926
1385*
Si
N.
2 MAY 1965
1428*
SAT. 20 JAN. 2007
130
3*
SAT.
10 C
IT. 1885
1346*
FRIO.
1 JULY 1927
1386
FF
10.
22 APRIL 1968
1429
THUR.
10 JAN. 2008
126
FRID.
10 JAN. 1845
130.
I
THUR.
30 S
.PT. 1886
1347
WED.
20 JUNE 1928
1387*
TL
ES.
II APRIL 1967
1430
MON.
29 DEC. 2008
126
t*
TUES.
30 DEC. 1849
130
3
MON.
19 S
;PT. 1887
1348
SUN.
9 JUNE 1929
1388
si
N.
31 MAR. 1368
1431*
FRID.
18 DEC. 2009
126
3
SUN.
20 DEC. 1846
130
5*
FRID.
7 S
:PT. 1888
1349*
THUR.
29 MAY 1930
1389
ft
UR.
20 MAR. 1969
1432
WED.
8 DEC. 2010
126
1
THUR.
9 DEC. 1847
130
7
WED.
28 A
JG. 1889
1350
TUES.
19 MAY 1931
1390*
M
Wi
9 MAR. 1970
1433
SUN.
27 NOV. 2011
126
5*
MON.
27 NOV. 1849
1301
3*
SUN.
17 A
JG-. 1890
1391
St
T.
27 FEB. 1971
1434*
THUR.
15 NOV. 2012
126
SAT.
17 NOV. 1849
130
3
FRIO.
7 A
JC-. 1891
46 CYCLE.
1332
W
EO.
16 FEB. 1972
1435
TUES.
5 NOV. 2013
126
7*
WED.
6 NOV. 1850
131
3
TUES.
26 J
JLY 1892
1393*
si
S.
4 FEB. 1973
1436*
SAT.
25 OCT. 2014
126
3
MON.
27 OCT. 1851
131
*
SAT.
15 J
JLY 1893
1351
SAT.
7 MAY 1932
1394
FF
ID.
25 JAN. 1974
1437
THUR.
15 OC1. 2015
126
3
FRID.
15 OCT. 1852
31
Z
THUR.
5 J
JLY 1894
1352*
WED.
26 APRIL 1933
1335
TL
ES.
14 JAN. 1975
1438
MON.
3 OCT. 2016
127
3*
TUES.
4 OCT. 1853
31
3
MON.
24 J
JNE 1895
1353
MON.
16 APRIL 1334
1336*
Sf
T.
3 JAN. 1976
1439*
FRIO.
22 SEPT. 2017
127
SUN.
24 SEPT. 1854
I3i
1*
FRID.
12 J
JNE 1896
1354
FRID.
5 APRIL 1935
1397
ft-
UR.
23DE£. 1976
1440
WED. Il2 SEPT. 20lfl
127
2
THUR.
13 SEPT. 1855
131
3
WEO.
2 J
JNE 1897
1355*
TUES.
24 MAR. 1 936
1398*
M
M.
12 DEC. 1977
A A pvn c
127
3*
MON.
1 SEPT. 1856
131
3*
SUN.
22 M
AY 1898
1356
SUN.
14 MAR. 1337
1399
s;
T.
2 DEC. 1978
49 UYlfLC.
127
t
SAT.
22 AU6. 1857
31
7
FRID.
12 M
AY 1893
1357*
THUR.
3 MAR. 1938
1400
w
EO.
21 NOV. 1379
1441 ISUN.
. SEPT. 2019
127
1
WEO.
II AUG. 1858
131
3
TUES.
! M
AY 1900
1358
TUES.
21 FEB. 1939
1401*
SI
N.
9 NOV. 1 980
!442*n'HUR.
20 AUG. 2020
127
5*
SUN.
31 JULY 1859
131
3
SAT.
20 A
3RIL 1901
1359
SAT.
10 FEB. 1940
1402
Ffi
10.
30 OCT. 1981
1443 TUES.
10 AUC. 2021
127
'
FRIO.
20 JULY I860
132
3
THUR.
0 "\
'RIL 1902
1360*
WED.
29 JAN. 1941
1403
TU
ES.
19 OCT. 1982
1444 SAT.
30 JULY 2022
127
3*
TUES.
9 JULY 1861
1361
MON.
19 JAN. 1942
1404*
S/
T.
8 OCT. 1 983
I443*|WEO.
19 JULY 2023
127
3
SUN.
29 JUNE 1861
45 CYCLE
1362
FRID.
8 JAN. 1943
1405
TV
UR.
27 SEPT. 1984
1446 'MON.
8 JULY 2024
128
THUR.
18 JUNE 1863
1363*
TUES.
28 DEC. 1943
1406*
M
DN.
16 SEPT. 1985
I447*F.R1D.
27 JUNE 2025
128
*
MON.
S JUNE 1864
132
MON.
30 M
URCH 1903
1364
SUN.
17 DEC. 1944
1407
s;
T.
6 SEPT. 1986
1448
WEO.
17 JUNE 2016
128
1
SAT.
27 MAY 1865
32
2*
FRID.
18 M
ARCH 1904
1365
THUR.
6 DEC. 1945
1408
w
EO.
26 AUG. 1387
1449
SUN.
6 JUNE 2027
128
3
WED.
16 MAY 1866
132
3
WEO.
8 M
ARCH 1905
1366*
MON.
25 NOV. 1946
1409*
Si
N.
14 AUG. 1988
1450*
THUR.
25 MAY 2028
128
i*
SUN.
5 MAY 1867
132
1
SUN.
25 F
EB. 1906
1367
SAT.
15 NOV. 1947
1410
FR
10.
4 AUG. 1989
1451
TUES.
15 MAY 2029
128
S
FRIO.
24 APRIL 1868
132
y
THUR.
14 F
EB. 1907
1368*
WEO.
3 NOV. 1948
1452
SAT.
4 MAY 2030
128
TUES.
3 APRIL 1869
132
S
TUES.
4 F
EB. 1908
1369
MON.
24 OCT. 1949
4
8 CYCLE.
1453*
23 APRIL 203
128
7
SUN.
3 APRIL 1870
132
7*
SAT.
23 J
\H. 1909
1370
FRIO.
13 OCT. 1950
1454
MON.
12 APRIL 2032
128
3
THUR.
23 MARCH 1871
132
B
THUR.
13 J
W. 1910
1371*
TUES.
2 OCT. 1951
1411
TL
ES.
24 JULY 1990
1455 IFRIO.
1 APRIL 2033
128
3*
MON.
II MARCH 1872
32
9
MON.
2 J
UN. 1311
1372
SUN.
21 SEPT. 1952
1412*
S/
T.
13 JULY 1991
1456*
TUES.
21 MAR. 2034
129
J
SAT.
1 MARCH 1873
133
3*
FRIO.
220
EC. 1911
1373
THUR.
10 SEPT. 1953
1413
n
UR.
2 JULY 1992
1457
SUN.
1 1 MAR. 2035]
133
1
WED.
1 1 D
EC. 1912
1374*
MON.
30AU&. 1954
1414
M
Mi.
21 JUNE 1993
1458*
THUR.
28 FEB. 2036
44 CYCLE.
133
2
SUN.
30 N
0V. 1913
1375
SAT.
20 AUG. 1955
1415*
FF
ID.
10 JUNE 1994
1459
TUES.
17 FEB. 2037
133
3*
THUR.
19 N
0V. 1914
1376*
WED.
8 AUC. 1356
1416
W
EO. '
31 MAY 1935
1460
SAT.
6 FEB. 2038
129
WED.
18 FEB. 1874
133
4
TUES.
9N
3V. I9i;
1377
MON.
23 JULY 1957
1417*
Si
N.
19 MAY 1336
1461
WED.
26 JAN. 2039
129
2*
SUN.
7 FEB. 1875
133
3
SAT.
28 0
CT. 1916
1378
FRID.
18 JULY 1958
1418
FF
ID.
9 MAY 1997
1462
MON.
16 JAN. 2040
129
3
FRID.
28 JAN. 1876
133
S*
WED.
17 0
CT. 1317
1379*
TUES.
7 JULY 1959
1419
Tl
ES.
28 APRIL 1398
1463
FRIO.
4 JAN. 2041
123
4
TUES.
16 JAN. 1877
133
7
MON.
•70
CT. 1918
1380
SUN.
26 JUNE 1360
1420*
S
\T.
17 APRIL 1999
1464*
TUES.
24 DEC- 2041
129
5*
SAT.
5 JAN. 1878
133
8'
FRID.
26 S
EPT. 1919
1421
T
UR.
6 APRIL 2000
1465
SUN.
14 DEC. 2042
129
5
THUR.
26 DEC. 1878
133
3
W€D.
15 S
EPT. 1920
47 CYCLE.
1422
M
W.
26 MAR. 2001
1466*
THUR.
3 DEC. 2043
129
7*
MON.
15 DEC. 1879
134
)
SUN.
4 S
EPT. 1921
1423*
FF
D.
15 MAR. 2002
1467
TUES.
22 NOV. 2044
129
8
SAT.
4 DEC. 1880
134
1*
THUR.
24 A
UG. 1922
1381
THUR. 115 JUNE 1961
1424
W
EO.
3 MAR. 2003
1468
SAT.
1 1 NOV. 2045
129
9
WED.
23 NOV. 1881
134
2
TUES.
14 A
OG. 1923
1382*
MON. [4 JUNE 1962
1425
SI
N.
22 FEB. 2004
1469*
WED.
31 OCT. 2046
1300
SUN.
12 NOV. 1882
1343
SAT.
4 AUG. 1924
1383
SAT. R5MAY |963
1426*
THUR.
10 FEB. 2005
1470
MON.
21 OCT. 2047
IB
The followi
I Landmarks of «*• I
World's Hi story, I
•vhllt notice «
memory those events that have -
.
ANNIVERSARY CALENDAR.
the week the
I vent occurre,
(he weekday is
"'
I - Union Fl.g t.nf unfurled by Washinglo
•-Battle of New Orleans -British defeated by Jackson, ItlKW _.
1-Astor library in New York City opened, IB54,>Ao-»\o,a\t.
0- Penny Postage in Great Britain came into operation, 1840,5 1 1 - Bill to abolish slavery in the U.S. submitted to the Senate, !864.Vvw ia-8irth of John Hancock, Revolutionary Patriot, I"J •"-'- -
It-Oerman Emp
19-GoW d.scovared in Calif
30 First English Parliament con
31 -Louis XV). of France beheaded «-Unita4 Parliaments of England a 23 -Panama Canal, to loin the two 34-0«ath of Henry W. Longfellow, A
blithed, l81l,V»e,o««d,au'. •s Mill, 1848, V
24-0«ath of Henry w. Longfellow, American Poet, ltKt.^«M«ta>». 13-Conver»ion of %l.Paul, Apostle to Gentiles, 33 £o.,TtUt**>>.
2C-Expiration of the Alien and Sedition Laws, 1801, \Aov\&.».\». 27- Treaty of Ghent, closing War of 1812 ratified by EnolanJ,l8l5,v>\»»u. ~v Accession of Edward VI. to the Throne of Enoland,l547,TT\o.»v). - Uniform Rule of Naturalization adopted by Congress, H95;TVv>Oo.a.u.
nching
l-Amendment 13th, abolishing Slavery, passed by the House, l865<Nio
2- Treaty of Peace between United States and Mexico, 1847, %t«t««i>.
3-lndeMndence of Greece proclaimed, 1830, v»e«v*so,a>».
4-Peace Conference convened at Washington, l86l->Aov\o,av).
}-Sw>etn acknowledges Independence of United Slates, I783,>»le«neso,»u.
C-J*mes M. accedes *o the Throne of England, IV8S.VVio.av..
7-Pennsylvania Hopital (first in America) established, nll^Vnnstoy
6-Southcrn Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala., IB6l,^v\o,Au.
9-Rogcr Williams arrived at Boston from England, !63l.>Ne«.*o.»u 10- Naiml Battle U.S. Sloop-Hornet" captures Brit. Bri« 'Hev>lute,"l8l3, VMeo II -Circular utter of Mass, against Taxation published, n68,AV\*Y»V«.u. 12-Firct Fugitive Slave Law passed by Congress, I 793,"\\v«o.av». 13- William and Mary became King and ftueen of England, !689.VJcV4a->
14-Captaln Cook, English navigator, killed on Sandwi ' ' '
15-St. Louis. Mo., settled by the French, IT ~
MARCH
l-B«nko< Pennsylvania chartered, fir)l in the U.S., n8 3- Bureau of Education established at Washington, I867,^>»x^ 3-Min««riComfTomis« Bill palted by Control, 1820,% Vxti 4 British House of Commons resolves to end Anser.War, I783, J-Second affray in Boston-" Boston Ma»t»cre."mo,>A *-Ored Scott Oeclnon by U.S. Supreme Court, I857,f r'
~
*- W«t Point Wllitarv Academy founded by Congress, l«02.S>ul -si t-The Stamp Act repealed by the British Parliament, nse^sves^ 7-B.ston «v.ci.at«d_>v the British soldier;,. I776.^r&*u.
-Act to prevent Slave Trade passed by Coti^ress.HS*, ^•>*^-«6a.^. -War declared by Plymouth against the lndians,l6a3.J«.T>o».\). -Spain acknowledges Independence of United StatM,l183,W\o\\<i»v1. -Abolition of Slave Trade in British Empire. l807,y<«A««»k»H. -Providence, R.I., attacked bu the Indians, I6T6, %\*v>6ivi. -Battlcof Horse Shoe Bend, Ala. .Jackson deceits Creeks, 1914, %»•«(.»«. - Vote of Censure passed by Senate aoainst Prcs'* Jackson, l834At>6»M. -Surrend«r of Vera CTU.Z, Me» ico, to General Scolt,l841,Voy\»ts) -Sicilian Vespcrs-ia.OOO Frenchmen- massacred, 1282, rAo •**««). -Battle of Dinwiddie Court House -Sheridan defeats Ue,iB65,W\6a\(,
I- Harvey, discoverer of Circulation of Blood, born, iS78,^^t»6,*vi. l-U.S.Mint,thefirst,established at Philadelphia, 1792, \Ao-v\6i\c 9-Richmond,Va.. evacuated bu the Confederates, 1865, VAowo.3,«. t-Death of the President, William H. Harrison, 1841 <iwtto/».v>. 5- York town, Va., besieged bu General McClellan, l86a,%AtM--<6»v). 5- Battle of Shi I oh, Tenn., Grant defeats Bevureaard, 180/LWivVu. 7- Mississippi Territory for-med by Act of Congress, 1798, lb».\\«o.»^. (-Bill to abolish Slavery passed by the Senate, 1864, VVA»^. • )-Ue's Surrender to Grant at Appomattor Court House, l863,VlMMIa. 3- U. S. Bank re -charteredjcapltai «35, 000,000), 1 8 1 6,\Nea-ne.so,a.\t.
2-Scotl
,
ida discovered by Ponce de Leon, 15 12, V_a«e.v d declared incorporated with England, l
., ,( Nantes, tolerating Proles 4- President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth,l865,TV\ka\). 5-Patcnt Right Law first enacted by Congress, rftB.TVwajntige, 6-Slavery abolished in District of Columbia, l862.,Weo,rv«.»fcau. /-Columbus obtains sanction of Ferdinand and Isabella, !497,T\>.«o.a,\(. 8-Corner Stone of St. Peter's at Rome laid, I506.5>%xwvo,-a\). 9- Battle of Lexington-first in Revolutionary War, I775.^*ao\\e.so.a.\j. !0-Expulsionofthe"'Hump"Parlia-mcnt byCromwell, l653.Vlfcoineso.a.^. :i-United States Mint established at Denver.Col., l862,N\ov\c,a\). !2-Battle of Cranicus, Alexander defeats Darius, 334 B.C.,^VnnrsAa>),WS 13-Oeath of William Shakspeare.Eng. Dramatic Poet. 1616, Tw.cs^a\). !4 Boston News Letter, first paper published in U.S., HD4 WVOY\O,»\». IS-New Orleans captured by Commodore Tarragut, l8t!LTlr\4*u. !6-Hoslilities begin between United States and Mexico, 1 841. «vmte>» !7- Death of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American Poet, 1882, •VVivor«.ia«( [8- Charlotte Harbor, Fla., attacked by the Seminoles, 1836. AV\\«s4a\). !9- Battle of Orleans, France, sieae relieved by Joan of Arc. 1429, VV\k**). 10- Washin9ton inaugurated first President of U.S.,n89,Tviu.-<*4au.
MAY-
l-F*irst Inter national Exposition opened at London, IBSlJXVtWfaAftlf.
1- Bat tie of Lut7en,Cer., Napoleon defeats the Allies, I8i3,%u.wo,&u. 3-Death of Tho-rnas Hood, English Poe*, I845,>»vwv^t>,. 4-Anarchist Riot In Chicago-many policemen killed, 1886, ^uesaau.
5 Death of Napoleon Bonaparte on Isle of St.Helena, 1821, ?>axu.va»\».
6 Death of Sir William Hamilton, Eng. Mathematician, iB56,T«.e»c.a\».
7 Battle of Baton Rouoe, la. .captured byFarragut, I882.w«ivta«k«u. 8- Innocent XIII. is made Pope at Home, H i I , VA o v\ C.A« .
9- Battle of Ijesacadela Palma, Taylor defeats Mexicans, 1846. Swvtttv,. 0- Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia opens, t8/6^corv£so^M I- War declared by United Slates against Merico, 1846, WOYIO.J.M- I-Batt le SpottsylvatiiaC.H.,Va., Hancock captures Johnson, 18 64, TVwvt&au. 3 Naturalisation Treaty made with Great Britain, 1870, V -»\ o»u . 4- Vacci nation discovered by Edward Jenner,o( E ng., I79S, %a.«\vv &a,vt 5 -Protective Tariff adopted by U.S. Government, I 828,^Vv«.-»«,o,»\». 6- Acquittal of President Johnson -impeachment, 1868. %«w.o.»u. 7-Great Fire in St. Louis. Mo., much suffering, l849,~\Y\wtto,a.\t 8- Napoleon Bonaparte made Emperor of the Trench, 1804, VVx&au. 9-Last of the Crusades to Palestine ended, 1 181, V».>»»i»H. 10- Mecklenburg (N.C.) Declaration o( lndependence,lIT5,S»v«.-<6,»M '-Terrible Fighting in Paris (21 to 27),l87l,Suv>o,»A»,*\o-vxo,a,\», c*c
-Chas.Sumner assaulted in Senate bg Rep. Brook, i8S6,^v>u.\«&a.v,. Jamestown, Va., settled-first per. Eng. set't in U.S.,l60l,S&iv«o,»«.
-Missouri Comproniise repealed by Congress, 1854 V>leo,Y*esc,a^ .
- Dens. Howe, Burgoyne and Cli titon arrive at Boston, 1115, "V«Mw;o,av> -Matsacre of Pequods at Ft. Mystic, Conn., by Mason, 1697, Vv\^a.vi.
First Telepraph operated in U.S.- Washington >o Baltimore,l844,VAo«6j.v|.
'Noah Webster, American lexicographer, died , 1843. %\A.-««,aM. -Restoration of Monarchical Government in Fng., l660,^vMlsc,*M.
- Columbus embarks on his third vouaoe of ol«e«ver».l48e.N4»**«»». -Copyright Law first enacted by Congress, ITM, »*«V\S%\|.
JUNE.
- The-lnvincible Armada" sail) from Lisbon,Spain,l588,4a»>>.Yial>,, '
- Naval Ba«*lc on Lake Champlain -Brit. defeat ftmer., 1813-^Ne.V 4»M-
- Battle of Cold Harbor, Va., Grant outflanks lee, l864,v*tt.Y\<taaM. -Treaty of Peace between U.S and T ri poll, lVOB.Au.a*k*%|. -First Balloon ascension, from Lyons, France, l783,^V\vvvi,fcaA». -An American Congress first proposed by James Otis, 1165, TVvxors >.»>». -Coronation of Louis XIV. King of France, 1654, W e 6. v< e * & a.\f -Jamestown. Va.. abandoned.-Starving Time,"l6IO, ^-r\ ^»^. .,
16
4 -National Flay, with stars first added, adopted by Conart'ss, I777,s\vw» 4A\j. 5- Washington appointed Commander in- Chief, 17 75,~VV\v>.YScVa.v>. 6-Convcntion at Cincinnati nom. Hayes andWhepler, 1876, V i\4a\). 1- Battle o( Bunker Hill, first .ea\in Revolution, 1715; "iaVu.Yiax). 8 Battle of Waterloo, Belgium -Napoleon defeated, 18 16, %\vY\4av,. 9- Naval Action "Kearsaroc" sinks the"Alabama','IS64,'i\*r.4au. 0- Alaska ceded by Russia to the United States, I 861, ~vv\\>.rs4a\(. l-Ninth State Ratified Constitution making it binding, I788,%ax»i o.a\). 2-Arkansas reconstructed after secession, I BG», Vf\o-v\&4\». 3- Battle of Springfield, N.J., Brit, defeated by G ret ne. 1780, WVO.AM.
4 Newfoundland discovered by the C a bots, I491,^ivv.-<c,a^.
5 Gen. Custer,U. S.A. .killed by Sioux Indians, D.T., !876.%w.'A6a^. 6- Battle of Mechanicsville, Va.,McClellan defeats Let,l862,^YuM*4a\i. '7- Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, murdc red, 1844, ^\vMY<;aa\). 8 -Victoria Alcxandrina Edward crowned Queen of Eng..l838/\V\iA<>4l>,\». 9- Pope Pius VII. condemns Bible Societies by his Bull, 1811, Swna'&t,. 0- Charles J.Cuiteau., assassin of Pres't Garfield, hanged, I882,^v\i»a^.
JULY-
i-Battie of Gettysburg, Pa., Meade defeats Lee, i863,VMa4v\e,^oa^,e*G 2-President Garfield shot-fatally wounded-buCuiteay,i88i,s»»»<»»\). 3-U.S. Mint established in San Francisco, Cal., 1852, •=>»**» 4ax>. 4-lndependencc of United States declared, I ;iS,^v>u.vsi»\). 5-Columbian (S.A.) Declaration of Independence, I8II,V V\4a\». 6- John Hus3, Bohem. relig. reformer,burnt alive, 1415. Savv,Y4a\». 7-California declared a part of the United States, 1646, "\\>,<is4a\>. 8- Bat tie of Pultowa, Rust., Pott r the Great defeats Chas.lfll., l709,Wv4»M. 9-BradJock defeated by French and Indians, II 55,>Ne.V«\e*oa\». 0-Bill tore-chaTter U.S. Bank vetoed by Pres't Jackson, !83J,^vMiso,»\). I - Nine U.S. Senators expelled from Congress for Treason, I86l,~^\\\ors4a^. 2-Canada invaded by Genera I Hull, I 8 I 2, <b%»,Y\ 6a^ . i-Draft Riots take place in New York City, 1863, W>o-x\c>a.\,.
5-First Crusade to Palestine camr to an etid, 1*099, "v-x\4a\». 6- Era of the Hcgira begins- Flioht of Mohammed, 6 2a,^V\c,a\». . 1- Yellow Fever E p idem ic. begins at .New Orleans. 1818, VMeo' &a\),
!0-ConfederateCdpitol remuved to Richwonctjva., l86l,S>atwY4i\». il-Proclamation by Pres't Hayes for rioters to disperse, l877,Sa<.««4»\). !d-Atlanta,Ga., besieged by Genera I Sherman. 1864,^ V\4a«. !3-E«.T>res't Grant died at Mt. McGregor, N.Y., 1 885,TY\\v«4,av>. !4-Thc Mormons arrive at Salt Lake Valley, 184-T, %aVwvA,-aA).
!6 Capture o< Ticonderoga, N.Y., by Amhersl, 1759,^ v> \A--W 6 -ax).
23- Treaty of Ar
AUGUST.
I -Battle of the Nile -Nelson defeats French f ice t, 1798, vNaiwesJ 2- Battle of Cannae, Italy -Hannibal defeats Romans, aib" B.C.,VJ>ov
*- Abolition of .Feudal privileges in Western Europ.c, I78'9,"\\ve,«. 5-Battle of Mobile Bay— Farragut repulses Confederates, !864,Vv'\4 6- Dissolution of the. Holu Roman Empire, l806,VJe-QV\es4' 7- Battle of Thermopylae, heroism of Leonidas,480 B.C.,c,axwx4 B-Wilmot Proviso, restricting Slavery, presented in House, l84S,<ba> 9 -New York passed to control of »he Dutch, I 61 3,>iaV\vYO, 0- Observatory at Green wich. England, founded, 1615, "\ we. s 4 I -first attempt to lay Atlantic table (ails, I 8 51, T«.e,=.6.2 2- Death of Geo. Stephens"" ' " --_:--- '.n«o *.._...
t,Mich.,SM.rrendtred to British by Hull, I 8 —, -,
7-Dcath of Frederick the&reat, King of PTussia, n8e,"vv\vm»k»i>. B- Bat tie of Yellow Medicine, Minn., Sioux massacre Whites, 1 8 6X, \Atm6av). S- Paulus Hook (Jersey City) captured by Ma> HcnTV Lee, m6,A^\v«c,»u. 0 End of Civil Wr by Proclarnation of Pres't Johnson, 1866, Vf\or\4aM. l-The Puritans embark from Dartmouth, Enfl., I 620, XAor\4aM. I- French" Directory," consisting of five, established 1795 c,atu^4a\*. !- Battle of Staten Island, British defeat Sullivan, I777,?,a.w-<&a%». I- Washington City captured by British, Pub. Build's bur'd 1814 VNeA'fcau. 5-Montreal, Canada, sacked by Iroquois Indians, 1689, 'bu.T\4a\). S-Julius Caesar invades. the British Isles, 55 B.C., Svvwia^.
3- St. A u.gust!ne,FI a. .founded -oldest town in U.S., ISSB.Vl^Tvcs^oav). 0-Mail Steamer Teuton lost with QOO lives, 188 I,"V \xe-i4-aw. I -Great Charleston, S.C., earthquake commenced, !88S,T\«.e«,4i^.
pulsed bu &er.,l870,^ ed over, I 566 .'bvi. c. Eng.Com'lth, l658,'?r dson, I807A
•reat London Fire,436'acres bu-
leath of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Pro
ulton's first steamboat voyage o ,, vnK nw-u^w r,, iou
"he Pacific Ocean discovered bu Balboa, 1513, W\
hakspeare Jubilee at Stratford-on- Avon, 17.69, V>
tion of Independence by Empire of Braiil.182;
L:- -' ' '-- by Titus-l,IOO,OOOJewskiMed,10 •
- Decl
of Je
- The United Stat
of A
, ..
lled, 177 6, VA Lake trie, 1813, Vv\ def. Washington, n77,^V , I 85O, TV-^ ~
-Battle of the Branduwine, Ho -Fugitive Slave Law passed by
Battle of Quebec -C-eneral Wolfe 6i I led', 1159,'
-New Style Calendar adopted by England, II 5d, TV»*.v -Ordinance of 1181 adopted by Continent Cong., 1787, %ax.u -Fahrenheit, inventor of Thermometer, died, 1736, A Vvw -Constitution of United States passed Convent Ion, 1787, Wvo-> -Anne Hutchinson, religious enthusiast, arr.at Boston, 1634 TYv -Death of President Carfield at Elbcron, N.J., I 8 8 I V* o w
-King William's Wa -Oeath of Sir Walt Tre
ded by 4
at West Point discovered, l'180,
John Patil Jones' great naval victory, n~!9,TVv \x-vs4a\j Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in U.S., 1861, V^wesiax,.. Battle of Montreal, Ethe n Allen taken prisoner, 1775, X^ov>4».^. Philadelphia captured by the British army, 1117. V=-»\&»M. First passenger railroad opened in England, I825,"^\ves4a\i Battle of Marathon, Greeks defeat Persians.490 e.C.,VNe4r.es4ax».
Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal., opened, l89l,"VVvvi,rs4aM. Execution of Major And re, British spy, 118 0, WVoY)4a\). Death of Miles Standish, great Indian f ighter,l656,Y"t\4ax). In dependence of Belgium declared, I 8 3d, wv o v> &av). Battle of the Thames, Can. .Harrison defeats Proctor. ISIS.T^A^ax). Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by Clinton, l717,»J\OT\o»«. The Colonial Congress meets in New York, l7S5,tAov\4aj»- GTeat Chicago fire commcnced.-Loss«190,000,000,l81I.Swn&a\4. International Postal Treaty concluded at Berne, 1814 ,^Y\ia^- Battle of Tours, FT., Martel defeats Saracens, 131, V -v'\ 4«.\}. New Netherlands granted to Amsterdam Co., I 6 I4,"\«.fb4»>j. Christopher Columbus discovers America, I49a,v V» 4»^>. Death ot R.E.Lee, Confederate General, I 81O,A\Av».-<i,iiaN,.
Battle Of Hastings, Duke of Normandy def. Harold, l066,%alUYoa%). Death of kosciuszko,at Solleure, Switzerland, I8n,^jc.4«c.s4a\). Houses of Parliament, London, burned, I 8 34,"\VwA.Ys4a-^. First Legislative Assembly of New York meets, 1683, VMe,o.Y\e,s4a\). king George's War ends by Treaty of Aix la Chapelle,l748,"We*4&\). Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at Yorkeown,l78l,W>4ax). Battle of Salamis, Greeks defeat Persians, 480 t.C.,<HfciMMm. Great Earthquake at San Franci»co,Cal., l868,\Ne.4Yvc^i.a\». Revocation of Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV, IS85,^Vvv>.T«,4avi. First Parliament of Great Britain meets, noi,TVv«.v<,4a\». Death of Daniel Webster, Amer. statesman, I 852,S>v>.v\ Aav». F rig. "United States" captures Brit. Nig."Mactdoma,"IBI2,W*4aM.
Island of Cuba discovered by ChristophtrColumb'us,l493,^av'4iv\. Battle of White Plains,N.Y., Howe defeats Washington,n76^Aov4a^. Infamous execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, I 6 I a.Tvvvfr-io.ax,. Death of Edmund Cartwright, inventor of Loom,l813,~V<wft4a\>:
Death of Oliver P. Morton, prominent U.S. Sen ator,i877,'\v\ National Thanksgiving for the Peace, I 86 5 ,A V\\*-< s4 American Armu is disbanded by Cong ress, l783.W\O Penn's Treaty of Peace and Friendship with lndians,l683,<b»V Gunpowder Plot, London, Guy Fawkcs arrested, 1605, "\ \*.c,«, British Orders in Council passed. II 9 3, VMc 6 wt.% 4a\> Battle of Tippecanoe.lnd., Harrison defeats Indians, IBM, ^V\NW Re-election of Pres't Lincoln tothe Presidency 1864. "We. * Great fire it Boston, Ioss,«t13,000,000, 1812, %^xwviia Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia closed. 1876,? Vv Gen. Sherman begins his march to the sea, 1864, ^-»\ Berlin, Germany, declared in a state of siege, 1848, l=^-v\ Mason and Dixon, surveyors, arr. at Philadelphia, 1763, Sv>, Chas. Carroll, last surviv. signer of Dec. Indepen., died, 1831, vjMc The Articles of Confederation adopted, 1111, "iAVxvx Corner stone new building Edinburo. Univer. laid,l189,N\o Congress meets for first time in Washington, l800,VJ\ New standard railroad time adopted in U.S., 1863, "bvvvi Nullification Ordinance passed by South Ca
, ,
First Nat'l Encampment G.A. R., at Indianapolis, 18 66, ^^V8, Berlin Decree issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, 1806, fV\ Battle Ft. Pickcns.Fla., Confederates defeat Bragg, l86l, Battle Lookout Mountain, "above the clouds," !863,VNo-v Discovery of Tasmania by Abel Janszen Tasman,l642,^ Evacuation of New York City by British army, n83,~rvxu Oliver E Us WOT th,Exr U.S. Chief Jus t ice, died, I 801,~S\\\ Hoosac Tunnel opened, 23,100 feet long, 1873, A\\\v.is6 Magellan, circumnavigator, first enters Pacif ic Ocean, I520, Death of Thos.Woisey, Eng. Cardinal and Statesrtian,l530," Revolution closed by treaty with Creat Brit. ,1782, 'ia
-Portugal becomes independen-t of Spai n, I64O,"V John Brown executed at Charlestown.Va., I859A Y' Battle of Hohenlinden, French defeat Austrians.l803,<iu Washington's Farewell Address to his Army, I183,"\V\\IY Battle o* Co ffeevi lie, Miss., Con fed. loss heavy, 1 861 ,Wv Amer. Anti Slavery Society formed at Philade!'a,l833,V-v Noah's Deluge said to have commenced, 2348 B.C.,<ba Proclamation of Conditional Artinesty,Pres.Lincoln,IB63,-\u. Buffalo, N.Y., burned by British and Indians. ISIS^Vvv^i Martin Luther ljurns the papal bull, I 5 20, W\ov\i A-mer. Army goes into winter quarters, I m,"^V\\x-«44 Kalafcaua.kiTig Hawaiian Isls., visits Washirigton,IS74,«>at B at tic of Fredericksburg, Union Army repulsed, 1862, •= a* u. Washington dies at Me. Vernon,(IO p.m.) 1193, "batwYi
4a.\». "&a\>. -.4an».
. .
ets. 18 l
:ford Convention (a
Boston Tea Party,342 chests Milan DecreclBrit. Blockade) issued by Napolcon.iaoi.^V^t Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery, I865,^o Pres't Lincoln calls for 30O.OOO volunteers, l8B4,N\ov South Carolina first to secede from Union, I860,~SV\^ Pilgrim Fathers land at Plymouth Rock, I620JN.S.), \^o> Massacre of 100 soldiers at Ft. Kearney, 18 66,'bax.^Y
Treaty of Ghent signed-ending War of I 8 12 ,' I 8 14,'iian Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West, 800, <FV> Massacre of 36,000 Turks at Ismail, Russ., 1730, <=>MV\ Explosion of str. "West Point," York Riv.,Va., I88l.^\xc< Abbey, London, dedicated, I 0 6 5,Ve4Y
ttle of Narragansett Swamp.Kinq Philip defeated, l675,*i ss ion of Gadsden Purchase to United States, 1853, T V» l ttle of MuTfreesboTo.Tenn., Union victory, I862,vic 4
17
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Showing the beginning and end of twilight for the first, eltventh,and twenty-first days of every month, as seen on the parallels of 2ir30t33°36,°39,<>42°45,0and48<'north latitude, and by estimation, will serve equally well for adjacent points.
L A T 1 T U O E_.
37*
30'
33*
36s
39°
4-2
45°
4-8°
Mont he.
Btfins
Ends
Begins
Ends
Begins
Ends
Begins
Ends
Begins
Ends
iegine
Ends
Begins
Ends
Begins
Ends
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
P.M.
A.M.
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A.M.
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h m
h m
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h
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h m
h -m
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h m
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N n-i
h m
H rn
h m
h m
h m
JA.N. 1
5 28
6 45
5 33
6 37
5
38
6 33
S 40
6 28
5 43
6 24
5 48
6 21
5 53
6 10
5 58
6 0
,. II
5 27
6 50
5 30
6 45
5
36
6 40
5 39
6 34
5 41
6 32
5 45
6 30
5 50
6 18
5 52
6 11
• • 2 1
5 24
6 54
5 28
6 51
5
33
6 47
5 37
6 43
5 40
6 41
5 41
6 39
5 45
6 31
5 47
6 24
FEB. 1
5 21
7 0
5 28
6 59
5
30
6 57
5 32
8 54
5 35
6 52
5 37
6 50
5 39
6 39
5 41
6 36
M II
5 20
7 8
5 22
7 6
5
24
7 7
5 25
7 4
5 16
7 2
5 27
7 0
5 35
6 45
5 36
6 48
5 16
7 14
S 16
7 13
5
15
7 13
5 IS
7 12
5 15
7 I I
5 17
7 9
5 31
7 6
5 15
7 0
MAR. 1
5 8
7 18
5 7
7 18
5
8
7 19
5 5
7 20
5 4
7 21
5 1
7 23
4 58
7 25
4 48
7 27
>> "l 1
5 0
7 22
4 57
7 24
4
53
7 27
4 51
7 29
4 49
7 31
4 46
7 35
4 43
7 37
4 22
7 39
,, 21
4 50
7 27
4 46
7 31
4
41
7 35
4 38
7 38
4 33
7 42
4 27
7 47
4 21
7 50
4 15
7 54
4 37
7 32
4 29
7 37
4
24
7 43
4 19
748
4 14
7 54
4 6
8 2
3 52
8 8
3 45
8 15
1 1 1 1
4 25
7 40
4 18
7 46
4
10
7 51
4 3
7 59
3 56
8 7
3 46
8 16
3 31
8 29
3 18
8 42
1 1 21
4 15
7 48
4 5
7 57
3
55
8 1
3 47
8 12
3 37
8 10
3 25
8 32
3 13
8 47
3 56
9 4
WAV 1
4 0
8 0
3 51
8 6
3
42
8 12
3 31
8 22
3 21
8 33
3 6
8 48
2 53
9 7
2 35
9 17
, , | |
3 45
8 II
3 37
8 17
3
30
8 22
3 17
8 33
3 5
8 45
1 47
9 6
1 19
9 31
2 6
9 54
... 11
3 30
8 21
3 16
8 18
3
21
8 35
3 7
844
2 51
8 57
1 31
9 23
1 8
9 52
1 34
10 26
JUJJC 1
3 21
8 32
3 11
8 37
3
13
8 43
1 57
9 0
2 41
9 14
2 17
9 38
49
10 18
1 9
10 51
, . II
3 17
8 41
3 13
8 45
3
10
8 51
1 50
9 1 1
2 36
9 21
2 13
9 51
39
10 30
12 24
II 36
,, , 11
3 15
8 44
3 1 1
8 49
3
8
8 54
2 45
9 21
1 38
9 18
1 8
9 55
34
10 50
11 10
II 30
MY i
3 21
8 41
3 13
8 47
3
13
8 51
1 57
9 5
140
9 15
2 14
9 50
39
10 37
11 28
II 27
3 30
8 37
3 19
8 44
3
20
8 48
3 7
9 0
2 50
9 19
1 14
9 41
49
10 16
1 0
10 43
'• ai
3 42
8 27
3 33
8 38
3
29
8 41
3 15
8 51
3 0
9 9
1 39
9 19
2 2
9 58
I 25
10 21
Mo. i
3 55
8 14
3 47
8 21
3
40
8 30
3 27
843
3 15
8 57
2 57
9 16
2 18
9 42
1 50
10 9
4 10
8 0
3 0
8 10
a
50
8 19
3 40
8 29
3 19
8 41
3 13
8 57
2 36
9 22
2 12
9 49
v 21
4 16
7 45
4 6
7 57
3
59
8 7
3 51
8 15
3 41
8 22
3 18
8 35
1 59
9 0
1 34
9 20
SE"?. i
4 20
7 31
4 14
7 41
4
9
7 51
4 2
7 58
3 55
8 4
3 45
8 14
3 24
8 35
3 5
8 51
4 25
7 22
4 20
7 30
4
15
7 36
4 II
740
4 7
7 46
3 59
7 54
3 50
8 10
3 32
8 25
'.'» 21
4 29
7 15
4 26
7 17
4
23
7 20
4 20
725
4 17
7 28
4 12
7 37
4 5
7 48
3 50
8 7
OCT. i
4 36
7 8
4 33
7 9
4
31
7 10
4 29
7 II
4 27
7 12
4 24
7 15
4 20
7 30
4 12
7 46
. . ii
4 40
7 0
4 39
6 57
4
39
6 54
4 38
8 55
4 37
6 56
4 35
6 58
4 30
7 19
4- 26
7 34
•1 21
4 47
6 46
4 46
6 45
4
4C
6 43
4 45
647
4 45
6 50
4 44
6 52
4 41
7 3
4 38
7 21
NoV. i
4 52
6 37
4 53
6 35
4
54
6 33
4 55
6 31
4 57
6 35
4 58
6 39
5 0
6 49
5 2
7 II
,, H
5 0
6 30
5 1
6 28
5
2
6 26
5 5
623
5 7
6 21
5 9
6 19
5 13
6 39
5 16
7 0
21
5 5
6 18
5 7
6 25
5
10
6 22
5 13
6 19
5 16
6 16
5 20
6 12
5 30
6 30
5 31
748
D£C. 1
5 10
6 16
5 13
6 23
5
n
6 11
5 21
6 17
5 25
6 14
5 29
6 1 1
5 37
6 25
5 44
6 37
1 |
5 15
6 24
5 20
e 12
5
25
6 20
5 29
6 IS
5 33
6 12
5 38
6 10
5 44
6 20
5 48
6 14
>• 21
5 20
6 13
5 26
6 20
5
31
6 19
5 36
6 13
5 39
6 10
5 44
6 9
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6 15
5 53
6 12
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Weather is the condition of the a;- •Mosphere at any time and place with respect chiefly to its tem perature, hu- midity , clearness or cloudiness, rain,
formed groups of these clouds are fre quently seen in fair and settled weath er.The cirri are also the clouds on th foie-part of the storm, where they are u.
