Dynamical Degeneracy of Relativistic Orbital Observables

This paper examines a methodological question arising in orbital mechanics and the foundations of physical modeling: does successful prediction of a relativistic observable uniquely determine the underlying dynamics? Using Mercury perihelion precession as a representative case, several dynamically non-equivalent orbital systems are constructed that reproduce essentially identical relativistic-scale perihelion advance while differing in local temporal structure, phase-space evolution, and orbital timing diagnostics. The results suggest that integrated observables may be dynamically degenerate: observational agreement alone does not guarantee uniqueness of the underlying dynamical reconstruction. This distinction motivates a broader separation between geometric uniqueness and reconstruction uniqueness and raises questions concerning the informational role of geometric descriptions in physics. The paper does not challenge the internal consistency of General Relativity and does not propose an alternative gravitational theory. Instead, it investigates the non-uniqueness of inverse reconstruction from integrated observables and its implications for scientific modeling, explanation, and physical interpretation.