Kant on Loops and Trolleys

It is often assumed that Kant would accept diverting the trolley in the standard trolley case. The negative element of Kant’s Formula of Humanity (FH), it is said, is not violated by diverting the trolley, since the one is not used as a mere means. Some even consider it possible that diverting the trolley in the loop case—a case in which the one clearly seems to be used as a mere means by diverting the trolley—can be permissible with regard to the negative element of FH, since the one, it is said, is not necessarily used as a means. I will argue that this debate has taken a wrong course in two respects. First, I shall argue that there is no way to divert the trolley in the loop case without infringing on FH. Second, within Kant’s ethics, it is not even permissible to divert the trolley in the standard trolley case. To show this, I will present the argument from the scope of duties.