F€»9S.— Fogs indicate set-tied - weather. Morning fogs seldom last till noon. , Frost. —First and last frosts are usual ly - preceded by a temperature much above mean.
fog, or snow, and wind.
ually more abundant, very ragged, am
Halo(sun-dogs).— Large circles, or parts
Barottieter.— In prognosticating
generally blend into a white.far-reachin
i of circles, about the sun or moon. A halo
the weather by the barometer, notice whether it be greatly above or below the mean heigh*, and the rapidity of its rise or fall. Higher and steady, foretells con- tinued fair weather. Lower and falling, rain, or damp cloudy weather.Rapio •rise or fall, continued unsettled weath-
cloud- bank. The curmwXw.*, "thunder heads," or"cotton bates," are of a hemispherical form, with horizonta base. When they appear in the heat of th. day and pass away in the evening, then foretell continued fair weather. I/ they it crease rapidly, sink into'thc lower at-mo"
• after fine weather indicates a storm. Rainbows.— A morning rainbow in- dicates rain; an evening one, fair weather. e Sky Color.-A deep-blue sky, even if seen through clouds, indicates fair weath- • er; a growing whiteness,! stor-m. Sunset Colors . - A gra y, lowering sun-
er and much wind . Clouds.— Clouds are distinguished by
pherc,and remain as evening approach? rain is at hand. Loose patches on theit
, set, or one where the sky is green or yellowish green, indicates rain. A red
their textures, motions, and outlines. The ew<n«.t, or"mare'» tails," appear at
surfaces predict showers. The **<•&&** appear as a continuous layer of widely extei
, sunset foretells fine weather. i Sunrise Colors. -A red sunrise, wit
a greater elevation than other forms, and are marked by thvi-r light texture, fibrous and sundered, or interlacin9
ded sheet of cloud, at a lower level than th cumulus, and often touching the earth. Co-ro-na. -Circles around the moon o
, lowering clouds later in the -morning, in- dicate rain; a grey sunrioc, dry weather, r Visibility.— Unusual clearness of the
as in the far-spreading white cloud which produces the halo.S-tnall, regular 1 y
sun. Crowing smaller they indicate r«i-n; growing larger, fair weather.
atmosphere, unusual brightness or twink- ling of the stars, indicate rain.
90
Table is especially valuable to eti9ravers,electrotupeTS, and ajl others havitio frequent
jsion to ttnd the products of numbers, both integral and fractional, not exceeding^!
To u-se the table, select either dimension at the top ma^in, theti descend the column io the other (shown by the small number above the lar^e), where is ^iventheintejfal prod-
*2
44
6 6
i 12
iJ?
4 14
£h
I 2
2 4
3 e
48
6 12
i 22
1 24
o 40
• 3
a 6
3 9
* 12
s 15
6 18
7*1
824
at
30
M
ise
39
44*ii45
is
n SI1
us
i4
3 12
4 16
s 20
8 24
7 28
32
9 36
o 40
i 44
ii 48
3 52
4 56
s 60
is 64
7 68
, 72
80
i 5
a 10
* IS
4 20
s 25
s 30
7 35
s 40
345
o 50
55
12 60
3 65
4 70
s 75
• 5
c 80
7 85 is 90 19 95'
win
i 6
3 18
424
s 30
e 36
42
848
9 54
60 n 6612 72
78
4 84 is 90
e 96
i 102
8 108
ttWi
2 14
428
535
« 42
7 49 8 56
63 io 70
i 77
is 84
9 81
98
7(19
8 126 13 133
2ol4S
3 24
432
s40
648
7 56?
s 64
9 72
o 80
i 8811 96 3 104
4 112
5120
7 136 1 8 144 19 152 1«I90
i 9
2 18 3 27
4 38
3 45
i 54
8 72
9 81
o 90
99
2108
13(17
*I26 is 135 is 144
7(53
(62
n(7l
i 10
i 20
330
440
5 50 6 60
7 70
8 80
9 90
io 1 00
1 110 13120
3 130
14(40
3)50
id60
7 170 is 180
i II
221
333
ii 444T's55
e 66
7 77
s 88 999
ollO
n 121
nl32
3143
4 154 is 165 le 176
i(87
18(98
i9209io220
i 12
2 24
3 36
448
5 60
672
7 84
9(08
• ISO
132
12)44
3156
4)68
5180
16(92
R204
is2!6
9228 io240
i 13
26
339
4 52
5 65
6 78
7 91
•in
;I30
1431
13
13169
14(82
6208
n22l
s234
19247
i 14 i 28
3 42
456
5 7ft
s 84
7 98:
»it2
9 126
tl68
13(82
14196
15216
e224
iiXM
9266 i
r ' 15
i 30
345
460
5 75
6 SO
8 120
5 135
,150
165
13(95
i*2IO
15225
is240
7255
18270
)285«300
i 16
232
348
464
5 80
6 96
7112
8(28
io 160
ii 176
2 192 1 3208
14224 ,524» i s256 1727?
8288 19304
io320
i»H 'H
234
331
468
s85
6)02
7(19
e!36
iol70
n 187
13221
14238
19299 16273 iv289li8306 19323
36 3 54
el08
7|26
e!44
3)62
nl98
12216
3234 14252
s270
17306
8324 u342
«360
i 19
a 38
476
6 114
7133
8)52
•171
19 190 n209
12228 13247 14266 ,s285 i«304
is342
19361
io380
- i 20
a 40
360
4 80 5100
6120
7(40
8(60
9180
10200
220
224^13260
i^^.saoo
n340 is360
19380 io400
21
po find Hie lute
turn far any time, at atiy rate per cent.
given in the table, find the interest (I) on the sum (or the years (2) for the months; (3) (or the days, and then add the several results "
To /ind the interest at %.%, fiiiJ it at 4% by the table, atid take half the amou-nt; /or 3%,*ake half the. amount /or 6?S; for 7/4??, take half of 5?S; for 3/4 ?S, take, half of 7%; for 8%, take twice 4% ; fo-r 10%, fake twice 5X;forn%, take twice 6%. The (able is so constructed as to be the most possible convenient /or compittitt? interest with rapidity, the a-mount and the interest being given together in the same rectangular space, so that when the t trie is known, simply descend the coltwin to the required amoi4.nt(the back-hand mi/mber) where will be /ou.ti<4 the nterest jint beneath it. The interest at any per cent. not given in the table or mentioned above, -may be/ow-nd readily by proportion.
23
tefeg$gj£ • MIWWWMUHI'I III^EIMllIiroOS''1*-1' '
.r jsSisitm
1 — TABLE; NUlviBE;F\ — 1.,
Showi-ng the Accurtiulatio:H~oV Principal and Interest on one Dollar, *He Interest bai-no compounded •jttvmaN\H
To use Tables Nos. 1 and a , observe at whit intervals the interest is pay able, also the number of such intervals, and the
rate correspond! rip to each. Find from the tables the compound amount of *l for this rate and number of inter
va s,and -multiply it bu the given principal. If the number of years be greater than 30, find t ha product of the
amounts for any two nutnbors of years. Thus, the amount for47yearsat 2,9S-l.8ll3(am't for30yrs.)> I.4002(am'tforl7|rr4
Vrs.
a%
a>4%
3%
3k %
4-%
4-Vi%
5%
6%
7^0
8%
9%
10%
1.0200s
' . 02SCT
f" .0300V
r" I.0350V
f .0400V
f1 .0450"-
K .0500s
{ .0600s
' .0700s
' .0800s
* .0900s
2
1.0404
.0506
.0609
.0712
.0816
.0920
.1025
.1236
.1449
.1664
.1881
.2100
3
1.0612
.0769
.0927
. 1087
.1248
.(411
.1576
.1910
.2250
.2597
.2950
.3310
4
1.0824
. 1038
.1755
. 1475
.1698
.1925
.2155
.2625
.3108
.3005
.41 16
.4641
5
1.10411 .1314,.
I .'593
N . 1 877^
..2160.
L .2462
L .2763
.3382,
N .4025^
.4693
.5386
.6105
6
1. 1261
.1597
r .1940
.2292
.2653^
P .3022C
P .340.C
f .4185
.5007
\ .5868
f .7715
7
1. I486
. 1887
.2298
.2723
.3159
.3608
.4071
.5036
.6058
I .7138
l!8280
.9487
1.1716
.2184
.2667
.3168
.3685
.4221
.4774
.5938
.7182
.8509
1.9925
2.1436
1.1951
.2488
.3047
.3629
.4233
.4861
.5513
.6895
.8384
.9990
2.1719
2.3579
10
1.2190
L .2801
L, .3439,.
.4 IPS.
L .4802J
. .5529
L .6289
.7908
.9971
La. 1589
[2,3673
2.5937
II
1.2433
.3121
.3842
.4599
.3394
) .6228C
f .7I03C
1.8983
2 . 1 048
'2.33I6V
'2.5804^
2.8531
19
1.2682
.3449
.4257
.51 10
.6010
.6959
.7958
2.0122
2.2522
2.5181
2.8126
3. 1384
IS
1 .2936
.3785
.4685
.5639
.6650
.7722
.8856
2.1329
2.4098
2.7196
3.0658
3.4522
14
1.3194
.4129
.5126
.6187
.7317
.8519
.9799
2.2609
2.5785
2.9372
3.3417
3.7975
IS
1.3458
..4483,
N .5579^
N .6753^
.8009
.9353J
L2.0789 J
2.8965^
2,7590
3..722J
3.6425 (
,4. 1772,
J f
16
1.3728^
.4845
.6047
.7340
.8730
/2.0223V
2.1828
2.5403^
2.9521
'/3.4269X1
3.9703
4.5949
17
1.4002
.5216
.6528
.7946
.9479
2. 1 134
2.2920
2.6927
3 . 1 588
3.7000
4.3278
5.0544
18
1.4282
.5596
.7034
.8575
2.0258
2.2085
2.4066
2.8543
3.3799
3.9960
4.7171
5.5599
19
1 .4568
.5986
.7535
.9225
2.1068
2.3078
2.3269
3.0256
3.6165
4.3157
5:1416 '
6 . 1 1 59
90
I.4859J
.6386 ,
L .806lJ
. .9898
2. 1911
2.4117
2.6533
3.2071
.3.8697
.4.6609
5.6044
.6.7275
91
' 1.5156^1
3 .8796^
' .8603V
2.0594^
2.2787]
2 7859
•^3.3995
J4.|405
5.0338
6.1088
7.4002
99
1 .5459
.7215
.9101
2.1315
2.3699
2!6336
2^9252
3.6035
4.4304
5.4365
6.6588
8.1403
as
1.5769
.7646
.9736
2.2061
2 .4647
2.7521
3.0715
3.8197
4-. 7405
5.8714
7.2578
8.9543
94
1 .6084
.8087
2.0328
2.2833
2.5633
2.8760
3.2251
4.0489
5.0723
6.3413
7.91 1 1
9.8497
95
^.6406]
.8539J
.2.0937
2.3632
^2. 6658;
3. 0054 J
.3. 3863.
4.2918
5.4274
6.8485
.8.6231 J
10.8347
as
' I.6734V
' .9003V
2.1566
2.4459
2.7724
3. 1407
3.5556
4.5494
5.8073
^7.3963
9.3991 1
11.9182
97
1.7069
.9478
2.2213
2.5315
2.8833
3.2820
3.7334
4.8223
6.2(38
7.9880
10.2451
13.1100
39
1.7410
.9965
2.2879
2.6201
2.9987
3.4297
3.9201
5. 1 1 17
6 . 6488
8.6271
11.1671
14.4210
98
1.7758
2 . 0464
2.3565
2.71 19
3. 1 186
3.5840
4.1 161
5.4184
7. 1 142
9.3173
12.1722
15.8631
30
1 .8113
N2.0975^
2.4272
.2.8069
3 . 2494
3.7453
4.3219
5.7435
,7. 6122 J
10.0626
13.2677
17.4494
Showing the
2 — TABLE NUMBER— a.
VTS. 1
i* '0
1.0101^1
' .02511
J -/o
' .0301'
' .0353^
' .0404^1
" .0455Y -0506^
t>-70
.0712^
n~/o
" .0816^1
9-7-0 ' i 0920^1
.I025N
51
1 . 0406 .0519
.0613
.0718
.0824
.0930 .1028
'.1255
. 1475 .1692 1 .2134 1 .2155
3
1.0615 .0783
.0984
.1097
.1161
. 1438 .1596
.1940
.2292 .2646 .3250 .3400
4
1.0828 .1054
. 1264
.1488
.1715
.1948 .2184
.2667
.3168 .3678 .4470 .4773
3
I.I 0461 . I33ay
.1605
.1894
v .2l88y
.2481 1 -2800
,.3439
.41051 •479^JL -S697JI .6287^
6
I.I268T .1617
. 1956
.2314
^ .2681
.3004| -3448 1
.4257 ]
^ .51101 -6002T .7l4lY .7957 1
7
1.1494
. 1909
.2317
.2759
.3193
.3643
.4129
.5125
.6186
.7307
.8713
.9747
1.1725
.2209
.2689
.3210
.3726
.4264
.4845
.6047
.7339
.8720
2.0641
2.1827
1.1960
.2516
.3073
.3676
.4281
.4913
.5596
.7024
.8574
2 . 0247
2.2541
2 .4064
[10
1.2200
.2831
.3463
.4I54J
^ .4958J
.5592J
. .6385
.8061
. .9897 J
V2 . 1 899y
2 .46 i 5 .
,2.6530,
II
I.2445Y .3I54Y .3875Y .4654Y .5458Y -630lY .7234Yl.9l6r
2. 13I5|2.3687Y2 6880^2.3250^1
ia
1.2696 .3484 .4295 .5171 .6082 .7044 .8086 2.0326
2i2833 2^5619 2i3354 3^2248 '
13
1.2931 .3824 .4727 .5704 .6732 .7820 .9001 2.1564
2.4459 2.7710 3.2055 3.5558
14
1.3211 .4171 .5172 .6259 .7408 .8631 .9963 2.2878
2.6201 2.9971 3.5005 3.3198
18
I.3477J -45"A .5630X -6833X -SMlJ^ .9479^2.0933X2 .4271^
.2.8068X3- 24 1 7A3 . 8227A> • 32 ijyj
16
1.37481
' .4893>
fTiiir
^ .7418
.8843^
2.0365^
^.2027 1
^2 . 5749 1
/j 0067\
3.5062^
4. 1 744
4.7645
II
1 .4024
. .5268
.6589
.8043
.9604
2. 1272
2.3142
2.7317
3^2208
3.7923
4.5586
5.2529
IB
1.4307
t .5652
.7091
. 8680
2.0396
2.2240
2.4313
2.8981
3.4502
4. 1018
4.9781
5.7883
N
1.4593
I .6045
.7607
.9339
2.1220
2.3252
2.5544
3.0746
3.6960
4-.4365
5.4361
6-3816
90
I.4886X .6449X .8140X2. 0021X2 .2078X:t-43l0A:t • 6831A3 • 26'8A3- 9593A4' 198JA5' 9370A7- 036a^
91
1. SISsY .6863Y .8686Y2-0729Y2. 2970 Y 2.541 5 Yl-S'^Ys. 4605 Y4. 241 2Y 5 . 1300y6.4833 Y7 • 7514
B9
1.5490 .7287 .$253 2.1451 2.3898 2.6572 2.9624 3.67U 4.5433 5.6(36 ' 7.0906 8.5575
93
1.5801 .7722 ,9835 2.2208 2.4863 2.7781 3.1 123 3.8948 4.8669 6.0716 7.7525 9.4292
94
1.61 18 .8168 2.0434 2.2992 2.5868 2.9045 3.2699 4.1320 5.2136 6.5670 8.4659 10.3957
95
.1 . 64431 • 8625J1 • ' 05213 • 3804J2 . 69 1 3J3 • 036713 -435yU. 383615 • 5849X 7 . 1 030X9. 2A50 Jjl -*6 ' \
196
I.6772Y .9093Y2 !68sY2 464sY2 BOOeYs ' 749Ys 6094Y4 6506J 5 9827 i 7 682sYo OgSsY* 6359
I.'TI 10 '.99T> • 2! 234 4 l! 55 IS I'.Slil 3.' 3 193 3.' 7921 4^9338 6 1 4088 8.3034 III '. 0248 1 3.' 93 II
1.7453 2.0066 2.3019 2.6416 3.03)8 3.4703 3.9841 5 2343 6.8653 8.9875 12 0334 15.3591
1.7804 2.0571 2.3715 2.7348 3.1543 3.6282 4.1858 5.3531 7.3543 9.7208 1 3. 1473 6.9334
30
J. 8 163X2- 1088X2.4432X2 8314X3.2818X3 7933X" 3917^5-89 1 3X^-878 lX 0. 5143X4 . 35 7lX?- 6691 ,
(rivinq the Present Wo
rth orValu
to*!20 a year, payabl
B annually, fo-r 25 years at 6 % ; what is the present value of her interest ? So\v**\»t\-.-*l20
(the annuity) x3» 12. 7833 (the present value of *l ar
nuity /or 25 year;, at 6%) =«!531t.OO. It the annuity be payable
semi-annuall
y and so
m-annua
interest is to be al
owed,tak
i the present value for dou
ble the -number of i,
(ears, at
one-half the
9wen rat
e .^Vu.s, an annuity of *l eve
ry six mot
ths,for lOi^rs.at 895=«l per anr
urti for 20yTs.at4%=*l3.5503
YTS
2%
a v^?^ i 3?*o
3/4°-^ 1 49^
4-'':%
S % i 6% I 7 %
8% 1 9%
I0?o
1
JQ 9804V
Jd 9756^
/Q 9T08^
SQ 96gaYo 3615^
[^0.9569V
'o.9514Yo.9434Yo.9346V
'y0.9259YO-9n4-V
^0.9091 V
a
I.'94I5
K9215
l'. 9 1 34
1 !8997 1 !S86I
1 .8726
1 .8594 1 .8334 1.8080
1.7833 1.7591
1.7355
3
2.8839
2.8560
2.8186
2.8016 2.7751
2.7489
2.7232 2.6730 2.6243
2.5771 2.5313
2.4869
4
3.8077
3.7619
3.7110
3.6731 3.6299
3.5875
3.5459 3.4651 3.3872
3.3121 3.2397
3.1699
5
S4.7I34^
4.6458
4.5797
4.5150 14.4518
^4.3899^
4.3295 14.21 23 1 4. 1002
3.9927 1 3.8896
3.7909
~6
5.6014^
rs.sosi
P5. 41721
5. 3185 Ys. 2421
r5.t578
[5.0757 74.917374.7665]
4.622974.5216^
[4.3553
7
6.4719
6.3494
6.2303
6. 1 145 6.6020
5.8926
5.7864 5.5824 5. 3893
5.2064 5.0657
4.8684
S
7.3255
7. 1701
7.0197
6.8739 6.7327
6.5958
6.4632 6.2097 5.3713
5.7466 5.5648
5.3349
9
8. 1622
7.9708
7.7861
7.6077 7.4353
7.2687
7. 1078 6.8017 6.5152
6.2469 6.0228
5.7590
10
-.8.9816.,
L.8. 7521 .
L8.5302J
..8.3166 JL8. 1 1 09^
L7.9l2lx.
L 1. 72 17 J.7. 3 601 17.0236 J
.6.7101 16.4429 .,
6. 1446.
II
9.7868
[9.5142
9.2526]
9.001578.7605
[8.52881
8. 3064 YT. 8869 Y'' -4987 S
)1. I390Y6. 8284^
^6.4951
12
10.5753
10.2578
9.9540
9.6633 9.3851
9.1 IBS
8.8632 8.3838 7.9427
7.5361 7. 1888
6.8137
13
11.3484
10.9831
10.6349
JO. 3027 9.9856
9.6828
9.3936 8. 8517 8.3576
7.9038 7.5131
7.1034
14
12.1063
1 1.6902
1 1.2960
10.9205 10.5631
10.2223
9.8386 9.2950 8.7454
8.2442 7.8101
7.3667
IS
J2.8493 J
J1.3BI4.
Lj 1.9339 J
J 1.5174 111 . l 184 J
JO. 7395 J
JO. 3796 J.9. 7I22J-9. 1079.1
.8.5595 JL8. 0626 J
-.7.6061 ..
16
13.57771
13.0550
n2.56l iS
12.0941 711.65231
11.2339
"10.8378 710. 1059 79.44661
;8. 8514 YS. 32261
J7.8237
17
14.2916
13.7122
13. 1661
12.6513 12. 1656
11.7072
1 1.2741 10.4772 9.7632
9. 1216 8.5621
8.0216
18
i4.992l
14.3534
13.7535
13.1897 12.6593
12. 1600
1 1.6896 10.8276 10.0591
9.3719 8.7725
8.2014
19
15.6784
14.9163
14.3238
13.7098 13. 1339
12.5932
12.0853 11.1581 10.3356
9.6036 8.9656
8.3649
ao
^16.3514^
J5.589I,
.14.8774^
J4. 2 124 113.5903
13.0079 .
,12.4622 ll 1.4694 llO. 5940 J
9.8181 l9. 1428
8.5136
aT
17.01 121
16. 1606
[15.41507
14.6979 714.02911
•13.4047
13.821 1 p 1.7641 VlO.fraSsS
10.016879-30531
8.6487
29
17.6581
16.7421
15.9369
15.1671 14.451 1
13.7844
13. 1630 12.0416 11.0612
10.2007 9.4543
8.7715
33
18.2922
17.3094
16.4436
15.6104 14.8568
14. 1478
13.4885 12.3034 11.2722
10.3711 9.5912
8.8832
24
18.9138
17.8628
16.9355
16.0583 15.2469
14.5650
13.7986 12.5503 11.4693
10.5288 9.7167
8.9847
as
19.5235
18.4028
17.4131 J
I6.48l5ll5.622t f
J4.82S2
,14.0939^12.7833^1 1.6536^
10.6748 19.8330
9.0770
26~
20.11501
18.9296
"17.87687
\6. 8903^5.9827
\5. 14661
"14.2752 Y'3- 0032 Y1 ' • 8258
10.810079. 9375
9. 1609
ai
20.7069
19.4435
18.3270
17.2853 16.3296
15.4513
14.6430 13.2105 11.9867
10.9352 10.0344
9.2372
98
21.2813
19.9448
18.7641
17.6670 16.6630
15.7429
14.8981 13.4062 12. 1371
11.0511 10.1233
9.3066
99
21.8444
20.4339
19. 1884
18.0357 16.9837
16.0219
15.141 1 13.5907 12.2777
11.1584 10.2048
9.3698
30
22.3964
JO.91.3,
^19.6004^
^8.3920^,11.2920
6.2889
15. 3724 JL|3. 7648 JL|2. 4090^
11.2578^10.2874
9.4269
friving the A-Miouttt of*! Annuity per ann"um atCompound Interest. To use the *able, -multiply *he annuity by
At the birth of a son a father in
vests fo-r Him WIOO at 5%,
interest computed annually
and the same amount with
accrued inter
est on es
ch birthd
ay thereafter till t
He son is
21 years old; what su-m w
ill the son have
rt/hen he
comes of age? SoWV\o*i.-3SIOO( the annuity) x 3*35.7193 (the amount of»lannui*y for 2lj/rs. at 5%)=*357I.93.
Vrs.l
an,
a^%
3% I
3M% 1 4%
4-Xi%
5% 1 6% j_ 7 % |
8% I 99S_|
10%
I !
' i.ooooN
' 1.0000s!
' l.0000\
' i.ooooY i.oooo^
/ i.ooooN
' i.ooooY i.ooooY i.oooo^r
' i.ooooY i.oooo^
1. 0000^1
a
2.0200
2^0250
2.0300
2.0350 2.0400
2.0450
2.0500 2.0600 2.0700
2.0800 2.0900
2.1000
3
3.0604
3.0756
3.0309
3.1062 3.1216
3.1370
3.1525 3.1836 3.2149
3.2464- 3.2781
3.3 100
4
4. 1 2 1 6
4.1525
4.1836
4.2149 4.2465
4.2182
4.3101 4.3746 4.4399
4.5061 4,5731
4.6410
S
5.2040
5.2563 J
5.3091 j.
5.3625 1 5.4163 J
5.4707 1
5.5256 1 5.637 1 1 5.7507 1
5.8666 A 5.9847 i
6.1051 ,
~6
'6.308lS
6.387 lS
' 6.4684\
6.5502Ys.633oS
6.7169\
6.80 1 sY 6-9753 Y ~>- ' 5337
7.3359Y7-5833 S
7.7I56N
7
1.4342
7.5474
7.6625
7.7794 7.8983
8.0191
8.1420 8.3938 8.6540
8.9228 9.2604
9.4872
a
8.5829
8.7361
8.8923
9.0517 9.2142
9.3800
9.5491 9.8975 10.2598
10.6366 1 1.0884
1 1.4359
9
9.1546
9.9545
10.1591
10.3685 10.5828
10.8021
1 I.026S 1 1.4913 1 1.9780
12.4876 13.0810
13.5795
10
10.9491
II 2034
1 1.4639 1
1 1.1314 112.0061 1
12.2883 i
^2.5779^13. 1808 1 13.8 1641
14.4866 11 5.2529 1
15.9374.
II
12. 1681 1
12.48341
12.80787
13. l42oY3-4864S
13 84 I 1 S
^4 206sYl4 97l6Y'5-7836 T
16 6455YI7.6203 7
18.5312
12
13.4121
13.7955
14.1920
14.6020 15.0258
15^4640
I5i9l 11 I6!8699 I7.'s885
1 8^977 1 20i2207
21.' 3843
13
14.6803
15. 1404
15.6178
16. 1 I 30 16.6268
17.1599
17.7130 18.8821 20.1406
21.4953 23.0334
24.5227
14
15.9139
16.5189
17.0863
17.6710 18.2919
18.9311
19.5986 21.0151 22.5505
24.2149 26.0992
27.9750
IS
J 1.29 34 /
17.9319 J
1 8.5989 Jl
^19.2957^20.0236^
20.78401
2 1.5786 123.2760 125.1 290 1
27. 1521 1J9.44Q9 1
3I.7725/
16
8.6392S
19.38021
20.15697
20.971 oY3'-8245S
•22.71937
23.e515<Y25.6125Y2~'-888l\
30.3243Y33-0834 T
35.9497
If
20.0120
20.8641
21.1616
22.1050 23.6915
24.7417
25.8404 28.2129 30.8402
33.7502 37'.0537
4o!5447
18
21.4123
22 3863
23.4144
24.4991 25.6454
26.8550
28.1324 30.9057 33.9990
37.4502 41.3813
45.5992
19
22.8405
23.9460
25.1 169
26.3M2 21.6712
29.0635
30.5390 33.7600 37.3790
4.1.4463 46.0984
SI. 1591
20
24.2973 J
V25.5446J
V26_8704l
28.2197 129.7781 J
,31.3714,1
33.0660 136. 7856/140.99 55 A
45.7620 J5 1.240 1 1
57.2750.
"aj~
35.7833S
'21 lASsS
"28.67651
30 1696Y31 969lS
•35. 7193 739.9927 7*4.86527
50.4229 Y56-84457
64.0015
29
27.1989
28.8229
30.5368
32.3290 34.2480
36i3033
38.5052 43.3923 49.0057
55.4568 62.9533
71.4027
23
18.8449
}0 5444
32.45J9
34.4605 36.6179
38.9370
41.4305 46.9938 53.4361
60.8933 69.61 19
79.5430
24
30.42 1 8
32 3090
34.4165
36.6666 39.0816
41.6892
44.5020 50.8156 58.1767
66.7648 76.8698
88.4973
2S;
32.0303
,341177 J
.36.4^^3 1
38.9499 141.6459 J
44.565^1 1
47.727 1 154.8645 1.63.2490 1
73. 1059A84.7809 1
98.3470
I?
33.6709S
'35 9lllS
^a.sssoSr
41.3139144.31 nS
41 sioeS
1 9.9 544 Y 93.4040 y
109 1817
27;
35.3443
31.8720
40.7096
43.7598 41.0842
Sflill 13
54^669 1 63'.7057 74i4838
87.3508 IB2.803I
I2U0239
28
31.05H
39.8198
42 9309
46 2914 49.9616
53.9933
58.4026 68.52S7 80.6977
95.3334 113.0482
134.2099
29
38.1923
41 8163
45.2188
48.91 16 52.9663
51.4230
62.3227 73.6404 87.3465
03.9659 134.2153
148.6309
30
,40.5680^143.8617^
,47 5754/
^51.6235X56.0849^1
\6.I-007V
Hi i he ubk', Board atid Plank Measurement, the \c,\\^\\\ is given at the top; the \m^XV\ at th« left, and also in the body of the table. If the dimensions of any board erceed the dimensions 9iven in the table, take atiy two dirnensions.and add. To find the feet in aboard, take the length at the top, and descend the column to the required width (shown by the small back-hand number), where is found the number of feet and inch- es. In the other tables, fractions of A foot are dropped if less than J-i; added if more.
tSJSsa?8fia^VKWtVM;fr;tw.*S|!»
War of the Revolution 1 775 to 1782
Indian War in Ohio Territory I 790
Warwiththe Barbary States . . ..1 803 to 1804
Tecumseh Indian War 1811
War with Great Britain J8l2tol8l5
Alaerine War 1815
First Seminole War 1817
Black Hawk War I 832
Second Seminole War 1 845
Mexican WaT 1 846 to I 848
Mormon War 1856
Civil WIT 1861 to 186
Stillwatei,N.Y. Ft. Merc«r,Nl Red Bank.NJ. Ft.Mifflin,P.«. Monmouth. . . Schoharie,N.Y. J Wuomina,Pa. QuakerHillJU
Dutch War. 1673
Klnq Philip's War I 676
Kinq William's W.aT. I 68£
DewfieW, Maes. burned by Indians I 70^
Haverhill, Mass. burned by Indian I 70S
TuscaroTas expelled from North Carolina .1713
Queen Anne's War 1 744
French and Indian War 1754 to I 759
Pontiac's Conspiracy 1 762
Massacre of Wyoming 1 778
Treaity with the Si» Nations- 1 7 94
Tneitij with the Delawares 1 804
War with the Crjeks 1813 to 1814
War with the Sentinol<s 1 835 to I 342
Cherokee Removal 1 836 to I 837
Capture of Osceola I 837
Aroostook Disturbance. .*. .. .1838 to 1 839
Roque River Indian War 1 855
Oregon Indian War 1 856
Minnesota Indian WJT 1 862
Chivinqton's Massacre. near Ft, Lyon. . . 1864
Modoc Disturbance. . '. 1 873
Custrr Defeat by Indians I 876
Indian Messiah Craze Disturbance ... 1 890
SunbuTy,Gj. Sherry valley )TifTCrert,Gi. KettlcCreek.Ca.
ff£VOLUr/OM
exinqtin.
Ticonderoqa Bunker Hill. Quebec . . . Norfolk, Va. . Boiion. . . . Ft. Moult™. LvnaWtni. Harlem Plains White Plains. LMM
Princeton. .
Apr.l9.-75
Ju*n,'-75 P'.
tetf.3Mrt.MI
V -..:.-
. -
Parker tllen rescott
. " A1-.:- -.
-.:- 'i .. '. ',';•:
uM. titMXtS
--..-,
.27,76 Putnam Stp". 16,76 Washington Oct.28,-76 Washm^m
Howe
Otc.26,76)WasMn9t(m|Rahl Jan. 3,-H Washinjion tbwhood
IE
BRIT
)e Li place
HOWE
CLINTON
CimtON Diirrmore CTaVi VVi« Clinton
-
Amer. Amer.
BTit.
Brit.
Brit.
t\\\v
Amer.
Brit.
Amei.
Brit.
Brit.
Amrr.
Amerr.
Hubbardton. Ft.Schuyler. Benning,ton . Brandywiiw.Pa Bemis HeigHsJIY ernantown.
Aug. 6,
Oct. 4, ie,
7,
zt,
22,
Nov.19,
Je. 28,78 Washiiijtai Cl Brown
. Auq.29," hjA.Oec.29,.
Howe
Jan. 9,79 Lane No*i!j,-78 Uch. 3,79 Ashe Feb. 14,' -
51 owj Point, N.YX fenobscot.Me. PauktsHook,N.J.
Savanna h,Ga. ltarl
Waxhaw, S.C. . jfrinjfMMLJL
Rocky Mount
ishina Creek Kim's MaratXSi Oct. 7, rishdji.F«Td,S.C. Nov.12.
Feb.25.
3lockstocks,S.C, ^owpens, S.C. Battle of «h Haw lT07dC.H.,l«.C.Mcli.l5.
Ninety-Su,N.c! AuousU,&a.
York town, Va
FOUtUT.
7,-77 Warner
Herkime? Stark
Wjshinjton
"ales
WjsWngtonH
Clinton "'
Gates
Greene
Greene
Thatjtr
Je. 20, »
Juh|l6,"
Lovell Lee
Sullivan
_ ,__ , Lincoln
lestcn,S.C. Mai) 12^ Lincoln "" Buford Greene Sumter Sumter Gates Sumter Campbell Sumler Sumter
29,
Oct. 9,
29,
S
JuJi|30,
• • ! j]
Butler Sullivan
Pickrns Lincoln
Jan.17,-81 Morian
Lee
&reene
Greene
Creerif
idlest on
Leduard
Greene
FrazeT
Leijer
Biurn
Howe urqcgne owe
Clinton
Burqoyne
Donop
Howe
Howe ntoir
Indians
Butler
Piqot
Campbell
Prevost
IIMA*
Prevost
Boyd Maitland Clinton McLean
Brint
Prevost
Clinton
Tarleton
Njphausm
Tumbull
Brown
dmwallis
Tarleton
FeiqusoTi
wemyss
Tarleton
Tarleton
Peyle
Cornwillis
Rawdon
Cruder
Brown
Arnold
Stewart
Cemwallis
•\ = M \ .
Brit.
Amer.
Amer.
Brit.
Amer.
Brit,
Brit.
Amer.
Arner.
Amer.
Brit.
Amer.
Amer.
Brit.
Amer.
Brit.
BTit.
Brit. Brit. AmeT. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer. Brit, Brit. Brit. Arner. Brit. Amer. Brit. Brit. Amex Amer. Amer. Arner. Amer. Brit. Brit. Brit. Brit. Brit. Neither Amer.
W/lff Of /ff/2.
WH ERE.
FOUGHT.
lrownstown,Can. Maqumqa . .
Detroit. . .. lutmstown. . ^densbuTi). . TeTichtown . 'ort (Toronto) .
15, Ort.13,
Sacketfs Harbor Stony Creek .
Vanleneki Brock
Forsuth
., Oct.5,
COMMWDEBS
Miller Hull
Tecumseli Teeumsth Brock
kn2Z,-t3glMHtB
Aptl7, ' MayS,
2?;
29,
Oe. 8,
Pike
Clay
Dearborn
Beawlty
Brown
Winder
Croahan
Harrison
Proctor ' Sheafft Proctor Vincent Tfcumseh Prevost Vfncent Proctor Proctor
Brit. Brit. Brit. Brit. Amer. Arner. Arner. Brit. Amer. Brit. Amer. Amer.
FOUGHT. FOUGHT AMER. I BRIT.! ARMY
Chrysler's Fie LaCaell Mill. Wash inq ton Chippewa. Lun du's Lane Ft. Erie. . . . Bladensburq. Plattsburq North Point . Ft.McHenry . Ft.Bowuer. . Ft-Erie.. .. Ft. Niagara. . JhnilesfmmmL New Orleans
|0»..- Mch.30;l Apr.55, JuluS" "25,"
13 Boyd
Oec.19, 23, Jan.
8,-l5 J
Morrisonl AmtT
Brown Brown Gaines Winder Macomb Strieker Armistead Lawrence. Brown Leona' Jackson lackson
Hancock ROSS Riall Drumiwa
Drarnmon Amer
J !
Ross
Prevost
Brooke
Cxhrane
Nicholls
Pac^nr- ^mer.
WHERE FOUGHT
Aiij.13,-12 Off Massachusetts Aug.19,
Oct. 18,
Off NoithCiToliiu
Off San Salvador Oec.29,
Off Oemerrju .
British Channel A Off Maine.. Lake Erie. ..
Lake Ontario
Harbor ofValpuiso Mch.28,14
Off Florida. BiitishClmmel Je Near Africa. . Lake Champiain
Mobile Bay. . LakeBorque. Off New Jersey. Off Madeira blrt Olf Brazil...
WHEN FOUGHT.
orter Lauflham
£
Jones
Bailee MtJNSKn
F«!>.24.13 Lawrence
unel, uj.14, Sep.5, Sep.10, Oct. 5,
Apr.29, .28,
Sep. 1, ep.ll,
Sep. 15," Dec. 9," Jan.15,-150 :eb.20, Mch.23,
NNta^si.
fflMMWDEIt! VEj :,
AMER. BHlT.
Lawrence
Im^
Allen W^ta
Burrows
ti$
Perr
'orter
Blakflg Si^^i^ Blakely
.awrentt
W.%0\V
Jones
Stewart
MtfRSS
Biddle
SUCCESS. ARMY.
AmeT. Am er.
Whimjato A met Am tr Amer Amer
BTit.
Brit. Amer. Arner.
'Brit. Amex Amer. A met. Amer. Amer. Brit.
BTit.
Arner. Am err.
Carder.. ff^Mnft
Lambert ^.im eake. ^\E»
Broke
w^\Cf
Maples
SMflE Blythe iT^loit Barday
l'lyar
V-A<
Wales
Wij&U*
Manners
Arbutmiot S»> VN
Jownie
9^S Nichols
^ovvmi Lockyer
W^w Hayes
Brit. Brit. Amer. AmeT.
Brit. Arner. Brit. Amer. Arner. Bri-t.
8 Tit.
Neither
The War of 1812 was really a continu- ance of the War of the Revolution, caused bythe impressment of American seamen, and harassing of American comnfra. It is noted tor the arqe TiurnberoNaval en^eme-ntj.
<M
I-H *-^S
WHERE FOUGHT
StoneRiwrJIen
WHEN FOUGHT Jan.2;6
Feb. 3,*: Miy 1, '
::J;:
"12, ' "14, '
"27,' :
Je.6, ' "9, . "14, ' "20 ' JuluU-, ' •T»4j.
" 14) • lee. 4 "
"25| »
Mch.5',-64
» iio' r>
»I2!»
i;
Je. (I5,
"22', "27, ' wlu9, '
',,' '
"31,'" Sep. 19,"
S'l9i "
::£,::
ov.30, " Dec. l;» aruJ5,65
ek.27,' .'. •27," • 27, »
" 6,' " '• 9, " " II, »
"12,"
«>u4'.:
UOMM UNION Bpsecrans
(PORTER
WaemHi
Hardinc) Nixon DeHuff Sedawick Hoole'r G-rant fjrant
Banks Thomas
Milroy Rosecrans Meade Grant 'rentiss &rant Banks Silmore Surnside iosecrans Warren 9umside Grant Hooker Hooker Meade Hicks Ba.nKs Wessells Jrint G-rant Grant Butler Sherman Sherman >ra.nt Orant yieade Sherman Wallace Sherman Sherman Grant
IFARRACUT
&RArt&En
Jranl Varren jrant Sherman Sheridan Sheridan
rrant heridan
'leasan'.on
rTZnt
chofield ^homas
Shridan Settofield herman
Wilson rant heridn Vli ^\nt(
SaRr" 1
\tV^i«i\v
ANDERS CONFEC Braqq PlUUgjill
SDCCfi
ARMY
Union Union
+*Af*fu i * uujij^i^^-aatj 1 jm11 »
'i~>
>-:-»»*«
f*~
•4
Ft.Donelson,Te» Suffolk.Va.
