ORCHARD: A General Planetary Evolution Code

[2604.24845] ORCHARD: A General Planetary Evolution Code Skip to main content Search Submit Donate Log in Astrophysics > Earth and Planetary Astrophysics arXiv:2604.24845 (astro-ph) [Submitted on 27 Apr 2026 ( v1 ), last revised 24 Aug 2026 (this version, v2)] Title: ORCHARD: A General Planetary Evolution Code Authors: Roberto Tejada Arevalo , Adam Burrows , Ankan Sur , Yubo Su View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract: We present \texttt{ORCHARD}, a publicly available planetary evolution code based on the gas giant evolution code, \texttt{APPLE}, capable of modeling the evolution and structures of terrestrial, super-Earth, sub-Neptune, Neptune, and gas giant planets and exoplanets from 0.5 M$_\oplus$ to 10 M$_J$. It supports not only the inhomogeneous and non-adiabatic evolution of gas giants and sub-Neptunes, but also the solidification of the mantles and cores of terrestrial planets, sub-Neptunes, and super-Earths. \texttt{ORCHARD} incorporates a state-of-the-art hydrogen-helium equation of state, ``metal" equations of state (water, ice mixtures, enstatite/perovskite, olivine/forsterite, iron), and atmospheric boundary conditions ranging from detailed non-gray radiative transfer models for Solar System giants to irradiated sub-Neptune atmospheres and bare rocky surfaces. \txt{ORCHARD} also supports static calculations with state-of-the-art equations of state. The purpose of \texttt{ORCHARD} is to provide the scientific community with a flexible, unified tool for modeling planetary structures and evolution across the entire mass continuum of general astrophysical and planetary interest. Comments: 38 pages, 12 Figures, 4 Tables, 2 Appendices. Accepted to ApJ Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ; Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM) Cite as: arXiv:2604.24845 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2604.24845v2 [astro-ph.EP] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.24845 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Roberto Tejada Arevalo [ view email ] [v1] Mon, 27 Apr 2026 18:00:01 UTC (8,273 KB) [v2] Mon, 24 Aug 2026 18:00:01 UTC (11,307 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source view license Current browse context: astro-ph.EP < prev | next > new | recent | 2026-04 Change to browse by: astro-ph astro-ph.IM References & Citations SciX Google Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer ( What is the Explorer? ) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers ( What is Connected Papers? ) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps ( What is Litmaps? ) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations ( What are Smart Citations? ) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv ( What is alphaXiv? ) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers ( What is CatalyzeX? ) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub ( What is DagsHub? ) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub ( What is GotitPub? ) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face ( What is Huggingface? ) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast ( What is ScienceCast? ) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate ( What is Replicate? ) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces ( What is Spaces? ) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI ( What is TXYZ.AI? ) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower ( What are Influence Flowers? ) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender ( What is CORE? ) IArxiv recommender toggle IArxiv Recommender ( What is IArxiv? ) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax ( What is MathJax? ) We gratefully acknowledge support from our major funders , member institutions , and all contributors. About · Help · Contact · Subscribe · Copyright · Privacy · Accessibility · Operational Status (opens in new tab)

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