Digital Transformation and Governance Reform in Public Sector Institutions: A Conceptual Review of ICT Adoption and Institutional Performance in Developing Economies

Digital transformation has become a central pillar of public sector reform across both developed and developing economies. Governments increasingly rely on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to enhance transparency, efficiency, accountability, and service delivery. However, despite widespread adoption efforts, many public institutions in developing countries continue to experience implementation gaps, structural resistance, and limited performance gains. This paper presents a conceptual review of ICT adoption within public sector governance, synthesizing existing theoretical and empirical literature to explain how digital transformation influences institutional reform and performance outcomes. Drawing on institutional theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and public value theory, the paper develops a conceptual framework linking ICT adoption to governance efficiency, employee responsiveness, and service delivery quality. The study further identifies key barriers including infrastructural deficits, organizational culture, and policy inconsistency that hinder effective digital transformation. The paper concludes by proposing an integrated model for sustainable ICT-driven governance reform in developing economies and offers implications for policymakers and future research.