MFX/CAM WAR
LiGrange,Ar FredeTicksbJ,Va
Lonjsheet Lee Johnston Pemberton Pemberton Pemberlon Gardner
Ewetl
Brago Lee.
'embfrton
Johnston Jardner ieaureqard :razier Brig n Hill Lonqstiwt Bra9, Bra.qq Hardee Lee Forrest Smith Hoke. Let Lee Lee
Johnston -onjstwet -ee .ee Lee Johnston :irlu Jooo •food .ee
SS^^NAN .ee 'ickett
.ee lood
'ariy 'rice
'rice .ee.
lood Hood
ohnson ohnson .ee .ee orrest .it .ee
IJljIOT
mn\4n»\i VoSVtr
Confed Union Union Union Union Confed
Union
Con'fe'd Union Union Union Union Union Union Confed Union Confed Union Union Union Union Union
Union Union Confed
Union Union Union Confed Confed Conftd. Union Confed. Union Union Confed. Union. Donfed. Union Confed. Union
Union Jnion Donfed. Inion Jnion Jonfed. Jnion Jni on Jnion Jnion Jnion Jnion
Jnion Jnion Jnion Jnicm
*\wX.
Wvro. rcvvxx.
IB62,Feb,6, Fk.Hennj,Term.,captured byFooU; Feb. 8,Roanoke Island captured by Goldsborouqh andBurn side; Feb.16, Ft.Donelson,Term., orces of Grant and Foote; Mar. 8, Confed. Ram Merrirnac'sniks" U.S. Friaaus Cumberland and Conqress, Hamp- ton floads,Va.; Mar. 9, Federal Monitor disables Merrimac; Apr. 6, Pittsburq Landing; Apr. 8, Cap- ture of Isknd No. 10; Apr.ll, Ft.Pulaski Ga. cap- tured by land and naval forces; Apr.34, Fts. Jackson, St.Phillip, and New Orleans; May ^Nat- chez, Miss.,captured bu Farragutj July l,Malvern Hill. 1863, Ft.HindmaTi,Ark.,on Jan.ll, also U.S.Stea™- rr Hatteras sinks Confed. Alabama; Jan.n,Mo-n- itor Weehawken captures Confed. Ram Atlintj; Jan. IO,Vicksburq,Miss.; July 8, Pt.Hudson,Miiuca» lured, also Natchei. !864,June 19, U.S. Steamer Kearsiqe'sinki the Al- abama" off CheTboUTq,France;Aitq.5, Mobile, All. 1865, Jan.l5,Ft.Fisher,N.C,capturedbuTenij and Porter.
Afl/MffFff OF rffOOPS /ft T/ff WAftS.
WHERE FOUGHT
WHEN fOUGHl
COMMANDERS
a/cos
Jackson^Miss
AMER
MEX.
' ARMY
Palo Alto. birth MI
Monterey. Bucite... Bucna Vista Sacramento Vera Cruz. CerroCordo Contreras . Churubusco MoliiK del Reij Chapultepec Mexico . . Huamantha
. Way 8,-4f J " 9, '
. Sep.24,' . Oec.25,' Feb.23;4 " 28, • MchJ7, ' Apr.18,' Aug.20, ' " 20, '
" 14*, • Oct. 9,'
Taylor Taylor Taylor Ooniphar Taylor Donipliar Scott Scott Scott Scott Worth Scott Scott Lane
Arista Arista Amptid <
fence delfoi SaniaAmt Trias Morales
Valencia Santaflirna Alvarez Bravo SntaAima Santi^nra
Ame Ame Amer Ame i Ame Ame Ame Ame Ame Ame Ame Awe Ame Amer
SigBlickRiver, • Vicksbura.Miss Pt. Hudson.
JeverliiFard/Vi /Vinchestn-,Va 3helbyville,Term
/icksburg,Mis felena,Ark. iolton,Miss. "ort Hudson
lumber land Gap
iristow, Va. fno*ville,Term. ihattanooqa.
linqold, G-a. .ocust Grove, Va. 'aducah,KLj.
'lLjmoath,N.C. Wldern«ss,Va >potst|lvan°ia,Va. Spotsylvania,Va. :t.Darlinq,Vi. tewctJnu , lallas, G-a., . Cold Harbor,Va. PetersbuTo,Va. VeldonR.1i.,Va.
<onocricij,Mc :tlaTrfa,G-a.
Mobile Bay, All. eepBottom,Va.
MileStitim,Va.
Atlanta, G-a. BunkerHill,Va. :isher'sHill,Va. ronton, Mo. 'etersburg,Va. jedarCreek,l'a. imsCieek,Mo. alrheis Run,Vi
ashville,Term. rt. Fisher . .
entonvillt,li.C, ftersburo,,Va. lv'fForks,Va.
ipornaitoiC.H. :. Blakelij,Ala,
UT*V\Ci^ tA
vcnt^itx o^ ^xT[^^CltToX
C/IS/Z. WA/f.
WHERE FOUGHT
WHEN FOUGHT
COMMANDERS.
SUCCESS. ARMY.
UNION
CONFEO
R.SuTnler Baltimore. .
Big Bethel,Va. C«iihaqc,Mo RjchMtrafn^VA Bull Run,Va. Wilson's &m,Mo
Urinaton Mo Ball's Bluf ,Va Belmont,Mo Pt.f\oyal,S.C. Piketon, Ky. Milford, Mo.
Roa-nokels.',N.C Ft. Henryjen Ft.DmelsJH,Term. fea Ridge, Ark
Newbem,N.C. Wi richest cr,Va.
iTrs9URtTJ
Island No.10 . . Wifemshng,Va Winchester, Va. Hanover CJt,Va. 1 Corinth, Miss. I Fair Oaks, Vi. rairOaks,Va. 1 Cross Keys.Va. Pt.ftepublic,Vj. Chickantnihiij,Va. GainesMills.Va. MalvernHill,va. BalonRou<ie,U.
Gallatin,Term. Kettle Bun,Va. Cioveton,Va. Bull Run,Va.
tUMUHu,Vi.
Hjipn'sFerri)>Va. A-ntietam,Md. 1 luka.Miss. 1 Corinth, Miss. 1 Peiruville.Kij. Prairierow.Hrk. 1 FredericlBlm^Va. | Vicksbur<j,Miss.
Apr.12,-6 'I
»&, :
" 21, • Nov. 7, >
» 8', "
Dec.18, " Jan.19,-62 Feb. 8, "
" I6J» Mch.a"
:: 23',::
Aprtf " " 10,"
'•"25; ::
" 29 '• "30," "31," Je. 1, " " 8, » " 9, " "26, " "27, " uluL "
"22'" "27, "
"30, •'• tfcL«
•Ji
ctj', '
»jj! •
•IB!'
Anderson
MULJML
Price"'
Siqel
MtClellan McDowell Lyon Reynolds
Baker kelson
wL
Thomas
Sj :•'.-:..;•
BumisiDE
/urtis lurnside
HOOKER
links ktonell Halleck A-Cldlan kMbn rtmont Shields ^cClellan 'orter *Dlellm
lanks ohnson 'ooker
\l\tt* jcOtUin
jmside herman
Bcaurfqard Peqram
IttQIUOCH
Lee Price Evtns
Jrayton
Zofcoffer Wise iWwJvi\
Branch Jackson
\iaSSSit
Makad Lonqslreet
JEWELL
Branch Btauicjaid Johnston Johnston Jackson Jackson Lee Let .ee
Jarkson
.ee Smith .ee. .ee Hill &
Iraag
w^?*a^,_
ee
ohnston
Union Union Confet Union
Confe< Confec Union Union Union Union Union Union j^sxtm Union Union Union Union- Union Union Union Confed. Union Union Confed. Union Confed. Confed. Union Confed. Union Union Union Ccmfcd. Union Union Confed. Can fed. Con fed. Union Confed. Union Union Union Union Union Ion fed. lonfed.
WARS.
RE^MS.
vouniFiK
TOTAL.
Revolution Northwestern Indian Wars . War with France(l798) . . War with Tripoli. . , . . . Creek Indian War War of 1812
130,711
85,Vo6 1,000 1,339
"935 11,169 30,954 •|,5M
164,080
47*1,622 Mil
5,126 9,494 12/83 29,953 73,776 1,061 3,687
309,781 8,983 4,593
1 3*781 576,622 7,911 6,465 9,494 13,418 41,122 112,230 2,561 3,887 2,772/08
SeminoleWar Black Hawk War- Cherokee Disturbance. . . . Creek Indian Disturbance. Florida fndianWai. . . . War with Mexico. . .'. Apache, Navjjo,«Utah War. SrmmoleWaT(l856). . . . Civil War.
In the War of 1812 there were 10 bailies, 8 corakib and assaults,52 actions and bombardments. In :he Mexican War there were II pitched battles, and 35 actions, combats, sieges and skirmishes, hi the livil War there were 107 pitched battles, 102 com- >ats, and 362. actions, sieves and lesser affairs. The number of battles, fights and actions waq- ed iqainst Indians have been Upward, of 1000.
COST or r#r w/iffs-
The cost of the War of the Revolution was * 135,133,703: of the War of I8l2,*l07,l59,00i ofthe Mexican War,*66,000,000; of theCivil WiT,*6,500,000,000.
ff/LLfO A/V0 WOWOfO.
Iti the Civil War the Provost Marshal Gener- al's report shows that there were killed in _ar- ;ion or died of their wounds while in service: iommissioned officers, 5,221; enlisted men, 90,868. Died from disease or accident: Com- missioned offictrs,2,32l; enlisted men,l82,329 rnakinq a. total loss of 2.80,739.
Groveton,Va.,Fed., 6,000-Confed., 12,'oopjChan- cellorvillt, Fed., 15,000-Confed., 18,000; GFetttjs- bura, Fed., 28, 198 -Confed., 37,000: Vicksburj, Fed., 3,933-Confed., 9,000; Chickamiuoa, Fed. 0,906-Confed., 17,000; Chaltanooqa,Fed.,4000 Confed.,16, 000; Nashville, Fed., 6,500-Confrieral, 23,000; Cold HirboT,Ffl,9,000-Corjfed., 8,000. '
20
Musi Jesus bear
the cross alone. And ill the world
ao free! No; there's a cross
for every one, And there's a cms?
for m«. The co nsecnttd cross
I'll bear Till death shall set
•me free, And then 90 home
•my crown to For there's a crown
for me.
As you. are now,
to once wj» I, As I am now,
you toon shall be. Sooner or later,
herein you.1l lie; Then b« prtpared
to follow me.
LITTLE EDDY,
-DIEO- OctoberlO,l937.
LILLIE,
l-nfant daughter of
EAC. Moore,
"Sh« filt- ered by the wayside, and the Angell tooK htr home."
'tis a little 9n«,
but 0, hive care, For worldwide hopes
are buried there*, How much of light,
how much ot joy, Is buried with a
da-rlinj boy."
Aupu-st 13,1917. A«ed 63 Years.
Beneath this stone,
in soft repose, Is laid a mother's
dearest pride; A (lower that strrce
hid waked to life And light wd beaut ji.
ere it died."
Died May 3,1916.
AGED 70 YEARS.
Dying is but 001119 home:
Husband of E.E.Stephenson. Born Oct.1,1907. Died May 3,131 1.
The Angelscalled him on a sun- ny day, September 5, 1933.
*BE04Y'S,3M'S,601
ENTERED 8HR1TI.IFE
October 17,1947. Aoed2lY\3M's.
BORN,
November 4, 1893. DIED,
December 13, 1351.
ANDREW OOX,
December 19, 19 n.
Aged 36 Ytart-.
A^ed 41 Years November 1,1937.
"0 land beyond the setting sun!
than poets dTcim! How clear thy silvery
streamlets run, How bright
glories alea-m
"This lovely bud,
so young, so fair, Galled henct by
early doom, Jast came to show
how sweet a flower In Paradise would
bloom."
Heaven's
eternal year is thine:*
He died as he livet-
a Christian.
'When immorta spirits reijn,
There we sha meet again."
RN INTO SUMMER UK
September 1,1927. Aped l9Y's,TM's.
Sixteenth President of the United States,
Born February IZ.I809.
Died April 15,1863.
CAPT.OF
5lst Regimenl I II. Volunteers,
Killed at the Battle of
October 8,1 864.
F\.^. HANCOCK,
-OIEO- February 7,1839.
Aged 59Y'8,3M's,40's.
-Admiral O.S.N. Died Feb.l3.B9l.
-OIED- March.17,1941.
Amiable.
she won all;
intelligent,she
charmed illjfment,
she loved all;
and dead,she
saddened
HI."
n
"Happy infant, early blest! Rest in peaceful si umbers, rest."
'" Sw«t flower.tra-nsplinted to a clime Where never comes the blight of time."
"To us for sixteen anxious months,
His infant smile wa& given, And then he bad« farewell to earth
And went to live in heaven." "Ere sin could blight, or sorrow fa.de,- • Deaih came with friendly care; The opening bud to heav'n conveyed, And bade it blossom there."
G-e-rttle, Sweet little Charlie.
''We shall all go home to our Father's house,
To our Father's house in the skies, Where the hope of our souls shall have no blight ~And our love no broken ties) We shall roam on the banks of the River of Peace,
And bathe in its blissful tide; And one of the joys of our heaven shall be The little boy that died."
"Suffer little children to come unto me."
" There, in the Shepherd's bosom.
White as the drifted snow, Is the little lamb we missed one morn, From the household flock below."
"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven." "My Lord hath need of these f low'rets gay'*
The Reaper said, and smiled; "Dear tokens of the earth are they.
Where He was once a. child." " The morning flowers display their sweets,
And gay their silken leaves unfold; As careless of the noonday heats,
And fearless of the evening cold. Nipped by the wind's unkindly blast,
Parch'd by the sun's director ray, The momentary glories waste,
The short-lived beauties die away."
Father OUT Mother.
"In after Time we'll meet Her." 'Her children rise up and call her blessed."
"We loved her." 'Sweet is the image of the brooding dove;
Holy _as heaven is a mother's tender love.
Soon did these eyes their trembling lustre close,
And welcomed the dreamless nijhlof ton) repostf
'Iknow his face is hid-Underthe coffin lid;
Closed are his eyes; cold is his forhead fair.
My hand that marble ȣlt-OVr it in prayer I knelt;
Yet my heart whispers that— he is not here."
Darling Sister. "Rest, Darling Sister, Rest." "Yet, though thou wear's! the glory oMhesku, We know thou'lt keep the same beloved name The same fair, thoughtful brow and gentle eye, Lovlier hi heaven's sweet climate, yet the same'
"Shed -not (or her the bitter tear,
Noraive the heart to vain regret, Tis but the casket that lies here, The g«,m that filled it sparkles yet."
" She vyas but as a smile,
Which 9listens in a tear, Seen but a little while, But, oh! how loved, how dear!"
" Death lies on her, like an untimely frost Upon the sweetest (lower of all the field." " E ar I y , bright, transient, chaste as morning dew, She sparkled, was exhil'd, and went to heaven."
"The day without a cloud hath passM, And thou- wert lovely to the list; Exlinguish'd, not decay'd! As stars that shoot along the sky Shine brightest as they fall from high."
" We saw not the Angels who met him there,
The gates of the city we could not see. Over the -river, over the river, My darliny stands waiting to welcome me?
"So the bird of my bosom fluttered up to the dawn, A window was opened— my darling was gone! A truant from time, from tears, and from sin. For the angel on watch took the wanderer in.
'From meadows fanned by heavenls life-breathing wind, In the resplendence of that glorious sphere, And larger movements of the unfettered mind, Dome darling, oft, and meet me here."
" Death loves a shin ing -mark."
Death is the gate of life."
" G-O-NC before us, 0 our brother,
To the spirit land! Vainly look we for another, In thy place to stand."
" Known and unknown, human, divine, Sweet darling hand, and lips and eye; Dear heaven \y one, thou canst not die, Mine, mine forever, ever mine."
"Christ is my hope."
"There shall be no Night there."
"He carries the lambs in his bosom."
'1 love them that love me, and they ih»i seek •me early shall find me."
"Judge not the Lord by feeble sense-,
But trust Him for His grace; Behind a, frowning providence, He hides a smiling face."
" Not thus his riobler part shall dwell
A prisoner in this narrow cell; But he, whom we now hide from men, With youth renewed, shall live again." 'Though I walk through the valley of the- shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for Thou art with me."
"Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me."
"Sweet is the scene when virtue dies! When sinks a righteous soul to rest, How mildly beam the closing eyes, How gently heaves the expanding breast!"
"Mere I lay my burden down,
Change th» cross into *h« crown." 'I shall know the loved who have gone- before,
And joyfully sweet will the -meeting be, When over the river, the peaceful river,
The angel of death shall carry me."
" Because I lived, ye shall live also."
"Dear is the spot where Christians sleep, And sweet the strains that angels pour. 0! why should we in anguish weep? They are not lost, but gone before."
"l arn the resurrection and the life."
"Life's duty done, as sinks the day, Light from its load the spirit flies; While heaven and earth combine to say, How blest the righteous when he dies.1
"he giveth his beloved sleep."
'* G-reen be the turf above thee,
Friend of my better daysi None knew tHee but to love thee, Nor named thce but to praise."
' By foreign hands thy dying eyes were clos'dy By foreign hands thy decent limbs compos'd, By foreign hands thy humble (rave ajjorn'd, By strangers honor'd,and by strangers doa
"We will Meet again." "Over in the Summer Land." *" Farewell to thee, my house of clay! long have we two been bound together, But 1 forsake thy porch to-day, And yield thee up to wind and weatFier. Sleep, sleep at last! thy deep shall be My test, my strength, my victory."
"Absent, not Dead."
-" Rest in peace-, thou gentle spirit,
Throned above — Souls like thine with&od inherit Life and love."
" G-one Home."
" Death, thou- art but another b'rrtfr, Freeing the spirit from the clogs of earthv"
"0 Deathjwhere is thy sting? 0 6-raveI where is thy victory?"
" G-one, but not forgotten."
"A happier lot than ours, and larger light surrounds thee there."
" Life is real, life is earnest,
And the grave is not its goal;
"Dust thou art, to dust returnest.
Was not spoken of the soul."
" We only know that thou. hast aone,
And that the same retu-rnless tide, Which bore thee from us,still glides on, And we, who mourn thee, with it glide."
"The Morning Cometh." "Where immortal spirits reijn, There we shall meet agam." 'The sands are numbered that made upmjilife."
The boast of heraldry, the- pomp of power, And all that beauty, and all that wealth eergave, Await alike the inevitable hour, The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
"f>ood-bye, proud world! I'm going home, Thou, art not my friend, and I'rh not thine?
" Sleep the sleep that knows no breaking, Morn of toil, nor night of waking."
" Death is only kind to mortals."
31
"Desint -no* to live long, but to I've well; • Ho* Ion9 we liye,not yean, but actions tell."
" Press on! our lift is not a. dream, Though often such its -maies seem; W« wm not bom to live at ease, Ourselves alone to aid and please."
"As you travel through life, scatter words and gentle deeds; in so doing you will enrich your soul. Withhold them a-nd
1* tends to poverty."
"Give tvrry -man thine ear, but few thy voice; Take each •man's censure, but men*
"Know when to speak— for many I'met it brings Danger, to jive the best advice, to kings." " Fear not the anger of the wise to raise; Those best can bear reproof who merit pr»iseT
" I find, quoth M»t, -reproof is vain! Who first offend will first complain."
"(rood advice is one of those injuries which
a good man ought, if possible, to forgive, but at all events to forget at once."
" When the golden sun is setting
And your heart from care is free, When o'er a thousand things you'te thinking
Will you sometimes think of me!" " Years have -not sun — time shall not see The hour that tears my soul from thee."
"There are moments of mingled sorrow
a.nd tenderness, which hallow the caresses
of affection."
" When years and months have glided by.
And on this page you cast your eye, Remember 'twas a friend sincere That left this kind remembrance here, With best wishes for your future cheer."
"There are few mortals so insensible that their affections cannot be gained by mild- ness, their confidence by sincerity, their hatred by scorn or neglect."
" Passing through life's field of action,
lest we part before its end, Take within your modest volume This memento from a friend." "Hearts may be attracted by assumed qual- ities, but the affections are onlu to b< fil- ed bv those that are nal.
"We seek what w« love; our .Mori, fol- low our affections, whether we know it or not.**
BIRTHDAY.
" I w!sh thee every blertin^ That can attend thee here; And may each future birthday prove My wish to be sincere."
"My birthday! — -How many years ago! Twenty or thirty!" Don't ask me! "Forty or fifty!" How can I t«ll? I do not remember my birth, you see!" "Little trouble and still less cam, . With ever a faithful heart to share; Birthdays many, and happy too, This is the life 1 wish for you. " "Is that a birthday! 'tis, alu! loo clear,
*Tis but the funeral of the former yeat."
"As beauteous flowers in garlands intertwine.
May peace and love to cheer thy heart combine
To give' you a very happy birthday'*
'May these flowers, presented on your birth
day be emblematical of the purity of your life."
"May Spring its blossoms round thee strew, And Summer, deck'd in mantle new.
Come forth to greet thee; May Autumn fruitage crown the year. And Winter, with its jovial cheer,
Bring friends to meet thee.'
"Like sunbeams to the drooping flowers, Good-will our lives doth bless;
It furthers every wish of ours, And joys in our success.
So may Its rays towards you flow, That none but friends your heart my run/
Lovingly take this birthday souvenir, And for my sake esteem it dear!
•May the morn of thy birth break mglad
ness, and the day teem with light-hearted
•mirth that shall last always."
CH^I STIVES.
'True love shall live thro' sorrow's wintry storm, And bloom afresh on this glad Christmas mornT
Christmas is corning, and what will it bring? Many a pleasant and gladdening thing! Meetings and greetings, and innocent mirth: All that is brightest and best on the earth."
"AsChristrnas offerings meet your eyes, Still closer be sweet friendship's ties."
•' Oh joyous be your Christmas tide.
Und bring your New Year too; To you mau love ne'er be denied;
May all your friends be true."
Be of good cheer, for Christmas comes but met I gear.
«'0h! -may thy Christmas happu be,
And naught but joy appear,
Is 'now the wish I send to thee,
And all I love most dear.'*
"Oh bird so softly Dinging Tour song of pleasant days, Co sing to her I fondly love,
Through the wintry cold and bare, When the heart is lighf.the days are bright
And the sun seems ever new; So sing her your lay this Chrislma day And through all the bright NewYear.1'
*\Now Christmas comes with hearty cheer,
May kindly thoughts go round,
And bring to you a glad New Year,
With peace and plenty crowned.
"Christmas comes, let every heart In Christmas customs bear a part? The "old1 be'youngj the sad be gay, And smiles chase every cart away."
:'May health and joy, and peace be thine
Upon this Christmas day, And happy faces round thee shina As plenteous as the flowers in May.*
"On the broad highway of action,
Friends of worth are far and few; But when one has proved her friendship,
Cling to her who clings to you." " There are few friends in this wide world
Whose love is fond and true; But .when you count th-rn o'er,
Place me among the few." "In future years, should trusted friends
Depart like summer birds; And all the comfort memory lends.
Is false and honeyed words, Turn then to me who fain would prove.
However thy lot be cast, That naught his heart can ever move
From friendship of the past."
In the evening of life, cherish the nrmem- brance of one who loved thee in its morning" •Lei not our friendship be like the rose, to sever; But, like the evergreen, man it last forever.* " A day for toil, an hour for sport, But for i friend life is too short. "
'Thick waters show no images of things; :riends are each other's mirrors, and should be Clearer than crystal, or the mountain-springs, And free from clouds, design, or flattery."
•A generous friendship no cold medium knows, t burns with one love, with one resentment glows."
"Sailing down the stream of life, / In your little bark canoe, May you. have- a pleasant trip, . . i, With just roo-tn enough for two. f
"Man may be happy, if he will,
I've said it often, and I think so still; Roses may smooth life's joimieu, and adorn; '-But thou hast full leave to tread upon a thorn.'
*• Oread fevers bum, and ague freeies,
Rheumatics gnaw, and colic squeezes; Butthou.toothache.surely bear'st the bell, And hast thy place with the priests o' hell.'
*• The wprld is full of fools.
An he who wo uli -none- view- Must shut himself in a cave, And break his mirror too."
"Your arithmetic only can.trip,
When to kiss and to count you endeavor; But eloquence glows on your lip,
When you.swearthat you'll love we forevert *"Come)o,«rt\V\» Spring ! ethereal -wW&\w«,cotne!' 0! Thompson, void of rhyme as well as reason, How couldst thou thus' poor human nature hum? There's no such season. The Spring! I shrink and shudder at hername! For why; I find her breath a bitter blijhter! And suffer from her \>\cw» as if they came hFrom Spring the Tighter."
%*May your cheeks retain their dimples, V. May your heart be just as gay, Until some manly voice shall whisper, 'Dearest, will you name the day?' "
**l care not much for gold or land, Give me a mortgage ner« and there,
Some good bank stock- some note of hand, Or trifling railroad stuns,
I only ask that Fortune send A little -more than 1 can sperid."
•* A long life, and a happy one; A tall rrian, and a jolly one- Like— well — you know who!"
"Love me little, love me long, Do not flirt, for it is wrong."
'The heart that has truly loved never forgets,
But as truly loves on to the close."
"I bring no gift of passion, I breathe no tone of love,
But the freshness and the purity of a feeling) far above;
love to turn to thee, fair girl, as one within whose heart
Earth hath no stain of vanity, and fickerness no part.'
"Dost thou know, love, that thy smile Makes the whole world bright for 'me?
• Just as sunrise pours a sudden Purple glory on the sea.
Ah! had I that power, ever Should the world look bright to thee."
When words we want, love teacheth to indite; And what we blush to speak,she bids us writ*."
"Rank is good, and gold is fair, And high and low mate ill; But love has never known a law Beyond its own sweet will."
"Love, I ife's fine centre, includes heart and mind.*
IS/1 A (\r\IAGE.,
"Precious and lovely, I yield her" to thee;
' Take her, the gem of thy dwelling to be. She who was ever my solace and pride, Flees fron\ my bosom to cling to thy side.'
"There's a bliss beyond all that minstrel has told, When two that are linked in one heavenly tie
With heart never changing, and brow never cold Love on through all ills, and love till they die.'
"Wedlock's asiucy, sad, familiar state, Where f ol ks are very apt to scold and hate:— Love keeps a modest distance, is divine Obliging, and says evVy thing that's fin
" Misses! the tale that I relate This lesson seems to carry — Choose not alone a proper mate, But proper time to marry."
"Marriage from love, like vinegar from wine— A sad, sour, sober beverage — by ti-me Is sharpened from its high celestial flavor Down to a very homely household savor.'
"On this New Year's morning My wishes take their flight,
And wing to thee a greeting That would make all things bright."
•• We cannot look into the future, We cannot tell if the flew Year Will bring us fresh sorrows ttunourtiot Or bring us fresh blessings to cheer."
•* For friends we strive to pierce The future, dense and dark,
But not a ray of light We see, nor faintest spark;
But yet while we have faith to cheer, We trusting wish 'A bright New Year.' ''
"0 childhood is a golden time,
When all the world is bright, When sunshine comes with every morn
Sweet dreams with every night. Were I a fairy, I would give
To thee a magic kiss, That should ensure for the New Year,
As fair a time at this."
"Health and prosperity
Your life to cheer, With every blessing For the bright New Year."
"One port, methinks, alike weseek, One purpose hold where'er we fare;
0 bounding breeze, 0 rushing seas, At last, at last unite us there."
"Full many a gem of purest ray serene Tha dark, un fathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
'When the name \ writ* here is dim on the page, Arid the leaves of j/our album are yellow with ije, Still think of me kindly, and do not forget That, wherever I am, I remember you yet."
" The massive gates of c'rrcumstance Are turned upon the slightest hinge,
And thus some seeming pettyest chance, Oft gives to life its after tincje."
"Thanksgiving-Day again is here, And Turkey is the leading question;
I wish, with heartiness sincere, That you may have good digestion."
'There is a kind of gratitude in thanks, Though it be barren, a-nd bring forth bywords?
"Hours are golden links-tod's token- Reaching heaven, but one by one; Take them, lest the chain be broken Ere thy pilgrimage be done."
'We should, count time by heart-throbs; h
most lives who thinks most, speaks the n
Hesl, acts the best."
"Lost, yesterday, somewhere between sun-
rise and sunset, two golden hours,each
set with sixty diamond minutes. No rewar
offered, for they are gone forever"
"The lapse of time and rivers is the same; Both speed their jour-net/ with a. restless strum The silent pace with which they steal away No wealth can bribe, no prayers persuade to stay
"May the morn of thy life be orient an joyous, the noontide peaceful and happy and the sunset gloriously hopeful, is th. wish of your friend."
'•Precious book of charming glaw, Gems oE thought may here be cast,,
Names t~at time -may -not erase, Pleasant mementos of the past."
"fro forth thou little volume,'
I leave thee to thy fate; To love and friendship truly,
Thy leaves to dedicate."
"G-o, little book, thy destined course pursue, Collect memorials of the just and true, And beg of every friend so near- Some token of remembrance de«r.n
"My dear friends, there is an Album.
Full of leaves of snowy white, Where no name is ever tarnished.
But forever pure and bright. |n that Book of Life, God's Album,
May your name be penned with c'an> And may air who herein write,
Have their names forever therel*
"May God's mercy ever guide thee,
Safe o'er all thy thorny road; And His grace, what'er betide the*,
Lead thee home to His abode." 'May your life be like the snowflake,wnich
leaves a mark, but nota stain." "May happiness ever be thy lot.
Wherever thou shalt be; , Artd jo^i and pleasure, light the spot
That may be home to ttiee."
'May Heaven on you its choicest blessings shower
is the sincere wish of your friend."
" Roses, without thorns, for thee."
"May your days in joy be passed With friends to bless and chterj
And each year exceed the last •• In all that earth holds dear."^
" May Future with ner kindestsmile, Wreath laurels for thy brow; - ..
May loving angels guard and keep thea Ever pure as thou art now.."
May He who hath pencilled the leaves will eauty, given the flowers their bloom, and ent music to the (ay of the timid blr& raciously remember thee in that Jaj>
when He shall gather His jewels.**
'May the chain of friendship formed
y the links which atre dropped here«u?
nite you more closely in spirit with the
^friends who have worJ<edit^'
ULTIMUS.
PRIMUS.
NAMES OF STATES.
AREA:
ADMITTED.
CAPITAL.
SCHOOL A&E.
EXTfltiflEJfTREMt
LENST
VILE
SETTLE D.WHEN, AND BY WHOM..
POPULAR NAME.
FICTITIOUS NAME OF INHABITANTS.
ALABAMA
52 250 DEC. 14. 1 81 9
MONTGOMERY.
7 T0.2I
330
2QO
1 702. BY THE FRENCH.
COTTON STATE
ARKANSAS'
113 020
SlTKA.
0" JUNE 15.1 536
6 L8
_390_
1526.
1685
» SPANIARD
FRENCH7
L
M^flh.
LIZARDS.
BEAR STATE.
SEAL FISHERS. . tlLVEH HUNTERS.
240
275
TOOTH PICKS.
CALIFORNIA
5; FT. 9, It
SPANIARD. PM.OEN STATE. GOLD HUNTERS.
AUG. I, 1876
38F
MINERS.
CtKIjIHML STATE. HOVERS. _ , a'SBS STATE. WOODEN IHITMEB
IAN. 9.1788
» ENCLISH.
1EC. 7. 1787
no
SWEDES;
MUSKRATS.
.DISTRICT OF COLIiBIA
MAR. 3.1845
WASHINGTON
TALLAHASSEE.
450"
TOO"
I660._».»_ » ENGLISH.
SPANIARDS. RNIHSUUH STATE.
FLORIDA
y-.O^C-lA
JAN. 2.1
ATLANTA.
315
250
1733
ENGLISH.
BUZZARDS.
ULV 3.1890
BOISE' CITY.
490
305
I860
MINERS.
GLACIER STATE.
rORTUNE SEIKtIS.
I
1C. 3.1818
5PRIN&FIELO.
'» FRENCH.
STATE.
surKE=s,
36 ?53
•C. II. 1816
INDIANAPOLIS.
FRENCH.
IOWA
rs raa
DEC. 28. li
DES IMOINES.
STATE. HAWKEY E 5
-' •*' :' IfiVLJAVJUtCD
KANSAS
JAN. 29. 1861
TOPEKA.
4W
350
f!
gHAWKERS.
KENTUCKY
JUNE I, 1791
FRANKFORT.
280
UISIANA
APR. 30. I
BATON ROU&E.
1718, BY THE FRENCH.
CREOLE STATE.
REOLES.
V- \E
33 040
MAR. 1 5, 1820
Ai!C-U8TA.
205
1624. » » ENGLISH.
LP^gET!i? STATE.
FOXES.
VWL.A'O
12 210
APB. 28. 1 786
ANNAPOLIS.
I 634.
EN6.ROM.OTH. OLD LINE STATE.
CLAM HUMPERS.
8 315
FEB. 6. I78£
58 91 5 JAN. 26. 1837
eOSTON.
190
\m.
ENG.PURITANS,
BAY STATE.
YANKEES.
WOLVERINES.,
LANSIN&.
20
400
310
'668.
FRENCH.
63 365
MAY I I.
in JM
; PAUL.
FRENCH.
GOPHERS.
MISSISSIPPI
46 810
DEC. 10.181
180
lAYOU STATE. TADPOLES.
MISSOURI
69 415 AUG.IO. 1821
PUKES.
MONTANA
NOV. 8.1889
HELENA.
580
STATE,V,ROCKIES
INERS.
MAR. I. 1867 LINCOLN.
3^ LU
415
1850.
IIP 700
CARSON CITY.'
Ti5"
1848
<EW HAMPSHIRE
9 305
JUNE 2 1. 1788
:OMCORD.
185
1623. » EN&. EURTTARS.
.:.-.
8L5 f-:
a 18.1787
•RENION
SANTE FE.
620. » DUTCH AMD DAMIS.
THE SPANIARDS.
INVADE MWBE.
NEW MEXICO
I582T
NEW YORK
SSS STATE.
KNICKERBOCKERS
STATISTICAL BUREAU OF THE UNITED STATES — CONTINUED.
NAMES OF STATES.
ABBREVF ATIOH
SIGNIFICATION OF Ml
INTEREST.
GfiACE
smpffliH
HNK nws.
A6E OF
CONSENT.
MOTTO
(ON MEAT SEU).
TROOPS FLW EBFEOT.ARMY DyHINCDV.WAR.
LEGAL RATE
eycott-
TRACT.
IJUO&- MEHTS. lews.
NOTES Itas.
OPEN
A COS.
lew*.
MALE
muii
ALABAMA
ALA.
IND..HERE WE REST.
|
8
YkS
20
b"
3
I/
14
HERE WE REST.
ALASKA
ALAS.
IND..A MEAT &%?."
(NONE).
ARIZONA
AHIZ.
SPAN., SAND HILLS.
6
10
YES
10
5
3
18
l_6
LAT.-'DITAT DEUS'. (TEHMTORWO.
ARKANSAS
ARK.
F?NAA°BOWOFa?EK,L
7
ANY
0
3
2
17
14
UUREGNANT POPULI'-™^E°:it
S589
CALIFORNIA
CAL.
SPAN., HOT FURNACE.
|
ANY
NO
5
4-1
2
18
15
&REEK-'EUREKA'- ' ""K*"
/5ll5
COLORADO
COL.
SPAN., RED OR COLORED.
i
ANY
YES
6
6
6
14
12
L«.pNILSINENUMIN['-NOToHulTlt&rlt
1 762
CONNECTICUT
CONN.
IND., THE LONG RIVER.
6
6
YtS
..
b'
6
14
12
LAI. susrmrv ED.STIU SUSTAINS.
57374
DELAWARE
DEL.
1 N HONOR OP LORD OE LA WAR
6
6
YtS
20
6
3
14
12
LIBERTY AND INDEPENDENCE.
13651
DIST.OFCOLUM.
U.C.
IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS.
6
10
YES
12
3
3
14
12
LAT.-'jySTICIAOMNIByS-JTuoST;fLS.
16872
FLORIDA
FLA.
SPAN., FLOWERY.
8
*IO
20
3
2
14
a
IN GOD OUR TRUST.
GEORGIA
IrA.
INHONOROFKO.II.OFEN&.
7
8
YES
7
1
4
17
14
WISDOM,JUSTICE,W MODERATION.
)AHO
ID.
IND..KM OF THE MOUNTAIN.
10
18
NO
8
6
'3
IB
18
1INOIS
ILL.
INO.JRIBEOFMEN.
5
7
YES
7
10
5
17
14
STATE SOVEREI&NTfNATIONtili, ON.
258217
1DIANA
IND.
FROM THE WORD'INDIAN:
6
8
YES
10
10
6
18
16
(NONE).
197 147
\IDIAN TERR.
IND.TER.
NAMED FROM THE INDIANS.
)WA
10.
IND., THE SLEEPY ONES.
6
8
YES
10
10
3
16
14
°U" "'^.EWWISn-UMWrn
75860
KANSAS
KAN.
IND., SMOKY WATER.
6
10
YtS
5
b
2
15
12
LAT.'TOA?-flT\A,5PET*»^HE^flM.T,EV
20057
INTUCKY
KY.
IND.. DARK AND >W0SX0.
6
8
YFS
15
ID
5
14
12
UNITED WE STAN 0-BllfD WE FALL
78 OM
.OUISIANA
LA.
N HONOR OF LOUK XIV. fj?,W
5
a
YtS
10
b
3
14
12
JUSIICE-UNION-CONFIDENCE.
AINE
ME.
'ROM 'MAINE' IN FRANCE.
6
ANY
YES
20
g
6
14
12
LAT/DIRIGO'-I DIRECT OR EOIDE.
71745
MARYLAND
MD.
6
6
YtS
12
V
-3
14
12
LAT.-'c'ffi;Tl»GAMKUDLil)pLV,cp^.IN':
49731
ASSACHUSETTS
MASS.
ND.,ABOUT THE GREAT HILLS.
6
ANY
YtS
a
6
6
14
12
Sj48
ilCHIGAN
MICH.
'NO., THELAKE COUNTRY.
6
8
VES
6
6
6
18
16
U\VSI «UAE?J JlSkW/""-
ki9
INNESOTA
MINN.
iND., CLOUDY WATER.
1
10
vts
10
§
6
18
15
FR.-L'ESTAILDyNOr-T^t6TN^«0/
25 <34
ISSISSIPPI
MISS.
NO., FATHER OF WATERS.
6
10
YtS
V
6
3
14
12
(NONE).
ISSOURI
ViO.
NL MUDDY WATER.
6
8
YtS
20
10
0
15
12
LATnKMLIAM Ot IH PEVU ISK SUHEW UB
108773
ONTANA
MONT.
SPAN..MOUNTAIN.
10
ANY
YtS
6
6
2
18
16
EBRASKA
NEB.
NO., SHALLOW WATER.
7
10
YES
5
5
4
18
16
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY-PROEliESS
1Z79
EVADA
W.
SPAN..SNOW COWERED.
7
ANY
YtS
6
6
4
18
16
LATr'VOLENS ET POTEHS-SaSS.
\2K
NEW HAMPSHIRE
N.H.
FROMTHFaN.TEYNSFH*M''-
6
6
YtS
20
6
6
14
12
(NONE).
34605
NEW JERSEY
M.J.
-ROM THE ISLE OF JERSEY.
6
6
YES
20
6
6
14
12
(NONE).
79511
NEW MEXICO
N.MIX.
SPAN./Vo^oV1^™'
6
12
NO
10
6
4
18
15
LAT/CRESCITEUNDO'-'ffllSBr
2395
NEW YORK
N.Y.
N HONOR OF J?EYO°RUK.E
61
"6
YtS
20
6
6
18
16
LAVEXCELSIOR'-HI&HER.
467047
NORTH CAROLINA
N.C.
