Beschaving en Identiteit. Over Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations

In the article 'The Clash of Civilizations?' by the American political scientist Samuel Huntington, Huntington poses the question of what factor will determine future conflicts on a global scale, now that the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War have brought the era of ideological struggles to a close. He immediately provides a clear but controversial answer: it will be the conflicts between different cultures that will play the leading role in the further history of humanity. This thesis has faced much criticism, including from Amartya Sen. In this essay, Sen's critique of Huntington will be explored and evaluated. First, we will examine Huntington's assumptions about identity and the role that the concepts of 'culture' and 'civilization' play within them. Then, we will see that this is a far more complex matter than Huntington suggests. To do so, we will shift the focus from the global level (on which Huntington's hypothesis is situated) to the individual level, to what constitutes the concrete identity of individuals. Here, we will employ the concept of intersectionality, which is well-known in gender studies. We will then return to the global level to demonstrate that Huntington's position is untenable, precisely because it relies on a concept of identity that does not align with the actual way it is experienced by concrete individuals. A more dynamic and nuanced understanding of 'identity' is necessary in order to do justice to reality. In this way, it will finally become clear that Sen's criticism of Huntington is justified when he argues that humanity cannot be categorized based on a single criterion.