Scale-Dependent Epistemic Compatibilism: Binary State Transitions, Complex Volitional Dynamics, and Volitional Omniscience

This paper advances a novel resolution to the classical antinomy between divine omniscience and human agency, terming the resulting position Scale-Dependent Epistemic Compatibilism (SDEC). Rather than treating foreknowledge and freedom as competitors for the same explanatory space, SDEC argues that the apparent contradiction dissolves once determinism and unpredictability are recognized as properties indexed to distinct reference frames rather than to a single, univocal notion of “the future.” The paper offers a formal metaphysical account of moral agency as a transition from a single-state volitional architecture to a dual-state one, in which the introduction of a second normative pole generates a combinatorially complex decision space. It then argues that this complexity is not merely epistemically opaque to finite observers but is compatible with a fully bounded state space from within an unrestricted reference frame, so that macro-level foreknowledge and micro-level indeterminacy-for-the-agent are jointly satisfiable. Finally, the paper introduces the concept of Volitional Omniscience, grounded in the Lurianic doctrine of tzimtzum, to explain how a maximally knowing observer can possess complete foreknowledge without that foreknowledge constituting causal coercion. The result is a compatibilist model on which moral responsibility, divine foreknowledge, and authentic agent-causal freedom are jointly coherent.