N HONOR OF cSf V& "•
6
8
YES
10
3*
3
16
14
(NONE).
3 I5&
NORTH DAKOTA
M.U.
NO., LEAGUED ""ALLIED.
/
10
YtS
20
6
6
18
16
1 |DCDTV'N6uNio»rflw*«SfJ»fVH- LlotKI T ONE MU iNSErAMiu.
181
OHIO
o.
NO.. BEAUTIFUL RIVER.
6
8
YES
H
B
6
18
16
(NONE).
3ld 659
OKLAHOMA
OK.
ND..BEAUTIFULLAND.
a
18
IS
OREGON
OHL
SPAN..WILD THYME.
8
10
YtS
10
6
1
18
15
LAT.-'AUSVOLATPROPIillS-^rffi
m
PENNSYLVANIA
PA. ft!,
PENN'S WOODLAND.
bx
6
YtS
3
6
6
14
12
VIRTUE-LIBERTY-INOEPEN3ENCE.
366 326
MODE ISLAND
H.I.
FROM ISLE OF RHODES.
6
ANY
VES
M
6
6
14
12
HOPE.
23711
SOUTH CAROLINA
EC
N HONOR OF ^f&y.1-
1
I
YtS
10
b1
6
14
12
MOPurrv.
SOUTH DAKOTA
S.U.
ND.,LEAGUEOORALLIED.
12
YtS
38
6
§
IR
ra
UNDER GOD THE PEOPLE RULE.
181
'TENNESSEE
ILNN.
NO.,RIVEROF THE BIG BEND.
g
|
YtS
10
6
6
14
12
AGRICULTURE-COMMERCE.
12077
TEXAS
ItX.
SPAN., FRIEND'S.
§
\2
YES
10
4
a
16
14
;NONH.
UTAH
UIAH
FROM UTAH INDIANS.
10
ANY
YtS
;>
4
2
14
1?
VERMONT
VI.
FR..&REEN MOUNTAIN.
b1
6
YtS
|
>ti
6
14
B
FREEDOM AND UNITY.
35248
VIRGINIA
VA.
'N HONOR OFvftgS6anuK,H.t
(i
§
YtS
10
,1
2
14
I?
I AT -'Sit SEMPtft TvAANUlS!
WASHIN&TON
WASH.
N HONOR Mttf&'ttl
10
ANr
6
8
3
2]
I
895
iWESTVIR&INIA
W.VA.
SAMEASVIR&INIA.
g
a
YkS
10
10
S
14
i?
1 ITfMONTANI 6SM(Sn LI*E*1> — LR I.'MOUNTAINUISNK «U««5 FMEMCN.
32003
WISCONSIN
WIS.
|N.O,.WILDflUSHING RIVER.
10
YES
20
'}()
6
IR
0
FORWARD.
96 118
WYOMING-
WVO.
IND..LAR&E PLAINS.
Q
ANY
YtS
s
3
4
IB
16
UNITED STATES.
U.S.
\ UNION OF STATES.
E PLURIBUS UNUM.°S,EAW.OF
2.688523
"Under seal, 10 years. *\( -made in State, \( oivtsid«,2 years. "No usury, bu-t over 6 per cent, cannot be collected by law. « Under seal, 20 years. IT Under seal., 12 years. ** ReaJ estate, 20 years. " New York has by a recent law lepalized any rate o/interest on call loans of #5000 or upward, on collateral securi- ty. ** Becomes dormant, but -may be revived. %* Under seal, 14 years. Hpxt .-\t ctofcx^es occwr, <n m\n "bita.Ve* &v«. %.tav\VV«A,'mtt.Y<. VV\e. cov«ec.V\<m o\ «AlW\«m'm X\\t Va\>\«..
35
a,MPn»; J.BETA; >,O»MM»: s, HELTA;
A; Y|,ETA;9,THETA; l,IOTA;
f,Mu; V,NU; t,xi;o,oMiciiOTi; <J,S«
HKV\VA. THto CJAAI- l TM fWUilS
or lungn on Tut
IMT1.TM Lint*
DECLINATION it 1»«TB(l»-
TCH IT H),IO«« i»
H CSL1). MM«M*» It W W-
IAKC of »«A«»<
EMINOCTIAL AT Tut MM
l"l UMTWHJTM AffAAf NT ANIIUAl I
SWI AUMHT TM JTAii. ITIAPfAUKT
fAIN IS r ACM THE WIST TOWAM TMfASTyANO TfcC EMTt
CliOrT 0* ThE HUVENS UCtMrtfTiB >N A TEAJL THE fOtlTI
MIMM»mnA«ISJM»ni «
IAM0UPOF 8TAW |N UKSA MAJOR) AT *• ^
CADI5 M (AMICMIM. CAMT WMU.
iH£ Co-nstellatiotis a-ra divid«d into 4hr«e Ijeltsor zone?: vh.,Th« Northefti, which lie between the 7o4iao and the •north. Bpole of the heavens; the Southern, which lie between the zodiac and th^ south polo o-f *he heave-ns; and *ke Zodiacal, Hwhich lie about. 8 both -north a-nd south o/the ecliptic. People, livi-n? in the latitude of New York -mau see the co-nstellations i-n the sou-them hettiisphere,aircept thow between the south pole o/the heavem and south declination^!1
All THE STARS VISULE TO T»t H»«l EYE ARE I CLASSES OF IU4HTNESS CAUEO VkVWWVV., A \ ANT CHE IEIN» OF THE FlftST MAJNITUDl, AND Till EST VISII1E, OF THI UKTH MASNITUDt. TH£ WHOL
IE! OF STARS VISIILE TO THE NAKED E I AtWT GOOO-AIOUT3000 AT ANY ONE fllHEjA! ONLY HALF OF THE S«T IS SEE ONCE. WITH POWE« LEAST 20 000 000 A DOWN TO THE FOURTEEi
IDE. ON THE MAPS THE MACI
•CM OF THIS PA&E) FIND ITS CONSTELLATION AS DIRECTED ON THE OWOVTE PACE,WHLN IT. CA» IE LOCATED AT ONCE. To FIND ANY OKE OF THEM IN THE SKY, FIND ITS CONSTEUA- OH AS ALREADY DIRECTED,*** T« Y»WE DE-
00>IN« FOR. A lINlSTMf SHY MUST IE CONSID- ERED AS HE1DIETWEEN E NORTH STAR MO E EYE.
lur, in onion; »c»-
A»jlK EKIOANUl; OEIAMN, II) TAURUt;
IHOAMON6 THE kNO SPANHIN» THE S nV. niSCOMfOSEBOF STARSSO FAINT AMD NEAR TOGETHER THAT THE ETC PERCEIVES ONLY CONTINUOUS CUMWEl. IT IS »!'
N CRUX}ANTARE*,I N *U>MIOiAlTAI«)1l1A«OII.A)
ncA,ii« »i « ee; FOMALKAVT, i N
PlSUt A»TAMI^IETA,IN CRUX;
a C£hTAURU3| A FIRST MAftNIT\iO TDt SOUTHfRN HEMISfl(E«t,AND O.HJW T« IIBAR- tSTTO THE EARTH, IS, IN MO«ll<lll>Kn,20 000001 000 S FROM YS-A18UIAII* I.I8HT 3J YIA»i 10 TRAVERSE. »t«TUO£ STARS REQUIRE 28 YEARS FOR UMTTomS!
E EMTH; SIXTH MUNITUDE STARS Rmu.120 va>A».
THE BEAOllFOL 6ROUP OF THE PLEIADES, THE CONSTELLATION TAURUS, IS THE MOST F LIAR. T»E E OR 7 STARS VISIILE TO THE NAKED EYE IE- .COMtGo OUTS WHEN VIEWED THHOU1H THE TELESCOPE. THE
PIUtSEPE 0«"BEE.mYfTl»"»CEVA« OTHER Moots.
tuirMmitn t/s-
. Arm T*rf»mtM,
a'CAPRiCORNI
UCAS5IOPEIS. .
KWSttl
HUOHOS
CORRECTION. — Under " Distances of the Stars" a Oentaurus should be 20,000,000,000,000 miles.
S7
Ir-vvy-ai
ft!&' '^J
Bis. Bismuth, Biswxtilt.
Chat. Chattel
Cwt. HundreJ weight.
'mp. Emprror,f.mpress,EiipiTe.
HB^P BUBuf^E
f \TTlti Wl^
Bk. Bank, Book.
Chem. Chemistru.
Cyc. Cyclopedia.
'ncu. or EncifC. EncirJopedii
^» ^P ID^^Wn^^L
IffK 9 1 if I^B w •
B.L. Bachelor of Laws.
Cht Chief.
VC^V
E.N.E. Eist-North-East.
.rt .$&•.?*—?(
PT. ;**?* A- 7,5s
B/L Bill of Lading.
Chin. Chinese.
ifty
inq. Enqknd, English.
E
ng.Sax. Anglo Saxon.
Bl. Barrel, Barrels. Bis. Bales.
Chlo. Chloroform. Chron. Chronicles.
Q* Dj-y, OiughtCT,Oeputtj,De gree, Oldunium, Penmj
.ngin. Enginetrinq. :ns. Ensign.
c/^S^
nno. Annotate.
B.Lit. Bachelor of Letters.
CH. Citizen, Citation.
or Pence, Five hundred.
inv. Ext. Envoii Ejrtrundhun).
A.ora. Adjective, *ere. Af- ter Noon, Mlo, Accepted.
non. Anonymous. ns. Answer.
B.LL. Bachelor of Laws. B.M. BachelorofMediclne.
Civ. CIvIL C.J. Chief Justice.
3an. Daniel, Danish. Oat. Dative.
[p. Epistle, ph. Ephesians, Ephraim.
».OT@. ton a. Al. First class or rate.
nt.orAntlq. Antiquity. .O.F. Ancient Order of
B.Mus.. Bachelor of Musit. B.o. Buyer^ option.
Cks. Casks, Cl. dergym»n,Clerk,Chlo-
D.C. District of Colurabia,(ln music) From the beginning.
ipis. Episcopal. ;q. Equal, Equivalent,?
A-orAns. Answer.
Foresters.
Bohem. Bohemian.
rine, Centilitre.
D.C.L. Doctor ol Civil or
quitlj.
A-A.fr. Assistant Adjutant
.O.H. Ancient Order of
BOT. BoTouqh, Boron.
Cld. Cleared.
Canon Law.
:.S. Ells Scotch.
General.
Hibernians.
Bot. Bought, Botany, Bot-
Clk. Clerk.
d.d. Daijs alter date.
:sd, Esdras,
A.A.S.I American Acade-
.O.U.W. AncienlOrder
anist.
C.M. Common Metre.
D.D.S. Doctor of Dentil Sin-
;.S.E. East-South-East.
my of Sciences.
of United Workmen.
Boul. Boulevard.
Cm. Centimetre.
gen).
Tsp. Especiallu.
A.B. Bachelor of Arts, A-
j. April, Apostle,
Bp. Bishop.
Co. CountidCompanvi Co-
Dea. Deacon.
"sq. OT Esqr. EsguJre.
ble bodied seamen.
po. Apoqee.
B/P Bill of Parcels.
balt.
Dec, December, Declaration,
Est. Estate. Estimate.
Abb. Abbot. Abbess.
poo. Apocryphi,Apoc*lvps«,
B.Pay. Bills Payable.
Coad. Coadjutor.
Declension.
Estab. EsUbllshed.Estab-
Abbr. AUrevuied,AbkierWioi
pen. Apennlne.
Bque. Barque.
Coch. or Cochl. A lea-spoon
Del. Definilion,Defendanl.
lishnient.
> A.B.C.F.M. AnricnBom
jr. April.
BT. Brother,Britain,BTlt
ful, A spoonful.
Deq. Degree.
Esth. Esther.
of Commissioners hr For-
q. Water.
Ish, Brig, Bromine.
C.O.D. Cash (Collect) on
Del. Deliware,Delegale.
«t al. And others.
eign Missions.
.Q.M. Assistant Quar-
Braz. Brail 1.
Delivenj.
Dem. Democrat, Democratic.
Etc. or«?c. And otbm,And
AbU Ablative.
ter Master.
B.RCC. Bills Receivable.
Col. Colonel,Colossians,
Den. Denmark.
SO fOTth.
Abp. Archbishop. Abr. Abridgement.
.Q.M.G-. Assistant Quir- ter Matter General.
Brig. Brigade, Brigadier. Brig.&en. Brigadier C-en
Colorado, Column, Col- or, Colonial, Columbia.
Dent. Dentist. Oep. Deput-y, Department.
et seq. And what fol- lows, And the following.
A.B.S, American Bible So-
rib. ArablCjArabian.
eral.
Coll. Collector, Colleague,
Dept. Oepartmerit, Deponent.
ituitt. Et/umoloq-y.
ciety.
rilh. Arithmetic.
Brit. British, Britain.
College, Col lection.
Deriv. Derivativt, Derivation.
Evang. Evangelical, Evan-
A.C. BefowCtirisljAnnyGoTps.
Tii. ^Arizona..
Bro. Brother.
Colo. Colorado.
Deut. Deuteronomy.
gelist.
Ace. Accusative.
rk. Arkansas.
Bros. Brothers.
Com. Commerce, Commlt-
Oft. Draft, Defendant.
;x. Eximple, Exception,
Acc-oratct. Account.
rn. Arnold.
B/S Bill of Sale.
lee, Commissioner, Com-
dq. Decigram.
Exodus.
AccUCur. Account Current.
TT. Arrived.
3.S. Bachelor of Science.
menlanj, Commodore ,
Dq. Dekagram.
Exc. Excellencij,E«ception.
Artt. Sate, Awn* of salts.
rt. Article, Artenrus.
3u. Bushel.
Common.
D.H. Dead Head.
Exch. Exchequer, Exchange.
A.C.S. American ColoniiA-
th. Arthur.
3.V. Blessed vlrgin,Farewell,
Comdg. Commanding.
81. Oidijniunu
Exec. Executor.
tion Society.
S. Academy of Sciences,
3xs. Boxes.
Comdt. Commandant.
31am. Diameter.
:xecx. Executrix.
lAd. Active.
Assistant Surgeon.
*0$
Comm. Cornmentanj.
Diet. Didionanj, Dirtitor.
~x. q. For example.
A.D. hi the yeirofxirW; a. 4., After date.
s. Arsenic, Astronomy. st. Assistant.
C. Carbon, Hund«d,Cent,
3omp. Compare, Compound, Comptrative.
]im. Diralmutlve,0imiiiution. Dioc. Diocesi, Diocesan.
Exod. Cxodus. ixp. Export, Exporter.
I Ad.ffAAfc.Advcrb.AdveT- tisement.
trol. Astrology, tron. Astronomy.
Centigrade thermometer, Centime, Gallon.
Com.Ver. Common Version. Con. SLqainst, hi opposition,
3isct. Discount. Dist. District.
Ez. Ezra. Ezek. Eiekiel.
• A.D.C. Aide-de-Camp.
S. At suit of.
c. Cents. Also f.
Constitulion,Contratt,
3ist.Att-u. DistrktAttomev
'iffi
I Ad. Inf. Without limit.
ty. Attorney.
Da. Centare,Calciu-m.
"Concordance.
Div. Divide, Division, Divi-
iv^
I Ad. hit. hi the wan while.
ty.Oen. AttonteyGewral.
Cal. California, Calcium,
Conch. Concholoqy.
dend, DivisoT.
:. France, Folio, Fello^
I Adi. Adjective.
.Wt. Atonic Weight.
Calendar,Calends.
Cong. Congress, Congrega-
Dl. Dekaliter.
Fluorine, Fridau,Flc-
• Adit. Adjutant. 1 Ad]t.C-en. Adjutant C-ewr- aL
u. Gold. U.C. In the year from the building of t h e
Dalif. Calitornii. Dan. Canada, Canon. DanU Canticles.
tion, Congregationalisl. jOnj. Conjunction. Donn. orCt. Connecticut.
dl. Deciliter. , D.M. Doctor of Music, dm. Decimeter.
rin, Fahrenheit, Fern- inint,FntMng,Foot. r. A. A. Free ol all Average.
I Ad. lib. At pleasure.
citij(Rortie).
Dap. Capital, Capitol.Cap
Donsl. ConstabltjConstitution.
D.M.D. Doctor Dentil Medicine.
:ahr. Fahrenheit.
• Urn. Admiral. Aihniraltv. • Admr. Administrator, Mm
uq. August, ur. Gold.
Hal Letter.,
Daps. Capitals.
Donlr. Contraction. Donv. Convent.
Do. The same. Del. Dols. * Dollars.
:ir. Farrier, Farthing. F.A.S. Fellow of the So
Istralion.
uth.ver. or A.V. Author-
Clpt. Captain.
Dop. Copper, Coptic.
Dow. Dominion.
cietu of Arts, Fellow
I Adrnx. Administratrix.
ized versIcm(Blble).
Car. Caral.
Cor. Correspondent, Correc-
3oz. Dozen.
of the Antiquarian So-
I Adv. Advrrb.»dvent,V!voc4te. I £,or£t. Of age, Aatd.
v. Average, Avenue. ve. Avenue.
Dard. Cardinal. Dish. Cashier.
tion, Corner,Corinlhl- inj.
3. P. Doctor ot Philosophy 3pt. Deponent.
cietu. F.C. Free ChuTcr,[ScotM
i Af.orAfr. Africa. I A.F.A.M. Ancient Free
oir. Avoirdupois.
Dat. Catalogue. Dath. Catharine,Cathollc,
DOT. Mem. Conesponding Member.
Dr. Debtor, Doctor, Dram, d/s- Oaus' Sight.
-cap. or Fcp. Foolscap. MJ. Defender of the Faith.
and Accepted Masons.
•V
Cathedral.
GOTO!. Corollanj.
D.S. From the sign.
:e. Iron.
I A.G. AdjutjntGereril.
Base or Bass, Baron.Bay,
D.B. Common Bench, Cape
Dor. Sec. Corresponding Sec-
B. Sc. Doctor of Science.
;.E. Flemish Ells.
I Aa. Silver.
Book.
Breton.
tttari).
D.V. God willing.
reb. Februanj.
Aol Aijent.
Bom, Book.
D.C. Circuit Court, Coun
DOS- Cosine.
Dwt. Penrrtweigrit.
"em. Feminine.
AIM. In the year of the He
A. Bachelor of Arts,
ty Cterk, Chancery Casu,
C. P. Court of Probate,Com-
Feud. Feudal.
giTA,or flight of Mahaw
British America.
County Commissioner.
mon pleas.
jlK^I
ff. Following.
lied.
a. Barium.
D.C.P. Court of Cownon Pleas.
C.P.S. Clerk of the Privy
E. East, Earl, Erbium.
:l.fl. Cause it to be done.
A.H.M.S. AmrrieanHome
al. Balar.ee.
jd. Cadmium.
Council, Keeper ol the
El. Each.
"iq. Figure, Flquntive.
Missionanj Society.
ar. Barrel, Barky com.
D«. Cerium.
Privy Seal.
Eb. Erbium.
Fin. FTnanciaU
AU.Atuminium.
rt. orBt. Baronet.
D.E. Canada East)Dvil
Cr. Creditor, Credit, Crown,
Eben. Ebeneier.
Fir. Firkin.
Ala. Alabama.
B. Bill Book.
Engineer
Cromium.
E*bij S. East bu South.
Fl. Flemish, Flourished,
Alas. AlatkaTerritoni.
1. Barrel, Barrel*.
3el. or Celt. Celtic.
CTCS. Cresendo.
E.C. Established Church.
Florin, Flor&.
Alex. Alexander. Alf. Alfred. Alt. Altituds.
C. Before Christ. C.L. Bachelor of CMI Law. .0. Bachelor of DMnilu..
Den. Century, Centime. Dent. A hundred. Df. Compare.
Crim. Con, Criminal Cower- tatlon, Adulteru, Cs. Caesium.
feel. EcclesiasUs.fctlesiastlol. Ed. Editor, Edition.
Fli. FloridA. FI.E. Flemish Ells. Flor. Florence.
A.M. Muter of Arts, Be- fore noon, hi the year of tht world.
. Bond, Bound. s. Boards.
Is. Bundle*. e. Glucinum.
Do. Centigram. C.G.H. Cape of Gxxxi Hope. C.H. Court House,Custon House.
C.S. Court of SessIons,Kee; er of the Seal. C.S.A. Confederate States of America.
Edw. Edwin, Edward. E. E. Errors exce pled, Ells English. E.Fi. Ells Flemish.
P.M. Field-marshal. co. or Fol. Folip. P.O. Fleld-ofllceT. P.O. B. Free or* Beard,
merican, Americana.
enj. Benjamin.
Ch. Church, Chapter.Chan-
C.S.O. Chief Signal OHictr.
E.Fr. Ells French.
For. Forelqru
Amt. Amount.
ev. Beverly.
ctry.
Ct. Cent, A hundred, Con-
eg. For example.
FQtt. Forljf'cttion.
An. Answer.
s. Bags.
Chal. Childron,Chaldet.
necticut.
E.I. East India or Indies.
FT. FTin<re,F7incs^ian
Anal. Analysts. Anat. Anatomy.
Bismuth. 1. British India.
Dhanc. Chanceru. Chap. Chapter, Chaplain.
Cts. Cents. Cu. Copper.
Elec. Electricltu. EHr. Elizabeth.
els, Frank, Fiench. F.R.C.S. Fellow of the
Anc. Ancient.
And. Andrew.
>. Bible, Biblical.
Char. Charter. Chjj. Charles.
Cur. OT Curl. Current,!** Month.
E. ton. East Longitude. Em. Eirrma,Emllij,F.manuel.
Royal College ol Sv» geons.
SIPJBP'^SBP"'^ "^MEBB^SBGi
I.O.U. 1 owe uou(an ac
Lit. Latin, Latitude.
M/d. Month'! dit(.
Nat. Hist. Natural History.
^Bptf |W
kncwledqment tor nuneuj.
Lb. or tb. A pound.
Mdlle. Mademoiselle.
Nath. Nathaniel.
KL Jiltvl/iiHi^
Ipecac. Ipecacuanha.
I.e. LowerutelPrintina), Place before cited.
M.E. Mtthodisl EpisropiL M E.5 Methodist Episcopal
Naut. Nautical.
KllkJlCSL
IT. Iridium, Irish, Wand.
L/C. Letter of Credit.
' South.
Nav. Con. Nivy OonstntttVL
Ire. Ireland.
L.C. Lower Canada,Lord
Me. Maine.
N.B. Take notice ot nott
FT. t~. French Ells.
Her. Heraldry.
Ir-reg. Irrequlai;
Chancellor.
Meas. Measure.
well, New Brunswick.
Fred. Frederick.
H.F. Hohj Father.
Is. or Isa. Isaiah.
Ld. Lord.
Mech. Mechanics, Mechanical.
N.C. North Carolina.
F.R.G.S. Fellow of the
Hf, bd. Half-bound.
Isl. Island.
L.D. Ladij Dau, Liaht
Med. Medicine.
N.D. No Oate,NorthDi>«>ti.
Roijil Geographical Sociehj FTU Friday.
Hf.cf. Half calf. Hf.chts. Half Chests.
I.S.M. Jesus theSavior of the world.
Dragoons. Ldp. or Lp. Lordship.
Mem. MetnoraridurajMemonj, Remember.
N.E. New EnqUnd, North Eijt.
F. R.S. Fellow o( theRoif at Societu.
Hi). Mercury, Hektograrn. H.G. Horse Guards.
It. or liil. Itthj, Italian. I.T. Indian Territory, In-
Lea. League. Led. Ledqer.
Merc. Mercuru, Mer. Meridian.
Neb. Nebraska. Neg. Negative.
F.R.S.E. Fellow of the
H.H. His Holtness(Pope),
ner Ternple.
Leo,, or Leqis. Leqislatura
Messrs, or MM. Gentlemen
Neh. Nehemiah.
floual Society, Ed'mburq.
MlbrNcrlrtWrntn.
m
Lev. Leviticus.
or Sirs.
Nem. Con. No one contra-
F.R.S.L. Ftllow of the. Roual Society of Liter-
Hhd. Hogshead -s. H.I.H. His (or Her) Imperial
•
J. Judqe, Justice.
Le*. Lexicon,Lexlcojnph- er, Ltxinqton.
Met. Metaphijsio, Metaphor, Metropolitan.
dicting, Unanimously. Nern.Diss. No one Dissent-
ature, Fellow of the Roual Sociehj, London.
Highness. Mil. Hilary
JJ. Justices. J/i. Joint account.
L.I. Lonq Island, Light . fnfintrij.
Meth. Methodist. Mex. or Mexic. Me»ico,M«-
Ne-ut.'Neuter.
F.S.A. Fellow of the.So-
Hind. Hirxru.,HmdustaTi,
J.A. Judge Advocate.
Li. Lithium.
ican.
Nev. Nevada.
cietu of Arts. Ft. Foot, Feet, Fort,Forti-
Hlndustanee. Hist. Historu, Historical.
Jac. Jacob. Jam. Jamaica.
Lib. Book,LibTanj,libniiiti. Lieut, or Lt. .Lieutenant.
Mg. Magnesium, Mijrigram. mg. Milligram.
New M. New Mexico. New Test. New Testament.
ficatlon. Fth. Fathom. Fur. Furloni).
HI. Hectolitre. H.M. Ws(orHer)Maie»tij. H.M.S. His(orHer)MtJM
Jan. January. Jas. James. J.C. Jesus Christ, Justice
Liq. Liquor. Lit. Lit"eriture,Uteranj, Literallij.
M.&. Major General. Mgr. Monsignor. M.H.S. Massachusetts His-
N.F. Newfoundland. N.&. New Granada, Noble Grand.
Fut. Future/
^n
ty's Steamer, Shi p or Service.
Clerk, Julius Caesar. J.C.D. Doctor of Civil Law.
Lilh, LithuiTiian. Liv. Llvre.
torical Society, Member of the Historical Society.
N. H. New Hampshire. Ni. Nickel. •
%
Hon. Honorable.
J. D. Doctor of Law,Jun-
L.L. Law Latin,Late Latin.
Mi. Mill, Mills.
N.J. NewJerseu.
G. G«nitive,&uide,Gulf,
Hor. Horace, Horizon.
ior Deacon.
L.Lat. LowUtin.Lwlilm.
Mic, Micah.
N.Lat. North Latitude.
Glucrnurn, Guinea.
HorU Horlicultwe.
Je. June.
LL. B. Bachelor of Laws.
Mich. Michigan. .
N.Mex. New Mexico.
g. Gram.
Hos. Hosea.
Jet. Jeremiah, Jersey,
LL.D. Doctor of Laws.
Mid. Midshipman.Middle..
N.N.E. North-Northeast.
G. A. General Assembly.
H.P. Horse Power, Half-
Jerusalem, Jericho.
L.L.I. Lord Lieutenant
Mil. MilUary.
N.N.W. North-Northwest,
&a. C-eorqia.
pa^, High Priest.
J.G.W. Junior Grand War-
of Ireland.
Min. Mi'nute-s.
N.O. New Orleans,
Gal. &illatlans,Glllori,e*-
H.R. House ciffleprestntitlKts.
den. .
Lon. Longitude.
Minn. Minnesota.
No. Number.
len.Gallons.
H.R.E. Hohj Roman Ernpe
Jno. John.
Lon. or Lond. London.
Min.Plen. Minister Plen-
Nol.Pros. Unwilling to
Gael. Gaelic.
ror, or Empire.
Jnt. Joint,
Lonq. Longitude.
i potent! jru.
prosecute.
Galv. Galvanic.Galvanism. G.A.R. Grand Armu tithe
H.R.H. His (or Her) Roijal Highness.
Jnt. Stk. Joint Stock. Jnt. Stk.Co. Joint Stock
Loq. Speaks. Lp. or Ldp. Lordship.
Miss. Mississippi. Ml. Millilitre.
Nom. Nominative. Non. Con. Not content, Dis-
Republic,
H.5.H. HhltoilMStTCM
Company.
L.S. Left Side (Placer of
Mile. Mademoiselle.
senting.
fr. B. Great Britain.
Highness.
Jo. Joel.
the Seal).
mm. Millimetre.
Non. Pros. He does not pros-
G.B.<g 1. Great Britain
Hun. or Hung. Hungarian
Jona. Jonathan.
L.S. D. Pounds, Shill-
MM. Their Majesties,Gen-
ecute.
»nd Inland.
garian.
Jos. Joseph.
ings, Pence.
tleirm, Two thousand.
Non. sea,. It does not follow.
&.C. Grand Chaptrr,Grand
Hund. Hundred -s.
Josh. Joshua.
Lt. or Lieut. Lieutenant.
Mme. Madame.
Norw. Norway, Norwegian.
Chancellor, Grand Con-
Hi). Art. Neayij Art! lenj.
J.P. Justice o! the Peace.
Lv. Livre -s.
Mmes. Madames.
Nos. Numbers.
ductor. &.C.B. Grand Crass of the
Hljpoth. Hijpotlirsis,HifpoUiela Hu. MercuTu.
Jpr. Jasper. J. Prob. Judqe of Probate.
LXX. The Septuaqint.
U
Mn. Manganese. Mo. Missouri, Month, Mo-
Nov. November. - N.P. NotlTi) Public.
Bath.
IE
Jr. Junior.
•B
lybdenum.
N.S. New Stule, Nova Sco-
G-en. &ener»l,Genesis,Gen
&
J.U.O. Doctor of Canon
M. Marquis,Mondau,Me-
Mod. Modem.
tia.
itive,6enerallu. Gent. Gentleman.
\. Island, Iodine, la. Iowa.
and Civil Law. Jud. Judith.
Tidian, Middle, Morn- ing, Monsieur, Merid-
Mon. Monday, Monastery. Mons. Monsieur, Sir.
N.T. New Testanienl,New Translation.
&to. Ctotije.
Ib. or Ibid. In the saw place.
Judcu Judges.
ian, Noon. .
Monsiq. Monsignor.
N. u. Name unknown.
Gecq. Geoqraphih&coqrapher.
Ice. OT Icel. Iceland, Icelandic.
Jul. Juhj.
M. or m. Married, Mas-
Mont. Montana.
Num. or Numb. Number.
&tol. &eologij,t<olo^ist,(i<-
Id. Idaho, Ides, Thtsarne.
Jus. June, Junior.
culine, MeteTjMinute,
Mos. Months.
N.W. Northwestern.
oloqical.
I.e. That is.
JUT. Jurist, Jurisprudence.
Moon, Month, Mi Ms,
M.P. Member olfWanent,
N.W.T. Northwest lemtoru.
Geom. &«>mebu,(>eometeT.
I.H.S. Jesus the Savior of
Just. Justinian.
Mile, A Thousand.
Member of Police.
N.Y. New York.
Get. Gerund, Otrman,Ger-
Men.
1?
M. 10,000.
M.P.C. Member of Pailit
N.Z. New Zealand.
mamj.
III. Illinois.
•L
M.A. Master of Arts,Mil-
ment in Canada.
G-i. Gills.
Imp. Imperial, Imperative,
1C. King, Knight, Kilogram,
itarrj Academij.
M.P, P. Member of thf
G. M. Grind Master.
Imperfect, Emperor.
Potassium.
Mac. or Mace. Maccabes.
Provincial Parliament.
0. Ohio, Old, OxTjqen.
Goth. Gothic.
Impers. Impersonal.
Kan. Kansai.
Maced. Macedonian.
Mr. Master, Mister.
*. Percent.
&ov. Governor.
In. Inch, Inches.
K.B. King's Bench.lniqht
Mach. Machinist.Machinerv
MTS. Mistress or Missis.
Ob. Died.
Gov. G-«n. Governor Oners 1.
Incog. Unknown.
of the Bath.
Mad. or Mine. Madam.
M/S. Month's sight.
Obad. Obadiah.
G. P. 0. General Post Office. Cr. Creek, Gross Grain t,
Itid. India, Indianaj.tnd- ian, Index, Indicative.
K.C.B. Knight Comman- der of the Bath.
Mag. Magazine. Ma!. Major.
MS. Manuscript, Mates of Science.
Obj. Objective, Objection. Obs. Obsolete, Observato-
&r»in, treat.
l-ndef. Indefinite.
Ken. or KTJ. Kentuck-ij.
Maj. Gen. Major General.
MSS. Manuscripts.
ry, Observation.
Grim. Grammar.
Ind. Meth. Independent
Kq. Kiloqram.
Mai. Malacha.!.
Mt. Mount, Mountain.
Obt. or Obdt. Obedient.
Gro. Gross,
Methodists.
Kf. Kings.
Man. Manual, Manege.
Mts. Mountains.
Oct. October.
&.T. GoodTemplirs,Gtind Tuler.
Indo. Eur. Indo-European Ind. T. Indian Territory.
Kil. Kilderkin. Kilo. Kiloqram.
Manuf. Manufactonj,Man- ufactuTe.Manufacfurtr.
Mus. Music, Museum. Mus. B. Bachelor of Music.
O.F. Odd Fellow -s. O.K. All Correct.
Gun. Gi"ineru..
Inf. Beneath or below,
Kl. Kiloliter.
Mar. March, Maritime.
Mus.D. Doctor of Music.
01. Oil.
Infinitive, In antnj.
Km. Kitometer, Kingdom.
March. Marchionesa.
M.W. Most Worthu.
Old Test, or O.T. Old Tes-
1. N.R.I. Jesus of Naia
Knt. Kniqht,
Marg. Margin.
M.W.G-.M. Most Worthu,
tament.
H. H-udroqen.HouTjHeijht, High, Harbor, Husband.
reth, Kino of the Jews. Ins. Inspector, Insurance;
K. of H. Knights of Honor. K. of P. Knights of h/th las.
Marq. Marquis. Masc. Masculine.
or Worshlpful,Grand M ssler.
Olum. Olympiad. Ont. Ontario.
H. or hi. Hour, Hours. Ha. Hektare.
lust. Instant-the presen month) Institute, taitwiar
Kt. Knight. . Kij. Kentucky.
Mass. Massachusetts.
Mith. MathematicSjMath-
Miith. Mutholoau. C»»
Opt. Optics. Or. or Ore. Oregon.
Hab. Habakkuk.
Int. rrtterest. Interpreter.
y
ematiclan.
n
Ord. Otdinance,0idln«ru.
Hag. Haqqa'. H.8.C. Hudson BauCompanii. H.B.M. HisCorHerlBritan
tnterj. rntrriection. Intr. Introduction, hitrans. Intransitive.
L. Lldu, Lord, Lithium, Low, Lake, League,
Matt. Matthew.
M.B. Bachelor of Medicmi. M. C. Member oiCongres,
N. North, Number, Neuter, Note, Name, New, Noun, Nitrogen.
Orig. Original, Oriuinalhi. Omilh. Ornitholoqij. as. Old Shjle.
nic Majejtij.
In trans, hi the passage.
Lint.
Master of Ceremonies,
N.A. North America.
Os. Osmiuiti.
H.C.M. H,s tor Her) Catholic "Majesty.
hihod. Introduction. Inv. Invoice.
L.,i,or I. Pound Sterling. L., lb.,or tt. A Pound
Master Commandant. M/C. Metallic Currency.
N.A.S. National Academy of Sciences.
O.S.A. August inUns. O.S.8. Benedictines.
Hdkf. Handkerchief.
lo. Iowa.
in Weight.
Mch. Marchk
Na. Sodium.
O.S.F. Franciscans,
Hei. or Htkr. Hebrew, Hebrews.
I.O.B.8. IndependentOr
La. Lantharmm,Louisiana.
M. D. Doctor of Medicine.
Nah. NahuTn.
O.T. Old Testament.
Hectol. Hectoliter.
derof BWB'rith.
Lam. Lamentations.
Md. Maryland.
Nat. Natural, National.
0*on. Oxford.
Sffi^^SSlBl Sjg&gB Rf cd. Received.
S.&. Solicitor General.
Tart. Tartaric,
V.C. Vice Chancellot,Vice
Bvc**XT9^MM(vB^ B Ar^Br IlMl^l^H ^ec* ^<c* R(CCr^^N 5<r?UT>
Sh. Shilling, Ship.
Tb. Terbium.
Chairma-n.Victoria Cross,
ST A » • H * H_lJe ^i vE* « jp^HLlHJji * ^ By^^ Rgct. Rect*T. Receipt.
S.H.S. Fellow of the His-
Te, Tellurium.
Ven. Venerable.
s^5?&fei*'v^vY- .»gBHHP0£r9«firl fcf* RffrrervftR^ormcd.
torical Society.
Tel. Telegram, Telegraph.
Ver. Verse -s, Vermont.
i
Reformation.
5'. Silicium.
Term. Tennessee.
Vet. Sjcrq. Veterinary Sur-
O2. or oz. Ounce -s.
P. R. Porto Rico Prize
Ref. Ch. Reformed Church.
Sin. or Sing. Singular.
Ter. Territory.
geon.
9
fling.
Preb. Pirbend,Pribendjru
Reg. or foqr. Register, Req-
5. Id. Sandwich Islands. S.J. Society of Jesus.
Teut. Teutonic. Tex. Texas.
V.G. vice&eneral, Vice Orand.
P. P.ge,P«'«,Parlicipk,Hk,
Pr«f. Preface, Prefix.
Rea. or Reqt. (Uoent,3eghnent.
S.J. C. Supreme Judicial
Th. Thomas, Thorium.
V.i. Verb intransitive.
PhcspJiofVS, Pint, Pope .
Prep. Preposition.
Rei. Pron. Relatoe Prmui
Court.
Th. or Thurj. Thursday.
Vid. See.
Pa. Pennsylvania.
Pres. President.
Rem. Remark -s.
Skr. Stnskrit.
Theo. Theodore, Theodosia.
Vil. Village.
P. A. Post Adjunct.
Pnsb. PresbyteriaijPio-
Rep. Rfpresentatlve, Re-
S.Lat. South Latitude.
Theol. Theologij, Theological.
V. imp. Verb impersonal.
P. a. Participial adjective.
bytery.
porter, Republic.
Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian.
Theor. Theorem.
V. irr. Verb irregular.
Par. or K Paragraph.
Prtt. Preterit.
Rev. Reverend, Revenue,
Sid. Sailed.
Thess. Thessalonianj.
Vis. or Vise. Viscount.
Par. or 1 Parallel. Parl. tVliamemt.
Prim. Primate, Primitive. Prin. Prrncipal,Prhei»les.
Revelation, Revolution, Review, Revise.
S.M. Short Meter, State
Militia, Sergeant Ma-
Thos. Thomas. Thurs. Trrursdau.
Viz. Namely, To wit. In. Verb neuter.
Part. Participle,
Prob. Problem.
Rev. Ver. Revised Version.
jor, Sons of Malta.
Ti. Titanium.
Voc. vocative.
Pass, Passive, Passionist.
Prof. Profestor.
Rhet, Rhetoric.
Sm. C. Small Capitals.
Tier. Tierce.
Vol. Volume.
Past. Pastor.
Pfon. Pronoun.
R.I. Rhode Island
S.M.I. His or Her Impe-
Tirn. Timothy.
V.P. Vice President.
PaiJt. Payment.
Pro. tern. For theti-me.
Richd. Richard.
rial Majesty.
Tit. Titus, Title.
V. R. Queen Vtcloria,Very
Pb. Lead.
Prov. ProverbtjIVovost,
Riv. River.
Smith, rust. Smithsonian
TI. Thallium.
Reverend.
P. B. Bachelor of Philotopm).
Province.
R.M. Roual Mail, Roual
Institution.
T. o. Turn over.
Vs. Against, hi opposition.
P. 0, Doctor of Philosophy
P-rox. Next,Nejt month.
Marines.
Sn. Tin.
Tob. Tobit.
/t. Vermont.
Pd. Paid, Palladium.
Prus. Pru«ii,Pr»»ian.
R.N. Royal Navy.
S.o. Seller's option.
Tom. Volume.
V.t. Verb transitive.
Pe. Pelopium.
P.S. Po^script, Perma-
Ro. or Robt. Robert.
Soc. Society.
Tonn. Tonnage.
Vul. or Vulg. Vulgate.
P.E. Protestant Episco-
nent Secretary, Privy
Rom. Roman, Romans.
S. of Sol. Song (or Songs)
Topog. Topography.
^&Jfp
pal, Presiding Elder;
Seal.
