On Kapwa: A Core Concept in Filipino Social Psychology

This paper explores Virgilio G. Enriquez’s concept of kapwa as central to Filipino social psychology and the broader movement of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Enriquez defines kapwa as shared identity, emphasizing unity between the self and others, in contrast to the Western notion of the other as separate. Through this lens, he critiques colonial influences in Filipino psychology that emphasized conformity and superficial values like pakikisama. Instead, he proposes pakikipagkapwa—a deeper, value-laden interaction grounded on equality, dignity, and mutual recognition—as the genuine Filipino interpersonal ideal. Rooted in indigenous language and experience, this framework aims to decolonize psychological understanding by emphasizing culturally embedded concepts. The paper also highlights the broader ethical and social implications of kapwa, noting its relevance not only in psychology but in philosophy and Filipino cultural discourse. Enriquez’s work remains a foundational contribution toward an authentically Filipino perspective on human relationships and values.