PETER SINGER'S UTILITARIANISM AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIRTUES: Two Grammars of The Good, A Criterion-Fixed Structural Adjudication

Abstract Singer is stronger wherever the question is one of measurement and scope — who counts, how much, compared with what. The Philosophy of Virtues is stronger wherever the question is one of constitution and protection. The table summarizes the comparison, with the relevant explanations set out below. Peter Singer’s utilitarianism and the Philosophy of Virtues are frequently described as returning opposite verdicts on the same cases, and the description is usually illustrated by compelled redistribution. This paper argues that the illustration is wrong and that the underlying disagreement is both deeper and more tractable than the illustration suggests. Singer’s flagship argument is addressed to agents and establishes a duty; it does not establish an enforcement, and the Inversion Theorem applies only where freedom is actively replaced by compulsion. The two frameworks therefore do not meet where they are usually said to meet. They meet at a different point: whether the reason for which an act is performed contributes to the act’s moral identity. Eight structural dimensions are specified — locus of value, bearer, the role of the agent’s reason, aggregation, time, foundation, coercion, and self-presentation — with a test fixed in advance for each, chosen so that either framework can lose. The adjudication returns three decisive advantages to the Philosophy of Virtues and one to Singer, two further advantages to the programme and one to Singer at reparable cost, and one draw. The indirect consequentialist reply — Hare’s two-level model, Railton’s sophisticated consequentialism, Adams’s motive utilitarianism — is engaged directly, and it moves one verdict’s scope. Four formal results are established: an asymmetric extensibility theorem showing that the locus dispute is a matter of unequal cost rather than of equal residues; a debunking symmetry result showing that no genealogical exemption criterion is available for the impartiality axiom; an esoteric inversion theorem showing that a theory licensing its own concealment reproduces internally the structure it is meant to evaluate; and a capacity-production gap showing that a framework treating agents as fixed converters cannot compute its own long-run optimum. Three amendments are then imposed on the Philosophy of Virtues, one of which — the absence of any doctrine of moral patiency — is recorded as an unrepaired defeat. Keywords: utilitarianism; virtue ethics; Peter Singer; coercion; moral status; esoteric morality; evolutionary debunking; freedom; Sidgwick; publicity condition Highlights • The standard framing of the Singer/Philosophy-of-Virtues conflict misidentifies the point of collision; the duty/enforcement gap is stated and closed. • Singer’s foundation since 2014 is an underived Sidgwickian axiom, so the dispute is axiom against axiom and not axiom against fact. • T1 is stated as a cost asymmetry rather than an impossibility: the hybrid move remains open to the consequentialist, and what it costs is the single currency. • T2 shows that any evolutionary debunking strong enough to defeat partiality intuitions also reaches the impartiality axiom, absent a criterion of exemption that Singer’s texts do not supply. • T3 shows that the esoteric-morality clause instantiates, inside consequentialism’s own recommended institutional form, the sign-negation structure the Inversion Theorem names. • T4 shows that a state-of-affairs framework without agent dynamics cannot represent the effect of its own recommendations on the future supply of moral capacity. • The indirect reply answers the alienation charge and not the identity charge; the third dimension’s verdict survives it, and the eighth dimension’s verdict is narrowed to Singer’s stated position rather than to consequentialism as a family. • The bearer dimension is lost at Tier A: the P