Rom. Catn. Roman Cathode.
of Solomon.
Tr. Transpose, Translation,
jf
P.E.I. Prince Edward Island.
PS. Psalms, Prices.
R. R. Rairroad, flight Rewnend.
S. of T. Sons of Temperance.
Treasurer, Trustee.
W. Wedne«na\j,Wtst,
Penn. Pennsylvania.
Pt. Pint, Port, Payment,
R.S. Recording Secretary.
Sol. Solomom, 5olution.Sn- licltor
tr. A shake.
Welsh, Warden,Week.
Pent, Pentecost. Per. or Pers. Persia.
Pub. 'Publisher, Public.
Riqht side Rt. Hon. Right Honorable.
5p. Spain, Spanish.
lation, Transportation.
W.A/West Australia,
Per , pr. or f, By the, as
Pub. Doc. Public Documents.
Rt. Rev. Right Reverend.
Sp. qr. Specific gravity.
Trcj. Tierces.
West Arrici.
per Ib., per ez., etc.
Pulv. Powder.
Russ. Russia, Russian.
Sq. Square,The following.
Trea». Treasurer.
W.C. West Central, Wa-
Per an. By the war.
Pun. Puncheon.
R.V. Revised Version.
Sq.ft. Square feet.
Trin. Trinity.
ter Closet.
Per cent, or pr. cL In the
Pwt. Pennyvttiqht-s.
R.W. Railway, Bight Wor-
Sq. In. Square inch -es.
Tu. or Tues. Tuesday.
W. C.T.U. Womert Chris-
hundred.
Pxt. He tor She) said.
thy or Worshipful.
Sq. m. Square mile -s.
Turk. Turkey, Turkish.
tian Temperance Union.
Perf. Perfect. Peri. Perigee. Pers. Person.
A
a. auestlfti, auintus.
R*u. Railway.
Sq. id. Square r»d -s. Sq. yd. Square yard -S. ST. Sir, Senior, Strontium
Typ. or T«po. Typographer Typog. Tupoqupny -er.
Wed. Wednesdau. W.f. Wrong font. Whf. Wharf.
Pet. Peter.
a* ordu. aueen,Q.uc-
S. SaintTfound, Sign,
S.R.I. Holy Roman Empire.
>!!*
W.I. West India -ies.
P.O. Past C-rand.
ry, auestion.
Sculptor, Sunday,Sec
S.S. Sunday School, or
U. Uranium.
Wis. or Wise. Wisconsin.
Pg. Portugal, Portuguese,
a.B. aueen's Bench.
ond. Sulphur, Signer,
Sibbath SctiooL
U.A.0.0. United Ancnn
Wk, Week, Work.
Phar. Pharmacy.
(i.C. aueen's Council,
Shilling, Sun.
SS. Slints.
Order of Druids.
W. Lon. West longitude.
Ph. 8. Bachelor of Phtao|*j
aueen's College.
* Dollar's.
S.S.C. Solicitor before
U.C. Upper Canada.
Wm. William.
Ph. D. Doctor of Philcuoptiu.
a.d. As if he should say.
S.A. South America,South
the Supreme Court.
U.G.R.S. Underground Rail
W.N.W. West-Northwest.
Phil. Phii;p,Philemon,it4
a. e. Which is.
Africa, S«ulh Australia.
S.S.E. South-Southeast.
road.
W. S.W. West-South-west.
ipians. Philosophy.
a.E.D. Which wattobe
Sam. Samuel;
S.S.W. South-Southwest.
U.K. United Kingdom.
Wt. Weight.
Phila. Philadelphia.
demonstrated.
Sans. Sanskrit.
St. Sttre, Stanza,Saint,
U.L.A. Uriion League of
W.Va. West Virgin!*.
PVii lorn. Lover of Learning. Philos. Philosophy.
a>L. As much at you please. a.M. auarler Master.
Sit. Saturday. Sax. Saxon.
Street. Strait. Stat. Statute -s, Statuary.
America. Ult. Last month.
Phonog. Phonography.
a.M.O. aunler Master
Sb. Antimony.
S.T.O. Doctor of Sacred
Unit. Unitarian.
7affir
Photog. Photography. Phren. Phrenology.
General, ar. auarteTtta Ibsyir-
S.C. South Carolina, A de crec of the Senate, Small
Theology, Doctor of Kviniti Ster. or Stg. Sterling.
Univ. University, Umvet- salist.
X. Christ, Ten or tenth, St. Andrew's Cro«, His
Phys. Physics, Physician. Pinx. or pit. He (or She)
thing, duive. a.s. A sufficient guntilf.
Caps.
Sc. or scil. To witjTamtlij.
S.T. P. Prof, of Theology. Str. Steamer.
U.P. United Presbyterian. U.S. United States.
(or her) mark, Etchanqe. Xmas. or Xm. Christmas.
painted it.
at. auart, auantlty.
S. caps. Small capitals.
Sts. Streets.
U.S.A. United States of
Xn. or Xtian. Christian.
Pk. Peck.
au. ftueen,0untini,cjurta
Sch. or Schl. A note.
Subj. Subjunctive.
America, United
Xntu. or Vty. Christianity.
Pkgs. Packages.
an. or gu. aueru.
Sch. or SchT. Schooner
Subst. Substjntivt,Substt«tt
States Army.
Xt. Chrij^
PI. Place, Plate. •
auad. auadrantjftuad-
Sci. Science.
Sulf. Suffix.
U.S.M. United States
P.L. Poet Laureate.
rate.
Sci. fa. Make known.
Su-n. or Sund. Sunday.
Mint, United States
^S
PI. or Plur. Plural.
a-uir. auarterlu.
Scil. or sc. To wit, namely.
Sup. S-upplement, Super
Marine.
Y. Yftrium. Year.
Plff, Plaintiff.
aues. auestion.
Sclav. Sclavonic.
fine, Superior, Superin-
U.S.M.A. United States
Y. B. orYr.B. Yar-Book.
Plup. or Plupf. Pluperfect. Plur. Plural.
a,v. Which s«,Asrmich as you please.
Scot. Scotland,SoltislsSciUi Scr. Scruple.
tendent. Sup.C. Superior Court.
Military Academu. U.S.N. UniKd Sljtes Navy.
Y. C. Yale College. Yd. Yard. Yds. Yards.
Pm. Premium.
ay. aueru.
Script. ScripturijScTiptiiral.
Superl. Superlative.
U.S.N.A.UnitedStateria
Y«. The or Thee.
P.M. Afternoon, Pay Mas- ter, Pott Masl«r,Past Mid-
a
Sculp, or Sculpt. Sculpture. S.fX South Dakota, Doc-
Supt. Superintendent. Surq. Surgeon, Surgery.
val Academy. U.S.S. United States Sen
Y". Them. Y. M. C. A. Young Men's
shipman,
R. Railway, Rriodiuin,Riv.
tor of Science.
Surv. Surveyor, SuTKVi"
• ate. United Stales Ship
Christian Association.
P.M.G-. Post Master frrn- eral, Paij Master C-en-
a, Rod-Rood, ftueen. Xing, Take.
S.E. Southeast.Siuthuitem Se. Selenium.
Surv. C-en. Surveyor (en traL
lor Steamer]. U.S.V. Urited StatesVol
V". Then. Y'. Their.
yti. Promissarv Note.
al Arch, Royal Artille-
'Section.'
S.VV. Southwesi,South
U.T. Utah Territory.
Yrs. Yours, Years.
P.O. Post Office.
ry, Rear Admiraljllight
Sec. Leg. Secretary of Le
western, Seniorwarderu
Ux. Wtft._
Y1. This.
P.O.D. Port OfficeDepart- nwnt, Pay on delivery. Pol. Polish'.
Ascension. R.A.C. Royal Arih Chapter. Rad. Root, Radical.
gation. Accord mo tt law Sect. Section. Sen. Senate, Senator, Sen
Sw. Sweden, Swedish. Switz. Switzerland, Sun. Synonym.
V. Vtnadium,Vletoria,
Y'. That. Y.W.C.A. Young Women's Christian Association.
P.O. a Post Of lice Order;
R. Adml. Rear AemhaU
IM
Synop. Synopsis.
Viscount, Verb, Voca
^jf
Pop. Population,
R.A.M. Roual Academy of
Sep. or Sept. September,
f~ "ije, surup
live. Verse, Volume
Port, Portugal, Portuguese. Pos. or Pots. Pottesslv*.
Music. Rb. Rubidium.
Septuaqint. Seq. or Sqq. The follow-
Violin, Village,Five V.a. Verb active.
2.. Zero, Zinc, Zone. 2. or ZT. Zirconium.
Pp. Pages.
R.C. Roman Catholic,
ing, The next.
T. TeTritonj,Town,Tewn
V.A. Vice AdmiraliVic
Zach. Zachary.
P.P. Please pau. P.P.C. Tttakel«av«. Pph. Pamphlet, PT.,P»r,oT«T, gwthe.as
R.O. Royal Dragoons. R.E. Royal Engineers, Re^ al Eichange, Right Ex-
Ser. Serie». Serg. OT Serj. Scrgcant,o Serjeant. Serg. Mai. Sergeant Major.
ship, Ton, Tenor,Tues day. T. or Tom. Tome, Volume Ta. Tantalum.
ar Apostolic. Va. Virginia. Vat. Vatican. V. aux. Verb- auxiliary.
Zeb. Zebulon, Zebedee. Zech. Zechariah. Zeph. Zeptia-niah. Zn. Zinc. - Zed. Zodiac.
Per bushel.
Rec. Recorder, Recipe.
Serv. or Servl. Servant.
Tan. Tangent.
Vb. n. Verbal noun.
Zool. Zoology. -Zr. ZrrMtoK
40
TABLE OF VELOCITIES..
he velocities given i-n the folio ing list hive been compiled from various authorities,!!! while it cannot be s»id wha isibllities of many of the mo ng bodies are, such as steam vessel ocomotives, etc., yet the figures gii i-n will convey a general idea of sue possibilities. The slow coach of the time of Wash 'ngton will not compare with the lightning train at the dost of the nineteenth century. Wh can say what are the possibilities of electric a rnotive power!
BLOOD, circulates through the system in-two
utts. If allowed to wove in a straight line, it
would move at the rate of 150 feet per minute.
3ICYCLE,one mile may be attained in two minutes CANNON BALL, (2<Hb) at the rate of 1600 miles per
hour.
CARRIER PI6EON,43_m,les per hour. !ARS, art express train attains a speed of 60 miles
per hour. 82.7 miles per hour has been attained. CLOUDS, storm clouds, apparent^ moving slowly,oft
en attain a velocity of 100 miles per hour.
!OMET(Halley's),in perihelion, 1,180,000ft. ptr second. !ROW, flies at the ra*e oS 23 miles per hour. CYCLONE, spiral motion of wind, 180 miles per hour.
IUCK, 90 miles per hour.
:ARTH, point on equator when -rotating on its a/is
1076 miles per hour. In its orbit while revolving
around the sun, 65,533 miles per hour. EARTHQUAKE SHOCK, 13th Aug., 1868, 764ft. pe
second; 25th July, 1885, 5,104 ft. per second. EIDER DUCK, 90 miles per hour. ELECTRICITY, submarine wire, 13,128,000ft. pei
second; aerial wire, 1 18,152, OOOft.per second. ELEVATOR, in Western Union Telegraph Building
N.Y., 500ft. per minute. FALCON, 74 miles per hour. FALUNS BODIES, Isl second, I6A ft.; 2nd second
64^ft.: 3rd second, I4-4J fU; 4-th second,257«
ft.; etc. &LACIERS, for those of the first rank 'm the Alps,
100 yards per year; of the second rank, about
25 yards per year.
CULF STREAM, 4 to 5 miles per hour. HAWK, 150 miles per hour. HORSE, trotS,7 miles per hour; runs,20miles
per hour. ITI Racing the following records have at
different times been made: running, I mile in I
minute and 35i seconds', trotting, I mile in 2.
minutes and 8i seconds; pacing.) mile in 2 min
utes and 13 seconds.
HUMMING- BIRD, a-l the rate of ISO miles per ho'ur. HURRICANE, 80 miles per hour.
ICE BOAT, is said to outrivAl all other modes of locomotion, it running it the rate of a-nUt per minute with ea.se. „."
INSECTS, the wings of the common house-fly flap at Iht rate of 330 times per second; of the bum ble bee, 240; of the honey bee, 190; of the wisp 1 10; of the dragon flu, 28; of the 9mt,l5,000.
JUPITER, revolves in its orbit 28,774. mile per
LIGHT, 192,000 miles per second; p»s»es from the sun to the earth in 8 minutes and 13 seconds, from the nearest fixed star to the earth in a- bout 34 years. ' '/'
MAN, walks from 4 to 5 -miles per hour. I mile his been attained by walking in 6 minutes and 23 seconds; 5 miles in 35 minutes and 10 seconds; 100 miles in IBhours, 8minutfS aw 15 seconds.
MARS, revolves in its orbit 53,000 miles a tout
MARTIN, 200 miles per hour.
MERCURY, revolves in its orbit 105,000 miles per hour.
METEOR, 30 miles per second.
MILL STONES,4ft.in diameter, 120 to 140 rev- olutions per minute; dressing machines, 11 inch- es diam., 450 to 500 revolutions perminute; screen, 16 indies diim., 300 to 350 revolutions per minute.
MOON, in its orbit jround the earth 236miles per hour.
MUSKET BALL, 850 miles per hour.
NEPTUNE, revolves in its orbit 11,958 miles per hour.
OCEAN WAVE, during tempest,50 miles per hour.
PENDULUM, vib'ates seconds at the equator 'when 39.0152 Inches in length. Either north or south from the equator the pendulum slight- ly lengthens as the latitude increases.
PIANO WIRES, middle C, 264 times per sec ond; one octave above, 528; one octave be- low, 1 32.
RIFLE BALL, 1000 miles per hour.
RIVERS, slow when 3 miles perhour; rapid when 7.
ROWING, i-w smqle scull I mile has been attain ed in 5 -minutes; in double scull I mi le in 5 minutes and 55 seconds; in four-oared shell I mile in 4 minutes and 5 1 seconds.
RUNNING, I mile has been attained in 4 min- utes and I2i seconds; 5 miles in 24 minutes and 40 seconds; 100 miles in 13 hours, 26mi> utes, and 30 seconds.
SAILING-VESSELS, 10 miles per hour.
SATURN,in its orbit 21,221 miles per hour.
SENSATIONS, in human nerves, >08W. per second.
SIRIUS, 153,000ft. per second.
SKATING, I mile in 2 minutes »nd 12 seconds Has been attained.
SNOW SHOES, I mile in Sminutes and40sec-
SOLAR ATMOSPHERE, 90,000 to 180,000ft.
per second; tempest, 1,200,000 ft. per second. SOUND, in dry air at 82°, 1, 141 ft. per second,
or about 775 miles per hour; in water,
4,900ft. per second; in iron, 17,500ft.
in copper, io,378; in wood, from 12,000
to 16,000ft. per second. SPARROW, 150 miles per hour. STEAM BOAT, 18 miles per hour. 25 miles
per hour is attainable. *
STORM, 36 miles per hour. See Wind. SUN, point on equator, 6, 090 ft. per second. SWIFTS, 150 miles per hour. . SWIM Ml NO, 1 00 yds. in I -m!n.,5i see.} 300yds.
in 4- min.. 8 see.; 600yds. in 8min,40 seconds;
I mile in 26 min., 52 sec.; 20 miles in 5 hours, 5 1 -minutes. TEMPEST, 60 to 70 miles per hour. On t he
Su-n, 940,580 wiles per hour. TIDAL WAVE, in open ocean, as great as 900
miles per hour. TftlCYCLE,imile in I min.,15 sec,; Imilein
2 min., 28 sec.; Smiles in I3rmn.,50sec. TROTTING, see Horse. -• URANUS, revolves in Its orbit 14,963 -miles per
hour. VENUS, revolves in its orbit 7Z050 wiles per
hour. - VULCAN, -revolves in its ojblt,174.fOOOjmiles
per hour. '
WALKIN6,seeMan. WAVES, see Ocean Wave. . WINGS, the wing of the sparrSw f lapt 13 tlflie's
per secomd; of the wild duck,9; of the pigeon,8;
of the osprey,6; of the humnirng b'rrd, 100.
WIND,
Miles Pressure per perhout sq.ft. in Ibs.
4
5
10 20 2? 33 45 50 60
80 100 180
0.005
0.020
0.123
0.492
1.968
3.075
6.027
9.963
12.300
17.715
31.490
49.200
Characteris-tics.
Not perceptible. Hardly perceptible. Just perceptible. G-entle breeze. Brisk wind.
isk wind.
Hiqh wind.
Very hiqh wind.
Storm.
Great storm.
Hurricane.
G-reat hurricane..
Cyclone.
agalhaens, Portuguese, who n»mcs Vo>joflj»
agellan's Straits 1319
'endafia, Spaniard, who names the Marquesas, or Mendana Islands. ... .1 567 Q.U I R OS, Spaniard 1605
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, first tnglish.. . .1577
GAVENOlSU,fiTst voyage 1586
LE MAIRE,Outch 1615
TASMAN, Dutch, who namesTasmania. .1642
DAMPIER, English 1679
COOKEjEnqlish 1708
ROG-GE WEEN, Dutch -. 1721
ANSON, British ; 1740
BYRON, English 1764
WALLIS,Brltish 1766
BOUGAINVILLE, French 1766
CARTERET. English 1766
JAM ES COOK. 1768
KINO, continued after Cook's death 1779
KING- AND FITZROY, British 1826-36
BELCHER, British 1836-42
WILKES,American I 838-42
TRAIN.G.F., American, completed, May 4, 1890, a trip around the world in 67 days, 13 hours, 3 minutes, 3 seconds, stoppinq over one day in New York City.
The following is the compact as siqned on board the Mayflower just before landing:
"hi ye name of &od,Awn. We whose Tomes are under- written, the loyall subjects of our dread soverupie Lord, Kin 5 James, by ye grace of M, of fjreit Briuint, Franc* Ireland king, defender of ye f4ith,lc.,havein9 undertaken, for ye glorie of iiod, jnd ^dvancementc of ye Christian fa'rth, and honour of our kinqfc countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colcnie in ye NoHheme part of Virginia, doe by these present! sol evnry&mutualy in yt presence of 5od,ani of one jncthfr.ontw*! cmbwowsdvejtojeither into i mil body politick,f«r our betttr or deringlprestTvjtioit. furtherance rf ye ends aforesaid; and by vertue hejrof to f]tact,constituU,ari() frame such
bt thought most rnfftefe convenient for ye genrull good of yt
wliick wepromist »l dut submission md obfdience. In wihw of
whic'« v>( tiut htreundrr subscribed our nuncs it Cip-Codd yj II o
u >t iai>,tot Sotknd it fiftie
r4Jgn<M,(Jnq J ie t<rort»no:
NOTE.
In the
follow I no P39«S will
b< found all de/mi
tions.rules, processc and '" t rations in practi- cal arith- metic that an otdina- busi- ness in an Has occas ion to us*.
NOTE.
The alpha- betic arrati»e- merit will be found to or, \i lu expedite
the exam- pie follow- ing most of i he rules, sufficiently elucidates t h e. IY application.
ABSTRACT. -Separate or distinct from something else. An abstract quantity is one which does not involve the idea of matter, but simply that of a mental concep- tion. All numbers are abstract when the unit is abstract.
ACRE. -A unit employed in thft •measurement of land. It con- tains 43,560 square feet, 4840 square yard*, or ISO square rods. In the form of a square, one side •measures 108.7 feet, or 69.57 yards. (See Land or Square Meas- ure -\v\6ex).
ACCURATE INTEREST. -interest
computed according to the exact number of days. To fitid accurate interest, Compute it at the rate of 360 days to the year, and subtract from it J$ part- of itself; in leap-year subtract ^r.
ACUTE. -Sharp as opposed to ob- tuse. Ati acute ari9ie is one that is less than a right angle, or 90°. Aii acute-angled triangle is one having all of its angles acute.
ADDITION. -Finding tHe simplest equivalent expression for the ag- gregate of two or more quanti ties of the came kind. To prove the accuracy of the operation of addition, (I) Add the columns of units from the top downwards, and then from the bottom up- wards;(ft) Separate the numbers into two or more groups, adding each group separately, and then . the several results; (3) Cast out the 3's, by taking the sum of the digits in each number to be ad- ded, and having divid- ed each sum by 9, set down the remainder in a column at the right. Take the sum_o-f these remainders and di- vide it by 9, setting the remainder beneath. If this remainder is the same as that found by dividing
the sum of the digits in the surr total by 9, the work is correct.
ADJACENT. -Contigu- °
ous to, or borderiti9 up- /
on. Adjacent angles 6 f t are those which have f one side in common, arid their other sides a prolongation of the same straight line; thus, the arr gles D8C and DBA are adjacent.
AGGREGATE .-the sum of sever- al particulars, or an assemblage of parts to form a whole.
ALIQUOT PART.-Fpr defini- tion see under Business Terms. To find the aliquot parts of a number, Divide it by the least number except I, that will ex- actly divide it; then divide the quotient by its least divisor ex- cept I ; and so on, always divid- ing the last quotient by its least divisor except I, till I is obtained as a quotient, which, with the several divisors, constitute the aliquot parts of the number.
ALLIGATION. -The compounding or mixing of ingredients. ISee Business Terms-Vnaex). Alli9a- tion Medial is the process o» fin- ding the average value or quali- ty of a mixture, the, quality and quantity of whose ingredients are known. Thus mix O»«ta»»o-»\V ing together SO en cts.
bushels of oats, at 40x50=2.000 40 cents per bush- 50x30 = 1500 el; 30 bushels of 60x3.5=1500 barley, at 50 cents 105 15000
per bushel, and 25 bus he Is of corn, at 60 cents per bushel, one bush- el of the mixture is worth47;y{ cents. Alligation Alternate is the process of finding what a- mount of each of several sim- ple ingredients, whose pricet or qualities are known, must be taken to form a mixture of any required price or quality. In solv-
J-M9 problems of" this class, Com pute the balance of pain or loss on the definite quantities taken; then cancel this balance by tak- ing a sufficient quantity of one or more of the same or other elements' furnished. ^xavi\^\e. To make a grade worth \\t per pound, how many pounds at 9 £ , must be mixed with 100 pounds of coffee at lie", and 90 pounds O^e.vfetxo'MV. Total
Av.
El's or
10,
Lbs.
100 90
lost.
90 +
Baltnce
10 — 10 +
Total value.
11.00 9.00
.45
Vroot.-lf 195 Ib. are worth 21.45
I Ib. is worth II
Hote.-4- shows gain, and — , los».
ALTITUDE. -The height of a body, or its third dimension. To measure an accessible altitude, Select any convenient point A, on a hori- zontal line through . C; measure the dis- * tanceCA;then measure of/a dis- tance AB towards the object, and at B set up a vertical stake; from A, sight to the top of the object, and note the point £• where this line of sight cuts the stake, and then meas- ure OB. From similar triangles AB is to OB as AC is to EC;
whence, _ EC = — "^ — Similarly the altitude of an object which is accessible, may be determ- ined bu means of its shadow. ANALYSIS. -Logically deducing from the terms of a problem the conditions and relations requir- ed in its solution, which are not fully stated. ^.xa/m^U.- If 4 tbj.
42
of sugar cost 28 cts., what will 9 tts. ? K^\fc\\»*\*.-lf 4 tts. c os V 28 cts., one pound will cost one- fourth o( 23 =7 cts., and 9 pounds will cost nine times 7 cts. = S3 cts.
ANG-LE.-The portion of space ly- ing between two lines, or be- tween two or -more surfaces, meeting in a common point.
ANNUITY.-For definition see un- der Busmess Form* and Terrns.. A certain annuity is an annui- ty payable /or a definite length o/ time. A contingent annuity is one payable /or an uncertain pe- riod of time, as durin9 li/e. A deferred annuity iff AtM -not to be entered upon until after a certain period^/ time. A rever- sionary annuity is one not to be entered upon till a/ter the death of a certain person. An annui- ty in possession is one to be en- tered upon at once. A life annu- ity is one to continue during the life of one or -more persons. Aeon tmgcnt life annuity is one to con- firms for a certain number of years, provided a certain person Survives the period mentioned. A perpetual annuity is one to continue forever. A fovboY-ne annuity is one Vv\ a-vrevts, that is, the payment may not h ave been -made when du-e. (See Com- pound Interest Tables, Nos. 3 and 4. also Life Annuity).
ANTECEDENT.- The first of the two terms in a ratio, which are compared together. It forms the standard of comparison, and must be known before the value of the other term (the consequent) can be expressed. (See Ratio).
APPLES, Potatoes, etc. -To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin, Multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and this product by 8, and point off one figure in the prod- uct for decimals.
APOTHECARIES' Weight and Measure. -Used in mixing and compounding medicines. For the table, see under Weights and Measures.
ARABIC Notation. -That meth- od of expressing numbers by the use of characters called i\qu.ra<=,. They arc, 1,2,3, 4-, 5, 6,7,8,9, and 0, the last is used for vacant orders.
ARC. -A part of the circumference of a circle or other curve. "To find the length of an arc, u-se the fol- lowing formula: The number of degrees (dco.) contained in an arc, and the diameter (diam.^of the circle being given, required the length (1) of the arc:
deQ.xdiam.x 3.14-16 -i-360 = l.
AREA. -The superficial contents of any surface expressed interms of some given sur/ace assumed as a unit or_standard of compar- ison; the unit «f measurement us- ually being a square.
ARITHMETIC. -That branch of math- ematics treating of the relations and properties of numbers when ex pressed .by the aid of figures, or combinations of figures.
AVERAO-E. -The. quotient aris- ing /row dividing the sum of two or more terms by their -num- ber: thus the average of 3,8,9,11, and 14 =(3 +8 +9 +11 +14) H-5 = 9. - For the commercial signification of this term, see under Business Forms and Terms.
AVERAGE or Equation of Pay- ments.-The -method of finding the time when the payment of sev- eral sums, due at different times, may be made at once, without loss of interest to either debtor or creditor. The Focal Date .is the date from which the time is reck- oned to the dates when the sev- eral amounts become due. (See Business Time Tables).To find the average time when afl the terms o-f credit begin at the same time, Multiply each amount by
its term of credit, and divide the sum of the several products .by the sum of the debts; the quotient will be the average term of credit. ^ X-srtw^Xe. . - A merchant purchas- es goods, January 6th,atnou,ntitio to #900 : *300 payable in 6 months «300 in 8 months, and «300 in 10 months. When may the whole be paid without loss to either par- ty? Solution). *300 /or6mos.=4tl800 for I mon. 300 " 8 1. = 24-00 M ,, 300 •. 10 •• = 3000 .» » 900, ) 7200" =8 months. To fitid the average time when the terms of the credits beobi at different times , Fi fid the date when each debt becomes due. (See Busi- ness Time Tables). Find the time. intervening between the earliest of these, dates and the date of each succeeding amount.Multiply each amount by the tirne intervening between the earliest date and the date when the amount be- comes due. Divide the SU-HI of the products by the sum of the debts; the quotient will be the average
time required. Add this average, time to the focal date- fov the day of payment. ^.x-vm^Vz..- Re- quired the time when the amoii-nt of the debts as below stated be- come due per average.
"
Jan. 6, %300 S-mos. July 9. Apr. 10, 200 6 » Oct. 10. May 7, 400 3 •» Aug. 7.
State-men*.
^ua. \Savs- ^'«\l*. Vioivicfc
FrcmiJuJu5toJiil(iS, 0x300 00000 ,, ,. „ Au.o.7,32x400 12800 .> .... Oct. 1 0,96x2-00 19200 , 900 )32000t35f Atis.36* days from Julg 6th is Au-j.llth.
AVOIRDUPOIS. -The system of weights by. which the coarser commodities are weighed, su-ch as hay, grain, wool, and the. coarser metals. For table see under Weights and Measures.
BARREL.— A unit of liquid -meas- ure, differing in value for dif- ferent articles measured. The English wine barrel contains 3l^i gallons, and the beer bar- rel,36 gallons. (See Weights and Measures).
BASE. -The side of a plane fig- ure upon which it is supposed to lie. I-M a triangle, the base lies opposite the angular point chosen as the vertex. The. Base of a System of Numbers, is. the value of the unit of the first order, it being the abstract mm her l,for all systems.of abstract numbers. Iti denominate nunt bers, the base is I thing of the kind numbered.
BILLION. -In the decimal si/s- tem, a unit of th;e tenth order, which is a thousand millions.
BLAZE. -A spot ma.de on theside of a tree, by removing the bark with an axe. It is used i-ji Sur- vey ing, and for distinguishing different points.
BOARD MEASURE. -The unit
of lumber measure is a/o.ot 12 inches long, 12 inches wide, and I inch thick. All kinds of lumber and timber are estl- •mated by this un it, except tha* timber is sometimes estimated by the cubic foot. To find the contents of an inch board, Find the product of the length and breadth in feet. For a two-inch board, multiply the area by 2", for a half-inch board, divide by 2, etc. I/ the board tapers, take half -the sum of -the two ends for the average width. To find the contents of a plank,;Vut,etc., estimated in board •measu.re.Fi-nd the product of the width in inches the thickness in inches, and the length jn feet; and take Ai of this. If the timber tapers in width and in, thickness, the contents in cubic feet may be found by multiplying half the sum of th«
areas of the two ends m inches
bu th« It Mfll ^ in led and dividing th« product by 144 To /itid t ht number of Cubic feet in round tim- ber, Find th« average eircu.-mf«.r - ence by adding the circumference of the larger and smaller end» and dividing by 2 ; multiply the square of one- fourth of this average cir. Cumference by the length in feet; the result gives four-fi/ts of the real contents in cubic feet, one* fifth being customarily allowed to the purchaser for waste in sawitia. (See Instantaneous Method of Measuring Lumber).
BUSHEL. -See under Business Forms and Terms, also under Weights and Measures. JUTT.-A measure for liquids,co-n- taining 108 imperial gallons.
CANCELLATION .-The operation of strikin? out the common fac- tors in both dividend and divisor, before performing the operation of division. • _ N
iARAT.-A weight of four grains employed.in weighing diamonds. The tcrm_ is also used iri measur- ing the fineness of gold, the whole •mass being divided into 34 e- qual parts, the number of these parts which are pure gold will ex- press the number of carats o/ fineness, as 23 carats fine.
CARDINAL Points. -The four principal points of the compast : North, South, East, West. CASK. -To find the mean diam- eter of a cask (•ne.w\v),Add to the head diameter yt ,or, if the staves are but little curved, .6 , of the difference between the head and bung diameters. To •find the contents of a cask in gal Ions, Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the length (both in inches), and this product by .0034.
CAUSE and Effect. -Anything op crating to produce a result is a ca.u.*e, and the result istheeUae*. jf is a natural law that the *Us,cv is proportional to the c»\v»a. which produces it. A. cause or an ef- fect -may be either t\trv\^\t _or cov»\^ourv\& : %VVY\^\I, when it in- volves but one element: WW^OMYVO, when it involves two or more el- ements. ^.>(»v»\\\«>. - If 10 men in 5 days of 7 hours each, d ig a trench 25 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 7 fact deep, in how many days of 12 hours each will 4 men dig A trench Id feet long, IQfeetdeep, and 8 feet wide?
to about x<ic of a grain.
CENTILITRE. -The hundredth part o> the French litre, equal to about H of a cubic inch.
CENTIMETRE. -The hundredth part of the French metre, equal to about 3^3 of an inch.
CENTURY.- A period of time the length of which is 100 years.
CHAIN. -An instrument usc_d in surveying, and is 66 feet in length, containing 100 links,each link being 7.9fl inches long. I* is usually called Cunter's chain.
".HORD.- A strait line, joining the two extremities of an arc of a curve.
CIPHER. -The character 0. It signifies -r\o Yvu.Y»\\>e/v when stand- ing by itself, but rn combination, it occupies a place in the arithmet ical scale, and indicates that there are no units of that order in the number.
CIRCLE. -A portion of a plane AEBF, bounded by a curved line,e»ery point
10 : 12 :: 15 : 12
5 4 8 10
7x78
Operation.
J3xlO»8ylO»5»7 _e .
" 11x4*35x3x7 -5dai
CENTIGRAMME. -The hundredth
part of a French gramme, equal
of which is equally distant from & point within called the ce/wvve-. The bounding line is called the
A'va-mefce-v is a stra'^ht line drawn through the centre and_terwii-S nated by the circum- ference, as AB. The -»a,4W% is a straight line from the centre t ference, as CO. An a/<c it any portion of the circumference, as AE.A«.ec- Vot is the space included between two radii and the intercepted arc, as BCD. A cVo'vo. is a straight line joining the extremities of an arc, as AO. A <ieqvv\eYvV is bounded by an arc and its chord, as AOE.A plane figure is Xv^eVxW^ in a cir- cle when the vertices of its angles are in the circumference of the circle, as LMNO is inscribed in the circle whose radius is PM.A cVvcuXa-v Vw\9 is the space enclosed between the circumferences of two concentric circles .Cor\ca\%*V\c c\t- c\»« have the same centre but dif- ferent radii, as the circles whose
radii a>« PK and PT To find the cv»c>».-wvkeYe,-Y\ce o' a circle Multiply the diameter by 3.1416 To /•'»id the o>'\awcx.*Y of a cir cle. Divide the circumference by 3.1416.10 /ind the «.\ea. of a circle, Multiply the square of the radius by 3. 14-16; or Divide the square of half thecircum ference by 3.1416; or Multiply fche circumference by one-fourth of the diameter. To livid the diaxweWv or c'stcu.-vYxte/Karvoa. of a circle, 0 i vide t he area by 3.I4U the square root of the quotienl will be half the diarnetcr, and the diameter multiplied b^?.(-*is will be the circumference. To /i-Md the area of a =,acvo/v of a circle, Multiply half »he length of the arc by the radius ;orTali the same part of the area of the circle as the number ofde grees in the arc are of 360°. To find the area of a %«.< the area of the sector, subtract the area of the triangle formed with the chord and radii, for a segment less than a semi-circle; but add these areas^for a segment greater than a semi-circle. To find the area of a T.owe.,STUV, From the area of the circle, subtract the areas of the segments riot included in the zone To fitid the area of a tvccvuXvt Vwvo, Find the difference between the areas of the two circles. To /Jttd the side of an \Y\'5C,V\ e.K?A Vr'xwtoAfe, M ultiply the diam- eter by .866025. To Ct-nA the side of an Yv\«cV\\a«& %o,u,a.ite, Multiply the diameter by ,707l06.To f'tttA the side of a %^u.a.re v Va'\v\ VV\e %»KVM are» as a given cr- cle, M ultiply the diameter by .886217.
CIRCULAR Measure. -Used to determine localities, by estimating latitude and longitude; also to meas- ure the motions of the heavenly bod- ies, and compute differences of time. For table, see under Weights and Measures.
CIRCULAR Ring. -See Circle.
CIRCULATING Decimal, or Repeat inp Decimal.- One in which one or more figures are continually repeated in the same order; as, .33333,. 57235723, etc. The fig- ure or_set of figures which is re- peated is called the ire,v«.V«/v\& .
CIRCUMFERENCE. -See Circle. The circumferences of different citclcs are to each other as their diameters, or radii.
CIRCUMSCRIBE. -To
limit or bound. A fig- ure drawn around a« other, so that all its sides or faces shall be tangent to the second figure, which is then called an \nscV\WA iVqxvre. The circle ABC is circum- scribed about the triangle ABC. CISTERN. To find thcnumber of gallons in a quadrilateral cis-
tern, Multiply the length, width, and depth, in inches, togcthcr^and divide the product by 231. To find the number of gallons in, a circu- lar cistern of uniform diameter, Multiply the square of the diam- eter (in inches) by .7854, which product multiply by the depth(in inches); then divide by 231. To find the number of gallons in a circular cistern whose lower and upper diameters differ,To the sum of the squares of the. lower and upper diameters, add the product of the lower and up- per di'amete>rs; then -multiply by .7854 , which product -multiply by the depth (all in inches);then divide by 693. (See Cisterns,un- dcr Weights and Measures).
CLOTH Measure. -Seetable un- der Weights and Measures.
COIN. -Pieces of metal, as gold, silver, copper, etc., conve-rted into money by stamping upon the,m certain characters. (Sec Coin.under Weights and Measures).
COMMON DIVISOR. -Any quan- tity which vyijl divide two or -more other quantities, without a re- mainder; as, 4 is a com-mon di- visor of 20, 40, and 60. The q-vea.WiX' co-wwvorv ITwtM* a( two or wore numbers is the greatest •number that will exactlydivide each; as, 4 is the greatest com- mon divisor of 12, (6, and 28.- To find the QYa^vaiV co-m-mo-v\ V\- vVio-x of two -numbers, Divide the, greater number by, the less ; i f there be no remainder,the small- er -number is the G-.C. O.I/ there be a remainder after completing the division, divide the first di- visor by this; divide this second divisor by any second remainder, and so on till an exact divisor is found. This exact divisor is the G.C.D. I/ there be -mere than two tiutnbers, find the G.C.D. of the smallest -number, and the sum of the others, which, wjll be the greatest common divis- or of all.
COM PASS. - An instru- ment to indicate thedi- rectjon of the magnetic •meridian, and alsotode- terwine the angle con- tained between that -meridian and any horizontal line. It is named according, to the different purpos- es for which it is used; as, iMTviev- o-x*<; co-vtt^ass,-vt\3L-v\t\eV* cow^a^s, eo.\-mu,vVv co-*v\v»«, etc., but the general principle is the same in all.
COMPLEMENT. -The difference between a number and a unit ofthenext higher order; thus the complement of 6 is 110-6) 4; of 16 is (100-16) 24; of 475 is (1000-475) 525; etc.
COMPLEX F-raction. -A fraction having a fraction or mixed num ber in either the iiurnerator or
denominator, or in both; thus
f^Wn**"-*"
fractions. To -reduce a complex, fraction to a simple fraction, Di vide its numerator by itsdetiomina tor.
COMPOSITE Nu-niber.-Onethat can be divided by some other -num- ber besides itself and unity; as, 10, 18,48,75, etc.
COMPOUND. -Composed of dif- ferent things. Compound Addi- tion, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, are names given to these several operations, when the numbers are expressed in a varying scale; as, years, -months, days; bushels, pecks, quarts; etc. Compou.nd Fraction. -A frac- tion of a fraction, or several frac- tions connected by the word ot. To reduce a compound, fraction to a simple fraction, Find the product of the nu-merators,and write it over the product of the denominators. Compound Inter-
est.-Interest on both principal and interest. To compute com- pound interest, Find the interest on the given principal to thetitne the interest becomes due, and, add the principal. Then find the inter- est on this amount for the next period, and add as before,, and so continue for each successive peri- od to the time of settlenient.Sub tract the given principal f-roin the. last amount, and the remain- der will be the compound interest. If there be -months and days , find the amount for the years, and the interest on this for the remainder of the time. (See Compound Inter- est Tables). Compound Number. -A -number constructed according to a varying scale; as, 7cwt.,lqr., 10 Ibs. Called also &ev\o\v\\;Y\'a.Vo, •M \WK\W-v. Compound Ratio. -The product of -two or more ratios. Compound Proportion. — ATI equality of two compound ra- tios, or of a compound ratio and a simple one. I-M solving problems in Compound Proportion,Arranoe the terms of each of the simple
ratios of the compound ratio «* in Simple Proportion. Then, if an extreme term be required, it will be equal to the quotient of the prod- uct of the means divided by the product of the known extremes, and if a mean term be required, it will be equal to the product of the extremes divided by the prod- uct of the known means. Exam- ple.-If 10 men can mow 40 a- cres of grass in 3 days by work- ing 8 hours each day, how many men will it take to mow 80 a- cres of grass in 4 days, working
6 hours each day? Kv\«>.20 men.
Statement.
40ft. .SOA. 1 J80x3*8)rl()
6houTs:8houTsJ " ) 40x4x6
COMPUTE. -To reckon by the aid of figures or characters; to prac- tically apply the rules of a sci- ence to individual examples.
CONCAVE. -A term applied to, the inner surface of hollow bodies, and by analogy extended to lines-
CONCENTRIC. -A term ap- plied to circles or spheres having the same centre kut different radii, and some- times, by analogy , to other sur- faces and lines.
