Plithogeny across philosophical perspectives: A comparative study of similarities, distinctions, and conceptual connections (2nd expanded ed.)

This book develops a comprehensive comparative analysis of plithogeny as a meta-philosophical framework capable of interpreting the relationships among diverse philosophical traditions. Plithogeny, originally formulated within the domain of mathematical logic, describes the formation and evolution of entities through the interaction of multiple elements that may be compatible, contradictory, or neutral. Extending this formal concept into philosophy, the work examines how philosophical systems can be understood not as isolated or mutually exclusive doctrines, but as interacting conceptual structures within a broader field of intellectual plurality. The study systematically explores the connections between plithogeny and major philosophical movements, including empiricism, rationalism, idealism, realism, phenomenology, and epiphenomenalism, as well as ethical theories such as deontology, utilitarianism, and hedonism. It further engages with postmodernism, pragmatism, and contemporary domains such as digital ethics, bioethics, environmental philosophy, and justice theory. A distinctive contribution of the expanded edition lies in its integration of Latin American and Indigenous philosophical traditions, including concepts such as yanantin, ch’ixi, pachakuti, ayni, Sumak Kawsay (Buen Vivir), and teotl, highlighting their structural affinities with plithogenic reasoning. By employing a consistent comparative methodology—focusing on similarities, distinctions, and conceptual connections—the book demonstrates that philosophical plurality can be modeled as a dynamic system of interacting perspectives. Plithogeny is thus presented not as a replacement for existing philosophies, but as a unifying analytical lens that enables dialogue across traditions while preserving their differences. The work contributes to contemporary philosophy by offering a framework suited to complexity, interdisciplinarity, and the coexistence of diverse epistemologies in both theoretical and applied contexts.