Bonifatii Kedrov’s methodological essays: Marxist histories of chemistry, science, and technology

The Soviet philosopher and historian of science Bonifatii Mikhailovich Kedrov (1903-1985) issued several reflections regarding the appropriate methodology of history of science and technology. This article focusses on three such reflections – those published in 1940, 1949, and 1968. Examined together, these essays show that Kedrov discouraged the mere presentation of factual material and promoted deeper historical explanations. Although these essays indicate how Kedrov adapted his proposals to the prevailing political situation, there are also reoccurring themes. In particular, the notions of internationalism, nationalism, and priority featured prominently, together with discussions on how industry and broader society guided and initiated scientific progress.