CONCRETE. -A, term signifying that a quantity carries with if the idea of matter, as 10 boxes,
7 men, 5 stones, as opposed to abstract quantities, 10,7,5.
CONE. -A solid which -may be generated by a right-angled triangle CAD, revolving about one of its sides. CO, ad- jacent to the right an- gle. The side CD,iscall- ed the -a.x\<i, and i t s length measures the -.~ — •-• — the cone. The side AO, generates a circle called the V>-a.%e-, and the hypothenuse CA, generates a curved surface, which is called the \-aAt«AA\ or corvee* tu.rxAC.4 oV VV\e torve.The length of th« hi/poth- enuse measures the S\VM W\c)Vv of the cone. A V\qV\V co-v\«, has a cir- cular base and a curved surface. The S-tMwvwwv of a cone (or pyr- amid) is that part that remains after cutting off the top by a plane parallel to the base. The ^eVx-mexVe/v is the circumference of the base. To find the entire. surface of a cone (or regular pyr- amid), Multiply the perimeter of the base by half of the slant height, and to the product^ add the area, of the base. To -find the solidity o,f a cone ( or any pyr- amid), Multiply the area of, the base by one-third of the altitude. To find the entire, surface of a frustrum of a cone (or right pyr- amid), Multiply the sum of the perimeters, or circumferences of the two ends, by half of the slant height, and to the product add the
areas o * the two ends. To -find
than three figures). Find the great-
the cube roots o-f numbers from
the solidity of the frustrum of a
est cube in the left-hand period,
1 to 232.
conc(orany pyramid), Multiply together the areas of the two bas-
and place its root at the right,lika a quotient . S ubtract the Cube of
No.
CUBE ROOT
Mn CUBE NO. ROOT
MK CU'E
No. ROOT
M CUBE No- ROOT
es, and extract the square root of
this root from the left-hand pei-
1
59 3.891
117 4.890
1755.599
the product. This root will be the
riod, and to the remainder annex
2
.259
60 3.914
1184.904
176 5.604.
area of a base- which is a mean between the other two. Take the
the figures of the next period, and call this number the d i v i d e-ri d.
3
4
.442 .587
6113.936 62 3.957
1194.918 1204.932
177 5.614 178 5.625
sum of the areas of the three bas-
Take three times the square of
5
.709
63 3.979
121 4.946
1795.635
es, and multiply it by one-third
the root found considered as tens
6
.817
644
1224.959
180 5.646
of the altitude; the product will
for a trial d ivisor. F ind how ma-
7
.912
654.020
1234.973
181 IS. 656
be the solidity.
ny_*imes it is contained in the
8
2
66 4.041
1244.986
I82i5.667
CONSEQUENT. -The second
d ividend, and write the quotient
9
2.080
67;4.06l
125 5
18315.677
tern^ of a ratio. I/ the value of
as the next figure of the root; then
10
2.154
684.081
126 5.013
18415.687
a ratio is given, and the antece-
multiply the divisor by this last
II
1.223
694.101
1275.026
185; 5. 698
dent is known, the consequent
root figure, placing the product
12
2.289
70:4.121
128 S.039
186 5.708
may be found by multiplying the
under the dividend. Multiply the
13
2.351
714.140
129 5.05i
187 5.718
ratio by the antecedent.
square of the last root figure by
14
2.410
724.160
130 5.065
18815.728
CONTENTS.- The contents of a
the preceding root figure or fig-
15
2.4K6
73!4.I79
131 '5. 078
I89!5.738
. plane figure, is the number of
ures considered as so many tens,
16
2.519
74:4.198
132! 5. 091
190 5.748
times which the figure contains
and this product by 3, and place
17
2.571
754.217
133:5.104
191 5.758
come given aj-ea assumed as the
the product under the last; then
IS
2.620
76(4.235
134:5. 117
192 5.768
unit of surface. 1 1 is the same
under these two products place
'9
2.668
7714.254
135' 5. 129
193 5.778
as the area. The contents of a
the cube of the last root figure,
20
2.714
78 4.272
1365.142
194(5.788
solid, is the number of times
and find their sum, calling it the
21
2.758
79 4.290
137,5.155
1955.798
which the solid will contain some
subtrahend. Subtract the subtra-
22
2.802
804.308
I38j5.i67
I9S 5.808
particular solid assumed, as the
hend from the dividend, and to
29
1J.
2.843
81 4.32S
139 5.180
197:5.818
|QQ C CTQ
un i t of vol ume. 1 1 is the s ame as the volume.
f~^ ....<"""""'"""*•""••-•--,. C^.
x-r
25
2^924
82 A, 344- 834.362
140,5. 191 141 5.204
'?£}' D. OAO
199 5.838
CONTOUR. -The bounding line.or
" •'•''' SBto. A^fifc'*''1^"^3
26 2.962
8414.379
142 5.217
2005.848
perimeter, o-f a plane figure. The
-1'' *!JsjPgT\ ffr}t$&£ '**•
27
3
8514.396
143 5.229
201:5.857
contour of ground, has reference
/•''' t^SSi ^^^ f/^*rj& **'»
28
3.036
86 4.414
144' 5.241
202.5.867
to the surface of any part of t he
/ ^\\fB^\Jf/^S^/f **•
29
3.072
87 4.43 f
I451 5.253
203 5.877
earth with respect to its undula-
^ ^k.\^«i^^^^"/>w **"
30
3.107
88 4.447
146 5.265
204 5.886
tions and accidents.
IB^^^ ^^^ff ""
31
3.141
89 4.464
147:5.277
205:5.896
CONTRACTION. -The process of
• TJjSSt"MB™ffi' n^ B^ *nEmTT™13P ;
32
3.174
904.481
148 5.289
206 5.905
shortening any operation. For
SJJ5. y&v £ JfOH oil Vt|> ffi j&i. j°BS :
33
3.207
91 4.497
149 5.301
207 5.915
the contractions of the different
So^ ^5^1$ 1 ^r &P' i >r^5Hr '
34
3.239
92 4.514
1505.313
208 5.924
operations, as Multiplication, Di-
" '••••Jj Pllf^rt^*.' jJlllMmmo^ f
35
3.271
93 4.530
151 5.325
209 5.934
vision, etc., see each in its prop-
^y^>sj^<^^% ^
36
3.301
944.546
1525.335
210 5.943
er order.
""" ' fL~^^^*df^if^^^. +
37
3.331
95 4.561
1535.348
211 5.953
CON VEX. -Protuberant outwards,
'•• /^/^H/y^\t8fv^k s«"
38
3.361
96 4.578
1545.360
111 5.961
as the outer surface of a sphere.
'•'• ris?$/f i^\^ SJ^SB >•**
39
3.391
97 4.594
1555.371
213:5.972
The opposite of concave.
"••.-. «Q«e«r i»«3SHr* •'*'*
40
3.419
98 4. 6 1C
1565.383
214,5.981
CUBE, or Hexahedron.— A regu-
ffl'^Sr' '**^i^t^ ^^P"^"' *%t&m
41
3.448
99 4.626
157 5.394
215 5.990
lar polyhedron bounded by_s ix equal squares. It is the unit of
s3L ''"•<„. ..:--••-'•"' 3^
42 43
3.476 3.503
100,4.641 1014657
1585.406 I59'5.4I7
2166 217 6.009
measure for all volumes. The vol-
the remainder bring down the
44
3.530
1024.672
160 5.428
218 6.018
ume of any cube is equal to the
next period for a new dividend,
45
3.556
1034.687
16 l! 5.440
219:6.027
product obtained by taking one
with which proceed as before till
46
3.583
104.4.702
162 5.451
220 6.036
Of its edges three times as a factor.
the required root be found. If
47
3.603
1054.717
163,5.462
221 6.045
The cube of a num ber or quanti-
any dividend be too small to con-
48
3.634
ICS'4.731
164 5.473
Ml 6.055
ty, is the product obtained by tak-
tain the trial divisor, place a ci-
49 3.659
1074.747
165 5.484
213 6.064
ing the number or quantity three
pher in the root, and then pro-
50
3.684
I08!4.762
166 5.495
224 6.073 !
times as a factor.
ceed, as before. \( -there be .a re-
51
3.708
109,4.776
167 5.506
225 6.082
CORN. -Two cubic feet of good,
mainder after the last period is
52
3.732
1104.791
168 5.517
226 6.091
sound, dry corn in the ear will
used, annex periods, of ciphers and
53
3.756
11114.805
169 5.528
227 6.100
-make a bushel of shelled corn.
continue the operation until the
54
3.779
1124.320
1705.539
228 6.109
To -littd, then, the number of
requisite number of decimal pla-
55
3.802
1134.834
I7li5. 550
229:6.1(8
bushels of shelled corn in a crib
ces be obtained. Extract the cube
55
3.825
114 4.848
172 5.561
230 6.126
of corn in the ear, Multiply the
root of both terms of a cowrnovi
57
3.849
1154.861
I73! 5.572
23! 6.135
length, breadth, and height(al) in -feet) together, and divide the
4-«a.cV\oY\ when they are perfect pow- ers; otherwise multiply the numer-
CU
3.870
BIC r
11614.876 i/lEASU
174 5.582 RE. -Us
2316.144 ed for
product by 2. (Sec Bushel, under Weights and Measures).
ator by the square of the denom- inator, and divide the root of the
computing the contents of sol- id substances or volume o f any
CUBE ROOT.- A quantity which
product by the denominator, the
space. It is also called %O\'\^V<\«.'JLS-
being taken three times as a fac-
result will be the root required.
NWC.. For table see under Weijhts
tor, will produce the quantity
To extract the cube root of dec-
and Measures.
of which it is the cube root; thus
imals or mixed decimals, ciphers
CUBIC UNITS. -Standard meas-
4 i* *he cube roo* of 64, because 4x4 x4 = 64. To -find -t-he cube
must be added to fill the periods; if the -root does not contain suffi-
ures of volume. The pr mary cu- bic units are_ — ; cubic yard, cubic
root of a whole riun-iber,_Sep-
cient decimal places, prefix ciphers.
foot, and cubic inch.
arate the number into periods of three figures each, beginning at the right hand; ( the left hand period will often contain tecs
In pointing o-ff a mixed decimal into periods, _begin at the decimal point, and point off in both direc- tions. The following table contains
CURVE. -A line which changes its direction at every point; i.e., no three consecutive points of which lie in the same straight line.
CYLINDER. -Asolid which tnay be generated by revolv- ing a rectangle about one of its sides. This side .is its &x\%.The opposite side gen- erates a single curved sur- face, called thec,cmM«.ii or \«Ae,ta\ i\xittac«. of the cy I- inder, and the two adjacent s ides or ends generate circles call.ed \sa%e% of the cyl.inde-r.The dis- tance between the bases is call- ed the a\V\Vvv&e. To find the con- vex surface of a cylinder, Multi- ply, the diameter by 3.I4I6, a nd this product by the length. To find the solid contents of a cyl- inder,Multiply the square of •the diameter by .7854, and this product by the length.
DAY. -The natural period of time which elapses between two con- secutive transits of one of the heavenly bodies over the merid- ian. (See Day under Business Forms and Terms).
DECAGON. -A polygon of ten
sides and ten angles. If the sides are all equal and the angles equal, it is areg.ular. decaqon,and m.ay be inscribed in a circle. To find the area of a regular decagori, Multiply the square of one ofits sides by 7.6942.
DECAGRAMME. -A French weight of.ten gra.mmes, each gramme being equivalent to about 15.438 grains Troy.
DECALITRE. -A French meas.ure containing ten litres, eq uiva- Ientto6l0.28 cubic inches.
DECAMETRE. -A French meas- ure containing t-en metres, or 393.71 English inches.
DECIMAL. -Any number express- ed in the scale of tens; butadec- imal fraction is generally under- Stood.. A tacYvwaX xAac,V'\OY\ is a, fraction whose denominator is some power of ten; as, >iq, xu>o , ./fooo, etc. Itl writing decimals, it is cormnon to not express the denominators, thus the above fractions would be written, .7, .07, .007. The number of places of figures which follows thedec- imal point indicates the number of O's in the denominator. The &e.c\wa\ ^oVv\V is a period used to separate integers from deci- mals, and when no integers are expressed, the decimal point is placed at the left of tenths' or- der. To write decimals , Write the decimal as a whole number, and place the decimal point so that the right-hand figure shall be of the lowest decimal order to be expressed, prefixing ciphers if necessary. To read decimals, Fead the figures as in whole numbers, and. add the-name of the lowest decimal order expressed. To add or subtract decimals, Write tHe numbers so that the decimal points shajl fall in column, then proceed as in whole numbers. To
•multiply decimals, Multiply as in whole numbers, and in the product point off as many decimal places as are in both factors. To divide decimals. Divide as in whole nu-m bers, and point off in the quotient as niany decimal places as the dividend has more than the divisor
DECIMAL Currency.- A curre-n cy having decimal relations, as the various denominations of the money of the United States, call ed VaiavaX VAo-v\ev>.
DEDUCE.- To infer, or draw a conclusion from given premises The -method of reasoning is call ed oe6.vk.cV\ve, and the conclusion is called a o,ei\vcv'\o-w.
DEGREE. -The 360th part of the circumference of a circle. A be.- o/ve-e o<i Xa.vVt'W.&a is the. length of a portion of a meridian between two points, whose latitudes dif fer from each other by one dearei Owing to the spheroidal form of the earth, the length of a de- gree of latitude is different at different distances -f-rom the
equator. At 20 either north o south latitude, the length of a degree> of latitude is 68.779 stat ute miles; at 25°, 68.821 miles: at 30°, 68. 811 1 at 35°, 68.925 ; at 40", 68. 984; at 4-5°, 69.044; at 50°, 69. 1 04. A fcetyyee ox \OY\ q\t\vi,e is the 360th part of any circle of latitude. The length of a degree of longitude varies with the length o^ the circles of latitude •from the equator, where it is great est, to the poles, where it isnoth- ing. For the length of a degree of longitude at different^ points, See Longitude, under Weights and Measures.
DENARY Scale. -A unirorni scale whose ratio is ten.
DENOMINATE Number. -A num- ber whose unit of -measure is a concrete quantity, as 7 feet, 125 pounds, *40, etc. A %V*v\^\e. &e- wow\-w.a.ite -mvw^e.-* refers to units of only one kind or value, as 135 bushels , 45 pounds, etc. A cow- ^ovtYvo, 6.e-v\OYv\VYva.x,e, -v\ \wv\\3 S.Y re- fers to units of different values
but of the same variety or appli cation, as 5 Ib. 6 or., 10 h-rs. 15 •min, 30 sec., etc. For the ta. bles relating to denominatetmin bers, see under Weights and Meas ures. The ^e/vcawvaqe °^ &e.v\ovr\ Vwax-e* •ttvv//w\\>e,-<% may be obtain ed by reducing them to the low est denomination, or to the dec imal of the _highest, and t h e-r proceed as in simple nu.in.bers.
DENOMINATOR. 7That term of a fraction which indicate1 the value of the fractional unit as 8 in -the fraction %,indicat ing that the fractional unit is }/$. Multiplying the denomina to_r divides the fraction, anil _d! viding it multiplies the -fractio The denominator of a decimal •fraction is generally suppresse<
DESCENDING Series.- One .in which each -term is numerica ly less than the preceding one as 8 : 4- : a : I : etc.
DlACpNAL. -A straight line joining the vertices o-f two angles of a poi- E ygon, which are not ad- jacent, as AC and AD in the polygon ABODE. N
DIAL.- An instru-^ went for deter- mining -the hour of the day , b y weans of a shad- ow cast by the sun. Iri the con- struction o/ a dial, the sun's apparent motion is supposed to be uniform through out the day, and to lake place in a circle whose plane is parallel to the equator.
DIAIWIETER.-For definition and rules for finding, see Circle. The following table gives the diame- ters, areas, and circumferences of circles and sides of squares whose areas coincide with those of the circles. By combining and multiplying, the area of any cir- cle having diameter greater than 10 can also be found.
Diarn Circum. Area.
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.35
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.5
4.75
S.OO
5.25
5.50-
5.75
6.00
3.141592
3.926990
4.712388
5.497787
6.283185
7.068583
7.853381
8.639379
9.424777
10.210178
10.995574
11.780972
12.566370
13.351768
14. 137166
14.922565
15.707963
16.493361
17.278759
18.064157
18.84-9555
0.78539
1.227184
1.767145
2.405281
3.141592
3.976078
4-. 908738
5.939573
7.068583
8.2957S8
9.621127
11.044661
12.566370
14.186254
15.904312
17.72054-6
19.634954
21.647536
23.758294
25.967226
38.274333
0.88623 1.10778 1.32934 1.55089 1.77245 1.99401 2.21556 2.43712 2.65868 I. 88023 3.10179 3.32335 3.54490 3.76646 3. 98802 4.20957 4.43113 4.65269 4.87424 5.09580 5.31738
47
called the VNM'V^QX , the second.the &W\4»-v\&, and the third, the ^vco- V\fcrvV. Any part left undivided, is called the t«,Yv\a.Vn&e,T. To prove the accuracy of the operat'ion,(l) Multiply the divisor by the quotient, adding in the remainder, if any; the result should equal the d i vi-
Oi«-m- Circuiti.
19.63*954.
:o.4:o3s:
21.205750 21.391144 22.776546 23.551934 24.347343 25.132741 25.918139 26.703537 27.488935 28. 274373 29.859372 29.845130 30.630528 31.415926
Area
30.619615 5.53831
33. 1 8307 J 5 .75041 35.784703 ! 5.98203 33.4S4.5JO ' 5.20358 41.181490 6.42514- 44.l7864Si 6. 64670 47.172977 6.8S825 50.2654-?! , 7.08981
53.456161 56.745017 60.132046 63.617251 67.200S30 70.88:194- 74.S6I9I2 78.539818
7.31137 7.53292 7.75448 7.97604 8. 19759 8.41915 8.64071 8.86210
6.23
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.7S
8.00
8. 25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
8.75
JO. 00
DIFFERENCE. -The result obtain- ed from subtracting one sum from another. It is generally un- derstood that the less quantity is to betaken from the greater, but *h« greater may be -taken from the less, the result being a negative quantity. DIGITS. -The ten characters, 1,2, 3,4,5,0,7,8,9, 0, by the aid of which all numbers are expressed DIMENSION. -Extension in one djrection. Every body has three dimensions, Ne-v%()VV\,\>Yaa.ixVv,and VvexgVvv.or^VvxcVrve,**. A jine is extended in one direction, and a surface in two directions. DISCOUNT. -Allowance -made for the payment of -money before it is due. The actual amount to be paid is called the vre*e-nt NI\WC., and the difference between the amount specified and the present value, is. the &\tcownt. Batik dis- count is discount on the entire princjpal. The v^oceeis are the principal less the, bank discount. True discount is discount on such a sum of money as would a.-vwo\x-w>t to the face of the note, if put at interest at the given rate and -for the.given time. The v ew* \No-vvVv is the principal amount less the true discount. MeTCati trie discount is any allowance or per cent off. To compute bank discount, Multiply the amount by y& t-he number of days, including the day of discount and the three days of grace, and in the product point off three decimals. This will give the 'interest at 6?i. For any other rate, add or subtract in pro- portion as the given rate is greater or less than S%.To(i-nd true. discount, Divide the amount by 1.00 pjus the product of the -rate and time; the quotient wijl be the present worth ; subtract this from the amount, and the remainder will be the true discount. (See Compound Interest Tables).
DIVIDEND. -A quantity which is to be divided by another, called the
DIVISION. -The operation of find- ing^om two quantities a third, which multiplied by the first shall produce the second. The first is
dend.(A) Add the excess of 9's inthe remainder to the ex- cess of 9's in t he product of the ex- cess in the divisor, multiplied by the excess in the quo- tient (without the remainder or frac- tional part). The excess of 9's ! n this sum of excess es should eq ual
193)74020^383
w
*
Excess of 9's in retn. =2
Excess hi divbo>4 i- quot. = 5 ., f>T<x).(5»4i =2
Sum of excesses =4
Excess individend'4
the excess of 9's m the dividend. ConvVrac^Virw*. -To divide by 10, 100, 1000, etc., C ut off from the right-hand of the dividend as many figures as there are.c'ohers in the divisor, or -re-
move the decimal point as many places toward the left^as there are.ciphers in the divisor. To divide by a composite number, as 36(9x4), 360(9x4xlO),etc.,Di- vide first by one of the ( actors, and the resulting quotient by an- other factor, and proceed thus till all the factors have been used.^x *w\v^'- Divide 21073 by 96\usin9 factors 8,4, and 3.
Operation. 8I21Q73
4 2634 Rem.l= I unit of 1st dividend. apSSS Rem.2(2*8)l6 " •« t. H2I9 Rem.l
(Ix4«8)= 31
Hence true Rem.*49
DIVISOR. -That factor in division by which the dividend is.to be di- vided. Any number is divisible by 2 or 5 'if the last figure is divisible by 2. or 5 ; i* is divisible by 4 or 25 if the last two figures are divisi- ble by 4 or 25 ; it. is divisible by 8 or 125 if the laft three fiau.res are divisible by 8 or 125 ; it is di- visible by 3 or by 9 if the saw of
ts figures is divisible by 3 or by 3.
DODECAGON.- A polygon
of twelve sides oTftwelve angles. To inscribe a regular dodecagon in a circle, apply the radius six times to the circumference as a chord ; bisect the arcs subtended by the chords, and join each of the points of bisection with the ver- tices of the consecutive angles formed by the chords.
DOLLAR. -A silver coin of the U- nited States whose vaJue is. 100 cents or 10 dimes. The original form of the sign » was proba- bly a barred 8,W signifying 8.^e a\*,the divisions of the Spanish Dollar, adopted as the basis of the United States coinage. Some re- gard the sign as a nio-nogram of the letters U.S.
DRY MEASURE. -Used for meas- uring articles not- liquid, as salt, fruit, grain, etc. For table see under Weights and Measures.
DUODECIMAL. -A_system of num- bers whose scale is 12, the unit of each order being equal to twelve times a unit of the next lower order. The systeni is used by artificers in estimating the $!«• perficial and solid contents o f their work. The following table gives the names of the units: 12 foimhs("") ..make I third.Tnarked '" 12 thirds ....... * I secofidj •> "
12 seconds ..... >i I inch (prime) .. '
l2inches{piT>nes) ,, I foot ...... i ft.
Duodecimals may be added, sub- tracted, multiplied, or divided, like compound numbers, but are chiefly use^d in multiplica- tion. To multiply duodecimals, Write the -multiplier under the •multiplicand, placing units of the same order in column. Multiply, first by the feet, next by the inch- es, and so on, recollecting that the product will be of that de- nomination denoted by the Sum of their indices. Add the several partial products together, and their sum will be the required product. Example. -How -many sq. ft. in a board 9ft. 5 in. long, and 2ft. Sin. wide?
ECCENTRIC. -Two_spheres, sphe- roids, circles, or ellipses, are said to be e,ccev\>iV\c, when one lies within the other, but has ru>t the sama centre. The term is opposed to cp-wcervnAc..
EDGE.- The line in which two fa- ces of a polyedral angle meet each other. The edge of a polyhedron, is the line in which two adjacent faces meet each other.
ELLIPSE. -A curved line.havmg two centres, called its <ot'\, and two diameters, called its •mo.'jor
-'8
and -m°\Y\oir •a.xa.,^. The sum of the dis- tance* from any point in it to two fixed points is equal to the longest diam- eter, which diameter passes through those points. Thus EF + EG=AB.The points Fand (? are the foci ; the point 0 is the centre of the ellipse. To /itid the area of an e 1 1 i pse, Multiply the product of the long- er and shorter diameters bu .7854.
EQUIANGULAR .- Having all the angles equal, as a square.
EQUILATERAL. -Having all the sides equal, as a square.
EQUATION OF, ACCOUNTS.-The process off inding at what time the \>a\a-v\ce. o* «.-v\ •a.ccownv can be paid without loss to either debt- or or creditor. ( It is also called "Averaging of Acco,unts" and "Compound Equation of Pay- ments "). To /i-tid the equated #ime, Assume the earliest date upon which any item of the ac- count becomes due to be the time of maturity for all of the items. Multiply each item, by the number of days intervening be- tween this assumed date and the date upon which it becomes due, and -find the sum of these prod- ucts on,each side o,f the account. Then divide the oAtte.'Yft/wce- be- tween the sums of the debit and credit products by the balance of the account; the quotient will be the time for consideration or average term of credit. When the difference of products and the balance of,the account fall on the %;&.'me- side count fco-vvN'Wo; when on o^os'sv^ sides co unt >>ja.cV.vM-&-Y&; that is, when t he balance of account and balance of interest or discount go to the same party count backward; when they go to opposite parties count forward. Example..
C.-Y.
Due. *
July 3, 1870,200* 2. 440 July I,l870,20nx 0 Oct. I, ». 125x32= 11500 Oct.3, » 150x94=14100
Nov.15, ,, 200x137. 27400 0«20,
Due *
*650 K' 53020+225=262 262 days from July I,
Feb.24-.B7l, W)>238= 33320 -. I, ,. 190x274. 520SO *875 124720 650 657QQ S&225 "5§jJoll8'"',isMaTch20,l87l.
EQUATION OF PAYMENTS.-See Average of Payments.
EVEN NUMBER. -Any number divisible bit 2, as 4, 10, 1 8, etc.
EVOLUTION. -The process of finding one of several equal fac- tors of a. product. It is also called e-xv*«LcVv\\4 vv\«, -voov o4 •&. \ O\N e.-v. It is opposed to Vnvo\\vt\OY\. (See Cube Root and Square Root).,
E XAMPLE,,- An individual or,sin- gle application of a general prin- ciple or rule, 9enerally 9iven to illustrate the nature of the- -rule or it* mode of application.
EXCHANGE. -For definition, tec
under Business Forms. To -find the cost of a draft at sight, Add the premium to the face of the draft, or sub-tract the discount Example. -How much must be paid for a draft of * 1 000 on New York at a "premium of l/i%? \y*% 0^5*1000 = 9.515 premium.
1000 face of draft. 961015 total cost.
To /itid the face, of a,draf t,, *,he cost and rate bein9 given, Divide the cost by 9*1 plus the rate of pre- mium, or SSI minus the rate of discount. Example. -A draft was purchased on Chicago for£3226.05, at a premium of MX, and anoth- er on Denver for 862397.88, »t a discount of .24% . What was the face of each?
I.OO+. 005=1.005)3226.05(3210 face of draft on Chicago. 1. 00-. 0075 = . 9325)0397.88(04-16 face of draft on Denver. (See Foreign Exchange). EXPECTATION. -The value of any chance which depends up- on some continent event. Thus,
if a person is to receive the sum of 46200 upon the occurrence of an event which has an equal chance of happening or failing, the expec tation of the sum is worthsSIOO. If there are three chances of the event's failing, arid only one of its happenin9, the expectation is worth only 4650. Expectation of Li/e.-A phrase applied to the average duration of life after any given age as determinedly the tables of mortality. If it is found from a 9reaf number o-f recorded examples, that of all the individuals who reach the age of 30, the averase remain- inp period of existence is 34.34 years, then is the expectation of life at that age 34.34 years. (See Carl isle Table of Mortality, under Weights and Measures). EXTRACTION OF ROOTS.-The process offindino a quantity, which being taken as a factor a certain number of tittles , will produce a given quantity. (See Cube Root and Square Root).
EXTREME. -In a proportion, the
first and last terms, arc called e.xw«rme.s , the remaining two the 'moft.'w*. When the proportion has but three different *erms, the middle one is a geometrical mean, or a -\n«.Kv\ ^vo^ot *'\o-\r\a\ between the extremes. In the. proportion
3 : 9 :: A- : 12,
3 and 12 are the- extremes, aft* in the proportion
F3: 6:: 6 : 12, 3 and 12 are extremes, andl 8 is a mean proportional between them. Iti a geometrical progres- sion, any term is a mean propor- tional between the preceding arid succeeding term, and if there is an odd number of t«rms,th«tn?d' die- one is a mean proportional be- tween the extremes. Also t he product of the two extremes is equal to the product of any two means equally distant from the extremes. l»» an arithmetical progression, the sum of the ex- tremes is equal to the sum of any pair of terms which are situated at equal distances from tte extremes The sum of the progression is e- qual to the half sum of the extremes multiplied by the •number of terms.
FACE. -The plane surface of any solid.
FACTOR. -A quantity which will divide another is said to be a^& vm of it. To resolve a quantity into its factors, is to,find two or more quantities, which when multiplied together, will produce the given quantity; thus the factors o f 4-2 are 2, 3, and 7 . The vvVvwe, iacVOT* of a quantity are those, factors which cannot be exactly divided by any. other,quan tity except I, which is a prime factor of every number .The pro cess of resolving numbers into their factors is called {acvoVvw) To resolve a number into Us prime factors, Divide thegiven number bu any prime number that will,ex- actly divide it; divide the quotient in t he same manner, a,nd so continue,to divide, until a quotient is ob- tained which is a prime numbc thejast quotient and the several divisors will constitute the prime factors of the given number-lSec Divisor).
FALLING BODIES. -In falling from a height, a body will fall 1 6 feet the first second, three times that distance in the sec- ond, and so on, the space passed over in each successive second in creasing as the odd numbers, 1,5 S,7,9,ll,,etc. The entire space pass ed over is as the square of «he,tirne To find the height from which a body, falls, Multiply the square of the time occupied in falling by 16 and the product will be the height
FIGURE. -A character employed to represent numbers. The follow 1119 are *he Arabic figures: 1,2,3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,0. By prop«r combi- nation these arc sufficient to rep- resent every possible -number. (See Notation).
FOOT.- A linear measure whose length is 13 inches. In other than English speakirig nations, the /not varies from this.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE. -Bills of Exchange are Generally drawn in the money of the country in which they are -made payable. (See Coin, under Wei9hts and Measures, al- so Bill, under _8usiness Forms atid Terms). To find the value of Cterling (English) rti one y, Reduce the shillings and pence, if any, to the decimal of a po and, and -multiply by the given rate per pound. (See Sterling Money). To change U.S. money to Sterling, Divide the given amount by the value of £1 at the given rate. Re- duce the remainder, or the dec- imals in the quotient, if any, to shillings and pence.
FRACTION .- One or -more of tlie equal parts of I. One o-f the e- qual parts is called a <Y*U\oifta\ wm*; thus in the fraction X8, y$ is the -fractional unit. Frac- tions are either covr\-«r\o-n (vul- gar) or &e.cvma\. For the expla- nation of decimal -fractions, see Decimal. Common fractions are those in which the denominator is expressed, and may be anyquan- tity.They are wri tten in the f orm 54, which denotes that the quan- tity .14 is taken 3 timcs.The parts 3 and 4 are called fceYrn* of the fraction, 3 being the -wu.-mfcifa<oY and sho wst how many parts are taken ; 4 is the &e\\on\Vt\«L*oY, and shows into, how many parts the unit is divided. A ^vo^t.-* 4-<at*'\or\ is one in which the numerator is less than the denominators y-\ . An Vwv^To^e-v i-vacVva-n is one in which the numerator is great- er than the denominator^* £i. A vr\\x«& ^racuo-n is an expression corn posed of two parts, one part being entire, and the other frac- tional, as 4%. Multiplying the numerator of a fraction, multi- plies the fraction. Dividing the numerator of a fraction, divides the fraction. Multiply ing the de- nominator of a fraction, divides the fraction. Dividing the denom- inator of a fraction, multiplies the fraction. Multiplying ordivid- mg both terms of a fraction by the same number, does not alter its value. To reduce a fraction to its lowest terms, Divide both terms by any common factor; divide the resulting fraction in the s ame manner, and so on till no num- ber greater than I will exactly divide both terms. Or, Divide both terms by their greatest com- mon divisor. To reduce an im-
proper fraction to a whole or mix- ed number. Divide the nitmeTa- tor by the denominator. To re- duce a whole or mixed number to an improper fraction, Multi- ply the whole number by the de- nominator of the fraction; add the numerator to the product.and write the sum over the denomina- tor. To reduce a whole number to a fraction having a given de- nominator, Multiply together the whole number and the de- nominator, and write the de- nominator beneath the product. To reduce a compound fraction to & simple one, see Compound Fraction. To reduce fractions of different denominators to equivalent fractions having a. common denominator, Multi- ply both terms of each fraction by the product of all the denom- inators except its own. To re- duce fractions of different de- nominators to equivalent frac- tions having the, least common denominator, Find the least
common multiple of thedenom- inators of the given fractions, and multiply both terms of each frac- tion by the quotient of the least common multiple, divided. by the denominator of the fraction.To add fractions, Reduce them to a common denominator; then add their numerators, and place the sum over the common denom- inator. To^' subtract fractions, Re- duce them to a common denom- • inator, find the difference be- tween, their numerators, and place it over the common de- nominator. To multiply a frac- tion by afraction, Multiply togeth- er the numerators for a new nu- merator, and the denominators for a new denominator. To mul- tiply a fraction by a whole num- ber, or a.whole number by a frac- tion, Write I under the whole number for a denominator, and proceed as in last rule. To divide a fraction by a fraction, Invert the divisor; multiply the numer- ators together for a new numera-
tor, and the denominators for a naw denominator. To divide a whole number by a fraction, o a fraction by a whole number, Write I under the whole num ber fora denominator, and pro ceed as in last rule. To reduce a complex fraction to a simple fraction, see Complex Fraction. FRUSTRUM.-A piece or part of a solid separated from the rest, as the frustrum of a pyramid or cone. To -find the solidity of a (rust-ruin, see Cone. FURLONG. -A linear unit of len^t .. equal to 660 feet or % •fa-wife d GAUGING. -The operation of find ing the contents of casks and vessels of any form.>4\\'a.o/e/ is the difference between the.act ual contents of a vessel and its capacity, or that part which is empty. To find the Contents of a cylindrical vessel, Find the contents in cubic inches! see Cylinder), and divide by 2150.42 •for the -measurement in bushels; by 283 for beer gallons, and by 231 for wine gallons. To find the contents of a cask, see Cask. To -find the contents of ullage casks, when the cask is standing Find one-third the sum of the head, mean, and bung diameters, and square the result ^multiply by the height of the fluid in inch- es, and that product by .0034 for wine gallons, and by .0018 for beer gallons.
GENERAL AVERAGE. .-For defi- nition, see under BusinessTerms. To make a claini for General Av erage valid, three considerations are necessary :(l) An imminent common peril and a necessity for some_sacrifice;(a) A volunta ry sacrifice of a part to save the rest; (3) The success of the effort to save a part, as aresult of the sacrifice made. To -find General Average, Divide the to- tal loss subject to average by the sum of the values of the contrib- utory, interests, and multiply each interest by the per cent, thus found.
GEODESY. -That branch of Sur- veying in whjchthe curvature of the earth is taken into account.
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION.-
See Progression.
GEOMETRY. -That branch of Math ematics which treats of the re- lation, properties, and measure- ment of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles.
GOLDEN NUMBER. -Thenumber denoting the yea_r of the cycle.of 19 years, in which the year in question -falls. To -find the gold- en number for any year, Add I to itsnumber in the Christian year, and. divide the sum by 19, the remainder is the gvlden num- ber of the year, unless the remain- der is 0, in wh ich case the oolden number it 19; thus 1854+ 1- 1855;
dividing 1855 by I9,.the remain- der i$ 12; hence, Id is the golden •number required.
GOLDEN RULE.-A name some-
ti-mes given to the Rule of Three, on account of its great practical value and universal use. (See Rule of Three).
GRAIN MEASURE..- TO (M the.
quantity of grain in a bin, wag- cm-bed, etc. .Multiply the height, length, and breadth together, in inches, and, divide by 2150.42; the quotient will be *he number of bushels. To lit*d the quantity of grain when Heaped on the floor in the form of a Co-ne — Square the depth and square the slant height, in inches;take thei-r difference and -multiply by the depth, and this product by .0005, the -result will be the number of bushels. To -find the quantity of grain ,w hen Heaped against a straight wall, Square one-Hal/ the depth. and proceed as in last rule. (See Apples, Bu.shel,and Cornl.
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR.-
See Common Divisor.
GUNTER'S CHAIN.- A chain us- ed for the purposes of land sur- veying. It is 4 rods or 66 feet in length, divided into 100 links, each link 7.92 inches in length, every tenth one. being -marked, for convenience, in counting.The advantage of this mode of divis- ion is, that a square chain or a square link is a decimal frac- tion of an acre, and if the area of a piece of ground be found in square chains and links, it may at once be converted into acres by pointing off a suitable tiiwnber of decimal places.
HAY. -To find the amount of hay in a mow or stack, Find tHe.nu-mber of cubic feet, and divid.e by the number of cubic feet in a ton, as given u.nder Hay, under Weiohts a-nd Measures.
H EC TO -GRAM ME.- A F-rcnch weight of 100 grammes, equal to 3 02. 8 drams 11.9848 grains Avoirdupois.
HECTO-LITRE.-A French weas-
I ure containing JOO litres, equal (o 26 gallons 3 pints.
HECTOMETRE. -A French -meas- ure containing 100 metres, equal to 19 rods 4- yards 2 feet 7.019 in- ches.
HEIGHT. -Any distance estima- ted or measured upwards.
HEMISPHERE. -One of the two equaj parts of a sphere, made by passing a plane through its cen- tre.
HEPTAGON.- A polygon of seven angles, or seven sides. To x — construct a regular hep- f \ tagon, Divide the circum- I / ference o< a circle into \-^ seven equal parts, a-nd draw the chord subtending each arc.
HEXAGONAL. -Having six angles.
•IE X AGON. -A polygon _of / — v six .angles o-r sides. To in- / \
scribe a regular Hexagon \ f
in a circle, Apply the ra- dius six times as a chord, v he resulting figttre will be aregu- lar hexagon.
HEXAHEDRON. -A polyhedron of
six faces, the same as a cube.
HOGSHEAD. -A measure, of ca- pacity, equivalent to 63 gallons of wine, or 54 gallons of beer. When used for tobacco, it varies in the different States from 750 to 1200 pounds.
HORIZONTAL. rParallel to the horizon. A Y\oYvLor\x/a,\ \\rve, is one parallel to the horixon,orto the surface of still water.
HOUR. -A period of time equal to one-twenty-fourth part of a day, or 60 -minutes.
HYPOTHENUSE.-Theside A
of aright-angled trian- /
gle opposite the -right Z- L
angle, as. AC. In a plane triangle the square described up- on the hypothcnusc is equivalent
to the sum of the squares describ- ed upon the other two sides.
IMPROPER FRACTION. -A frac tion whose denominator is less than Us numerator, as ?4- (See Fraction).
INCH. -A -measure of length equal to the twelfth part of a foot.The length of a simple pend ulun-i, which beats seconds In the Tow- er of London, js taken as t he unit, and an inch is 36.13908 of this. This is, in the City Hall o( New York, equal to 35. ioiao of a simple seconds pendul'um.The length of the seconds pendulum serves as the basis of a system of weights and measures.
INCLINED PLANE.— A rigid
surface, sloping at an angle be- tween the horizontal and vertical. To -find the weight which can be raised on the inclined p I ane, Multiply the power by the length of the inclined planc,and divide the product by its perpendicular height.
INCOMMENSURABLE. -With re spect to each other, two quantities
of the same kind are incommen- surable when they do not have a common unit; i.e., when there is no quantity so small that it will be contained in both an exact number of times. Thus,the diago- nal and the side of a square are incommensurable.
INDEFINITE. -Unlimited or un- bounded. A line is indefinite if it is not limited by points, and space is indefinite in all direc- tions, unless limited by asm-face. When the number of terms in a series is unlimited,. as 4,7,10, etc., ad irifiriitu-m, it is called an '\Y\o.exVw\ve. %e.V\e.%.
INDEX.- A number written » — ovc-r the radical sign to de-v!25 note the degree of .the root to be extracted .Thus, 3 in the above denotes that the cube root of 125 is to be extracted.
INFINITY.-A term used to ex press a quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind. It is also the limit or last term of.the series of nat- ural numbers in an arithmeti- cal progression. It is designated by the cymbol co.
INSCRIBE. -To draw within, as one figure within another. A straight line is in- scribed in a circle when. its two entrem- ities lie in the c i r- cum ference, as AB in the circle .ABCOD. An angle is inscribed when its vertex lies in *he circumference, and when its sides form chords of the circle, as ABC, BCD.etc. A pol- ygon is inscribed .in a circle wh«tt all the vertices of its angles I !e in the circumference, as A BCD, ABC, BCD, etc. All regular polygons may E be inscribed
in a circle. A A
quadrilateral may be inscribed wMen the.sum of any two opposite angles is e- .qual to. 180°. A circle is inscribed in a triangle or other polygon, when it is tangent to every side of the polygon, as the circle F&H in the polygons ECB and.ABCO. A circle can always be inscrib- ed in any triangle, and in any quadrilateral, when the sum of two opposite sides isequal to the sum of the other two opposite sides The square and rhomtus are the only parallelograms in which acircle can be inscribed. A polyhedron may be inscribed in a sphere, when the surface of the sphere passes through all its vertices. A sphere may be inscrib- ed in any regular polyhedron, and also in any tria.n9ular pyramid. To find the side of an inscribed efu//atera/ e-rr'anf/e* Multiply the diameter by .866025, or the circumference by .275664.T* .find
61
NVERSE.-Two processes or oper- ations are said to be >'nverse,v*htn one is exactly contrary to the other, or when being performed in suc- cession upon a given quantity, the result will be that quantity; as Ad- dition and Subtraction are inverse operations. For Inverse Propor- tion,see Proportion. NVERSION.-The act or opera- tion of changing the order of the terms. Thus, in the propor- tion, 3 : 9 :: 5 : 15 , by inversion it is 9 : 3 : : 15 : 5. For Inversion of Series, see Series. NVEBT. -To turn or place in a contrary position. Thus the fraction ?4 becomes % when inverted.
NVESTMENTS ANO.DIVIDENDS. To /ind what rate of income will be derived from any^iven invest- ment, Multiply the income by 100, and divide the product (b y the amount invested. To /i-nd the rate of dividend, Multiply the dividend by 100, and divide by the par value of the stock. To •find what rate must be obtain- ed, that a given sum invested may britig a given income, Multiply the given income by 100, and divide the product by the sum in vested. To /itid the dividend on any given number of shares of stock, Multiply the par val- ue of the stock by, the rate of dividend, and divide the product by 100. To /ind what must be paid /or stock purchased through a broker, Multiply the bonds or shares by the rate, and add the brokerage. If purchased on acred it of more than 3 day_s, add in- terest for the whole time. To /ind what sum niust be invest- ed that a given income may be obtained, Divide the required in- come by the rate of income per share, or per* 1 00, for the num- ber of shares or bonds required, and multiply the quotient by the given price. To /itid the par value, when the premium or dis- count is given, Divide the given value of the stock by I increased by the rate percent, of premium, or diminished by the rate percent, of discount.The following table shows the rate of inter- est received on Stocks purchased /torn 25 &, discount to 25% premium : tahanlATE RECEIVEd'ON STOCK BEARING Jfft ,
the side o( art inscribed square, Multiply the diameter by.101106, or the circumference by .525079. NSURANCE.-For definitions, see under Business Terms. T he amoumt of insurance corresponds to the iaselin Percentage), the rate of premium to the per cent., and the premium to the, percen- tage. To -find the face value of a policy that shall insure both the property and the premiums, Di- vide the amount of insurance re- quired on the property by the difference per cent, of the rate of insurance. Most of the or- dinary problems referring to insurance are simple problems in percentage, and require, no further explanation. NTEGER.- A whole number, as 3, 7, 20, etc., as distinguished from a fraction. NTEREST. -Compensation for the use of money or value. The sum for the use of which inter- est is paid, is the Pr/'ncipa/.fhe number of hundredth* of the principal that is paid for its use, is the Rate; as, 6% is ><oo..The sum of the principal and inter- est, is the^mount. Interest on the principal only, is Simple In- terest. Interest on the principal and_on interest for a previous period, is Compound /nterest. - Interest computed by the rate established by law, r» /«£•/ /w- terest . Interest greater ^han legal interest, and prohibited by law, is Usury. When no rate, is mentioned, the legal rate is always understood. (For the le- gal rate in the different States see under Statistical Bureau of the United States). To /itid the time between two dates, omit the day of the date and include the day of maturity. (See Busi- ness Time Tables; see also Time under Business Terms). For a quick and easy method of com- puting simple interest, without the use of fractions, see Instant: tieous Method o^Computing In terest. From this method, the interest on any sum,/ or any time and rate, may be found by simply adding the results ob tained mentally from the tables To find the interest at anyra_te per cent, per annum for any giv- en time, Multiply the principal by the rate, expressed as a decimal the product will be the jnterest /or I year. Mult! ply this jn ter- est by the time expressed in years •TiO fractions of a year; the.re suit will be the interest require* Or, Find the interest for the years as above, and take aliquot
¥irt* for the -months and days, he following brief rules may be preferred by some parsons: At 4- per cent., Multiply the prin
cipal by -the number of days, c ut of the right-hand figure anddivide by 9. At O per cent., Mult! ply by the number of days and divide by 72. At G per cent., Multiply by by the number of days •, cut off the right-hand figure anddivide by S. At 8 per cent., M ultiply by the number of days anddivide by 45. At ff per cent., Multiply by the number of days; cut_off the right-hand figure and divide by 4. At JO per cent., Multiply by the -number of days and divide by 36. For time at which -money doubles at different rates of in- terest, sec Time at which Money Doubles, etc., under Weights and Measures. To find the Principal, when the time, rate per cent, and interest are given, D i v i dc the given interest by t-he interest on ONE DOLLAR for the given rate and -time. To -fi-nd the /?a*e.per cent., when -the principa^ time, and interest are given, 0 iyide the given in-teres* by the inter
est on the principal at ONE percent To /itid the T/'-me, when th« prin cipal, rate, and interest are given Divide the given interest by the interest on the principal for ONE DAY; the quotient will be therequir ed time, in days. To /ttid the Prin c/pa/, when the time^rate, and amount are given, Divide the given amount by the amoun of ONE DOLLAR for the given rate and time.
INTERIOR. -Lying on the inner side. An Interior anp/e of a poly gon is an angle included ^between two adjacent sides and lying with in the polygon.
INTERMEDIATE TERMS. -l-n a progression, all the tern-is except the first and last, which are call ed extremes.
iNTERSECT.-To pass through or cut each other. Two lines inter sect when they cross each oth- er, and have one point in com mon.Two surfaces intersect wher thr.y cut each other, and havo a line, or lines, in common.
"TSTOMts. 000 "9.333
6.250 5.882 5.555 5.263 5.138 5.000 4. 75 1 4.545 4.347 4.166
4.000 4.800
7.500 7.143 6.666 6.316 6.156 6.000 5. 714 5.454 5.130 5.000
7.777 7.263 7.179 7.000 6.66S 6.363 6. OSS 5.833 5.600
10.666 10.000 9.411 8.888 8.421 8.305 8.000 7.619 7.273 6.956 6.666 6.400
12.500
I. Ill
10.525 10.256 10.000 9.523 9.090 8.695 8.333 8.000
INVOLUTION .-Operation of find- ing iny power of a. 9i'ven quan- tity. I* is the reverse of evolu- tion, and is performed by con- tinued multiplication. A Bovv- er it the product obtained by in- volution. The r»tf*, or first pow- er, is the number -multiplied. The different powers derive * he_ir name from the number of times the root is taken as a /actor. The number denoting the power to which the root is to be rais- ed, is the index or exponent of the. power. It is placed on the right a little higher *hati the root. Thus, 2 =2, the 1st power 0/2; S*= 2x2«4,the2d pow er, or square, of 2 ; 23=2x2x2= 8, the 3d power, or cuke, of 2; 2* = 2x2x2x2=l6,the4th p_ow- er of 2; etc. To find a-ny given power of a number, M uUiply the number by itself, till it is used as a factor as many times as there are units in the index of the power.
SOSCELES.-A term ap- plied to a triable, when two of its sides are equal. Thus, in the triable ABC, e AB and AC being equal, the trian gle is isofce/es.tn an isosceles tri- angle, the angles opposite the e- qua) sides are equal, and a line drawn from the vertex of the equal sides, to the middle point of the base, is perpendicular to the base, it bisecting the base, and also the angle at the vertex. KILO-GRAMME. -A French weight of 1000 grammes, equal to pounds avoirdupois. KILO LITRE. -A French measure of 1000 litres, equal to 264 gal- lons I pint 1. 9638 gills. KILO-METRE. -A French measure of 1000 metres, eaual to about ?/B of a. mile.
LATERAL. -Relating to the side. The lateral faces of a prism are those which have a side lying in the perimeter of each base the lateral faces of a pyramid ari those which meet at the vertex. LATITUDE. -The angular dis- tance of a place, on the surface o the earth, from the equator. measured on the meridi aft of the place. (See Degree).
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.-
The least common multiple of two or more numbers, is the /ea.st number that can be divid ed by each without i remainder Thus 35 is the least common -mu tiple of 5 and 7. To / ittd the leas common multiple of two or more •numbers, Write •> 2)4 10 12 14 the numbers in t^2)2 5 S 7 a line,anddivide VI by any prime divis- or of two or more of them,_writing the quotients an< undivided numbers underneath
Divide these resulting numbers by any prime divisor of two or more of them, and so continue until no two of the resulting num- bers have a common prime divis- or. The product of the divisor* and the last resulting number* will be the least common -multiple re- quired. To /iti«J the least common •multiple of several fractions, Re- duce them to their lowest terms; then write the L.C.M. of fheir numerators over theG-.C. 0. of their denominators. .ENGTH.-One of the three at- tributes of extension, generally the greatest horizontal dimen- sion of a body.
.EVEL.-A surface issaid.to be level when it is concentric with, or parallel to, the surface of the sea.
.EVER. -A solid bar turning up- on a pivot, which is called its fulcrum. To /i-Md *he weight which can be moved by a lever, no> ac- count being taken of the wei9ht
430.1 CM
of the lever, M ulti ply the pow- er by its distance from the ful- crum, and divide by the distance of the weight from the fulcrum
LIFE. -Of 100 lives, equally good, any one may expect to live tjll 50 are deceased. This period is called the probable life. The -mean duration of life is found from the tables of -mortality, which jive out of a certain number born, the number living at each successive birthday. (See Carlisle Table of Mor- tality, under Weights and Measures).
LIFE ANNUITY.- See Annuity. To •find the final value of an annu ity at simple interest, Multiply th. interest on the annuity for I year by the number of years less I, and this product by one-half the num ber of years. Then add the product of the annuity multiplied by the number of years. %.xav»^\a.-Wha will be the amount or final value of an a.-nnuiti< of S»IOO for 8 years at 6 ?£ ? So/utiort. -Inter- est on # 1 00 for I year = * 6 ; 6x7 =.42; 42x4 = 168; 100x8-800;
168 +800 = 0968 *W. To find the present value of an annuity at simple interest, Find the final value of the annuity, and then find the present value of that amount. To find the final value of an annuity at compound in- terest, Multiply the amount of ttl, as given in Table 4 (of th* Compound Interest Tables), by the annuity; the product will be the final value. To find the present value of an annuity at compound interest, Multiply the present- worth of ^l, as given in Table 3 (of the Compound Interest Ta- bles), by the given annuity. To find the present value of an an- nuity in reversion. Pi rid tHe present worth of the final val- ue of the annuity from the pres- ent time to the time it term i- nates.^.»»*«\^\e..-A father leaves an income of #500 per year to his son, to commence in Shears and to continue for 10 years. What is the present worth of the legacy, at 6 per cent. ? So/u-tiort. -By Ta- ble 3, present worth of* I for 15 yrs.,*9.7 122 ., ., *l M 5 .. 4.2123 * 5.4999 * 5.4999 x500=*2749.94, Arts.
LINE. -A magnitude w_hich has the attribute of extension, call- ed length, but neither breadth nor thickness. A straight //Tie. is one which does not chan9e its direction between any two of
its points, as - — . .A curved
line is one which changesits direction at every o-ne of i ts
points, as s- . A broken
fine in one ->nade up of lirji- ited straightjines lying indif- ferent directions, as ^ — .
LI NEAR. -Relating to aline. A linear unit is a standard -meas- ure of length, as an Inch, fool, yard, etc.
.INK. -A unit of measure equal to the hundredth part of Guiiter1! chain (which see), which is 7.92
LIQUID' MEASURE.-Used forth* measurement of liquids, such as I iguors, molasses, water, etc. For Table, see under Weights and Measures.
LIQUIDS, PRESSURE OF. -The area, (a) of the base of a regular vessel, the height (H)_of the flu- id in feet, and the weight (-w) of a cubic foot of the fluid being giv- en; required the pressure (p) in pounds on the bottom of the ves sel: for-mu/a.-a'xHX-w=p.Vhe. height (A)-of a colurnn of fluid in feet, and the we.ight.of a cu- bic foot of the fluid being given; required the press ure(p) in pounds of the column per square inch: Formula.. -h Xw + l44*p. The diameter in feet of the ba-se ( 4) of a cylindrical res«rvoir,and the depth in feet (</) of fresh water
contained therein being ai v*n; required the pressure (;>) in pou-nds upon the slaves: f'ormu/a. — 3 X
.ITRE.-A French measure o^ ca pacity, whose volume is equal to a cube whose edge Is Xo of a me- tre, and whose capacity is X>oo of a cubic -metre. If is equal to 61.027+ cubic inches.
LOG, a-nd LOG-LINE. -An in- strument, of the nature of a float,haviri9 & line of about ISO fathoms attached, for determin- ing the velocity of?, ship when passing through the water.
LOGARITHMS^ logj. -Are in- dices of powers, Every number •may be regarded as some pow- er of 10, which is called the base, and logarithms are the indices of these gowers of 10, most of them being proper or improper fractions. Thus the index or logarithm of 1000 is 3, that is, 1000 is the 3d power 01 10: the log. of 251. 19 is about 2.4 or ff, that is, 251. 19 is the 10th root of the 24-th power of 10; 25l.l9.lofr*=IOa-*.
LONGITUDE.- The arc of the equator intercepted between the meridian of a place, and the meridian of some other place /row which lorigitude is reckoned. Longitude is general- ly reckoned from the meridian of Greenwich (near London), but sometimes from the meridian of Washington. For the length of a decree of longitude /or each degree of latitude, and (or con- verting longitude into time, and we* versa, see Longitude, un der Weights and Measures.
LUMBER MEASURE. -s«eBoard
Measure.
AGNITUDE. -Anything that can be increased or diminish- ed, as a line, surface, number, angle, time, space, etc. MARKING PRICES. -For meth- od of marking 9oods,see Mark- ing Goods, under Business Terms. To change the price of goods, •marking them higher or lower, at a certain per cent on the old price, Find the difference between the old and new per cent, of aarri or loss. Divide this by the Old amount or difference percent. the quotient will be the percent advance or discount from the old price. Multiply the old price by the amount or difference per cent. Just found, and the p-ro d- uct will be the required price. - ^x«tw»7\e.-What advance or discount must be made on the Price of cloth marked @*2.60 to secure a profit of 26 ?"S or 14 y, if the present price affords a prof it of 20% ? What is the required price? ,j
Operation.
|.2t>~.2e)-M.20-.05;*2.60xi.05»*2.73. (.20~.t4KI.20=.05;*2.60x .95=*2.47.
MARINER'S MEASURE. -Used in measuring distances at sea. For Table, see. under Weight! and Measures.
MATHEMATICS. -That science which treats of the relations and measurement of quantities, and of the operations and pro- cesses, by means of which these relations are ascertained.
VIEAN.- Lying between, as the mean of two quantities. ATI A- rithrnetical -mea-n, or average of several quantities of the same kind, is their sum divided by their number. Thus the mean of 10,12, 17. and 25 is ^ or 16. A geo-nietr/ca./ mean o ( t w o quantities, is the square root of their product: thus the geomet- rical mean of 2 and 8 is Vi6"-4-. The greater of the given quan- tities is as many times greater than the -mean, as the mean is
greater than the less quantity. In an arithmetical progression, each term is an arithmetical mean between the preceding and sue- ceeding terms. In a geometrical progression, each term is a geo- metrical mean between the pre- ceding and succeeding terms.
MEASURE. -The extent or val- ue of a quantity, in terms of an- other quantity of the same kind, taken as a uni^of measure. The measure of a line is the number of linear units, as f eet, yards,etc., which it contains. The measure of a surface is the number of square units of surf ace, aj square feet, square yards, etc., which it contains. The measure of a vol- ume is the number of cubic u- nits, as cubic feet, etc., which it contains. .(See any particular measure in .its alphabetic order, or under Weights and Measures^.
MECHANICAL POWERS.-Thc mechanical powers are the lever, the wheel and axle, the pu.lleyt the i-nolrned planet the w«</?e,
and the tcrew. See each in its proper order.
MENSURATION.- Thai brmchof applied geometry which relates to the computing of the length of lines, the area of surfaces, a-nd the volume of solids. For infor- mation concerning any particu- lar subject under Mensuration , refer to it under its appropriate title. The following list of titles
will aid in reference:
Acute Altitude Angle Apples, «tc. Arc Area. ' Board Meas'ie Chord Circle
Line Lumber
Mechanical
C'mvmftmct Length
Circular Din? '
Cistern
Cone
Concentric
Convex
Concave
Corn
Cube
Cylinder
Decagon
Diameter
Dodecagon Ellipse
Frustrutn Gauging train Hay
Heiqht
Hexagon Inscribe Lateral
Obtuse
Octagon
Parallel
PaTalleloqr'in
Parallelopip'n
Pentagon
Peri-meter
Point
Pyramid Potatoes Prism
Radius
Rectilineal
Rhomboid
Rhombus
Sector
Seoment
Solid
Sphere
Square
Surface
Trapeiium
Trapeiofd
Triangle
Undeca9on
Vertex
Volume
Weiohts.etc.
Width
Zone
Polygon
MERIDIAN. -The meridian of a place, is the intersection of the surface of the earth, with a plane passing through the axis of t he earth and the place. It is the same as a north and south line.
METRE. -A.French measure of jength, equivalent to the ten -mill- ionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, or about 39.37 inches.
METRIC S Y STEM.- The Fretich system of denominate numbers, having for its fundamental unit the Metre ,and having 10 as the constant ratio in.its scale of no- tation.(See Metric System, w-n- der Weights and Measures').
MIDDLE. -In a. straight line, the(niiddle point is the point which is the same distance from the two extremitie.s; in general, it implies equi-distant from the extremes.
MILL. -I n the money of t he United States, the unit of the lowest denomination, and is equal to the tenth part of a cent, orthe.thousattdth part of a dollar.
MILLION. -A number written thus 1,000,000. It isathousand thousand.
MINUEND. -In Subtraction, the quantity from which another is to be taken. _
MINUS. -The sign of subtrac- tion. I* is a horizontal -m ark. thus -. The number at its right is taken from the one at its left
MINUTE. -In time measure, *h 60th part of an hour, or 1440th part of a day. In angular meas ure, the 60th part of a degree, or 5400th par* of a right angle. MIXED NUMBER OR QUANTITY A number or quantity consist ing of both integral and frac- tional, parts, as I OA, or 10.25 A.I I mixed numbers or quant! ties' can be reduced to the for-tn of simple fractions. \ >• MOMENTUM. -The quantity of motion in a body. To find momentum, Multiply the weigh by the. velocity . Thus,' the -mower turn of a body weighinglS 5 I bs and moving at the rate of 80 feet per second, is 2000 Ibs., i.e. it is equal to the momentum of a bodu.weighing 2,000 Ibs. and moving one foot per secotic MONEY.- For table of U.S. MOD ey, and for the value of foreign coins, see'under Weights and Meas ures.
MONTH. -The twelfth part of a year. The number of days jn each of the calendar months is shown in the Perpetual Cal- endar. The number of days from any day of any onettiontl to the same day of any other month, is shown under Busi- ness Time Tables.A/kwarmonth embraces the.period between two consecutive new -m oons, and is about 2 9, '-3 days in length (Sec Time Table, under Weights an< Measures).
MULTIPLE. -A -multiple of am. number is a number which it will exactly divide, as 24 is a multiple of 2, 3,4, 6, 8,and 12. ^ (See Least Common Multiple). MULTIPLICAND. -In Multipli- cation, the quantity which is to be repeated or multiplied. MULTI PLICATION. -The oper ation of finding the product of two quantities. The product is the quantity obtained by mul tiplying. The -multiplier is the quantity denoting how many times the multiplicand is taken. The mu.ltipjica.nd is the quantity to be mu-lti plied. To prove the accuracy of the operational) Reverse the factors ;(S) Divide the product by one of the factors;the quotient should be the other; (3) Find the excess of 9's in each of the factors, whether two or more. Then find the excess in the product of the excesses in the factors; this should equal the excess in the entire product.^.*- ' .-Multiply 23045 by 70800.
Opera.* i on. 23045 5 Excess.
70800 _£ „ 3<T\3 „
J6I3I5
Pi-od.16315 86000 /
Contractions. -To
by 10, 100, 1000, etc., Annex to the multiplicand as .many cipher1 as there are ciphers in the mult plier. To -multiply by a conveni ent part of 10, 100, I000,etc.,as3> 12/4, \6*3 ,33%, etc., Multiply b 10,100, 1000, etc., and divide the product by the number of times the multiplier has been increased, Thus, to multiply 459. by 33J4, a nex two ciphers, and divide by 3. To multiply when the multipli er is 3 figures, 2 of which can be evenly divided .by the third, then only two partial multiplications need be used. Thus, to multiply 47123 by 328 and by 832: 47123 47123
328 832
first multiply by 8 in each case and then multiply that produc by 4 (which is. equivalent to mu tiplying the original number by 3' 'In multiplying by 8 in each case
put the first figure of the prod- uct under the 8, and in multi- plying by 4(32), place the first figure of -the product under the 2 of the 32. To multiply 2 fig- ures by II, Place the sum of the figures between the figures:thus, 45 X 1 1 = 495 . To -multiply by 5, Add one 0, and divide by 2 ; *o multiply by 15, do *he same, and then add the quotient to the d iv- idend; to multjply by 25, add two O's.and divide by 4;*o -mul- tiply by 75, do the same, and then subtract the quotient from the dividend. To -multipli* by any number ending with9,Mu.l tiply by the next higher -number, and subtract the multiplicand.
MULTIPLIER. -In Multiplication, fhat factor of a product which indicates the number of times which the other factor is to be taken. . .
VIAUTICAL. -Pertaining to nav- igation. A rta.u.tica.1 mile. Is the 60th part of a degree of latitude; it is equal to 69>4 English wiles.
NEGATIVE. -A term applied to a quantity preceded by the neoi tive or minus sign, thus — 14( A result affected by the -irtinui sign, is to be interpreted i-n a sense exactly contrary to wha it would have been interpret had it not been preceded by th minus sign, or by the positive sign (the plus sign +). The op erations indicated by the signs + and — are diametrically op posed to each other, njnd it a quantity in am^partfculaTseti is considered positive, In the op posite sense it should be regard ed as negative. .
NINE.- Among the "rcmarka ble and valuable properties of the number 9, is that made use of in proving^the accuracy
For an explanation of this prop erty, setAddjtion, Subtraction Multiplication, and Division. NOTATION.- The art of rep- resenting or expressing math ematical quantities and opera- tions by means of symbo.ls.The two methods of expressing -num bers,in general use, are the Ara. tic and the /to-matt. Arabic Notation,- By this method mi bers are expressed by one or -more of ten characters or •ff cures. These are 1,2,3,4,5,6/7,8,9,0 Ro-ma-H Notation.- By this method nu-rtibers are expressed by one or more of seven capi- tal letters. These are I,denot Ing one; V, f ive; X, tcn;L,f if ty ; C, one hundred', D,five hun d-red; M, one thousand. Repeat ing a letter repeats .its value, as 111= 3, etc. Annexing a letter to another letter of greater val- ue, adds the two, VI denotes V + I = 6. Prefixing a letter to another of greater value, in- dicates their difference, as IV denotes V -I = 4. A dash or vinculum placed over a letter, denotej_a thousandfold its val- ue, as V= 5000 ; XXV= 25,000. The following ta.ble contains the principal combinations of Roman numerals:
C = IOO
CX=IIO
CC = 200
CCC=300
CD=400
D=500
DC = 600
CM =900
M = IOOO
MD = I500
MDC=I600
MM=2000
1
11
rn
IV
V
VI
VII
VI1I
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
=I4
XVI:
XVII:
XVIII:
XIX:
XX =
XXI = XXX =
xxxv =;
XL. L
LX = 60
LXXX=80 XC=90
XX =20000 M =1000000
55
MUMBER.-Q^uantitti conceived as made up of parts, or the -meas- ure of the relation between quan- tities of the same kind, and an- swers to the question, et How many?" Thus., distance is a quantity^ but if that distance is called 0, the notion is convert- ed into number. A -number is an expression for one or more units. An integra.1 -number con- sists of entire or whoje units, as I, 7, 16, etc. A fractional nitm- ber consists of parts of units, as Yi. , y% , 'J43, etc. A mixed* urn her consists of .integral a.nd frac- tional units being combined, as 4v4, 16 /$ , etc. A concrete or de- nominate number consists of concrete units, as I pen, 6 ox- en, 100 bushels, etc. Ana4»*rac* •number consists of abstract u.- nits, as I, 5, 17, etc. A simp/e number consists of units of only one kind, as 10, 25 pounds *75, etc. A compound number consists of units of different kinds, as IS pounds 10 ounces, 2 miles lOrods 6feet4inches. A prime number i.s one which cannot be exactly divided by any other number except- I, as 1 1, 17, 1999, etc. A composite number is one consisting of the product of the factors of other numbers, as 4, a 5, 1 92, etc.
NUMERALS ..-The characters by means of which numbers are expressed, as figures in the Ara- bic notation, and letters in the Roman.
NUMERATION.-The artof read- ing numbers, when expressed by means of numerals. For the con- venience of reading numbers, then are separated into periods of three places each as per table.
number of fractional u-.nits that are ta.ken. (See Fraction). OBLATE. -Flattened or depress- ed. If .an ellipse be revolved about its minor ax-is, the volume gcn- era.ted is called an oblate, sphe- roid. The earth being flatten- ed at the poles, and protruded at the equator, is in the form of an oblate spheroid.
OBLIQUE. -Dcviat /D
ing from the per- ^_ —
pendicular. Thus the line BD is oblique to the line AC. A-n oblique, angle. \ s one either greater or less than a right angle, the angles DBA and DBC both being oblique an- gles. An oblique tri 'angle is one in which all the. angles are oblique. An oblique cylinder- or cone is one whose a-xis is oblique to the plane of its base. OBLONG. -A rectangle whose adjacent sides are unequal. In general, any body or.vol.u-me which is longer than it is wide.
equal to each other. THe angle at the center, ACB, is 45", and the angle at the vertex of any angla ACO, is 135°. The area of a regu- lar octagon, whose side is l,isequal to 4.8284271.
OCTAGONAL. -Pertaining to an octagon.
OCTANGULAR. -Having eight an
OCTANT. -The half of a quadrant, or the eighth part of a circum- ference of a circle.
OOO.-Not divisible by 2 with- out a remainder. The alternate numbers beginning at I , as I, 3, 5, 7, etc., form the series of odd numbers.
OPERATION. -Something to be done, as a transformation to be. made upon quantities. Such transformation is indicated ei- ther by rules or by symbols. (See Symbol).
OPPOSITE ANGLES.- o^./" Angles lying on.oppo- ^xJr^e site sides of two inter- * secting lines. Thus,*h« angle* ACO and ECU are opposite.
OUNCE. -A unit of weJ9ht. In avoirdupois weight, it is the six- teenth part of a pound, and con- tains 437/S grains; in Troy weight, it is the twelfth parr of a pound, and contains 480 grams. >VAL.— A figure resembling an ellipse, or egg-shaped.
PAR VALUE. -The full value represented on the face of a. note, bond, or other certificate of property. (See Par, under Bu- siness Terms).
PARALLEL. -Having the same di rection,and equi-dis- - tant in al.l parts.Two straight lines are parallel toeach other, when they lie in the same
Penodof Period** PtriodW Pr'odof Periodtf Periodof Period ef RrriodV Period i/IWodo/ feriodof Period Period Period of Periodof fcriod of Period o/ DecilCs. Noimill*. Octill's. S»p»i^ Swill's. Qumill's. Quadrilft. Trillions: Billions. Minions. Thous'ds. of Units. Thous'lhiMill'ths. Kll'ths. Tnll'ths. ^adrilPtrs
Xl^o Xt^z XI^O xHtn ££(/> iHOf xHtf X^V^ Xr-CD Xr~2i xHt- Xt^D r-Xr- t-i5 Px'cn £xr- K X tf 000000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.000 000 000 000 000
direction, and are therefore con- tained in the same plane, and cannot touch or intersect,how far soever «he.y be extended. Three or more straight lines are paral- lel to each other when they have the same direction. Two or more circles are said to be parallel to each oth- er when they art ccncmtric.
To read an 9 number, Determine the order and name of each sig- nificant figure in the number to be read; then begin at the left hand and name the significant figures in each period, together with their relative unit value, and add the name of the period . NUMERATOR. -The term of a fraction which indicates the
OBTUSE. -Not point
ed, sharp, or acute. -
An obtuse angle is
an angle greater than a righ*
angle, as ABD. OCTAGON. -A polygon
of eight sides or angles.
A regular octagon is
one whose sides and
angles are respectively
56
*rm« of «e*f le-ment, and add the sutti of the interest thus found to
the sum of the payments. ///. De- duct the sum of the payments and the Interest therco-n from the amount of principal and interest, and the difference will be t He balance due.
The Vermont Ru-le Is the same as the Merchant*' Rule, except in the latter,settlemetit is -made not later than a year a/ter the date of the no re, while in thefor-nier, settlement is not made until the final adjustment of the account, which may be less than a yea-r, or many years. The difference between any two of the three rules may be seen from the fol- lowing Exa-tiiple: — A -note of $£1000 runs 4 years a* 8?>o inter- est, on which were made quar- terly payments of® 50. What was the amount due at settlement? , &440.82 432.23 400.00
PARALLELOGRAM.-/* quadri- lateral whose opposite 3 — J^ic side? are parallel, and al-yU^i,/! so equal. If one angle of a parallelogram is a right angle, all the other angles are also right angles, and the parallelogram is a f*o£cn0A,M ABCD. If two ad- jacent sides of a parallelogram are equal, the figure is a rhombus^ if, in addition, the included angle is a right angle, the figure is a square. I* a parallelogram is oblique-an- gled, it is a rho-mtoid, E FCD.The area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base by its altitude-.
PARALLELOPIPEDON.-A polyhe- dron bounded by six /- - * parallelograms.The \ solid is a rectangular [ '.. ..'j.>;C.'i^ parallelopipedon, if the parallelograms are rectangles. If they are squares, it is a c«Ac. The area of a parallclopipedon is equal to the product of its length, breadth, and thickness.
PARTIAL PAYMENTS.- Pay- ments made at different tin-ies of part _of a note, bond, or other obligation . These payments should be indorsed upon the back of the •note,, bond, etc. _The foil owing rule for computing interest when par- tial payments have been made has been adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States, and by several of the States, and is called
The United States Rule. I. The rule for casting interest when partial payments nave been wade, is to apply the payment, in the first place, to the 'discharge of the interest due. //. If the pay- ment exceeds the interest, the surplus goes towards discharging the principal, and the subsequent interest is to be computed on the balance of the principal remain- ing due. ///. If the payment be less than the interest, the surplus of interest must not be taken to augment the principal; but inter- est continues on the for-mer prin- cipal until the period when the pay- ments,taUen together, exceed the interest due, and then the surplus is to be applied towards discharging the principal, and interest is to be commuted on the balance as aforesaid.
Among merchants where it is customary to make settlements yearly, or o/tener, the following rule is much used by them, an d is called
The Merchants' Rule. I. Find the interest on the prin- cipal from the time it becomes due to the time of settlement , and add it to the principal. //. Find the interest on each payment from the time it was -made to the
It will be seen by the above exam- ple that, for periods longer than one year, fche United States Rule is most favorable to the credit- or, then the Merchants' Rule, after which the Vermont Rule; while the_y favor the debtor i-n the opposite order.
PARTNERSHIP. -For definitions
and forms, see under Business Forms and Terms. To /itid each partner's share of the gains or losses, when the shares are in proportion to the investments, Place tHe amount invested by each partner as a numerator, and the whole capital ofthefir-m as a denominator: the several fractions will express each part- ner's share. Then multiply the gain or loss by the fraction ex- pressing each partner's share, and the product will be h is share of the gain or loss.%xwv- V\*.- A, B, and C formed a part- nership. A invested * 6000 , B 9*5000, and C $63000. Their pro/-
its were 95600, to be divided In proportion to their capital. What was each partner's share? Operation.
share. 5600xf -«4«, A'sgain.
g .3
5600xjf=*UOO,C's
Another method is To multiply each partner's capital by the per- centage which the gains or loss- es may be of the capital of the firm. Thus
#5600 -40% of * 14000. * 6000 X40 X =#2400, AHnht »2000,B's »»
To littd each partner's interest at closing: /. Find the firm's net capital or net insolvency at commencing and at closing. //. Find the firm's net gains or net losses, and each part- ner's share. Trien,///- To each partner's original investment add any additional investments or sums to which he may be en- titled, and his share of the net pains, if an_y; also deduct t_he amounts withdrawn by him, and obligations assumed by the firm for him, and his share of the net losses, if any. If the original agreement entitles him to any other sum, or makes him responsible -to the ffrtn for any sum, add or subtract, as the'case may be
PENTAGON. TA poi
ygon of five sides or five angles. A regu- lar pentagon is one whose sides and an- gles are all equal each to each, and -may be inscribed in acircle.
PENNY-WEIGHT. -A unit in Troy weight, equivalent to /4o of an
PERCENTAGE. -A general desig- nation for all processes involving the method of reckoning by the hundred. The result obtained by taking a certain per cent, of a number is called the Percentage. The number on which the per- centage is reckoned is called the Base. The sum of the base and the percentage is the Amount. The excess of the base over the
i percentage is the Difference. The number used as a multipli- er in obtaining any required per cent, of a given number, is the Rate. To find the percentage, the base and rate being given, Multiply the base by the rate
| expressed decimally , or remove the decimal point two places to the left, and multiply the result
57
by theratc.^E.xvmv\».-What it 4% of H6T4.50?
1st Method- 2d Method.
*674.50 « 6.7450
• 26.9800 » 16.98 00 To /ind the rate, the base and percentage being given, Annex two c.iphers to the percentage and divide by the base^X's^w^a. What rate per cent, of 400 is 24 ? 2400*400 = 6. Arts. 6$f. To /ittd the base, the rate and percentage being given, Annex two ciphers to the percentage and divide by the rate.tx«w\yto'-What is the number of which 300 is
6 o y? ? 300 oo -r eo=soo A ns. To fi-nd the base, the rate and the amount, or the rate and difference being given, Divide the amount by I increased by the rate per cent, (expressed decimal- ly). Divide the difference by I diminished by the rate percent, (expressed decimally). ^.xi-w^Vis.- 600 is 20 % rciore than what
What number diminished by 3.0 °7» of itself equals 4-00? 4-00 ±.8O~5OO Arts.
Formu/as.
P«rcet»-f. = base\rate percent. Rate pet cent. = per cent.-f base. Base = per cen t. -f rate per cent. P, JArnount-fl I -(-rate percent.). = iDifference-KI -rate percent.).
PERCH. -A unit o* measure for surfaces. It is a square rod, and is equivalent to 30.1-4 square yards, or 272^4 square feet. It is used chiefly in land measurino.
PERIMETER.- The line * ha* bounds a plane figure. In a pol- ygon its length is equal to the sum of all the sides of the polygon.
PERIOD. -In Numeration, a group of three orders, as Peri- od of Units, Period ofThousanls, e*c- In Extraction of Roots, a number of -figures considered together.
PERMUTATION. r The results
obtained by writing any num berof factors in every possible order, so that each shall enter every result and enter it but once. Thus, the two letters a. and b can be placed in only two positions, at and ^a.. The three letters a, t, and c can be placed, in 6 different positions. The first four letters of the al- phabet can be placed in 24 dif- ferent positions, and the 2.S letters of the alphabet admit of 4-0329 146 1.I26605S35,58400C1000 d i/fer- •nt positions. To find any. re- sult in permutation, Multiply together the numbers, 1,2,3,4, etc., from J to the given num- ber; .the latt product will be the required result.
PERPENDICULAR. -One straight
line is perpendicular to another straight line when they meet so as to make the two angles formed equal. Thus A B and DC are perpendic- ular to each other. Straight lines and curved, straight lines and planes, places and planes, etc., way be oerpendicular to each o*he*. PERPETUITY. -The sum of money which will buy an annuity to last forever. To /ind any perpetu-ity, Multiply the annual payment by the reciprocal of the rate pet cent. at which the perpetuity is compu- ted. ^.X»\Y\\\«..- What is the value of a perpetuity of*IOO per an- num at 5 % ? Solution.- 5 ^ = .Xioo ^Xo ; the reciprocal of At
= a>f : * 100 X^T=» 2000 /Ins. PERSPECTIVE. -Such a represen- tation of an object upon a sur- face as shall present to t he .eye, situated at a particular point, the same appearance that the ob- ject itself would present, were
the surface removed, PlLINGSHOT-
Shot, shells, etc., are gen erally piled in regular piles of a pyramidal or wedged-shaped form. The piles are named from the form of their bases, square, recta-nau/ar, and triangular. To ^itld the num- ber of balls in any. pile, Add to the number of balls in the longest side of the. base the. number in the parallel side opposite, and also the number in the parallel top row; multiply this sum by one- third of the number of balls in the triangular face of the pi Ic, and the result will be the num- ber of balls in the pile.^X'a.w^Ne..- How many balls in the a bove pile? So/ution. -The number in the longest side of the bate, is 6; in opposite parallel side, 6; in par- allel top row, I ; in triangular
face of pile, 21, one-third of which is 7; 6 +6 +1= 13; !3x7=9Mw.
PINT, -A unit of measure, equiv- alent to */* of a gallon, or 28 /* cubic inches.
PLANE.- A surface o/such nat- ure that, if any two points be taken and joined by a straig.ht <ina, that line will lie wholly in the surface.
PLUMB-LINE. -A I inc.or string, having a weight attached, and used for the purpose, o/ ascertain- ing a ver*!ca.l direction.
POINT. -Position without ex- tension, it haying -neither length breadth, nor thickness.
POLE. -A unit o-f measure, equiv- alent to I6X -feet, or 5'A yards.
POLYGON. -A plane figure bound- ed by straight lines. These lines are called the sides of the poly- gon, and the points in which they meet are called vertices of the polygon. Polygons are class- ified according to the number of their sides or angles. The follow- ing table exhibits the angles and areas of all the polygons, upto the dodecagon, viz., the angle at the centre, tHe angle of the polygon, and the area of the polygon when each side is I :- No.of Naine of A«9le Anfof Sides. Polygon, atcciu. PoluV
Triangle
Square
Pentagon
Heragon
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon
Decagon
0.4330127 1.0000000 1.7204774 2.5380762 .6339124 4.8284271 6.1818242 7.6942088 9.365S399 11.1961524
Undecagon Dodecagon 30 150 To /ind the area of any regular polygon, Square the side, and -mul- tiply that square by the area in that part of the fifth column of preceding table corresponding, with the number of sides. To fi-nd the area of an irregular poly- gon of four or -more sides, Divide the figure into triangles by diago- nals connecting some one angular point with each of the ot hers; then compute the area of each triangle, and find their sum.
POLYHEDRON. -A solid, whose sides or faces are polygons. The lines in which the faces meet are called e</ocs, and the vertices of the polyhedral angles are call- ed vertices of the polyhedron. A regular polyhedron is one whose faces are regular polygons.
POSITIVE. -A term applied to a quantity affected with the sign + . (See Negative).
POUND. -A unit of weight, as a pound Troy, a pound Avoirdupois, etc. A Troy pound contains 5760 grains, and an Avoirdupois pound, 7000 grains. A cubic inch
5H
TABLE OF PRIME NUMBERS TO 6000.
To ttsc the table, look for the re
qu red thousand over one of the sub tables, then under it look for the requir- ed hundred, /ol lowing down the colunm, if the remain ing figures of the number occur, it is pri-me;o*her- wise,-not:.tw.w9\«..-339l is prime; 3397, not.
of distilled wafer, at 6J° Fahr., the barometer being 30 Inches, weighs 252.458 Troy grains, which is taken as the unvary- ing standard of comparison. A Pound is also a unit of curren- cy in the British, and several other foreign systems; the Brit- ish pound sterling being equiv-
to 6000. The Prime Factors of a number.are the prime num- bers that will exactly di_vi«te_it. To Tesolva a number into its prime factors, see Factor. PRINCIPAL.-Thenawe given to a sum of money put out at in- terest. See Interest. PRINCIPLE. -A self-evident truth, or one which has been proved. 'RISM.- A solid whose sides A or faces are parallelograms, /A and whose ends or bases j, are equal and para 1 1 e.l polygons. A prism is tri- p! angular, quadrangular, \J\ pentagonal, etc., accord- «- ing as its bases are triangles, squares, pentagons, etc.To fitid the entire surface of any right prism, Multiply the perimeter, or circumference of the base, by the height, and to the product add the area of the two bases. To fl-nd the solidity of a prism, Mul- tiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height.
PROBABILITY. -i-n the doctrine
of chances, the likelihood of the occurrence of an event. If a small cube be thrown into the air, it will necessarily fall upon one of its si* faces, and the prob- ability of its falling upon any one face is said to be !4 , and the prob- ability that a given face wjllnot turn up is ^/6 • The following are different phases of probability : ./".Probability of the occurrence of one event out of any given number. II. Probability of *He simultaneous occurrence of two or wore events. !!!• Probabili- ty of successive events occurring in any given order. I IT. Proba- bility derived from erperience.
0
1000
alent to about &4-.8S.
gss
§g|gsss
g,gg:glS!8§
°^
POWER. -See Involution.
1 2 3 5 7 II 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97
1 3
7 9 13
37 31
37 39 A3 51 57 63 67 73 79 81 91 93 97 99
II 23 27
29 33 39 41 51 57 S3 69 71 17 81 83 93
1 II 13
n
31 31 41 49 53 59 61 13 79 83 89 91
1 9 19
21 31 33
8
49 57 61 63 S7 79 87 91
!
21
2?
41 47
57 63 69 71 77 87 92 99
1 7 13 17 19 31 41 43 47 53 53 61 73 77 83 91
197 311 II 1921 19 27'23I29 33'27!37 392941 433947 515353 5757^67 6l59i7l 636371 737783 8181(91 91 83S1 ..87..
3 13 19 21 31 33 39 43 51 61 63 69 81 91 93 97
3 1
Mia
17117 2323 2929 5131 5337 6349 7159 8177 8779 93:83 ..83 ..91 ..37
3'
7 19 21 27 61 67 73 SI 99
23, 27' 29 33 39 47 51 fj
59 71 81 83 87 89 93
1 23 31 « « 53 59 51 71 79 83 31
••
1 (
7Q
92' 123 194 21 k' 27 15 375 57,7 638 678 698 93. 91. 99.
1 II '
23 1:
313
!4i3:
6I4C 675 717' 737' 77 ff 1799 S93" ..9
method of applying arith-met- ical -rules to questions which oc- cur in trade and business. It is a particular case i-n the use of aliquot parts and of t H e Rule of Three, in which the first term is 1. To solve any problem according to this method, Take the sum o/such aliquot parts of the given num- ber of things, as the piveit price is of the- u.nit of currency of the next Higher order,arid the result will be the. price of the thing internis of that u.ni*. ^.x.'WYV^Ne.. - Required the cost
F1 — ^^'^^•'-'''^ — ~~~~v^&^i-'i
IF\^ Jw
Dl np^
• t*-^^- Tl°cVDS,TH-: '— -1
20
0
0
3001
>
\\ofrf$L:£&3-
§
§:§
S
I
a
S
ggss
V /^:-:»'
3 II 11
27 29 39 53 '62 69 81 S3 81 89 99
II 13 22 31
37
49 43 53 Gl 79
!
13 21 37 39 43 51 67 69 73 81 87 93 97
9
31 39 41 47 51 57 71 17 81 83 89 33 99
II 11 23 31 41 47 59 67 73 77
3 21 31 29
43 49
51 57 79 91 93
9 17
21 33 47 57 59 63
?!
33 37 89 33 99
,:
13 19
29 31 4 49 53 61 11 89 91
9!
1 3 19 3; 37 43 51 51 61 19 81
!
S
n
27 39 53 51 63
76? 93
1 ll
19 23 31 41 49 SI 61 73 83 89
9 19 21 37 63 67 69 81 81 31
,•
29 51 53 57 59 71 99
I
19 23 29 31 43 147 59 61 11 73 89 91
13 33 49 51 SI 63 67 69 91 99
II 17
21
29
J3
39 41 47 51 59 11 81 83 93
T|
13 111 23'2 3 3 373 436 59|6 IIS 131 119 919 97.
3
3:211 j!23l 7331 3472 3;5I2 1533 7634 9114 3816 3898 J.. .
of 24 yards of muslin at 12/i cts. per yard.5"o/«^/bw.-A* ^ 1 a yard it is worth .^24.00. A* 12/^1 cts. a yard it is worth on ly Yz of S3»24.00, which is*3.00 PRESENT WORTH. -The Pres- ent Worth of a debt payable at a future time without inter- est, is that sum which, at a
probability, Divide the number of favorable chances by the whole •number of chances, both favor- able and unfavorable, and the quotient (which is always in trie form of a fraction) will be the probability. . > PROBLEM. -A question propos- ed for solution. To solve a prob- lem, is to find such a val ue or values as will satisfy the given conditions of the problem. To state a problem, is to translate the conditions of the problem in- to mathematical language. PROCESS. -Course of proceed- ings or operations. PRODUCT.- The amount or result obtained by taking one number or quantity as many times as there are units in another.The co-nt/Tiued product of any num- ber of factors is the result ob- tained by multiplying the first .factor by the second, that result by the thi-rd. that by the fourth, etc., until all the •factors have been used.
4000
5000
specified rate par cent, for
0
|
ijlljiililjlfl
i_> o§§So§c
?§§
the s a rue time, would amou/n to the debt. To find the pres-
1 3 7 13 19 21 21 49 51 57 13 79 91 93 99
II 27 29 33 39 53 57 53 77
[(27 9 D312I 173923 134941 29,5l|47 31 63'5I 4 73:51 439 '63 5331 81 59I..83 KH..I93
1=!
B9i.. .. 97....
7
13 n
19
23 41 49 SI 67 83 31 91
i
31 39 43 43 51 51 63 13 19 91
3 21
23 29 33 51 59 83 81 89 93 99
!l 13 17 31 61 71 71 89
••
3
19 31 3" 31 43 51
fl 69 13 81 93 33
~3
9
21
23 39 51 59 77 81 81 99
7 13 19 41 53 61 1 19 89 31
9
27 31 33 31 61 13 19 81 91
3
9 23 33 41 51 81 81 93
"
1\ '
iia
IT1 1919 3121 3121 4 '31 4351 4963 1169 1113 19181 82j3l
23 391 41 1 473 514 534 514 591 698 83;3 89. 33.
1 1 12 7132 121? U15 3398 94? 8 949. 351 . 59!. . 6I;. .61. .83. .19. .811. .57,.
ent worth, Divide the given debt by the amount of *I.OO for the given time, atthegiv en -rate per cent.^t*»\v\^\«..- What is the Present Worth of 922.4, due two years hence, without Interest, money be- ing worth 6 <?i per annum? So/ut!on.-~\ne. amount of* I for 2 years, at 69* , is $* 1.12 : «2244-ttl.l2 = »200 Ans. PRIME.- A -number is prime when it cannot be exactly di- vided by any other number ex cept I. See the table at the left for all the prime numbers up
60
PROFIT AND LOSS. -/»«>//> it any
gain realized from an increase or appreciation of value m com- modities, or any other property iofs is *He amount which the selling price of any commodity, or other property, is less.than its cost; also any depreciation in value. To -find the gain or loss, when the cost and rate per cent, are given, Multiply the cost by the rate per cent., expressed decimally.^x».Y»\^\«.*.— Cloth costing &250, was sold at 15% advance. What was the gain? Solution. -#250 X.I5=«37.50 Arts. A bale of cotton costing & 8 0, was sold at 8 °7<> loss. What was the loss? $o/ut/orf.-&8QX.<!B = V6.40 Arts. To litid the -rate percent, when the cost and 9ain or loss are 9! ven, Divide the gain or loss by the cost, and the quo- tient, expressed in hundredths, will be the rate per ccnt-Vi^-m V\fe. -Cloth costing %4 a yard, was sold /or **5 a yard. What was the gain per cent. ? Solution* - »l(thegain) ^- #4 (the cost) = .25 or 25 9S Ans. To/ind the cost when the gain or loss and the rate per cent, are given, Di- vide the gain or loss by the rate per cent., expressed decimally. - tmnw^tt.— Cloth sold at a gain of tt I per yard, pays a profit of 25 % . What was the cost per yard? Solution. -&\. 00-K25 = »4.00 Ans. Tp find the cost when the selling price and the rate per cent, of gain or loss arc given, Divide the selling price by I plus or -minus the rate per cent. ^.xTi-w^Xe,.- Cloth sold at #5.00 a.yard, pays 25 % prof- it: required the cost price per yard. £W«*/<m.-»5.00-H.25 = »4.00/fw. Formulas. Cain or loss = cost X rate 94 . Rate, per cent. =oain or loss -r cost. Cos* =gam or loss -r rate 2%. Cos*.= selling price -r/ 1-*- rate y,. «\l-rate%.
PROGRESSION. -A series in which the terms increase or decrease according to a uniform law. An Arithinetiaa.1 Progression is a series which Increase or decrease by a c.oYv\\\\or\ &'\tiftYe.\\ce,.Thus, 1,4,7, 10,13, etc., is an V-ntvaa.*- vno, %»V\«.», while 20, 17, 14, 1 1,8, 5, etc., is a tacYeaiVrnq, *erte.t.The numbers forming the series are called tertns \ the first a-nd last terms are the extremes, and the other terms, the means. To find the sum of all the terms of » series, when the extremes and •number of terms are given, Mul- tiply the sum of the extremes by the number of ter-ws; half the product will be the sum of the series. \.X'W»\^\«..-How -many strokes does the hamtner of a
clock strike in 12 hours? Solu- tion.- I 4 II (theextremes)~l3; 13 X I2(number of ter-mrt= (56; 1 56 -fa =78 Aits. To find the common difference, when the extremes and the number ef terms aregiven, Divide the d ifference of the extremes by the number o< tertns less one; the quotient wil be the common difference. *.x*w V\ft.-The first term of a series is 3, the last 300, and the number of terms 10: what the com.dif.? Solution.- 300-3 = 297; 297 -r 9=33 Ans. To find the last term when the first term, the com- mon difference, and the tmmber of terms are given, Multiply the common difference by thetiit-m ber of terms less one; if an in- creasing, series, add the product to the first term; if a decreasing series, subtract the product from the first ter-m. ^.xaAnrx^Vfc.-The first term of an increasing ser- ies is 2, the common difference 3, a-nd the number of tertns 50;
what is the last term? Solution. -3X4-9=147; 147+2 = 14-9 Ans. A Geometrical Progression is a series increasin9 by a constant multiplier, or decreasing by a con- stant divisor. Thus, 2,4, 8,15,32, 64, etc., is an \YvcYci%Vv\Oy qeov^e*. VtcMVte-t, while 64,32,16,8,4, etc., is a teewMMM MMMttfo w \as.The constant multiplier or divisor is called the ratio. To find the sum of all the terms of a geometric se- ries, Multiply the greatest term by the ratio; from the product sub tract the least term, and djvide the -remainder by the ratio less l.te.x«.Yv\9\e.- John Jones gave to his daughter on New Year's day 4tl; he doubled it on the first day of every -month for a year: what sum did she receive? Solution. -The ratio is 2; the least term I; the greatest term 2048 (found prais- ing the common ratio to a power whose decree is one less than the number of terms, and, multiply- ing the Is* term by it. (2" XI =2048).
2048 X2 = 4096;4096-l=4095: 40954-1 = 4095 ; Arts. #4095. • -i PROOF. -Verification of a rule, or of the accuracy of an operation. In -many operations a converse rule will verify the accuracy of the work. For proofs of Addition. Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, see each of these subjects PROPORTION. -The relation which quantities of the same kind bears to another, with respect to mag nitu.de or numerical value. An equality of ratios (see Ratio) is a Proportion. Thus, 3 : 6 : : 9 : 18 expresses that the ratio between 3 and 6 is the same as between 9 and 18, and is read, 3 is to 6" as 9 is to 18. The first and fourth ter-ms are called the extremes; the second and third, the -rrtea-HS. The product of the -means always equals the product of the extremes. Simple Proportion (or Ru-le of'Thrw is an equality of two ratios, and consists of four terms. Three of the -members of a proportion be- ing given, two of them ttiustb* of the same kind, and_the other must be of the same kind as the. fourth term, or answer. Hence, To fttiti any required term of a proportion, PI acc_the number of the same denomination's the answer sought, for the third term. If the answer is to be greater than the third term, place the greater of the other two numbers for the second tertn, and the less for the first. If the answer is to be /esrthan the third term, place the less of the other two numbers for t he second term, and.the greaterfor the first. Reduce, if necessary, the first and second tertns to the same denomination, and if the third term is a compound number, re duce it to the lowest term men- tioned in it. Then divide the product of the means by the knowr extreme, or divide the product of the extremes by the known mean; the quotient will be the* term re- quired. ^.x*.V(\^\e,.-lf 25 barrels of flour cost $165, what will 35 barrels cost? So/ution.-
25 : 35 ::«IS5: (Answer). 9*165 X 35 =» 5775 ; *5775-f 15 = «23I Ans. A Compound Propor- tion is one which involves two or more simple ones. All of the terms of a compound proportion appear in couplets, except otie, which is always of the same kind as t he answer sought. To find any re- quired term of a compound pro- portion, Write the number which is of the same kind, as the answer sought, for the third term. Ar- range the two terms of each ra- tio separately, as t'n simple pro- portion. Then, if an extreme term be required, it will be equal to the
CO
face of a pyramid, or its solid! ty, sec Cane.
Gl.UADRANGLE.-A figure havino four angles and sides.
QUADRATIC. -Denoting a square or pertaining to it.
G^U ADR I LATERAL, -A polygon of four sides, or four angles. See. each of che following,: Trapezi- um, Trapezoid, Parallelogram, ffec tangle, Rhomboid, Square, Rhom bus.
QUADRUPLE.- Four times, as the qw.adru.plc of a given area is an area four times as much.
QUANTITY. -Any thing thatcan be i-ncreased, diminished,or -meas- ured; as, number, space, time, etc. A Unit of Qu is a standard of -measure,prcow putatiqn, used for deter-m in ing or indicating^.^77/; weight, i/a/ue, duration, and intensity-
Gl.UART.-A unit of measure e- quivalent to 2 pints orx^gal- lon; also 57?4 cubic inches.
QUARTER. -in avoirdupois
quotient of the product of the means divided by the product of the known extremes, and if a mean term be required, i t will be equal to the prod- uct of the extremes divided by the product of the known means.Vx- a\w^\e..-lf 12 'men in 30 days of 10 hours each earn ^270 , how many dollars will 1 8 men earn in 36 days of 12 hours each? So/ u t /' off.
12 : 18 :: 270 :( Answer)
30 : 36
io : 12
18 X 36 x 12 X 270 =2099520; 12 X30 X. 10 = 3600 ; 209951043600 = 583.00 ; #583.20 Ans. Distrib- utive Proportion is the meth- od of dividing a n umber, or quan tity, into parts which are pro- portional to given nun-ibers. To divide a number or quan- tity thus, Multiply the whole quantity to be divided by each proportional number, and di- vide each product by the sum of the proportional numbers. ^.X'fcYn^Xe,. -Divide ^1200 propor- tionally among 4 men whose shares are to each^ther as 3,4, 5, 6. Solution.
3 + 4- + 5 +6 = 18, 18 : 1200 : : 3 : 200 first man's share. 18 : 1200 ::4: 2663$ second » " I8:l200::5:333>ithird .. •• I8:I200::6:400 fourth" -. PULLEY. -A small wheel fixed in a block and turning on an ax is by means of a cord which runs in a groove formed on the edge pfthe whee'-A system of pulleys is a number of pulleys so arrang- ed that great weight may be rais- ed by a small expenditure of pow- er. To find the weight which way be raised by a system of p ul leys, Multiply the power by twice the number of -movable pulleys, or, when the end of the rope is at- tached to the movable block, by twice the number of movable blocks, plus one. c
PYRAMID. -A soiid.or
polyhedron, of which the base is a plane rec- tilinear figure, and the sides are triangles, converging toapoint at the top or 'apex.' Pyramids take thei-r names from the na- ture of their bases, and may be. triangu- lar, quadrangular, etc., according as their bases are triangles, quad- rilaterals, etc. A right pyramid is one whose base is a regular pot- ygon, and in which a perpendic- ular let fall from the vertex up- on the base, passes through its centre. A regular pyramid is one bounded by four equal e- quilateral triangles. For the rules to find the area of the sur-
a quarter is 25 pounds. In Eng- land, the quarter is 28 pxmnds; It is also a measure of capacity, equivalent to 8 bushels.
QUINTAL. -A weight consist- ing of 100 pounds.
QUOTIENT. -The number re- sulting from dividing one -num- ber by another.
RADICAL. -An indicated root of an irnperfect power of the de- gree indicated. If it be a perfect power, it is not a radical, but a rational quantity under a radi- cal form. The Ra.dica.1 Sign is a character -\/ , placed before a number to show that its root is to be extracted. A stnall figure placed above_the radical sign, is called the index of t he root. Thus,v/3l5 denotes the second or square root of 25; (The index is usually omitted in square root); •^33 denotes the third or cube root of 25: ^X3~5 denotes fhe fourth -roof of CIS; -^O5 de- notes the sixth root; etc.
RADIUS. -The distance froni the cent-re of a circle to its circum ference, or half the diameter.
RATE PER CENT.-in computin
interest, the part of one dolla which is paid annually for the us of the money. See Interest.
RATIO. -The relative magnitud of two numbers of the sawc kind or the measure of the relation o one quantity to another, as ex pressed by their quotient. Thus the ratio of 3 to 12 is 4, and of 12. to 3 is x4. The two numbers compared are called the te-r-mfof of the ratio, the first ter-m beim the antecedent , and the last the consequent. A ratio is denoted by two dots similar to a colon thus, 4- : 12. , ex-presses the ratio of 4 to 12, and is read, As 4 is to 12.
RECIPROCAL. -The reciprocal of a num ber is the quotient aris- ing from dividing I by tl-ienuiti ber: thus, the reciprocal of 4 is ,!4; of I2.,>ri; of I25,^j5je*c. - The reciprocal of a fraction is expressed by the -fraction invert ed ; thus the reciprocal of %. is ^J; of *y\z , %; etc. The recipro cal pf^a ratio is expressed byth< ratio inverted; thus, the recip rocal of 5 : 15 is 15: 5. It is call ed an inverse ratio.
RECKON. -To calculate or com pute by figures. . «
RECTANGLE. -A par r\sr-'1 allelOfjra-m whose |^-^^J angles are all right D angles. If it is also equilateral,! ic a square. Us area is equal to the product of its base and al titude.
RECTANGULAR. -Having right an qles, as a square.
RECTIL!NEAR(AL).-7Relatingto right lines. A rectilinear polygon is one bounded by straight lines.
REDUCTION.- The process of chang ing the form of an expression with ou.t altering its _value, or the op- eration of finding an equivalent expression in terms of a d iffer- evi t unit. Redu ctio n Ascending is reducing numbers to units of higher orders, by dividing Ihenum ber of units of the kind express ed, by the number of them equiy alentto a unit of the order reqiiir ed- Thus, 360 inches =30 feet.or 10 yards. Reduction Descending is reducing units to num hers of lower orders, by multiplying the number expressed, by the num- ber of units of the kind required equivalent to one of the kind ex- pressed. Thus, 2 yards = 6feet, or 72 inches. To -reduce a number ro one of a higher order, as inch- es to yards, I. Divide the g i ven number by the number requir- ed to make one of the next high- er order. II. Divide the quotient
61
thus obtained as before, and 50 pro ceed to the denomination required. The la« quotient with the sever*) remainders will be the answer.^* *vn\\«.- Reduce 4-050 pi flirtat- ions. Solution. 4 91 /km / tint. 41 4 050 4 i 1 1 \ . 2pinto--l<ititn. 2)1013 pints and ?p ills. tjuirts-Jytllon. 4)506 quart;.
12.6 gallons *nd 2 /*w. 1269315. Iqts.and To reduce a de-nominate. nu-mber to one o4 at lower order, I. Multi ply the number o( the highest de nomination by the nuniber which one o/ this denomination -makes of the ne«f lower. //. Add to the product the number in the next lower denomination, if xnuJIJ. Proceed in the same way through the lower denominations to the one required. t*'*v»\^\».— How many pints in 7 bushels, 3 pecks, 4- quarts, and I pint? So/ution.
I bushel = 4 pecks. JL
31 pecks. I peck= 8 quarts. 8
252 quarts. I quart = 2 pints. 2
505 pints =^nfwer. To reduce a fraction of a higher, to one of a lower denomination, or to integers, Multiply as in whole numbers, described above, accord- ing to the rules for the multiplica- tion of fractions. (See Fraction). ^w*.-*%\^V«,.- Reduce J<e of a gallon to integers of lower denominations.
Solutions. 7
\ = .875
4qts.= laal. 3.500 quarts.
2.pts.=lqt.
1.000 pint
Weights and Measures). To re duce U.S. money to foreign mon eu. Divide the amoumt expressed in U.S. money by-the U.S. value of a, u-nit of the kind o/ money requir ed. See Ster/ina Money. REGULAR. -Conformed to a rule. A regular polygon is one which is both egu.i/a.tern.1 and eyu.t4rtpu.tv
uarts. REMAINDER. -The part of the
subtrahend which remains af ter taking away the minuend.
REPETEND. -TW part of a dec
mal which is continually repeat ed, as 64 in the decimal num- ber 4.646464.
RESOLUTION. -The operation of separating any number or quantity into its factors. See Factor.
REVERSION. -A payment notduc till the occurrence of sortie con- tingent event, as -the death of a person now living. See Anna
RHOMBOID. -A parallelogram all of the sides of which are not e- qual. The rhombus is but a par-
4ats.= I gallon.
8)28(3 qi
,_J(3 quarts 34
2 pts.*lqt. 8;TT( I pint.
J|
/77f.3quarts,l pint. To reduce a fraction of a lower, to, one of a higher denomination, Divide as in whole numbers, as described above, according to the •rules for the division of fractions. ^.xa-vw^\o,.--Reduce ?-^ of a pint to the fraction of a peck. — So/u-
^5+ pk.-^w*. To reduce a quan- tity composed of one or more de- nominations, to the fraction of another quantity consisting of one ormora denominations, Reduce both quantities to the lowest de- nomination in either; the less will be the numerator, and the greater the denominator of the required fraction, which reduce to its lowest terms. tx*v»\\\a.-2ft. 6 in. is what part of 6 ft. 8in.f-.9o-
= 80 m. ; 32$0 = $4 Ans. To reduce foreign money to U.S. money, Mul- tiply the amount expressed in units of the foreign money by the value of one of these units expressed in U.S. money. (See Coins under
ticula-t- form of the rhombo!d,in which the sides are all equal.
RHOMBUS. -A parallel- ogram the sides of which are equal. If its angles become each equal to 90°, it becomes a square.
Its diagonals bisect each . _
right angles, and its area is e- qual to half the product of its diagonals. D
RIGHT ANGLE. -An aiK /TX gleof 90°. If onestraigkr / L \ I ine, A B, meet another «h — \- — }' straight line, OE, so as V I/ to make the adjacent ^~E angles, AGO, and BCD, equal, both angles are right an gles,and the two lines are perjen dicular to each o*her.
RIGHT ANGLED. -containing a
right ^angle^. A right angled tr!-
a.rtoJe is a triangle containing one
right angle. HOD. -A measure of leng*h e-
qual to \6yji feet, or 5^i yards.
It is used chiefly in land surveyi-ne. *OMAW NOTATION.-See/' " IOOO.-A unit of surface
used in land surveying, ft is equa to 40 perches, or % acre.
ROOT. -The root of any number is a number which, being taken certain number of times as a fa •tor, will produce the given num ber. See Cube Root, Square /loot and ffad/'cal, also Involutifm*, .
ROUND. -A term applied indiscrmH inately to the shape of conieal,cy indrical, spherical, spheroidal, ant annular bodies.
RULE. -The prescribed mode o-r direction given for performing •the operations necessary to ob tain a certain resul*.
RULE OF THREE. -A method of solving practical, questions by a. ratio or proportion. It is so call ed because *he answer is obtaine by/inding one t-errti of a proper tion whose other three terrris are known . It is also called Sim p/e Proportion. Double Rule of Three is the same as Compound Prr portion. See Proportion.
SA L I ENT.-P-r ejecting out ware as an angle. Opposed to -re-enter ing.
SCALE. -The various '-radices which determine -the form an< digits of the number evpressing any numerical quantity. The decimal scale is the only uniform scale that is of importance, all others possessing interest onlu_as mat *ers of curiosity. In varytttg scales the base is some unit of measure arbitrarily assumed, as in com- pound numbers.
SCALES (Balances). -To /itid the true weight with fraudulent bal ances, when the weights are ac- curattf, Find what weights will balance the substance to be weigh ed; then transpose them, and find the weight that will produce an equilibrium; then multiply to gether the two weights thus found and extract the square root of the product.
SCALENE TRIANGLE. -A triangle
whose sides are all unequal. SECANT.-A straight line cutting a curve in two or more points. CREW. -A cylinder worked by a lever, and having upon ita threap which is a winding inclined plane. To estimate, the advantage of a screw, Multiply the power by the circumference of the^circle which it describes, and divide the product by the distance ,the weight is raised by one revolution. SECOND.— A unit of measure em- ployed, in estimating time, and is equivalent to the 60 th part of a minute. It is also a unit in cir- cular measure, equivalent to the 3600 part of a degree. ECTION.-A tract,of land one mile square, containing 640 acres See Land Measure, under Weights and Measures.
ECTOR.-The part of a circle in- cluded between two radii and an arc. To find the area of a sector,
at SCREW.
Gl!
Multiply the arc of the sector by
SOUNDING. -A measured dep*h of
right angles. The Area, of a square
SEGMENT.- The part of a circle
line and lead.
,cent sides.
included between a chord and the
SPACE. - E xtension to an indefi-
5Q.UARE ROOT. -The square root
arc which it subtends. (See C/Vc/e).
nite distance in all directions. It
of a quantity, is a quantity which,
From the area of a corresponding
ble from, the sensible, exterTJal,or
produce the given quantity. Thus,
sector, subtract the area of t he triangle formed by the chord and
Object World. SPHERE. -A solid bounded by acurv-
the square root of 4-9 is 7. The following table contains the square
radii, for a segment less than a
ed surface, every point of which
roots of numbers from 1 to 232:
semicircle, but add these areas for
is equally distant from a p o ini (
. (Square
No
Square
No.
Square
.. | Square
a segment greater than a semicir-
within called the centre. A line
"Root.
Root.
Root.
Root.
cle.
passing through the centre, and
1 1
59
7.681
117
10.816
ITS
13.228
SERIES.— An infinite number of
terminated each way by the surface,
2 1.414
60
7.745
IIS
10.862
178
13.266
terms which follov^one another,
is called the diameter or ax/s.The
3 1.732
61
7.810
10.908
177
13.304
each term being derived from one
ract/'us is a line extending from
42
62
7.874
120
10.954
178
13.341
or -more of the preceding ones, by
the centre to the s-urface. To
5 2.236
63
7.937
121
II
179
13.379
a fixed law, called the law of the
fitld the Surface of a sphere,Mul-
6 2.449
64
&
122
11.045
!80
13.416
series. (See Progression}.
tiply the diameter by the circum-
72.645
65
8.061
123
11.090
181
13.453
SEXTANT. -The sixth part or the
ference. Or Multiply the square of
8 2.828
56
8.124
122
11.135
182! 13.490
circumference of acircle.
the diameter by 3.1416. To /ind
93
61
8.185
125
II. 180
183
13.527
SEXTUPLE.- Six times as much, or
the solidity of a sphere, Multiplu
03.162
68
8.246
126 i 1.224
184
13.564
six fold.
the cube of the diameter by 3.1416,
i 3.316
69
8.306
127
It. 269
185
13.60!
SHILLING-. -An Englis-h coin equiv-
a-rfdtaUe one-sixth of (tie product,
23.464
70
8.36S
128
11.313
186
13.638
alent to about 24 >3 cents.
Or Multiply the area of the sur-
3 3.605
71
8.426
129
11.357
187
13.674
SHINGLES. -Wrven exposed four
face by one-sixth of the diameter.
4 3.741
72
8.485
130
11.401
188
13.711
inches, 9 are required for each
SPHERICAL. -Relating to a sphere,
5 3.872
73
8.544
131
11.445
!89
13.747
square foot of surface; if exposed
as a spherical angle, etc.
64
74
8.602
IM
11.489
190
13.784
four and a half i nches, 8 ; if expos-
. ,^^-^=f=^^ :
74.123
75
8.660
133
11.532
191
13.820
ed five inches, 7 Vs.
P&* ^^^^V^^&^^^^ ?5&*
8 4.242
76
8.717
134
11.575
192
13.856
SlG'N*— A symbol erriployed to indi-
77
ft "77S
1 1^
Ufi If)
1 9 fiQO
cate the relation between quanti-
/ ^\ ''
04^472
\ !
78
o. ( i J
8.831
1 0 J
136
.010
11.661
194
IS .03 A
13.928
ties, the operation to be perform- ed upon then*!, to show the result
/y&s^K |-— J _^**%1>\ "'
14.582 1 4 690
79
Ofl
8.888 8 344
137 138
11.704 1 1 747
195 19S
13.964 14
or nature of some previous opera-
/4S** /^,™ »^v*^w^ '
34J95
ou 81
9'
139
IL789
197
14.035
tion, or to indicate the sense i n
"fiE^N. fa mf . \.^.^\ /^^ ^ '
44.898
82
9.055
140
11.832
198
14.071
which an indicated quantity is to
i ^^^^y a/t'^Lt^s&.^&^jiP^ \ '.
55
83
9.110
141
11.874
199
14.106
b« considered. (See Symbol ).
"^»^/(lO''aV)S''V«^^g^
3 5.099
84
9.165
142
11.916
200
14.142
SIGNIFICANT. -A term applied to ('«)-
<tfk T^V fllLj A*** Iff Sfot^ ' >
75.196
85
9.219
143
11.958
201
I4.I77
ures standing for numbers, as op-
\ X^^\» ^^—J^' iff sf^^S^tr 1 '
85.291
8S
9.273
144
12
202
I4.2I2
posed to 0.
\ jsJSi ^^.^ ff/ -/ll» / '»
3 5 ;385
87
9.327
145
12.041
203
14.247
SIMILAR.- A term applied to figures
\ SM?I ;<*^iB«*raH ^^xr2sB^ / '
05.472
88
9.380
146
12.083
204
14.282
composed of the same number of
^&a!y&r^ 1 ^^^0»Fjf '
1 5.567
8S
9.434
147
12.124
205
14.317
parts, which arc arranged in the
\^Vyfr ^VSi*f ,
25.656
90
9.486
148
12.165
206
14.352
same manner, being of the same
••£ ^s^ ligr|'Hi jf JL; ;
? 5.744
91
9.539
149
12.206
207
14.387
form, but differing in magnitude.
s£« ^^^^. aSfflSt ^f^ <w$* *
*5.830
92
9.591
'50
12.247
208
14.422-
SIMPLE. -Not combined, compli-
C^V ^Ss^as=*-^^^^~~&2'^ *S& '
5 5.316
93
9.643
151
12.288
209
14.456
cated or compounded A Sitnp/6
1 1 T^fl
0 1 A
Number is a number expressed in
SPHEROID. -A solid resembling a ;
3 6
7 6.082
94 95
9.695 9.746
153
1 A. JZC
12.369
x (u
211
141525
a uniform scale. A Simple Quanti-
sphere iri form,_ having a' major ;
8 6.164
96
9.798
154
12.409
212
14.560
ty is one containing only a single term. A Simple Equation is one of the first degree. For Simple Propor- tion, see Proportion. SOLID. -A magnitude having the at- tributes of length, breadth and thick- ness. Same as volume. SOLJDITY.-The number of tinges that a solidt or volume contains another solid or volume, taken as a unit of measure. SOLUTION. -The operation of find-
and a -minor axis, and which may ; be generated by revol ving an ellipse » about one of its axes. An ok/ate .1 spheroid is one generated by re- i volving an ellipse about itsconju-i gate axis. A prolate^spheroid 'is one t generated by revolving an ellipse i about its transverse axis. To .find 4 the solidity of an oblate spheroid.Muh tiply the square of the greater di- i a/meier, by the less, and this prod- < uct by .5236. To find the solidity ;
36.244
fl G.324 1 6.403 26.480 36.557 46.633 56.708 56.782 76.855 86.328 97 07.071
97 98 33 100 01 02 03 04 05 Off 07 108
9.848 9.839 9.949 10 10.049 10.099 1 Oil 48 (0.198 10.246 (0.295 (0.344 10.392
155 15S !57 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
12.449 12.489 12.529 12.569 12.609 12.649 12.688 12.728 12.767 12.808 12.845 12.884
243 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 024
14.534 (4.628 14.662 14.596 14.731 14.764 I4.-798 14.832- 14.866 14.899 14.933 14.966
ing such value or values for the
of a prolate spheroid, Multiply the ;
1 7.141
39
10.440
161
12.922
225
15
unknown parts of a problem, as will satisfy its conditions. SOUND, VELOCITY OF. -The velocity of sound in still air a* 32.° Fahr., is 1090 feet per second. As *he tem-
square of the less diameter, by the; greater, and this product by .5236. 5 SPHEROIDAL. -Relating to a sphe- 5 roid, as a spheroidal triangle. ^^^ ; >PIRAL.- A curve gener- isZ-N I
27.211 37.280 » 7.348 57.416 S 7 .483
10 II 12 13
14
10.488 10.535 10.583 10.630 Ifl.fi77
168 169 I7C 171 173
12.361 13 13.038 13.076 ia.i w
226 227 228 223 230
15.033 15.066 J5.099 15.132 15.165
perature rises, the velocity increas- es at the rate of . 12 fest for every degree Fahrenhe *. The following taole gives the ve ocity in fee* per second in some other substances: Oxygen 1040 Silver 5717 Hiidrooen 4164 Steel ard&lass. 16600 Fresh Water ... 4700 Pine 10300 Lead 41)30 Ash. 15314
a ted by moving a po in* /~j' [ ; along a straight J ine, \-.^y J in the same direction,ac- ^- — cording «o any law, while thestraijht line revolves uniformly about a fixed point, always continuing in the same plane.. SQUARE. -A quadrilateral whose sides are equal, arid its angles
77.549 115 10.723 173 13.152 231 IS'JSS (1.613 16 10.770 174 13.190)232 I5.23J
Toftttd the sqitarc roo*ofariu.Tn- ber, JT. Separate fheoiven -num- ber into periods of two figures . each, beginning at the place of u-n!*s. II. Find the.^rea-test square rn the (eft-hand period, and place
certain town is valued at*2500000; its tax assessment is*37500. What rate per cent, is the tax? H o w much will be paid by a man whose property is valued at tt 12000? — Solution.- 37500 -5-2500000 =.0 15, or, \*/i cts. tax per dollar => Arrs. to first. 12000 X 1)4 9S=« ISO- Ans. to second.
its root for the first figure of the required root. Q\ex-»X\cm. Subtract th» 50964(225.75 + square of this 4- figure from the 42jfb~3 left-hand period, 94
and.tothe re- 445)7554. wainder annex 222_5__
the next period 4507rt3ToD for a dividend. . 3154.9 HI. Double the 45145} 135100 root already 225725
found,.for a
trial devisor; find how often i* is contained in the dividend, exclusive of theright-ha-nd figure, and place the result in the rgot, and also at the right, of the trial diwisor.7K"Mul tiply the complete divisor by the last -figure of the root; subtract the product from the dividend, and to the remainder annex the next period for a new dividend .V. Proceed In the same manner with all the periods to the last. The result will be the square root -required.
STERLING r*ONEY.-Thecu
of Great Britain. For rule to re- duce to U.S. -money, See Foreign Exchange. For table, see English Money, under Weights an Measures.
STRAIGHT LINE. -A line which
does not change its direction be- tween any two of its points. SUBTRACTION. -The operation of finding the difference between two numbers. The Minuend is the great tr number; tr>eSuitrafterx/,lhe less; and the Remainder, the dif- ference. To prove the accuracy of the. operation, JT. Add the true remainder to the subtrahend, and the sum will equal -the minuend. II. Find the ^exo«,«% oJ "Vs. excess of 9's Minuend 87138641 I in the s ubtra- Subtrahend _223568 8 hznd and in the Remainder 849029612 remainder, and
take theirsurrijfrpTTi which cast out the 9's, and find the excess. Find the excess of 9's in the min- uend, and if these results ate equal, the work is probably correct.
SUBTRAHEND. -see above.
SUM. -The aggregate of two or more quantities. The sum is greater than any of its parts.
SUPERFICIAL.- Relating to a surface, as superficial conterits, etc.
SURFACE.- Extension in ana on- ly. A plane surface extends in the same direction throughout, but a curved surface changes its direc- tion.
>YMBOL.-Any character used to represent a quantity., an opera- tion, a relation, or an abbrevia- tion. The sign +, called plus, in- dicates addition. The sign —, call- ed minus, indicates subtraction. The sign X indicates multiplica- tion. The sign -?-, or :, indicates division. The sign =, called sign oSefuaf/tt/, denotes that the ex- pressions between which it is placed ire equal. The signs (),[],{ Und a horizontal line over a nu.tn5er
are symbols of agoreoatjon , and signify that the expressions enclos ed are to be taken as a whole. The colon, : , written between num- bers indicates the ratio of the for- mer to the latter. (See Ratio) .The double colon, :*. , indicates the e- qualltu of two ratios. (See Propor- tion). For the sign v~ , see Rad- ical. The period, • , placed between two numbers, thus, 4-5, denotes that they are to be multiplied to/ gether^The dividend written over the divisor, thus, -y- , or between two curved lines, with the divis- or at the ]eft,thus, 4) IS(, indi- cates division.
7K"Mul-TABt.E.-A collection of particu lars, in a small space, for refer- ence and ready application, such as weights, measures,
TANC-ENT.-A rigMt
line which touches a curve but does not cut it, as AB is tangent to curve CBD.
y TETRAG-ON.-A polygon havin9 four angles and four sides.
X
(jt*
TAXES .-Sums of -money assessed on persons, property, incomes, or products, usually for some public purpose. A Capitation or Poll Tax, is a tax assessed on persons. Prop- erty-Tax is a tax assessed on real or personal property. To fittd what su.ru rnust be assessed to raise a given net amount, S u b- tract the rate allowed for collection from * I, and divide the -net atnou-nt to be raised, by the remainder; the quotient wffl be the entire sum to be assessed. ^.x&-%«\7\e..- Allow- fng 5^S for collection, whatsuw must be assessed to raise $£950,000, net?-.?o/W/Vm.-*rl.OO-.05=.95; •950000 -f .95 = »IOOOOOO Ans. \f there be a specific tax fo r any purpose, it must be deducted from the total amount to be rais- ed. Then, To /itid how -much must be paid on each dollar of tax-able property to raise the re- mainder of the ta*, Divide the amount to be raised by the amount of taxable property, less that part on which nothing can be collected. The property of a
2 pay. 028 3>. .042 4., .055 5 ,. .070 6,, .084
8» ."112300 SM .1264-00 10 11 .140 500 20 „ .280 600 30